CHMO, the chemical methods ontology, describes methods used to collect data in chemical experiments, such as mass spectrometry and electron microscopy prepare and separate material for further analysis, such as sample ionisation, chromatography, and electrophoresis synthesise materials, such as epitaxy and continuous vapour deposition It also describes the instruments used in these experiments, such as mass spectrometers and chromatography columns. It is intended to be complementary to the Ontology for Biomedical Investigations (OBI).
Relates an entity in the ontology to the name of the variable that is used to represent it in the code that generates the BFO OWL file from the lispy specification.
Really of interest to developers only
BFO OWL specification label
Relates an entity in the ontology to the term that is used to represent it in the the CLIF specification of BFO2
BFO CLIF specification label
editor preferred term
The concise, meaningful, and human-friendly name for a class or property preferred by the ontology developers. (US-English)
PERSON:Daniel Schober
example of usage
A phrase describing how a term should be used and/or a citation to a work which uses it. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding, such as widely know prototypes or instances of a class, or cases where a relation is said to hold.
in branch
An annotation property indicating which module the terms belong to. This is currently experimental and not implemented yet.
has curation status
PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg
PERSON:Bill Bug
PERSON:Melanie Courtot
definition
The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with.
editor note
An administrative note intended for its editor. It may not be included in the publication version of the ontology, so it should contain nothing necessary for end users to understand the ontology.
term editor
Name of editor entering the term in the file. The term editor is a point of contact for information regarding the term. The term editor may be, but is not always, the author of the definition, which may have been worked upon by several people
20110707, MC: label update to term editor and definition modified accordingly. See https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/115.
alternative label
A label for a class or property that can be used to refer to the class or property instead of the preferred rdfs:label. Alternative labels should be used to indicate community- or context-specific labels, abbreviations, shorthand forms and the like.
Consider re-defing to: An alternative name for a class or property which can mean the same thing as the preferred name (semantically equivalent, narrow, broad or related).
alternative term
definition source
Formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007
Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w
has obsolescence reason
Relates an annotation property to an obsolescence reason. The values of obsolescence reasons come from a list of predefined terms, instances of the class obsolescence reason specification.
curator note
An administrative note of use for a curator but of no use for a user
term tracker item
the URI for an OBI Terms ticket at sourceforge, such as https://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/772/
An IRI or similar locator for a request or discussion of an ontology term.
Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg
The 'tracker item' can associate a tracker with a specific ontology term.
ontology term requester
The name of the person, project, or organization that motivated inclusion of an ontology term by requesting its addition.
The 'term requester' can credit the person, organization or project who request the ontology term.
is denotator type
Relates an class defined in an ontology, to the type of it's denotator
In OWL 2 add AnnotationPropertyRange('is denotator type' 'denotator type')
Alan Ruttenberg
imported from
For external terms/classes, the ontology from which the term was imported
expand expression to
ObjectProperty: RO_0002104 Label: has plasma membrane part Annotations: IAO_0000424 "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some (http://purl.org/obo/owl/GO#GO_0005886 and http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some ?Y)"
A macro expansion tag applied to an object property (or possibly a data property) which can be used by a macro-expansion engine to generate more complex expressions from simpler ones
Chris Mungall
expand assertion to
ObjectProperty: RO??? Label: spatially disjoint from Annotations: expand_assertion_to "DisjointClasses: (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some ?X) (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some ?Y)"
A macro expansion tag applied to an annotation property which can be expanded into a more detailed axiom.
first order logic expression
antisymmetric property
part_of antisymmetric property xsd:true
Use boolean value xsd:true to indicate that the property is an antisymmetric property
OBO foundry unique label
An alternative name for a class or property which is unique across the OBO Foundry.
The intended usage of that property is as follow: OBO foundry unique labels are automatically generated based on regular expressions provided by each ontology, so that SO could specify unique label = 'sequence ' + [label], etc. , MA could specify 'mouse + [label]' etc. Upon importing terms, ontology developers can choose to use the 'OBO foundry unique label' for an imported term or not. The same applies to tools .
PERSON:Bjoern Peters
PERSON:Chris Mungall
GROUP:OBO Foundry <http://obofoundry.org/>
has ID digit count
Ontology: <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/idrange/> Annotations: 'has ID prefix': "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_" 'has ID digit count' : 7, rdfs:label "RO id policy" 'has ID policy for': "RO"
Relates an ontology used to record id policy to the number of digits in the URI. The URI is: the 'has ID prefix" annotation property value concatenated with an integer in the id range (left padded with "0"s to make this many digits)
Person:Alan Ruttenberg
has ID range allocated
Datatype: idrange:1 Annotations: 'has ID range allocated to': "Chris Mungall" EquivalentTo: xsd:integer[> 2151 , <= 2300]
Relates a datatype that encodes a range of integers to the name of the person or organization who can use those ids constructed in that range to define new terms
has ID range allocated to
has ID policy for
Relating an ontology used to record id policy to the ontology namespace whose policy it manages
has ID prefix
Relates an ontology used to record id policy to a prefix concatenated with an integer in the id range (left padded with "0"s to make this many digits) to construct an ID for a term being created.
elucidation
person:Alan Ruttenberg
Person:Barry Smith
Primitive terms in a highest-level ontology such as BFO are terms which are so basic to our understanding of reality that there is no way of defining them in a non-circular fashion. For these, therefore, we can provide only elucidations, supplemented by examples and by axioms
has associated axiom(nl)
An axiom associated with a term expressed using natural language
has associated axiom(fol)
An axiom expressed in first order logic using CLIF syntax
is allocated id range
Relates an ontology IRI to an (inclusive) range of IRIs in an OBO name space. The range is give as, e.g. "IAO_0020000-IAO_0020999"
Add as annotation triples in the granting ontology
has ontology root term
Ontology annotation property. Relates an ontology to a term that is a designated root term of the ontology. Display tools like OLS can use terms annotated with this property as the starting point for rendering the ontology class hierarchy. There can be more than one root.
Nicolas Matentzoglu
may be identical to
A annotation relationship between two terms in an ontology that may refer to the same (natural) type but where more evidence is required before terms are merged.
David Osumi-Sutherland
VFB
Edges asserting this should be annotated with to record evidence supporting the assertion and its provenance.
scheduled for obsoletion on or after
Used when the class or object is scheduled for obsoletion/deprecation on or after a particular date.
Chris Mungall, Jie Zheng
GO ontology
has axiom id
A URI that is intended to be unique label for an axiom used for tracking change to the ontology. For an axiom expressed in different languages, each expression is given the same URI
has axiom label
term replaced by
Use on obsolete terms, relating the term to another term that can be used as a substitute
ISA alternative term
An alternative term used by the ISA tools project (http://isa-tools.org).
Requested by Alejandra Gonzalez-Beltran https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3603413&group_id=177891&atid=886178
ISA tools project (http://isa-tools.org)
An alternative term used by the IEDB.
PERSON:Randi Vita, Jason Greenbaum, Bjoern Peters
This is an annotation used on an object property to indicate a logical characterstic beyond what is possible in OWL.
logical characteristic of object property
'part disjoint with' 'defined by construct' """ PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> PREFIX : <http://example.org/ CONSTRUCT { [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty :part_of ; owl:someValuesFrom ?a ; owl:disjointWith [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty :part_of ; owl:someValuesFrom ?b ] ] } WHERE { ?a :part_disjoint_with ?b . }
Links an annotation property to a SPARQL CONSTRUCT query which is meant to provide semantics for a shortcut relation.
The property is intended to be used exclusively on synonym assertions, to express that the synonym in question is the preference of a specific community. For example, one community may prefer to say call a disease "A" and another one "B" (but they are the same thing).
A provenance property that denotes a synonym to be the preferred one for a specific community.
CHEBI:26523 (reactive oxygen species) has an exact synonym (ROS), which is of type OMO:0003000 (abbreviation)
A synonym type for describing abbreviations or initalisms
A synonym type for describing ambiguous synonyms
A synonym type for describing dubious synonyms
EFO:0006346 (severe cutaneous adverse reaction) has an exact synonym (scar), which is of the type OMO:0003003 (layperson synonym)
A synonym type for describing layperson or colloquial synonyms
CHEBI:23367 (molecular entity) has an exact synonym (molecular entities), which is of the type OMO:0003004 (plural form)
A synonym type for describing pluralization synonyms
CHEBI:16189 (sulfate) has an exact synonym (sulphate), which is of the type OMO:0003005 (UK spelling synonym)
A synonym type for describing UK spelling variants
A synonym type for misnomers, i.e., a synonym that is not technically correct but is commonly used anyway
MAPT, the gene that encodes the Tau protein, has a previous name DDPAC. Note: in this case, the name type is more specifically the gene symbol.
A synonym type for names that have been used as primary labels in the past.
The legal name for Harvard University (https://ror.org/03vek6s52) is President and Fellows of Harvard College
A synonym type for the legal entity name
CHEBI:46195 has been assigned the english International Nonproproprietary Name (INN) "paracetamol". In some cases such as this one, the INN might be the same as the ontology's primary label
The International Nonproprietary Name (INN) is a standardize name for a pharmaceutical drug or active ingredient issued by the World Health Organization (WHO) meant to address the issues with country- or language-specific brand names. These are issued in several languages, including English, Latin, French, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, and Chinese.
nasopharynx (UBERON:0001728) has the latin name "pars nasalis pharyngis
A synonym type for describing Latin term synonyms.
NASA is an word acronym for the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration because the acronym is pronounced. FBI is an initialism (also known as alphabetism) for the US Federal Bureau of Investigation since the letters are pronounced one at a time. JPEG is an acronym for Joint Photographic Experts Group but does not count as a word acronym nor an initialism since it is mixed how it is pronounced.
A synonym type for describing abbreviations that are a part of the full name's words, such as initialisms or alphabetisms.
A serial number such as "12324X"; a stop sign; a written proper name such as "OBI
An information content entity that is a mark(s) or character(s) used as a conventional representation of another entity.
Examples of a Creator include a person, an organisation, or a service. Typically, the name of a Creator should be used to indicate the entity.
An entity primarily responsible for making the content of the resource.
Creator
An alternative label for a class or property which has a more general meaning than the preferred name/primary label.
has broad synonym
disease characteristic (MONDO:0021125) has cross-reference (http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#hasDbXref) "NCIT:C41009"^^xsd:string
An annotation property that links an ontology entity or a statement to a prefixed identifier or URI.
An alternative label for a class or property which has the exact same meaning than the preferred name/primary label.
has exact synonym
An alternative label for a class or property which has a more specific meaning than the preferred name/primary label.
has narrow synonym
An alternative label for a class or property that has been used synonymously with the primary term name, but the usage is not strictly correct.
has related synonym
is part of
my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity)
this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood)
a core relation that holds between a part and its whole
Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other.
Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'.
part_of
part of
has part
my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity)
this year has part this day (occurrent parthood)
a core relation that holds between a whole and its part
Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part.
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'.
has_part
realized in
this disease is realized in this disease course
this fragility is realized in this shattering
this investigator role is realized in this investigation
is realized by
realized_in
[copied from inverse property 'realizes'] to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003])
Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a realizable entity and a process, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process
realizes
this disease course realizes this disease
this investigation realizes this investigator role
this shattering realizes this fragility
Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process
to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003])
preceded by
x is preceded by y if and only if the time point at which y ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which x starts. Formally: x preceded by y iff ω(y) <= α(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
An example is: translation preceded_by transcription; aging preceded_by development (not however death preceded_by aging). Where derives_from links classes of continuants, preceded_by links classes of processes. Clearly, however, these two relations are not independent of each other. Thus if cells of type C1 derive_from cells of type C, then any cell division involving an instance of C1 in a given lineage is preceded_by cellular processes involving an instance of C. The assertion P preceded_by P1 tells us something about Ps in general: that is, it tells us something about what happened earlier, given what we know about what happened later. Thus it does not provide information pointing in the opposite direction, concerning instances of P1 in general; that is, that each is such as to be succeeded by some instance of P. Note that an assertion to the effect that P preceded_by P1 is rather weak; it tells us little about the relations between the underlying instances in virtue of which the preceded_by relation obtains. Typically we will be interested in stronger relations, for example in the relation immediately_preceded_by, or in relations which combine preceded_by with a condition to the effect that the corresponding instances of P and P1 share participants, or that their participants are connected by relations of derivation, or (as a first step along the road to a treatment of causality) that the one process in some way affects (for example, initiates or regulates) the other.
is preceded by
preceded_by
precedes
x precedes y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x precedes y iff ω(x) <= α(y), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
p has_participant e o e has_role analyte_role. Don't know how to do this in OBO format.
p has_participant e o e has_role matrix_role. Don't know how to do this in OBO format.
A process p probes_atom n if it has_participant n and its objective o is to determine the energy levels of n.
should really be probes_nucleus but ChEBI doesn't have the nuclei. Will use atoms for now.
the range of 'prevents' is an adverse laboratory event (process). The object that prevents the ALE blocks a disposition that is manifested as the ALE. Example: water blocks flammability. From a safety officer pov, this is about planning.
the range of 'mitigates' is an adverse laboratory event (process). The object that mitigates the ALE has the capability (disposition) to take part in the process and prevent downstream adverse events. From a safety officer pov, this is about responding.
is about
This document is about information artifacts and their representations
A (currently) primitive relation that relates an information artifact to an entity.
7/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg. Following discussion with Jonathan Rees, and introduction of "mentions" relation. Weaken the is_about relationship to be primitive. We will try to build it back up by elaborating the various subproperties that are more precisely defined. Some currently missing phenomena that should be considered "about" are predications - "The only person who knows the answer is sitting beside me" , Allegory, Satire, and other literary forms that can be topical without explicitly mentioning the topic.
Smith, Ceusters, Ruttenberg, 2000 years of philosophy
see is_input_of example_of_usage
The inverse property of is specified input of
8/17/09: specified inputs of one process are not necessarily specified inputs of a larger process that it is part of. This is in contrast to how 'has participant' works.
PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
has specified input
some Autologous EBV(Epstein-Barr virus)-transformed B-LCL (B lymphocyte cell line) is_input_for instance of Chromum Release Assay described at https://wiki.cbil.upenn.edu/obiwiki/index.php/Chromium_Release_assay
A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process that is not created during the process. The presence of the continuant during the process is explicitly specified in the plan specification which the process realizes the concretization of.
is specified input of
The inverse property of is specified output of
has specified output
A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process. The presence of the continuant at the end of the process is explicitly specified in the objective specification which the process realizes the concretization of.
is specified output of
A cell sorting process achieves the objective specification 'material separation objective'
This relation obtains between a planned process and a objective specification when the criteria specified in the objective specification are met at the end of the planned process.
modified according to email thread from 1/23/09 in accordince with DT and PPPB branch
the relation of the cells in the finger of the skin to the finger, in which an indeterminate number of grains are parts of the whole by virtue of being grains in a collective that is part of the whole, and in which removing one granular part does not nec- essarily damage or diminish the whole. Ontological Whether there is a fixed, or nearly fixed number of parts - e.g. fingers of the hand, chambers of the heart, or wheels of a car - such that there can be a notion of a single one being missing, or whether, by contrast, the number of parts is indeterminate - e.g., cells in the skin of the hand, red cells in blood, or rubber molecules in the tread of the tire of the wheel of the car.
Discussion in Karslruhe with, among others, Alan Rector, Stefan Schulz, Marijke Keet, Melanie Courtot, and Alan Ruttenberg. Definition take from the definition of granular parthood in the cited paper. Needs work to put into standard form
PAPER: Granularity, scale and collectivity: When size does and does not matter, Alan Rector, Jeremy Rogers, Thomas Bittner, Journal of Biomedical Informatics 39 (2006) 333-349
This relation obtains between an objective specification and a planned process when the criteria specified in the objective specification are met at the end of the planned process.
A relation between an information content entity and a value specification that specifies its value.
inheres in
this fragility is a characteristic of this vase
this red color is a characteristic of this apple
a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the characteristic) and any other entity (the bearer), in which the characteristic depends on the bearer for its existence.
inheres_in
Note that this relation was previously called "inheres in", but was changed to be called "characteristic of" because BFO2 uses "inheres in" in a more restricted fashion. This relation differs from BFO2:inheres_in in two respects: (1) it does not impose a range constraint, and thus it allows qualities of processes, as well as of information entities, whereas BFO2 restricts inheres_in to only apply to independent continuants (2) it is declared functional, i.e. something can only be a characteristic of one thing.
characteristic of
bearer of
this apple is bearer of this red color
this vase is bearer of this fragility
Inverse of characteristic_of
A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist.
bearer_of
is bearer of
has characteristic
participates in
this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation
this input material (or this output material) participates in this process
this investigator participates in this investigation
a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
participates_in
has participant
this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot
this investigation has participant this investigator
this process has participant this input material (or this output material)
a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time.
has_participant
A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The journal article (a generically dependent continuant) is concretized as the quality (a specifically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant).
An investigator reads a protocol and forms a plan to carry out an assay. The plan is a realizable entity (a specifically dependent continuant) that concretizes the protocol (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on the investigator (an independent continuant). The plan is then realized by the assay (a process).
A relationship between a generically dependent continuant and a specifically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. A generically dependent continuant may be concretized as multiple specifically dependent continuants.
is concretized as
A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The quality (a specifically dependent continuant) concretizes the journal article (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant).
A relationship between a specifically dependent continuant and a generically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. Multiple specifically dependent continuants can concretize the same generically dependent continuant.
concretizes
this catalysis function is a function of this enzyme
a relation between a function and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A function inheres in its bearer at all times for which the function exists, however the function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists.
function_of
is function of
This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020.
function of
this red color is a quality of this apple
a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A quality inheres in its bearer at all times for which the quality exists.
is quality of
quality_of
quality of
this investigator role is a role of this person
a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A role inheres in its bearer at all times for which the role exists, however the role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.
is role of
role_of
role of
this enzyme has function this catalysis function (more colloquially: this enzyme has this catalysis function)
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a function, in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many functions, and its functions can exist for different periods of time, but none of its functions can exist when the bearer does not exist. A function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists.
has_function
has function
this apple has quality this red color
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many qualities, and its qualities can exist for different periods of time, but none of its qualities can exist when the bearer does not exist.
has_quality
has quality
this person has role this investigator role (more colloquially: this person has this role of investigator)
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.
has_role
has role
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a disposition, in which the disposition specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
has disposition
disposition of
X ends_after Y iff: end(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with end(X)
ends after
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for relations between occurrents involving the relative timing of their starts and ends.
A relation that holds between two occurrents. This is a grouping relation that collects together all the Allen relations.
temporal relation
temporally related to
q characteristic of part of w if and only if there exists some p such that q inheres in p and p part of w.
Because part_of is transitive, inheres in is a sub-relation of characteristic of part of
characteristic of part of
An organism that is a member of a population of organisms
is member of is a mereological relation between a item and a collection.
member of
has member is a mereological relation between a collection and an item.
has member
causally downstream of
relation that links two events, processes, states, or objects such that one event, process, state, or object (a cause) contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (an effect) where the cause is partly or wholly responsible for the effect, and the effect is partly or wholly dependent on the cause.
This branch of the ontology deals with causal relations between entities. It is divided into two branches: causal relations between occurrents/processes, and causal relations between material entities. We take an 'activity flow-centric approach', with the former as primary, and define causal relations between material entities in terms of causal relations between occurrents. To define causal relations in an activity-flow type network, we make use of 3 primitives: * Temporal: how do the intervals of the two occurrents relate? * Is the causal relation regulatory? * Is the influence positive or negative? The first of these can be formalized in terms of the Allen Interval Algebra. Informally, the 3 bins we care about are 'direct', 'indirect' or overlapping. Note that all causal relations should be classified under a RO temporal relation (see the branch under 'temporally related to'). Note that all causal relations are temporal, but not all temporal relations are causal. Two occurrents can be related in time without being causally connected. We take causal influence to be primitive, elucidated as being such that has the upstream changed, some qualities of the donwstream would necessarily be modified. For the second, we consider a relationship to be regulatory if the system in which the activities occur is capable of altering the relationship to achieve some objective. This could include changing the rate of production of a molecule. For the third, we consider the effect of the upstream process on the output(s) of the downstream process. If the level of output is increased, or the rate of production of the output is increased, then the direction is increased. Direction can be positive, negative or neutral or capable of either direction. Two positives in succession yield a positive, two negatives in succession yield a positive, otherwise the default assumption is that the net effect is canceled and the influence is neutral. Each of these 3 primitives can be composed to yield a cross-product of different relation types.
Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect.
causally related to
p is causally upstream of q iff p is causally related to q, the end of p precedes the end of q, and p is not an occurrent part of q.
causally upstream of
p is 'causally upstream or within' q iff p is causally related to q, and the end of p precedes, or is coincident with, the end of q.
We would like to make this disjoint with 'preceded by', but this is prohibited in OWL2
inverse of causally upstream of or within
p is causally related to q if and only if p or any part of p and q or any part of q are linked by a chain of events where each event pair is one where the execution of p influences the execution of q. p may be upstream, downstream, part of, or a container of q.
A drought sensitivity trait that inheres in a whole plant is realized in a systemic response process in response to exposure to drought conditions.
An inflammatory disease that is realized in response to an inflammatory process occurring in the gut (which is itself the realization of a process realized in response to harmful stimuli in the mucosal lining of th gut)
Environmental polymorphism in butterflies: These butterflies have a 'responsivity to day length trait' that is realized in response to the duration of the day, and is realized in developmental processes that lead to increased or decreased pigmentation in the adult morph.
r 'realized in response to' s iff, r is a realizable (e.g. a plant trait such as responsivity to drought), s is an environmental stimulus (a process), and s directly causes the realization of r.
realized in response to
Julius Caesar
Verdi’s Requiem
the Second World War
your body mass index
BFO 2 Reference: In all areas of empirical inquiry we encounter general terms of two sorts. First are general terms which refer to universals or types:animaltuberculosissurgical procedurediseaseSecond, are general terms used to refer to groups of entities which instantiate a given universal but do not correspond to the extension of any subuniversal of that universal because there is nothing intrinsic to the entities in question by virtue of which they – and only they – are counted as belonging to the given group. Examples are: animal purchased by the Emperortuberculosis diagnosed on a Wednesdaysurgical procedure performed on a patient from Stockholmperson identified as candidate for clinical trial #2056-555person who is signatory of Form 656-PPVpainting by Leonardo da VinciSuch terms, which represent what are called ‘specializations’ in [81
Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf
An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001])
entity
An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts.
BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240
Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants
A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002])
if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001])
if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002])
if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002])
(forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002]
(forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001]
(forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002]
(forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002]
continuant
An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time.
BFO 2 Reference: every occurrent that is not a temporal or spatiotemporal region is s-dependent on some independent continuant that is not a spatial region
BFO 2 Reference: s-dependence obtains between every process and its participants in the sense that, as a matter of necessity, this process could not have existed unless these or those participants existed also. A process may have a succession of participants at different phases of its unfolding. Thus there may be different players on the field at different times during the course of a football game; but the process which is the entire game s-depends_on all of these players nonetheless. Some temporal parts of this process will s-depend_on on only some of the players.
Occurrent doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the sum of a process and the process boundary of another process.
Simons uses different terminology for relations of occurrents to regions: Denote the spatio-temporal location of a given occurrent e by 'spn[e]' and call this region its span. We may say an occurrent is at its span, in any larger region, and covers any smaller region. Now suppose we have fixed a frame of reference so that we can speak not merely of spatio-temporal but also of spatial regions (places) and temporal regions (times). The spread of an occurrent, (relative to a frame of reference) is the space it exactly occupies, and its spell is likewise the time it exactly occupies. We write 'spr[e]' and `spl[e]' respectively for the spread and spell of e, omitting mention of the frame.
An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [077-002])
Every occurrent occupies_spatiotemporal_region some spatiotemporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [108-001])
b is an occurrent entity iff b is an entity that has temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [079-001])
(forall (x) (if (Occurrent x) (exists (r) (and (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x r))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [108-001]
(forall (x) (iff (Occurrent x) (and (Entity x) (exists (y) (temporalPartOf y x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [079-001]
occurrent
a chair
a heart
a leg
a molecule
a spatial region
an atom
an orchestra.
an organism
the bottom right portion of a human torso
the interior of your mouth
b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002])
For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001])
For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002])
(forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001]
(forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002]
(iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002]
A continuant that is a bearer of quality and realizable entity entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything.
independent continuant
BFO 2 Reference: Spatial regions do not participate in processes.
Spatial region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the union of a spatial point and a spatial line that doesn't overlap the point, or two spatial lines that intersect at a single point. In both cases the resultant spatial region is neither 0-dimensional, 1-dimensional, 2-dimensional, or 3-dimensional.
A spatial region is a continuant entity that is a continuant_part_of spaceR as defined relative to some frame R. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [035-001])
All continuant parts of spatial regions are spatial regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [036-001])
(forall (x y t) (if (and (SpatialRegion x) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)) (SpatialRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [036-001]
(forall (x) (if (SpatialRegion x) (Continuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [035-001]
spatial region
Temporal region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of a temporal instant and a temporal interval that doesn't overlap the instant. In this case the resultant temporal region is neither 0-dimensional nor 1-dimensional
A temporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of time as defined relative to some reference frame. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [100-001])
All parts of temporal regions are temporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [101-001])
Every temporal region t is such that t occupies_temporal_region t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [119-002])
(forall (r) (if (TemporalRegion r) (occupiesTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [119-002]
(forall (x y) (if (and (TemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (TemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [101-001]
(forall (x) (if (TemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [100-001]
temporal region
an infinitely thin plane in space.
the surface of a sphere-shaped part of space
A two-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of two dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [039-001])
(forall (x) (if (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [039-001]
two-dimensional spatial region
the spatiotemporal region occupied by a human life
the spatiotemporal region occupied by a process of cellular meiosis.
the spatiotemporal region occupied by the development of a cancer tumor
A spatiotemporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of spacetime. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [095-001])
All parts of spatiotemporal regions are spatiotemporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [096-001])
Each spatiotemporal region at any time t projects_onto some spatial region at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [099-001])
Each spatiotemporal region projects_onto some temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [098-001])
Every spatiotemporal region occupies_spatiotemporal_region itself.
Every spatiotemporal region s is such that s occupies_spatiotemporal_region s. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [107-002])
(forall (r) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [107-002]
(forall (x t) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (exists (y) (and (SpatialRegion y) (spatiallyProjectsOntoAt x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [099-001]
(forall (x y) (if (and (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (SpatioTemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [096-001]
(forall (x) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [095-001]
(forall (x) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (exists (y) (and (TemporalRegion y) (temporallyProjectsOnto x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [098-001]
spatiotemporal region
a process of cell-division, \ a beating of the heart
a process of meiosis
a process of sleeping
the course of a disease
the flight of a bird
the life of an organism
your process of aging.
p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003])
BFO 2 Reference: The realm of occurrents is less pervasively marked by the presence of natural units than is the case in the realm of independent continuants. Thus there is here no counterpart of ‘object’. In BFO 1.0 ‘process’ served as such a counterpart. In BFO 2.0 ‘process’ is, rather, the occurrent counterpart of ‘material entity’. Those natural – as contrasted with engineered, which here means: deliberately executed – units which do exist in the realm of occurrents are typically either parasitic on the existence of natural units on the continuant side, or they are fiat in nature. Thus we can count lives; we can count football games; we can count chemical reactions performed in experiments or in chemical manufacturing. We cannot count the processes taking place, for instance, in an episode of insect mating behavior.Even where natural units are identifiable, for example cycles in a cyclical process such as the beating of a heart or an organism’s sleep/wake cycle, the processes in question form a sequence with no discontinuities (temporal gaps) of the sort that we find for instance where billiard balls or zebrafish or planets are separated by clear spatial gaps. Lives of organisms are process units, but they too unfold in a continuous series from other, prior processes such as fertilization, and they unfold in turn in continuous series of post-life processes such as post-mortem decay. Clear examples of boundaries of processes are almost always of the fiat sort (midnight, a time of death as declared in an operating theater or on a death certificate, the initiation of a state of war)
(iff (Process a) (and (Occurrent a) (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)) (exists (c t) (and (MaterialEntity c) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [083-003]
An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t.
process
an atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y
certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer
children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways.
the cell wall is disposed to filter chemicals in endocytosis and exocytosis
BFO 2 Reference: Dispositions exist along a strength continuum. Weaker forms of disposition are realized in only a fraction of triggering cases. These forms occur in a significant number of cases of a similar type.
b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002])
If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002])
(forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002]
(forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002]
disposition
the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity.
the disposition of your blood to coagulate
the function of your reproductive organs
the role of being a doctor
the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet
A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances.
To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002])
All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002])
(forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002]
(forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002]
realizable entity
A zero-dimensional spatial region is a point in space. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [037-001])
(forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [037-001]
zero-dimensional spatial region
the ambient temperature of this portion of air
the color of a tomato
the length of the circumference of your waist
the mass of this piece of gold.
the shape of your nose
the shape of your nostril
a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001])
If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001])
(forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001]
(forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001]
quality
Reciprocal specifically dependent continuants: the function of this key to open this lock and the mutually dependent disposition of this lock: to be opened by this key
of one-sided specifically dependent continuants: the mass of this tomato
of relational dependent continuants (multiple bearers): John’s love for Mary, the ownership relation between John and this statue, the relation of authority between John and his subordinates.
the disposition of this fish to decay
the function of this heart: to pump blood
the mutual dependence of proton donors and acceptors in chemical reactions [79
the mutual dependence of the role predator and the role prey as played by two organisms in a given interaction
the pink color of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its center
the shape of this hole.
the smell of this portion of mozzarella
b is a relational specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a specifically dependent continuant and there are n > 1 independent continuants c1, … cn which are not spatial regions are such that for all 1 i < j n, ci and cj share no common parts, are such that for each 1 i n, b s-depends_on ci at every time t during the course of b’s existence (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [131-004])
b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003])
Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc.
(iff (RelationalSpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (forall (t) (exists (b c) (and (not (SpatialRegion b)) (not (SpatialRegion c)) (not (= b c)) (not (exists (d) (and (continuantPartOfAt d b t) (continuantPartOfAt d c t)))) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [131-004]
(iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003]
A continuant that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same.
specifically dependent continuant
John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married.
the priest role
the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighboring administrative territories
the role of a building in serving as a military target
the role of a stone in marking a property boundary
the role of subject in a clinical trial
the student role
A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts.
BFO 2 Reference: One major family of examples of non-rigid universals involves roles, and ontologies developed for corresponding administrative purposes may consist entirely of representatives of entities of this sort. Thus ‘professor’, defined as follows,b instance_of professor at t =Def. there is some c, c instance_of professor role & c inheres_in b at t.denotes a non-rigid universal and so also do ‘nurse’, ‘student’, ‘colonel’, ‘taxpayer’, and so forth. (These terms are all, in the jargon of philosophy, phase sortals.) By using role terms in definitions, we can create a BFO conformant treatment of such entities drawing on the fact that, while an instance of professor may be simultaneously an instance of trade union member, no instance of the type professor role is also (at any time) an instance of the type trade union member role (any more than any instance of the type color is at any time an instance of the type length).If an ontology of employment positions should be defined in terms of roles following the above pattern, this enables the ontology to do justice to the fact that individuals instantiate the corresponding universals – professor, sergeant, nurse – only during certain phases in their lives.
b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001])
(forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001]
role
or with divisions drawn by cognitive subjects for practical reasons, such as the division of a cake (before slicing) into (what will become) slices (and thus member parts of an object aggregate). However, this does not mean that fiat object parts are dependent for their existence on divisions or delineations effected by cognitive subjects. If, for example, it is correct to conceive geological layers of the Earth as fiat object parts of the Earth, then even though these layers were first delineated in recent times, still existed long before such delineation and what holds of these layers (for example that the oldest layers are also the lowest layers) did not begin to hold because of our acts of delineation.Treatment of material entity in BFOExamples viewed by some as problematic cases for the trichotomy of fiat object part, object, and object aggregate include: a mussel on (and attached to) a rock, a slime mold, a pizza, a cloud, a galaxy, a railway train with engine and multiple carriages, a clonal stand of quaking aspen, a bacterial community (biofilm), a broken femur. Note that, as Aristotle already clearly recognized, such problematic cases – which lie at or near the penumbra of instances defined by the categories in question – need not invalidate these categories. The existence of grey objects does not prove that there are not objects which are black and objects which are white; the existence of mules does not prove that there are not objects which are donkeys and objects which are horses. It does, however, show that the examples in question need to be addressed carefully in order to show how they can be fitted into the proposed scheme, for example by recognizing additional subdivisions [29
the FMA:regional parts of an intact human body.
the Western hemisphere of the Earth
the division of the brain into regions
the division of the planet into hemispheres
the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body
the upper and lower lobes of the left lung
BFO 2 Reference: Most examples of fiat object parts are associated with theoretically drawn divisions
b is a fiat object part = Def. b is a material entity which is such that for all times t, if b exists at t then there is some object c such that b proper continuant_part of c at t and c is demarcated from the remainder of c by a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [027-004])
(forall (x) (if (FiatObjectPart x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y) (and (Object y) (properContinuantPartOfAt x y t)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [027-004]
fiat object part
an edge of a cube-shaped portion of space.
A one-dimensional spatial region is a line or aggregate of lines stretching from one point in space to another. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [038-001])
(forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [038-001]
one-dimensional spatial region
a collection of cells in a blood biobank.
a swarm of bees is an aggregate of members who are linked together through natural bonds
a symphony orchestra
an organization is an aggregate whose member parts have roles of specific types (for example in a jazz band, a chess club, a football team)
defined by fiat: the aggregate of members of an organization
defined through physical attachment: the aggregate of atoms in a lump of granite
defined through physical containment: the aggregate of molecules of carbon dioxide in a sealed container
defined via attributive delimitations such as: the patients in this hospital
the aggregate of bearings in a constant velocity axle joint
the aggregate of blood cells in your body
the nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere
the restaurants in Palo Alto
your collection of Meissen ceramic plates.
An entity a is an object aggregate if and only if there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of a into objects
BFO 2 Reference: object aggregates may gain and lose parts while remaining numerically identical (one and the same individual) over time. This holds both for aggregates whose membership is determined naturally (the aggregate of cells in your body) and aggregates determined by fiat (a baseball team, a congressional committee).
ISBN:978-3-938793-98-5pp124-158#Thomas Bittner and Barry Smith, 'A Theory of Granular Partitions', in K. Munn and B. Smith (eds.), Applied Ontology: An Introduction, Frankfurt/Lancaster: ontos, 2008, 125-158.
b is an object aggregate means: b is a material entity consisting exactly of a plurality of objects as member_parts at all times at which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [025-004])
(forall (x) (if (ObjectAggregate x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y z) (and (Object y) (Object z) (memberPartOfAt y x t) (memberPartOfAt z x t) (not (= y z)))))) (not (exists (w t_1) (and (memberPartOfAt w x t_1) (not (Object w)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [025-004]
object aggregate
a cube-shaped region of space
a sphere-shaped region of space,
A three-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of three dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [040-001])
(forall (x) (if (ThreeDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [040-001]
three-dimensional spatial region
Manhattan Canyon)
a hole in the interior of a portion of cheese
a rabbit hole
an air traffic control region defined in the airspace above an airport
the Grand Canyon
the Piazza San Marco
the cockpit of an aircraft
the hold of a ship
the interior of a kangaroo pouch
the interior of the trunk of your car
the interior of your bedroom
the interior of your office
the interior of your refrigerator
the lumen of your gut
your left nostril (a fiat part – the opening – of your left nasal cavity)
b is a site means: b is a three-dimensional immaterial entity that is (partially or wholly) bounded by a material entity or it is a three-dimensional immaterial part thereof. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [034-002])
(forall (x) (if (Site x) (ImmaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [034-002]
site
atom
cell
cells and organisms
engineered artifacts
grain of sand
molecule
organelle
organism
planet
solid portions of matter
star
BFO 2 Reference: BFO rests on the presupposition that at multiple micro-, meso- and macroscopic scales reality exhibits certain stable, spatially separated or separable material units, combined or combinable into aggregates of various sorts (for example organisms into what are called ‘populations’). Such units play a central role in almost all domains of natural science from particle physics to cosmology. Many scientific laws govern the units in question, employing general terms (such as ‘molecule’ or ‘planet’) referring to the types and subtypes of units, and also to the types and subtypes of the processes through which such units develop and interact. The division of reality into such natural units is at the heart of biological science, as also is the fact that these units may form higher-level units (as cells form multicellular organisms) and that they may also form aggregates of units, for example as cells form portions of tissue and organs form families, herds, breeds, species, and so on. At the same time, the division of certain portions of reality into engineered units (manufactured artifacts) is the basis of modern industrial technology, which rests on the distributed mass production of engineered parts through division of labor and on their assembly into larger, compound units such as cars and laptops. The division of portions of reality into units is one starting point for the phenomenon of counting.
BFO 2 Reference: Each object is such that there are entities of which we can assert unproblematically that they lie in its interior, and other entities of which we can assert unproblematically that they lie in its exterior. This may not be so for entities lying at or near the boundary between the interior and exterior. This means that two objects – for example the two cells depicted in Figure 3 – may be such that there are material entities crossing their boundaries which belong determinately to neither cell. Something similar obtains in certain cases of conjoined twins (see below).
BFO 2 Reference: To say that b is causally unified means: b is a material entity which is such that its material parts are tied together in such a way that, in environments typical for entities of the type in question,if c, a continuant part of b that is in the interior of b at t, is larger than a certain threshold size (which will be determined differently from case to case, depending on factors such as porosity of external cover) and is moved in space to be at t at a location on the exterior of the spatial region that had been occupied by b at t, then either b’s other parts will be moved in coordinated fashion or b will be damaged (be affected, for example, by breakage or tearing) in the interval between t and t.causal changes in one part of b can have consequences for other parts of b without the mediation of any entity that lies on the exterior of b. Material entities with no proper material parts would satisfy these conditions trivially. Candidate examples of types of causal unity for material entities of more complex sorts are as follows (this is not intended to be an exhaustive list):CU1: Causal unity via physical coveringHere the parts in the interior of the unified entity are combined together causally through a common membrane or other physical covering\. The latter points outwards toward and may serve a protective function in relation to what lies on the exterior of the entity [13, 47
BFO 2 Reference: an object is a maximal causally unified material entity
BFO 2 Reference: ‘objects’ are sometimes referred to as ‘grains’ [74
b is an object means: b is a material entity which manifests causal unity of one or other of the types CUn listed above & is of a type (a material universal) instances of which are maximal relative to this criterion of causal unity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [024-001])
object
The entries in your database are patterns instantiated as quality instances in your hard drive. The database itself is an aggregate of such patterns. When you create the database you create a particular instance of the generically dependent continuant type database. Each entry in the database is an instance of the generically dependent continuant type IAO: information content entity.
the pdf file on your laptop, the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop
the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule.
b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001])
(iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001]
A continuant that is dependent on one or other independent continuant bearers. For every instance of A requires some instance of (an independent continuant type) B but which instance of B serves can change from time to time.
generically dependent continuant
the function of a hammer to drive in nails
the function of a heart pacemaker to regulate the beating of a heart through electricity
the function of amylase in saliva to break down starch into sugar
BFO 2 Reference: In the past, we have distinguished two varieties of function, artifactual function and biological function. These are not asserted subtypes of BFO:function however, since the same function – for example: to pump, to transport – can exist both in artifacts and in biological entities. The asserted subtypes of function that would be needed in order to yield a separate monoheirarchy are not artifactual function, biological function, etc., but rather transporting function, pumping function, etc.
A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001])
(forall (x) (if (Function x) (Disposition x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [064-001]
function
the boundary between the 2nd and 3rd year of your life.
p is a process boundary =Def. p is a temporal part of a process & p has no proper temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [084-001])
Every process boundary occupies_temporal_region a zero-dimensional temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [085-002])
(forall (x) (if (ProcessBoundary x) (exists (y) (and (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion y) (occupiesTemporalRegion x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [085-002]
(iff (ProcessBoundary a) (exists (p) (and (Process p) (temporalPartOf a p) (not (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [084-001]
process boundary
the temporal region during which a process occurs.
BFO 2 Reference: A temporal interval is a special kind of one-dimensional temporal region, namely one that is self-connected (is without gaps or breaks).
A one-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is extended. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [103-001])
(forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [103-001]
one-dimensional temporal region
material entity
a flame
a forest fire
a human being
a hurricane
a photon
a puff of smoke
a sea wave
a tornado
an aggregate of human beings.
an energy wave
an epidemic
the undetached arm of a human being
An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time.
BFO 2 Reference: Material entities (continuants) can preserve their identity even while gaining and losing material parts. Continuants are contrasted with occurrents, which unfold themselves in successive temporal parts or phases [60
BFO 2 Reference: Object, Fiat Object Part and Object Aggregate are not intended to be exhaustive of Material Entity. Users are invited to propose new subcategories of Material Entity.
BFO 2 Reference: ‘Matter’ is intended to encompass both mass and energy (we will address the ontological treatment of portions of energy in a later version of BFO). A portion of matter is anything that includes elementary particles among its proper or improper parts: quarks and leptons, including electrons, as the smallest particles thus far discovered; baryons (including protons and neutrons) at a higher level of granularity; atoms and molecules at still higher levels, forming the cells, organs, organisms and other material entities studied by biologists, the portions of rock studied by geologists, the fossils studied by paleontologists, and so on.Material entities are three-dimensional entities (entities extended in three spatial dimensions), as contrasted with the processes in which they participate, which are four-dimensional entities (entities extended also along the dimension of time).According to the FMA, material entities may have immaterial entities as parts – including the entities identified below as sites; for example the interior (or ‘lumen’) of your small intestine is a part of your body. BFO 2.0 embodies a decision to follow the FMA here.
A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002])
Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002])
every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002])
(forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002]
(forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002]
(forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002]
b is a continuant fiat boundary = Def. b is an immaterial entity that is of zero, one or two dimensions and does not include a spatial region as part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [029-001])
BFO 2 Reference: In BFO 1.1 the assumption was made that the external surface of a material entity such as a cell could be treated as if it were a boundary in the mathematical sense. The new document propounds the view that when we talk about external surfaces of material objects in this way then we are talking about something fiat. To be dealt with in a future version: fiat boundaries at different levels of granularity.More generally, the focus in discussion of boundaries in BFO 2.0 is now on fiat boundaries, which means: boundaries for which there is no assumption that they coincide with physical discontinuities. The ontology of boundaries becomes more closely allied with the ontology of regions.
BFO 2 Reference: a continuant fiat boundary is a boundary of some material entity (for example: the plane separating the Northern and Southern hemispheres; the North Pole), or it is a boundary of some immaterial entity (for example of some portion of airspace). Three basic kinds of continuant fiat boundary can be distinguished (together with various combination kinds [29
Continuant fiat boundary doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary and a one dimensional continuant fiat boundary that doesn't overlap it. The situation is analogous to temporal and spatial regions.
Every continuant fiat boundary is located at some spatial region at every time at which it exists
(iff (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ImmaterialEntity a) (exists (b) (and (or (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion b)) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))) (not (exists (c t) (and (SpatialRegion c) (continuantPartOfAt c a t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [029-001]
continuant fiat boundary
BFO 2 Reference: Immaterial entities are divided into two subgroups:boundaries and sites, which bound, or are demarcated in relation, to material entities, and which can thus change location, shape and size and as their material hosts move or change shape or size (for example: your nasal passage; the hold of a ship; the boundary of Wales (which moves with the rotation of the Earth) [38, 7, 10
immaterial entity
The Equator
all geopolitical boundaries
all lines of latitude and longitude
the line separating the outer surface of the mucosa of the lower lip from the outer surface of the skin of the chin.
the median sulcus of your tongue
a one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary is a continuous fiat line whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [032-001])
(iff (OneDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [032-001]
one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
On a somewhat higher level of complexity are what we shall call rate process profiles, which are the targets of selective abstraction focused not on determinate quality magnitudes plotted over time, but rather on certain ratios between these magnitudes and elapsed times. A speed process profile, for example, is represented by a graph plotting against time the ratio of distance covered per unit of time. Since rates may change, and since such changes, too, may have rates of change, we have to deal here with a hierarchy of process profile universals at successive levels
One important sub-family of rate process profiles is illustrated by the beat or frequency profiles of cyclical processes, illustrated by the 60 beats per minute beating process of John’s heart, or the 120 beats per minute drumming process involved in one of John’s performances in a rock band, and so on. Each such process includes what we shall call a beat process profile instance as part, a subtype of rate process profile in which the salient ratio is not distance covered but rather number of beat cycles per unit of time. Each beat process profile instance instantiates the determinable universal beat process profile. But it also instantiates multiple more specialized universals at lower levels of generality, selected from rate process profilebeat process profileregular beat process profile3 bpm beat process profile4 bpm beat process profileirregular beat process profileincreasing beat process profileand so on.In the case of a regular beat process profile, a rate can be assigned in the simplest possible fashion by dividing the number of cycles by the length of the temporal region occupied by the beating process profile as a whole. Irregular process profiles of this sort, for example as identified in the clinic, or in the readings on an aircraft instrument panel, are often of diagnostic significance.
The simplest type of process profiles are what we shall call ‘quality process profiles’, which are the process profiles which serve as the foci of the sort of selective abstraction that is involved when measurements are made of changes in single qualities, as illustrated, for example, by process profiles of mass, temperature, aortic pressure, and so on.
b is a process_profile =Def. there is some process c such that b process_profile_of c (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [093-002])
b process_profile_of c holds when b proper_occurrent_part_of c& there is some proper_occurrent_part d of c which has no parts in common with b & is mutually dependent on b& is such that b, c and d occupy the same temporal region (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [094-005])
(forall (x y) (if (processProfileOf x y) (and (properContinuantPartOf x y) (exists (z t) (and (properOccurrentPartOf z y) (TemporalRegion t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion y t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion z t) (not (exists (w) (and (occurrentPartOf w x) (occurrentPartOf w z))))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [094-005]
(iff (ProcessProfile a) (exists (b) (and (Process b) (processProfileOf a b)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [093-002]
process profile
a marriage bond, an instance of requited love, an obligation between one person and another.
b is a relational quality = Def. for some independent continuants c, d and for some time t: b quality_of c at t & b quality_of d at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [057-001])
(iff (RelationalQuality a) (exists (b c t) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (IndependentContinuant c) (qualityOfAt a b t) (qualityOfAt a c t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [057-001]
relational quality
a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary (surface) is a self-connected fiat surface whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [033-001])
(iff (TwoDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [033-001]
two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
the geographic North Pole
the point of origin of some spatial coordinate system.
the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona meet
zero dimension continuant fiat boundaries are not spatial points. Considering the example 'the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona meet' : There are many frames in which that point is zooming through many points in space. Whereas, no matter what the frame, the quadripoint is always in the same relation to the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona.
a zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary is a fiat point whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [031-001])
(iff (ZeroDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [031-001]
zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
a temporal region that is occupied by a process boundary
right now
the moment at which a child is born
the moment at which a finger is detached in an industrial accident
the moment of death.
temporal instant.
A zero-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is without extent. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [102-001])
(forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [102-001]
zero-dimensional temporal region
A history is a process that is the sum of the totality of processes taking place in the spatiotemporal region occupied by a material entity or site, including processes on the surface of the entity or within the cavities to which it serves as host. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [138-001])
history
Amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another with formal loss of water. The term is usually applied to structures formed from alpha-amino acids, but it includes those derived from any amino carboxylic acid. X = OH, OR, NH2, NHR, etc.
Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity.
We are assuming that every molecular entity has to be completely connected by chemical bonds. This excludes protein complexes, which are comprised of minimally two separate molecular entities. We will follow up with Chebi to ensure this is their understanding as well
A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.
A chemical entity constituting the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element.
An allotropic form of the element carbon consisting of layers of hexagonally arranged carbon atoms in a planar condensed ring system (graphene layers). The layers are stacked parallel to each other in a three-dimensional crystalline long-range order. There are two allotropic forms with different stacking arrangements, hexagonal and rhombohedral. The chemical bonds within the layers are covalent with sp2 hybridization and with a C—C distance of 141.7 pm. The weak bonds between the layers are metallic with a strength comparable to van der Waals bonding only.
A macromolecule made up of nucleotide units and hydrolysable into certain pyrimidine or purine bases (usually adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil), D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose and phosphoric acid.
High molecular weight, linear polymers, composed of nucleotides containing ribose and linked by phosphodiester bonds; RNA is central to the synthesis of proteins.
The stable isotope of oxygen with relative atomic mass 16.999131. The least abundant (0.038 atom percent) isotope of naturally occurring oxygen.
A macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
polymer
A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.
The stable isotope of fluorine with relative atomic mass 18.998403 and nuclear spin 1/2.
A molecule consisting of a graphene cylinder or two or more concentric graphene cylinders.
A nanosized spherical or capsule-shaped structure.
A nanoparticle consisting of gold atoms.
The stable isotope of tin with relative atomic mass 118.903311, 8.59 atom percent natural abundance and nuclear spin 1/2.
The stable isotope of vanadium with relative atomic mass 50.943964, 99.8 atom percent natural abundance and nuclear spin 7/2.
The stable isotope of lithium with relative atomic mass 7.016004, 92.5 atom percent natural abundance and nuclear spin 3/2.
The stable isotope of niobium with relative atomic mass 182.950225, 14.3 atom percent natural abundance and nuclear spin 1/2.
A chemical substance is a portion of matter of constant composition, composed of molecular entities of the same type or of different types.
A mixture is a chemical substance composed of multiple molecules, at least two of which are of a different kind.
A polymer is a mixture, which is composed of macromolecules of different kinds and which may be differentiated by composition, length, degree of branching etc..
The determination of the spectral absorbance of a solution. This method is often used to determine the concentration of a chemical in a solution.
The determination of the mass of a gas or vapour adsorbed to a surface.
gravimetric sorption-desorption analysis
gravimetric sorption/desorption analysis
The use of an electrochemical cell to measure a qualitative or quantitative response.
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled.
An electrochemical technique where the time dependence of the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled.
An electrochemical technique where the time dependence of the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. Measurements are taken every 1 to 5 s.
An electrochemical technique where the time dependence of the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is varied as a step function.
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is held at a constant value (sufficient to oxidize or reduce the sample).
An electrochemical technique where the cell direct current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled.
The measurement of the conductance of a solution as a function of concentration. Measurements are made indirectly across the resistance of the solution with alternating current.
The measurement of the conductance of a solution as a function of concentration. Measurements are made indirectly across the resistance of the solution with high-frequency alternating current (>0.1 MHz).
An electrochemical technique where the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured.
An electrochemical technique where the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured whilst the current is held at a constant value.
An electrochemical technique where the time-dependence of the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured whilst the current is held at a constant value.
An electrochemical technique where the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured whilst the potential of the working electrode is held at a constant value.
An electrochemical technique where the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium.
An electrochemical technique where the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium.
An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped'. During removal the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium.
An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by re-oxidation using either oxidants in the sample or by applying a small constant current, or a combination of both. During removal the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium.
An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by re-reduction. During removal the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium.
An electrochemical technique where the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium and held at a constant (non-zero) value.
An electrochemical technique where the potential difference between an ion-selective indicator electrode and the reference electrode is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium.
An *obsolete* electrochemical technique where the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured using an oscillograph under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium.
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes.
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied linearly and inverts at the end point resulting in a cycle.
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied linearly and inverts at the end point resulting in a cycle which repeats approximately every 100 ms.
An electrochemical technique where the cell current flowing during convective mass transfer (the movement of material by the action of a fluid) is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied linearly and inverts at the end point resulting in a cycle.
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied linearly and stops at an end point.
chrono amperometry with linear potenial sweep
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied using pulses of increasing amplitude.
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied using pulses of increasing amplitude and the current is sampled before and after each voltage pulse.
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied using pulses of increasing amplitude and the current is sampled after each voltage pulse.
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used.
An electrochemical technique where the alternating current (ac) component of the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the ac potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used.
An electrochemical technique where the ac component of the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the ac potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The cell current is sampled on alternate half cycles and the potential is applied as a small amplitude square wave superimposed on a linear sweep.
An electrochemical technique where the ac component of the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the ac potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The cell current is sampled (only once per drop lifetime) on alternate half cycles and the potential is applied as a large amplitude square wave superimposed on a linear sweep.
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The potential is varied using pulses of linearly increasing amplitude (one pulse during each drop lifetime) and the current is sampled before and after each voltage pulse.
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The potential is varied using pulses of linearly increasing amplitude (one pulse during each drop lifetime) and the current is sampled after each voltage pulse.
An *obsolete* electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes using an oscillograph. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used.
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The current is sampled only during a specific time interval of the life of each drop of the droppping mercury electrode.
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied as a square wave and the current is measured at the end of each half-wave, just prior to potential change.
An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first deposited (usually by electroplating) onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped'. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes.
An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying an oxidising potential. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes.
An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying an oxidising potential (as a series of voltage pulses of increasing amplitude). During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The current is sampled before and after each voltage pulse.
differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry
An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying an oxidising potential. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. A plot of stripping peak current versus deposition potential resembles a polarogram.
An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying an oxidising potential. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied as a square wave superimposed on a linear sweep.
square wave anodic stripping voltammetry
square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry
An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first adsorbed onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped'. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes.
An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying a reducing potential. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes.
The simultaneous measurement of spectra and images. A radiation source illuminates the sample and a series of spatially resolved spectra are collected.
The collection of spatially resolved infrared spectra of a sample during optical microscopy.
The collection of spatially resolved infrared spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. The infrared spectra are obtained by single pulse of infrared radiation, and are subject to a Fourier transform.
Fourier transform infra-red microspectrometry
Fourier transform infra-red microspectroscopy
Fourier transform infrared microspectrometry
Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy
Fourier transform infrared spectromicroscopy
The collection of spatially resolved near-infrared spectra (0.8 to 2 micrometres) of a sample during microscopy.
near infra red chemical imaging spectrometry
near infra red chemical imaging spectroscopy
near infra-red chemical imaging spectrometry
near infra-red chemical imaging spectroscopy
The collection of spatially resolved mass spectra of a sample during microscopy which are used to visualise the spatial distribution of compounds by their molecular masses.
The collection of spatially resolved mass spectra of a sample during microscopy where a pulse laser is used to produce both ionisation and vapourisation and the sample is held in a matrix (such as dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. The spectra are used to visualise the spatial distribution of (typically) biomolecules by their molecular masses.
matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectroscopy
matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation imaging mass spectrometry
The collection of spatially resolved mass spectra of a sample during microscopy where the sample is bombarded with a stream of primary mass-selected particles and the secondary ions ejected from the sample are detected. The spectra are used to visualise the spatial distribution of compounds by their molecular masses.
The collection of spatially resolved Raman spectra of a sample during optical microscopy.
The detection of luminescence from a sample.
The detection of luminescence emitted from a sample as a result of a chemical reaction.
The detection of chemiluminescence caused the emission of light by tiny bubbles in a liquid excited by sound.
The measurement or detection of luminescence which results from the molecular absorption of a photon which triggers the emission of a photon with a longer wavelength.
A method for analysing microscopic particles suspended in a stream of fluid. The particles are individually passed through a laser beam and the resulting fluorescence and scattered light is detected.
A method for determining the distance between molecules using an energy transfer between two chromophores (a donor and an acceptor) in close proximity (typically <10 nm) via a nonradiative, long-range dipole-dipole coupling mechanism.
Forster resonance energy transfer in a bioluminescent system, usually between a luciferase (donor) and a green fluorescent protein (acceptor).
The luciferase is bioluminescent therefore external illumination is not required.
bioluminescence resonance energy transfer
A method for determining the distance between molecules using an energy transfer between two fluorescent chromophores (a donor and an acceptor) in close proximity (typically <10 nm) via a nonradiative, long-range dipole-dipole coupling mechanism. Energy transfer usually occurs between a cyan fluorescent protein (donor) and a yellow fluorescent protein (acceptor).
fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay
fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy
A method for determining the mobility of fluorescent molecules by photobleaching a sub-set of the sample during fluorescence microscopy and monitoring the movement of the remaining fluorescent molecules.
fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
The measurement of the fluorescence decay time of probes solubilised in micellar surfactant solutions in the presence of quenchers.
time resolved fluorescence quenching spectrometry
time-resolved fluorescence quenching spectrometry
time-resolved fluorescence quenching spectroscopy
Any technique where a microscope is used to view a small object (or specimen) by producing a magnified image.
Microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected.
Microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by field emission with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected.
Microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) low energy (1-100 eV) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected.
Low-energy electron microscopy where a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the sample surface.
spin polarised low energy electron microscopy
spin-polarised low-energy electron microscopy
spin-polarized low-energy electron microscopy
spin-polarised low energy electron microscopy
Microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The electrons elastically scattered by the specimen are detected.
Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined.
Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by thermionic emission heating (field emission) and with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined.
field emission gun scanning electron microscopy
field emission scanning electron microscopy
field-emission gun scanning electron microscopy
field-emission scanning electron microscopy
Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by applying a high voltage to a tungsten crystal (cold-field emission) and with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined.
cold field emission gun scanning electron microscopy
cold field emission scanning electron microscopy
cold-field-emission gun scanning electron microscopy
cold-field-emission scanning electron microscopy
cold-field-gun scanning electron microscopy
Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen in a gaseous environment and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined.
environmental scanning electron microscopy
Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen under vacuum. The interaction of electrons with the specimen produces X-rays (with energies characteristic of atomic number) which are detected as a function of wavelength.
scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray analysis
scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
Microscopy where a pulsed electron beam is scanned over the surface of the specimen in order to generate elastic waves which are reflected and detected.
Microscopy where a focused electron beam of small diameter is used to produce Auger electrons which are detected.
Electron microscopy where the intensities of the electrons through an electron-transparent specimen are measured.
Transmission electron microscopy where the specimen is cooled in liquid ethane to 180 °C.
low-temperature transmission electron microscopy
cryogenic transmission electron microscopy
Transmission electron microscopy where the intensities of transmitted electrons of particular kinetic energies are measured.
energy filtered transmission electron microscopy
energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy
Transmission electron microscopy where the electron-transparent specimen (normally a fresh tissue or cell suspension) is prepared by rapid freezing using liquid nitrogen, then fractured, and the cold fractured surface is coated with Pt or Au by evaporation.
freeze fracture transmission electron microscopy
freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopy
Transmission electron microscopy where the phase contrast between the transmitted interfering electron waves is used to produce an image.
high resolution transmission electron microscopy
phase contrast transmission electron microscopy
phase-contrast transmission electron microscopy
high-resolution transmission electron microscopy
Microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 700–3000 kV under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured.
high voltage transmission electron microscopy
high-voltage transmission electron microscopy
Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured.
scanning transmission electron microscopy
Any type of light microscopy assay where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with light of specific wavelengths. These specimens are called fluorophores.
Any type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with light of specific wavelengths. These specimens are called fluorophores.
Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface.
Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a gas (Ar or Kr) laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface and using a spatial pinhole to eliminate out-of-focus fluorescence.
confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy
fluorescence confocal scanning laser microscopy
scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy
Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a solid-state (Ti sapphire) laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface to produce multi-photon fluorescence (i.e. the fluorophore simultaneously absorbs multiple photons of typically one half to one third of the energy required for single-photon excitation).
Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with light of specific wavelengths and the spatial distribution of mean fluorescence lifetimes (usually on the ns scale) is mapped within the microscopic images.
fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy
fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy
Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with radiation in the infra-red region (2.5–16 μm).
Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with radiation in the near infra-red region (0.8–2.5 μm).
Microscopy where the specimen (a fluorophore) can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with light of specific wavelength. The light is totally internally reflected to generate an evanescent wave at the glass microscope slide-water interface. The evanescent wave selectively illuminates and excites fluorophores in a restricted region of the specimen allowing fluorophores on the surface to be imaged (normally the fluorescence of surface fluorophores is overwhelmed by background fluorescence).
total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy
Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with radiation in the ultra-violet region (4–380 nm).
Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with radiation in the visible region (380–750 nm).
Microscopy where ions are used to produce an image.
Microscopy where atoms of an inert gas in the vicinty of the specimen (which is in the form of a very sharp tip <10 m diameter) are ionised by the application of a strong electric field to the tip and an image is produced by the projection of the ions onto a fluorescent screen. The image consists of a pattern of spots of light which correspond to individual atoms on the specimen surface.
Microscopy where atoms in the vicinty of the specimen (which is in the form of a very sharp tip <10 m diameter) are ionised by the application of a strong electric field to the tip and an image is produced by the projection of the ions onto a fluorescent screen. The image consists of a pattern of spots of light which correspond to individual atoms on the specimen surface. When a sudden voltage pulse is applied to the tip, atoms from the surface of the specimen itself are be ejected and travel down a drift tube where their arrival time (a measure of the mass of the atom) can be determined. This allows the atomic composition of the specimen to be determined.
Microscopy where atoms of He gas in the vicinty of the specimen are ionised and an image is produced by the projection of the ions onto a fluorescent screen. The image consists of a pattern of spots of light which correspond to individual atoms on the specimen surface.
Microscopy where an ion beam is scanned over the specimen surface and the secondary electrons emitted are detected.
Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with visible light and a system of lenses is used to produce an image.
Microscopy where visible light coming from the specimen is collected and guided through a pinhole before it is detected. The pinhole allows only light from the focal point to pass to the detector, reducing background interference.
Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with light transmitted from a source on the opposite side of the specimen from the objective.
Microscopy where two specimens can be compared by illuminating them with visible light using two identical sets of microscope lenses which are linked by an optical bridge.
Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with visible light split into two beams, which then interfere to produce fringes whose spacing is proportional to the height of the specimen.
Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with polarised visible light split into two beams, which then interfere to produce fringes whose spacing is proportional to the height of the specimen.
Nomarski interference contrast microscopy
differential interference contrast microscopy
Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with short-coherence length visible light split into two beams, which then interfere to produce fringes whose spacing is proportional to the height of the specimen.
Microscopy where the surface of the specimen is illuminated with short-coherence length visible light split into two beams, which then interfere to produce fringes whose spacing is proportional to the profile of the specimen.
Microscopy where a transparent specimen is illuminated with visible light and small phase shifts in the light passing through the specimen are used to produce an image.
Microscopy where the specimen placed between two orthogonal polarising filters and illuminated with visible light.
Microscopy which uses a probe to scan the surface of the specimen and measure some form of interaction between surface and probe. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the probe-surface interaction as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning.
Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning.
Microscopy where an electric field is applied to a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') which is mounted on the end of a cantilever. The tip scans the surface of a piezoelectric specimen and the distortion of the electric field by the specimen is measured as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning.
Microscopy which uses a sharp magnetic spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of a magnetic specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the tip in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the magnetic force experienced by it as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning.
Microscopy where optical tweezers are used to trap a small fluorescent latex bead which is then scanned across biological specimens in aqueous solution. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the bead in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the fluorescence intensity as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the bead and surface during scanning.
Microscopy which uses a small electrode to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the electrostatic capacitance of the surface as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the electrode and surface during scanning.
Any type of microscopy where a probe is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field). An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the probe-surface interaction as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning.
Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with a near-field of photons. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving an optical fibre probe in a raster scan over the specimen, line by line, and detecting any photons which tunnel from the specimen to the probe as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the optical fibre probe and surface during scanning.
Microscopy where a probe consisting of a laser transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The tip is coated with metal (to prevent light from escaping from the sides) and near-field (or evanescent field) light is emitted through a small opening or 'aperture' (50–100 nm in diameter) at the apex of the probe. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the disturbance of the near-field as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning.
aperture scanning near-field optical microscopy
Microscopy where a probe consisting of a laser of a specific wavelength transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The tip is coated with metal (to prevent light from escaping from the sides) and near-field (or evanescent field) light is emitted through a small opening or 'aperture' (50–100 nm in diameter) at the apex of the probe. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the fluorescence intensity from fluorophores on the surface of the specimen as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning.
fluorescence scanning near-field optical microscopy
Microscopy where a probe consisting of an infrared laser transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The tip is coated with metal (to prevent light from escaping from the sides) and near-field (or evanescent field) infrared radiation is emitted through a small opening or 'aperture' (50–100 nm in diameter) at the apex of the probe. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the disturbance of the infrared near-field as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning.
infra-red near-field scanning optical microscopy
infra-red scanning near-field optical microscopy
infrared near-field scanning optical microscopy
infrared scanning near-field optical microscopy
Microscopy where a probe consisting of a microwave radiation source transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The tip is coated with metal (to prevent light from escaping from the sides) and near-field (or evanescent field) microwave radiation is emitted through a small opening or 'aperture' (50-100 nm in diameter) at the apex of the probe. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the disturbance of the microwave near-field as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning.
microwave near-field scanning microscopy
near-field scanning microwave microscopy
microwave scanning near-field microscopy
Microscopy where a laser spot is focused on a solid sharp metallic probe producing a confined light field very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the scattering of the incident light by the probe as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning.
apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy
scattering type apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy
scattering type apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy
scattering type near-field scanning optical microscopy
scattering type scanning near-field optical microscopy
apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy
Microscopy where a laser spot is focused on a solid sharp noble metal probe very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The laser spot excites plasmons at the probe-surface interface and an image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the electromagnetic field as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning.
Microscopy where a thermocouple probe is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field). An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the thermocouple probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the surface–probe heat transfer as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning.
Microscopy where an electrode probe is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field). The surface is mechanically scanned by the electrode in a raster scan and the height required by a feedback loop in order to maintain a constant electrical conductance between the electrode and the specimen is recorded as a function of position.
Microscopy where a probe consisting of a glass nano- or micro- pipette filled with electrolyte is positioned very close to (in the near-field of) a specimen which is held in an oppositely charge electrolyte. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the pipette in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the ion conductance as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning.
Microscopy where a probe vibrating at its resonant frequency is scanned over the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the resonant frequency (or the amplitude of vibration) of the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning.
Microscopy where a probe vibrating at its resonant frequency is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field). An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the resonant frequency (or amplitude of vibration) of the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning.
Microscopy where an Wollaston wire probe is scanned over the surface of the specimen and the height required by a feedback loop in order to maintain a constant temperature between the probe and the specimen is recorded as a function of position.
Microscopy which uses a sharp conducting probe (or 'tip') held very close (1 nm) to the surface of the specimen. A bias voltage is applied between the tip and specimen which causes a tunnelling current to flow. An image is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the tunnelling current as a function of position.
Microscopy where an excitation laser and a probe laser are focused onto a specimen forming a refractive index distribution which results in a concave excitation beam. The strength of this lens is proportional to the sample concentration and is detected by a change in transmittance in the probe beam.
Thermal lens microscopy where the excitation laser is an ultraviolet laser.
The measurement of the profile of a surface in order to quantify its roughness.
A method where the profile of a surface is determined by moving a diamond stylus laterally across it at a specified contact force and measuring its vertical displacement.
A method where the profile of a surface is determined by illuminating the sample with a beam of light which has been split into two paths, one of which is directed at the sample and the other at a reference mirror. When the reflections are recombined any interference contains information about the contours of the surface.
A method where the profile of a surface is determined by illuminating the sample with a beam of light which has been split into two paths, one of which is directed at the sample and the other at a reference mirror. When the reflections are recombined a Fourier transform is applied to the phase of the interference pattern which contains information about the contours of the surface.
A method where the profile of a surface is determined by illuminating the sample with a beam of light which has been split into two paths, one of which is directed at the sample and the other at a reference mirror. When the reflections are recombined any distortions of periodic shadows due to interference contain information about the contours of the surface.
Any detection or measurement method for a set of points in reciprocal space.
Any detection or measurement method where the structure of a crystal or molecule can be determined by directing a beam of particles or radiation at a sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern.
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of electrons (the energies of which are controlled by their acceleration voltage) and recording the resulting diffraction pattern.
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of electrons at the sample (the energies of which are controlled by their acceleration voltage) and recording the resulting diffraction pattern of any backscattered electrons.
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10–200 keV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern.
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10–200 keV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any electrons transmitted through the sample.
transmission high-energy electron diffraction
transmission high energy electron diffraction
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10–200 keV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any reflected or elastically scattered electrons.
reflection high-energy electron diffraction
reflection high energy electron diffraction
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern.
A method for determining structure by directing a highly convergent beam (nm diameter) of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern.
convergent beam low-energy electron diffraction
convergent-beam low-energy electron diffraction
convergent beam low energy electron diffraction
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any elastically scattered (scattering where kinetic energy is conserved) electrons.
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any inelastically scattered (scattering where kinetic energy is not conserved) electrons.
inelastic low-energy electron diffraction
inelastic low energy electron diffraction
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any electrons transmitted through the sample.
transmission low-energy electron diffraction
transmission low energy electron diffraction
A method for determining structure during photoelectron spectroscopy. Photons are directed at the sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons are recorded.
A method for determining structure during photoelectron spectroscopy. Photons are directed at a sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons are determined as a function of emission angle.
A method for determining structure during photoelectron spectroscopy. Photons are directed at a sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons at 90° from the surface are recorded.
A method for determining structure during X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. X-rays are directed at a sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons are recorded.
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate.
A method for determining structure by detecting the positions and intensities of X-rays, that have been generated in microstructural domain, as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate.
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a powdered solid sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate.
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a single crystal sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. Single crystal X-ray diffraction is used for protein crystallography.
Any detection or measurement method where reciprocal space structure can be determined by measuring the change in direction or energy of incident particles or radiation scattered by a sample.
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered alpha-particles.
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered atoms.
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction and energy of scattered He atoms. The He atoms suffer energy loss upon scattering by colliding inelastically with surfaces leading to the absorption or emission of surface phonons.
Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is scattered by a surface and the energy and position of the scattered electrons is measured.
Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is scattered by a sample supported on a nano-sized wire (such as a carbon nanotube) and the energy loss the electrons suffer upon scattering is measured.
nanowire electron scattering spectrometry
nanowire electron scattering spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered visible light. Light is scattered by the electrons surrounding the atomic nuclei in the sample.
A method for determining the size distribution of a sample of small particles in solution by illuminating the sample with a light source (usually a laser) and measuring the time-dependent fluctuations in the intensity of the scattered light caused by Brownian motion.
quasi-elastic light scattering spectrometry
quasi-elastic light scattering spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered visible light at a number of different angles, none of which are close to the angle of incidence of the light.
multi-angle light scattering spectrometry
multi-angle light scattering spectroscopy
multiple angle laser light scattering spectrometry
multiple angle laser light scattering spectroscopy
multiple angle light scattering spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light.
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light which has been passed through an inferometer.
interferometric Rayleigh scattering method
interferometric Rayleigh scattering spectrometry
interferometric Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy
A method for determining the structure of a liquid sample by measuring the change in direction or energy of hyper-Rayleigh scattered visible light (scattering where photons from the incident laser–-with frequency –-are scattered into photons of the second harmonic–-photons with frequency 2).
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, where the wavelength of the incident light does not correspond to any absorption bands in the scattering molecules.
non-resonance Rayleigh scattering spectrometry
non-resonance Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, where the wavelength of the incident light corresponds to an energy which is near to an absorption band in the scattering molecules.
near-resonance Rayleigh light scattering
near-resonance Rayleigh scattering spectrometry
near-resonance Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, where the wavelength of the incident light corresponds to an absorption band in the scattering molecules.
resonance Rayleigh scattering spectrometry
resonance Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, as a function of time, where the wavelength of the incident light corresponds to an absorption band in the scattering molecules.
time resolved resonance Rayleigh scattering spectrometry
time resolved resonance Rayleigh spectroscopy
time resolved resonant Rayleigh scattering spectrometry
time resolved resonant Rayleigh spectroscopy
time-resolved resonant Rayleigh scattering
time-resolved resonant Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy
time-resolved resonance Rayleigh scattering
A method for determining structure where a grating created by the interference of two laser beams is written into a sample and a further laser beam is Rayleigh scattered by the grating. The change in direction or energy of the light and the temporal evolution of the scattered beam are measured.
forced Rayleigh light scattering spectrometry
forced Rayleigh light scattering spectroscopy
A method for determining structure where a grating created by the interference of two laser beams is written into a sample which contains a small amount of dye. The intensity grating is converted into a temperature grating which, in turn, causes a concentration grating by thermal diffusion. A further laser beam is Rayleigh scattered by the grating and the change in direction or energy of the light and the temporal evolution of the scattered beam are measured.
thermal diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering
thermal-diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering
A method for determining structure where a grating created by the interference of infrared laser beams is written into a sample which contains a small amount of dye. The intensity grating is converted into a temperature grating which, in turn, causes a concentration grating by thermal diffusion. A further infrared laser beam is Rayleigh scattered by the grating and the change in direction or energy of the light and the temporal evolution of the scattered beam are measured.
infrared thermal diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of visible light scattered at a small angle (0.1–10°) to the incident light.
low angle laser light scattering spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the total or time-averaged scattering intensity of scattered visible light as a function of angle.
differential light-scattering spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and the intensity of the scattering is given by the scattering vector Q = (4/)sin(pi/2).
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and phase is conserved.
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and retain all of their kinetic energy during collisions.
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons at small angles (corresponding to a scattering vector Q = (4/)sin(\pi/2) = 0.005–0.2 inverse degrees).
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of neutrons scattered at low angles. The incident neutron beam strikes the sample under a small angle close to the critical angle of total external neutron reflection.
grazing incidence small-angle neutron scattering
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons at ultra-small angles (corresponding to Q = 0.000003–0.01 inverse degrees).
ultra-high resolution small-angle neutron scattering
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons at wide angles (corresponding to Q > 1 inverse degrees).
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and phase is not conserved.
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, phase is not conserved and the neutrons retain all of their kinetic energy during collisions.
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in a liquid sample which is in thermal motion. Phase is not conserved and although the neutrons retain all of their kinetic energy during collisions, the thermal motion of the sample causes a broadening of the energy range of the scattered neutrons.
quasi elastic neutron scattering spectrometry
quasi elastic neutron scattering spectroscopy
quasi-elastic neutron scattering spectrometry
quasi-elastic neutron scattering spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, phase is not conserved and the neutrons suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions.
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions.
inelastic neutron scattering spectrometry
inelastic neutron scattering spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of backscattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions.
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons and the time since the indicent pulse ('time-of-flight') for each neutron. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions.
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction, energy and momentum of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions.
triple-axis neutron scattering spectrometry
A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering by the sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo').
A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering at small angles by the sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo').
non-magnetic spin-echo small angle neutron scattering
spin-echo small angle neutron scattering
A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering at small angles by a magnetic sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo').
magnetic spin-echo small angle neutron scattering
A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering at wide angles by the sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo').
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample.
A method for determining structure by measuring the energy loss of X-rays scattered by a sample.
non-resonant inelastic X-ray emission spectrometry
non-resonant inelastic X-ray emission spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the energy loss of X-rays scattered by a sample where the incident X-ray energy is chosen to coincide with an electronic transition in the sample.
resonant inelastic X-ray emission spectrometry
resonant inelastic X-ray emission spectroscopy
resonant inelastic X-ray scattering spectrometry
resonant inelastic X-ray scattering spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the energy loss of X-rays scattered by a sample as a function of emission angle, where the incident X-ray energy is chosen to coincide with an electronic transition in the sample.
angle-resolved resonant X-ray emission spectrometry
angle-resolved resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy
angular-resolved resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy
angle-resolved resonant X-ray scattering
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at low angles (0–10°).
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample under a small angle close to the critical angle of total external X-ray reflection.
grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering
grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at ultra-low angles (corresponding to Q = 0.00005–0.005 inverse°).
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at wide angles (>10°). Wide-angle X-ray scattering is used for determining the structure of polymers.
Any method for determining structure where the change in direction or intensity of reflected radiation or particles is detected.
Any method for determining structure by directing a beam of particles or X-rays onto an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected radiation as a function of angle.
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of neutrons onto an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected neutrons as a function of angle and neutron wavelength.
A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and measuring the intensity of the reflected light as a function of angle. The reflected light has two polarised components, s (perpendicular) and p (parallel). The reflectivity of s-polarised light depends on the angle of incidence, but the reflectivity of p-polarised light vanishes at the Brewster angle.
A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and measuring the intensity of the light reflected at the Brewster angle.
A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and interfering the light reflected from the sample at the Brewster angle with light reflected from a reference mirror. Intereference only occurs when the difference in the optical path lengths between the two mirrors is within the coherence length of the optical source.
optical low-coherence domain reflectivity
optical low-coherence domain reflectometry
A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with light from a pulsed laser and interfering the light reflected from the sample at the Brewster angle with light reflected from a reference mirror. Intereference only occurs when the difference in the optical path lengths between the two mirrors is within the coherence length of the optical source. The frequency of the laser pulse is proportional to the time delay between each of the signals returning.
A method for determining structure by directing an optical pulse through an optical fibre and measuring the intensity of light reflected at the Brewster angle as a function of time.
A method for determining structure by directing an optical pulse through an optical fibre and measuring the polarisation state of light reflected at the Brewster angle as a function of time.
polarisation optical time domain reflectivity
polarisation optical time domain reflectometry
polarisation optical time-domain reflectivity
polarization optical time domain reflectivity
polarization optical time domain reflectometry
polarization optical time-domain reflectivity
polarisation optical time-domain reflectometry
A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and monitoring the intensity of light reflected at the Brewster angle during the adsorption of particles on the surface.
stagnation point adsorption reflectivity
stagnation point adsorption reflectometry
A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and measuring the intensity of light reflected at different angles around the Brewster angle.
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected X-rays as a function of angle. X-ray reflectometry is used to determine the structure of thin films.
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at an extremely flat surface (at angle theta minus omega to the surface) and measuring the intensity of the X-rays which undergo diffuse reflection (and are emitted at angle theta plus omega from the surface).
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at an extremely flat surface (at a grazing angle) and measuring the intensity of the reflected X-rays as a function of angle.
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at an extremely flat surface (at angle theta to the surface) and measuring the intensity of the X-rays which undergo specular reflection (and are emitted at angle theta from the surface).
Any method for determining structure where the sample is illuminated with light and the intensity and change in polarisation of the reflected light are measured.
A method for determining structure by illuminating a sample with a monochromatic light source and measuring the intensity and change in polarisation of the reflected light.
A method for determining structure by illuminating a sample with a continuous-wavelength light source and measuring the intensity and change in polarisation of the reflected light as a function of wavelength.
A method for determining structure by illuminating a sample with a continuous infrared wavelength light source and measuring the intensity and change in polarisation of the reflected light as a function of wavelength.
A method for determining structure by illuminating an anisotropic sample with a continous infrared wavelength light source in a magnetic field and measuring the intensity and change in polarisation of the reflected light as a function of wavelength.
The study of the interaction of a sample with radiation or particles for measurement or detection.
Spectrometry where the noise generated by the movement of bubbles or particles is detected.
Spectrometry where the alpha-particles (or 4He nuclei) spontaneously emitted from radioisotopes are detected.
Any spectroscopic method which probes the electronic degrees of freedom of an atom or molecule.
Any spectroscopic technique which is based upon the ability of atoms to absorb or emit electromagnetic radiation. In atomic spectroscopy the sample is vaporised and then atomised.
A type of atomic spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with ultraviolet or visible light which is absorbed by the non-excited atoms at characteristic wavelengths.
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas) is used to atomise the sample before it absorbs ultra-violet or visible light atoms at characteristic wavelengths.
atomic absorption glow-discharge spectrometry
glow discharge atomic absorption spectrometry
glow discharge atomic absorption spectroscopy
atomic absorption glow-discharge spectroscopy
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where no vaporisation step is required because the sample is a volatile heavy metal such as mercury, which is a vapour at room temperature.
cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry
cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy
cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it.
electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy
electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry
A method where a liquid sample is first separated by capillary electrophoresis, then vaporised and atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. The sample is then analysed by illuminating it with ultraviolet or visible light which is absorbed by the non-excited atoms at characteristic wavelengths.
capillary electrophoresis electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy
capillary electrophoresis-electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it.
graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy
graphite-furnace atomic-absorption spectroscopy
graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where a solid sample is ground into a fine powder and suspensed in a diluent such as 0.1% HNO3 to form a 'slurry'. The sample is then atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it.
slurry sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy
slurry sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where a solid sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it.
direct solid samples graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry
direct solid samples graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy
direct solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry
direct solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy
solid samples graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry
solid samples graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy
solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where a solid sample is atomised by placing it in a small quartz tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it.
quartz tube atomic absorption spectrometry
quartz tube atomic absorption spectroscopy
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is aspirated, aerosolised, and mixed with combustible gases, such as acetylene and air or acetylene and nitrous oxide. The mixture is then ignited and atomised in a flame whose temperature ranges from 2100–2800 \degC. During combustion, atoms of the element of interest in the sample absorb light at characteristic wavelengths.
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where sample is forced through a heated metal capillary tip before atomisation in a flame.
thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy
thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is carried to the spectrometer by flow injection and forced through a heated metal capillary tip before atomisation in a flame furnace.
flow injection thermospray flame furnace absorption spectrometry
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where flow injection is used to transfer a sample to the spectrometer.
flow injection atomic absorption spectroscopy
flow injection atomic absorption spectrometry
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where flow injection is used to carry a sample to an electrothermal atomiser where it is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it.
flow injection electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry
flow injection electrothermal atomisation atomic absorption spectrometry
flow injection electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry
flow injection electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectroscopy
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where flow injection is used to carry a gas phase sample to flame where it is atomised.
flow injection flame atomic absorption spectrometry
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where metal samples such as As, Sb and Se are vaporised by converting them into volatile hydrides.
hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry
hydride-generation atomic absorption spectrometry
hydride generation atomic absorption spectroscopy
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry using a line source of radiation.
line source atomic absorption spectrometry
line-source atomic absorption spectroscopy
A type of atomic spectroscopy where the atoms in the sample are excited and the emission of electromagnetic radiation at characteristic wavelengths is detected.
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it.
electrothermal atomic emission spectrometry
electrothermal atomic emission spectroscopy
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it.
graphite furnace atomic emission spectrometry
graphite furnace optical emission spectrometry
graphite furnace optical emission spectroscopy
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it, then excited using a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas).
furnace atomic non thermal excitation spectrometry
furnace atomic non-thermal excitation spectrometry
furnace atomic non-thermal excitation spectroscopy
furnace atomic nonthermal excitation spectroscopy
furnace atomic nonthermal excitation spectrometry
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is excited using an N2/oxide–acetylene flame.
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas) is used to excite the sample.
glow discharge optical emission spectrometry
glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy
glow discharge atomic emission spectroscopy
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a laser pulse is used as the excitation source.
laser-induced atomic emission spectrometry
laser-induced atomic emission spectroscopy
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a high energy laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source.
laser-induced breakdown atomic emission spectrometry
laser-induced breakdown atomic-emission spectrometry
laser-induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry
laser-induced plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a high energy femtosecond laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source.
femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a high energy laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. A second laser pulse then illuminates the sample resulting in a reheating of the laser plasma produced by the first pulse, leading to signal enhancement.
double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectrometry
double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
laser-induced shock wave plasma spectroscopy
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a finely focused (<10 m diameter) high energy laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source.
micro laser-induced breakdown atomic emission spectroscopy
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a high energy nanosecond laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source.
nanosecond laser induced breakdown spectrometry
nanosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
Any type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma is used as the excitation source.
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma generated by a potential difference between two electrodes, one of which is grounded and one of which is live.
capacitively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry
capacitively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma generated by passing an electrical discharge between two electrodes is used as the excitation source.
d.c. plasma atomic emission spectrometry
d.c. plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
direct current plasma atomic emission spectrometry
direct current plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a furnace is used to atomise the sample and a plasma is used as the excitation source.
furnace atomisation plasma emission spectrometry
furnace atomization plasma emission spectrometry
furnace atomisation plasma emission spectroscopy
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma generated by electromagnetic induction is used as the excitation source.
inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry
inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
inductively coupled plasma atomic-emission spectrometry
inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry
inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy
inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry
inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy
inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry
inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy
inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
Atomic emission spectrometry of metal samples such as As, Sb and Se that are vaporised by converting them into volatile hydrides and excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic induction.
hydride generation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry
hydride generation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry
hydride generation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy
hydride generation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
Inductively coupled atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is vaporised by laser ablation.
laser ablation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry
laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
Inductively coupled atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is vaporised by laser ablation with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) laser.
laser microprobe inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy where the sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography.
liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry
liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry
liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy
liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
Inductively-coupled atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first passed through a nebuliser to form a mist of finely dispersed droplets using compressed air.
nebulisation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry
nebulization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry
nebulization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
nebulisation inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first passed through a nebuliser to form a mist of finely dispersed droplets (using high frequency vibrations) and then excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic inductance.
ultrasonic nebulisation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry
ultrasonic nebulisation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry
ultrasonic nebulisation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy
ultrasonic nebulization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry
ultrasonic nebulization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
ultrasonic nebulization inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry
ultrasonic nebulization inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy
ultrasonic nebulisation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first separated by solid phase extraction and then excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic inductance.
solid phase extraction inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first separated by solid phase extraction, carried to the spectrometer by flow injection and then excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic inductance.
flow injection solid phase extraction inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where atoms are excited by energy transfer from metastable N2 species in a nitrogen plasma.
metastable transfer emission spectroscopy
metastable transfer emission spectrometry
Atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma generated by microwave bombardment is used as the excitation source.
microwave-induced plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
microwave induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry
Atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is excited by an arc or spark between two electrodes.
spark-excitation atomic emission spectrometry
spark-excitation atomic emission spectroscopy
Atomic spectroscopy where an atom absorbs then spontaneously emits a photon.
Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where no vaporisation step is required because the sample is a volatile heavy metal such as mercury, which is a vapour at room temperature.
cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry
cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectroscopy
cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectrometry
cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectroscopy
Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where the sample is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it.
electrothermal atomic fluorescence spectrometry
electrothermal atomic fluorescence spectroscopy
A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where the sample is atomised using a flame.
A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy of metal samples such as As, Sb and Se which are vaporised by converting them into volatile hydrides.
hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry
hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectroscopy
A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where a laser is used to excite the atoms in the sample.
laser-enhanced atomic fluorescence spectrometry
laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry
laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectroscopy
laser-enhanced atomic fluorescence spectroscopy
A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where a plasma is used to excite the atoms in the sample.
A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where a plasma generated by electromagnetic induction is used to excite the atoms in the sample.
inductively coupled plasma atomic fluorescence spectroscopy
inductively coupled plasma atomic fluorescence spectrometry
Spectroscopy where the intensity of the fluorescence emitted by molecules excited by ultraviolet light is detected as a function of wavelength or time.
Spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume. Ultraviolet light is used to stimulate fluorescence.
Spectroscopy where spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured at two distinct wavelengths and correlated within a very small detection volume. Ultra-violet light is used to stimulate fluorescence.
fluorescence cross-correlation spectrometry
fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy
A method for measuring the binding interaction between two labelled molecules. The sample is excited with vertically polarised light and the polarization of the fluorescence is measured.
Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the range ultraviolet to near-infrared (0.1–2.5 μm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample.
molecular electronic absorption spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the range ultraviolet to visible (190-800 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample.
UV-Vis molecular absorption spectrometry
UV-Vis molecular absorption spectroscopy
ultra-violet-visible absorption spectrophotometry
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy where the difference between incident and transmitted radiation is measured for a gaseous sample.
differential optical absorbance spectrometry
differential optical absorbance spectroscopy
differential optical absorption spectrometry
differential optical absorption spectroscopy
differential optical absorption spectrophotometry
Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy where the reflection or scattering of radiation from the sample surface is detected.
reflectance ultra-violet-visible spectrometry
reflectance ultra-violet-visible spectroscopy
reflectance ultra-violet–visible spectrophotometry
reflectance ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy
reflection ultra-violet-visible spectrometry
reflection ultra-violet-visible spectroscopy
reflection ultraviolet-visible spectrometry
reflection ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy
ultra-violet-visible reflectance spectrometry
reflectance ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry
A method where the absorption of radiation in the ultraviolet to near-infrared (0.1-2.5 μm) is used to calculate stability constants by equimolar dilution.
Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the vacuum ultraviolet region (0.1-200 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample.
vacuum ultra-violet absorption spectrometry
vacuum ultra-violet absorption spectroscopy
vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectrometry
vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the absorption or emission of X-rays is detected.
Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays and the X-ray absorption coefficient of the sample is measured. When the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron in an atom there is a decrease in the intensity of transmitted X-rays resulting in an absorption edge.
X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient around the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are measured as a function of incident X-ray energy.
X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements
X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry
X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured 500–1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy.
extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry
extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured 500–1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. A monochromator is scanned continuously and rapidly around the absorption edge resulting in measurement times of seconds (normal EXAFS measurements take minutes).
quick extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry
quick-scanning extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry
quick-scanning extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
quick extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured 500–1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. Measurements are taken under total reflection conditions.
reflection extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry
reflection extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient and the Auger emission of the sample are measured 500–1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) as a function of incident X-ray energy.
surface extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient around the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are measured as a function of incident X-ray energy. Measurements are taken under total reflection conditions.
total-reflection X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry
total-reflection X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured within 40 eV of the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy.
X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy
X-ray absorption near edge structure spectrometry
X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy
near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry
near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with a finely focused X-ray beam (<10 m diameter) and the X-ray absorption coefficient of the sample is measured.
X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays or particles and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected.
X-ray emission spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated with alpha-particles and the energies of the backscattered alpha-particles and X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions are measured.
alpha-particle X-ray emission spectrometry
alpha-particle X-ray emission spectroscopy
alpha-particle X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
alpha-particle X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
X-ray emission spectroscopy where the energy spectrum of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions is measured using a semiconductor detector.
energy dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy
energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
energy-dispersive X-ray emission analysis
energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy
X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with incident X-rays of a wavelength which does not correspond to a specific electronic transition within the atoms of the sample, and the energies and intensities of the emitted X-rays are measured.
non-resonant X-ray emission spectrometry
non-resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy
X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of high-energy particles.
particle-induced X-ray emission spectrometry
particle-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy
X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) beam of high-energy particles.
microbeam particle-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy
X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding a flat polished sample with a finely focused (<10 μm diameter) beam of electrons which results in the ionisation of the inner shells of sample atoms. The decay of the ionised states results in the emission of characteristic X-rays.
X-ray emission spectroscopy where the energy spectrum of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions is measured using a diffraction grating or crystal.
wavelength dispersive X-ray emission spectrometry
wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
wavelength dispersive X-ray spectrometry
wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) X-ray beam and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected.
X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with low energy X-rays and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to valence-to-core transitions are detected.
valence band X-ray emission spectrometry
valence band X-ray emission spectroscopy
valence band X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
valence band X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
valence to core X-ray emission spectrometry
valence to core X-ray emission spectroscopy
valence to core X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
valence to core X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
valence-to-core X-ray emission spectrometry
valence-to-core X-ray emission spectroscopy
valence-to-core X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
valence-to-core X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with ultra-low energy (<1 keV) X-rays and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to valence-to-core transitions are detected.
ultra soft X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
ultra soft X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
ultra-soft X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
ultra-soft X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with radiation is generated in a synchrotron and the energies and intensities of the emitted X-rays are detected.
synchrotron radiation excited X-ray spectrometry
synchrotron radiation excited X-ray spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays and the energies of reflected X-rays are measured.
Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays and the energies of totally reflected X-rays are measured.
total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis
total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the beta-particles spontaneously emitted from radioisotopes are detected.
Spectroscopy where the spontaneous emission of a beta-particle produces a flash of light (known as a 'scintillation') which is detected.
Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light by a sample.
Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised luminescence.
fluorescence detected circular dichroism spectrometry
fluorescence detected circular dichroism spectroscopy
Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised photon radiation in the presence of a magnetic field.
magnetic circular dichroism spectrometry
magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy
Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised X-ray radiation in the presence of a magnetic field.
X-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectrometry
X-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy
Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised infrared radiation during a vibrational transition.
vibrating circular dichroism spectrometry
vibrational circular dichroism spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to a perturbing magnetic field is measured.
electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry
electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to a perturbing magnetic field is measured as a function of the frequency of a periodic perturbation.
continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy
continuous wave electron spin resonance spectrometry
continuous wave electron spin resonance spectroscopy
continuous-wave electron spin resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured.
pulse electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy
pulse electron spin resonance spectrometry
pulsed electron spin resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the absorption or emission of electrons is detected.
Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the appearance of relaxation products (Auger electrons or X-rays) or by a change in the electron beam current.
Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by a sudden increase in secondary electron current.
Auger electron appearance potential spectrometry
electron-excited Auger electron appearance potential spectrometry
electron-excited Auger electron appearance potential spectroscopy
incident energy modulation method spectrometry
incident energy modulation method spectroscopy
Auger electron appearance potential spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the sudden disappearance of electrons from the beam.
Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by a sudden change in the electron beam current. The fine structure close to the threshold is analysed by measuring the change in electron beam current.
electron appearance potential fine structure spectrometry
electron appearance potential fine structure spectroscopy
extended appearance potential fine structure analysis
extended appearance potential fine structure spectrometry
extended appearance potential fine structure spectroscopy
electron appearance potential fine structure analysis
Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is determined by measuring the total electron current incident on the sample target.
Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the sudden appearance of soft X-ray fluorescence.
electron-excited X-ray appearance potential spectrometry
electron-excited X-ray appearance potential spectroscopy
soft X-ray appearance potential spectrometry
soft X-ray appearance potential spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the sudden appearance of peaks in the photoelectron spectrum.
X-ray excited electron appearance potential spectrometry
X-ray excited electron appearance potential spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where a high energy photon ionises a core electron and an electron from a higher energy level descends to take its place, releasing sufficient energy to eject a second so-called 'Auger' electron and the energy of the Auger electron is detected as a function of incident photon energy.
Spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of emission angle.
angle-resolved Auger electron spectrometry
angle-resolved Auger electron spectroscopy
angular dependent Auger electron spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The wavelength of the incident photons is scanned over an absorption edge in the sample and the Auger electrons emitted are detected as a function of energy.
Spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The wavelength of the incident photons is scanned over an absorption edge in the sample and the Auger electrons emitted are detected as a function of emission angle.
angle-resolved resonance Auger electron spectrometry
angle-resolved resonance Auger electron spectroscopy
angle-resolved resonant Auger electron spectrometry
angle-resolved resonant Auger electron spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. Only the Auger electrons emitted at a particular photon energy are detected.
Auger electron partial yield spectrometry
Auger electron partial yield spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where electron bombardment of a sample results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electron and the energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of incident electron energy.
electron-excited Auger electron spectrometry
electron-induced Auger electron spectrometry
electron-induced Auger electron spectroscopy
electron-excited Auger electron spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) beam of electrons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of incident electron energy.
electron microprobe Auger electron spectrometry
Spectroscopy where ion bombardment of a sample results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of incident ion energy.
Spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with He+ ions results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of incident He+ ion energy.
Spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with protons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of incident proton energy.
proton-induced Auger electron spectrometry
proton-induced Auger electron spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where ion bombardment of a sample results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of emission angle.
angle-resolved ion-electron spectrometry
angle-resolved ion-electron spectroscopy
angle-resolved ion-excited Auger electron spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where a high-energy photon beam is scanned over the surface of a sample resulting in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of incident photon energy.
Spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of incident photon energy and a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the emitting surface.
spin-polarized Auger electron spectrometry
spin-polarised Auger electron spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of emission angle and a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the emitting surface.
spin-polarized angle-resolved Auger electron spectrometry
spin-polarised angle-resolved Auger electron spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where X-ray bombardment of a sample results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of incident X-ray energy.
X-ray excited Auger electron spectrometry
X-ray induced Auger electron spectrometry
X-ray induced Auger electron spectroscopy
X-ray excited Auger electron spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with a continuous X-ray source (X-rays generated when electrons, or other high energy charged particles such as protons or alpha-particles, lose energy whilst passing through the Coulomb field of a nucleus) results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected.
bremsstrahlung Auger electron spectrometry
bremsstrahlung Auger electron spectroscopy
continuous X-ray-induced Auger electron spectrometry
continuous X-ray-induced Auger spectrometry
continuous X-ray-induced Auger spectroscopy
continuous X-ray-induced Auger electron spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where two or more particles (electrons, photons or ions) originating from a single event, such as an ionisation, are detected as a function of energy.
Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays resulting in the emission of photoelectrons and 'Auger' electrons which are detected as a function of energy.
Auger electron photoelectron coincidence spectrometry
Auger electron-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy
Auger-photoelectron electron coincidence spectrometry
Auger-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of energy.
electron-electron coincidence spectrometry
electron-electron coincidence spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of emission angle.
angle-resolved electron-electron coincidence spectrometry
angle-resolved electron-electron coincidence spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of an ion and a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of energy.
electron-electron ion coincidence spectrometry
electron-electron-ion coincidence spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of an ion and a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of emission angle.
angle-resolved electron-electron ion coincidence spectrometry
angle-resolved electron-electron ion coincidence spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of an ion and an electron which are detected as a function of energy.
Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with metastable atoms resulting in the emission of two or more particles (electrons, photons or ions) which are detected as a function of energy.
metastable-quenched electron spectrometry
metastable-quenched electron spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with metastable atoms resulting in the emission of an electron (by resonant ionisation) and an Auger electron.
Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with metastable atoms resulting in the emission of an electron (by Penning ionisation) and an Auger electron.
surface Penning-ionisation electron spectrometry
surface Penning-ionization electron spectrometry
surface Penning-ionization electron spectroscopy
surface Penning-ionisation electron spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of a photoelectron and its corresponding ion which are detected as a function of energy.
photoion photoelectron coincidence spectrometry
photoion photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy
photoion-photoelectron coincidence spectrometry
photoionphotoelectron coincidence spectrometry
photoionphotoelectron coincidence spectroscopy
photoion-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies (50–200 eV) interacts with a surface and the energy loss (0.005–100 eV) the electrons suffer as a result of the interaction is measured.
inelastic electron scattering spectrometry
inelastic electron scattering spectroscopy
reflection electron energy loss spectrometry
reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the number of electrons with a given characteristic energy loss is measured.
Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the energy loss the electrons suffer upon reflection is measured. Measurements are taken from the absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it.
extended electron energy loss fine structure spectrometry
extended energy loss fine structure spectrometry
extended energy loss fine structure spectroscopy
extended electron energy loss fine structure spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the Auger emission is measured. Measurements are taken from the absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it.
surface extended electron energy loss fine structure spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the small energy loss (0.02–1 eV) the electrons suffer upon reflection is measured.
high resolution energy loss spectrometry
high resolution energy loss spectroscopy
high-resolution energy loss spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the loss in energy of electrons produced by ionisation is measured.
core level characteristic loss spectroscopy
core-level characteristic loss spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of low kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the energy loss the electrons suffer upon reflection is measured.
low energy electron energy loss spectrometry
low-energy electron energy loss spectrometry
low-energy electron energy loss spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is transmitted through a sample and the energy distribution of the transmitted electrons is measured.
transmission electron energy loss spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and energy loss the electrons suffer (corresponding to vibrational modes in the sample) is measured.
vibrational electron energy loss spectrometry
vibrational electron energy loss spectroscopy
Any type of electron spectroscopy where electrons are emitted from a cathode by application of an intense electric field.
field emission energy distribution spectrometry
field emission energy distribution spectroscopy FEEDS
Any type of electron spectroscopy where electrons are emitted from a cathode by application of an intense electric field and a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the sample surface.
field emission electron spin-polarization spectroscopy
field-emitted electron spin-polarization spectrometry
field-emission electron spin-polarization spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons and the photons emitted are detected.
Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation.
Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation which is detected as a function of emission angle.
angle-resolved bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation which is detected as a function of photon momentum.
momentum-resolved bremsstrahlung spectrometry
momentum-resolved bremsstrahlung spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation in the ultraviolet region.
ultra-violet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectrometry
ultra-violet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy
ultra-violet bremsstrahlung spectrometry
ultraviolet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectrometry
ultraviolet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation in the X-ray region.
X-ray bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation which is detected as a function of the vector k (where k is the difference between the wave vectors of the incident and scattered radiation).
k-resolved inverse photoelectron spectrometry
k-resolved inverse photoemission spectrometry
k-resolved inverse photoemission spectroscopy
k-resolved inverse photoelectron spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where a magnetised ferromagnetic sample is bombarded with electrons of a specific spin polarisation which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation.
spin-polarized inverse photoelectron spectrometry
spin-polarised inverse photoelectron spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where energy transfer from a metastable atom in close proximity to (~5 ) the sample gives rise to a characteristic ejected electron energy spectrum.
Spectroscopy where energy transfer from a metastable atom in close proximity to (~5 ) the sample gives rise to a characteristic ejected electron energy spectrum. A magnet is used to align all the electron spins parallel to the surface.
spin-polarized metastable de-excitation spectrometry
spin-polarized metastable de-excitation spectroscopy
spin-polarized metastable deexcitation spectrometry
spin-polarized metastable deexcitation spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. The energy of the incident photons is usually greater than the ionisation energy of the sample and the photoelectrons are emitted with the excess in the form of kinetic energy.
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of emission angle.
angle-resolved photoelectron spectrometry
angle-resolved photoemission spectrometry
angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with gamma-rays causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured.
depth-selective photoelectron spectrometry
depth-selective photoemission spectrometry
depth-selective photoelectron spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of energy. The spectrum is recorded over an extended energy range, from the photon absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it.
photoelectron extended fine structure spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. The spectrum is recorded over an extended energy range, from the photon absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it.
angle-resolved photoelectron extended fine structure spectrometry
angle-resolved photoemission extended fine structure spectrometry
angle-resolved photoemission extended fine structure spectroscopy
angle-resolved photoelectron extended fine structure spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a finely focused (<10 m) photon beam causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured.
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a finely focused (<10 m) extreme ultraviolet (10–121 nm) photon beam causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured.
extreme ultra-violet photoelectron microspectroscopy
extreme ultraviolet photoelectron microspectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured.
synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectrometry
synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of emission angle.
angle-resolved synchotron radiation photoelectron spectrometry
angle-resolved synchotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons. The energy distribution of electrons which have been promoted to a specific conduction band is measured.
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons. The energy distribution of electrons which have been promoted from a specific valence band is measured.
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons. All photoelectrons emitted at a particular photon energy are detected.
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons. All of the photoelectrons emitted within a certain energy interval are detected.
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons. The energy of the incoming photons is adjusted such that it coincides with an electronic transition of the molecule.
resonance-enhanced photoelectron spectrometry
resonance-enhanced photoelectron spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with ultraviolet (10–400 nm) photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured.
ultra-violet photoemission spectroscopy ultra-violet photoemission spectrometry
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with ultraviolet (10–400 nm) photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, which are detected as a function of emission angle.
angle-integrated ultra-violet photoelectron spectrometry
angle-integrated ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy
angle-integrated ultra-violet photoemission spectrometry
angle-integrated ultraviolet photoelectron spectrometry
angle-integrated ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy
angle-integrated ultraviolet photoemission spectrometry
angle-integrated ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy
angle-resolved ultra-violet photoelectron spectrometry
angle-resolved ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy
angle-resolved ultra-violet photoemission spectrometry
angle-resolved ultra-violet photoemission spectroscopy
angle-resolved ultraviolet photoelectron spectrometry
angle-resolved ultraviolet photoemission spectrometry
angle-resolved ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy
angle-resolved ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with vacuum ultraviolet (10–20 nm) photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured.
vacuum ultra-violet photoelectron spectrometry
vacuum ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy
vacuum ultra-violet photoemission spectrometry
vacuum ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy
vacuum ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with X-rays causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured.
X-ray photoelectron emission spectroscopy
X-ray photoelectron scattering (XPS) spectroscopy
X-ray photoelectron scattering spectroscopy
electron spectrometry for chemical analysis
electron spectrometry for chemical applications
electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis
electron spectroscopy for chemical applications
photoelectron spectroscopy of the inner shell
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with X-rays causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, which are detected as a function of emission angle.
angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectrometry
angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with monochromatic X-rays causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured.
high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectrometry
high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
high resolution X-ray photoemission spectrometry
high resolution X-ray photoemission spectroscopy
high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectrometry
high-resolution X-ray photoemission spectrometry
high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with 'soft' (<300 eV) X-rays causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured.
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with monochromatic 'soft' (<300 eV) X-rays causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured.
high resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectrometry
high resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
high resolution soft X-ray photoemission spectrometry
high resolution soft X-ray photoemission spectroscopy
high-resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectrometry
high-resolution soft X-ray photoemission spectrometry
high-resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionisation of the valence shell and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured.
valence-shell photoionisation spectrometry
valence-shell photoionization spectrometry
valence-shell photoionisation spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. The energy of the incident photons matches the ionisation energy of the sample so emitted electrons have zero kinetic energy.
zero kinetic energy electron spectrometry
zero kinetic energy electron spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where primary electrons interact with a sample and the electrons emitted as a result of the interaction (secondary electrons) are detected.
Spectroscopy where primary electrons interact with a sample and the electrons emitted as a result of the interaction (secondary electrons) are detected as a function of emission angle.
angle-resolved secondary electron spectrometry
angular resolved secondary electron spectrometry
angular resolved secondary electron spectroscopy
angle-resolved secondary electron spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where primary electrons interact with a sample and the electrons emitted as a result of the interaction (secondary electrons) are detected. A magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the surface of the sample.
polarised secondary electron spectrometry
polarized secondary electron spectrometry
polarized secondary electron spectroscopy
spin-polarised secondary electron spectrometry
spin-polarised secondary electron spectroscopy
spin-polarized secondary electron spectrometry
spin-polarized secondary electron spectroscopy
spin-resolved secondary electron spectrometry
spin-resolved secondary electron spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energies of gamma-rays emitted or absorbed by a sample is measured.
A type of gamma-ray emission spectroscopy where the gamma-rays are produced by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of ions.
particle induced gamma-ray emission spectroscopy
particle-induced gamma-ray emission spectrometry
particle-induced prompt-photon spectrometry
particle-induced prompt-photon spectroscopy
particle-induced gamma-ray emission spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where gamma-rays are absorbed by a sample resulting in the ejection of an electron and the emission of light which is detected.
Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample is detected.
recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where gamma-rays are absorbed by a sample resulting in the ejection of conversion electrons, the energy distribution of which is measured.
depth-selective conversion electron Mossbauer spectrometry
depth-selective conversion electron Moßbauer spectroscopy
depth-selective conversion electron Mössbauer spectrometry
depth-selective conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy
depth-selective electron Mossbauer spectrometry
depth-selective electron Mossbauer spectroscopy
depth-selective electron Mössbauer spectrometry
depth-selective electron Mössbauer spectroscopy
A type of gamma-ray emission spectroscopy where atomic nuclei are excited (by a heavy ion beam or by collision with another nucleus) and their decaying gamma-ray emissions are measured.
A type of activation analysis where atomic nuclei are excited (by a heavy ion beam or by collision with another nucleus) and their decaying gamma-ray emissions are measured and compared to reference spectra.
Spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of a sample during excitation is measured as a function of frequency.
Spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of a sample during excitation with an alternating-current voltage is measured.
alternating current impedance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of an electrochemical cell is measured.
electrochemical-induced impedance spectrometry
electrochemical-induced impedance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of a sample during laser excitation is measured.
Spectroscopy where the absorption of emission of ions is detected.
Spectroscopy where a focused beam of ions is directed at a sample and the secondary ions emitted are detected.
Spectroscopy where a focused beam of ions is directed at a sample causes binary collisions with surface molecules which result in molecular decomposition and the emission of atoms.
Spectrocsopy where a finely focused (<10 m diameter) beam of ions is directed at a sample and the secondary ions emitted are detected.
Spectroscopy where a focused beam of proton is directed at a uranium sample and the secondary ions emitted are detected.
low-energy radioactive ion beam spectrometry
low-energy radioactive ion beam spectroscopy
low-energy radioactive ion-beam spectrometry
low-energy radioactive ion-beam spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the velocity of gas phase ions in an electric field is measured.
Spectroscopy where the velocity of gas phase ions in an electric field is measured. A radio frequency voltage forces the ions to oscillate between two electrodes causing some ions to be transmitted while others collide with the walls of the electrodes.
high field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry
high field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectroscopy
high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry
high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the velocity of gas phase ions in an electric field is measured. The ions are gated into a region of constant electric field strength and the ions with highest mobility arrive at the detector first.
A method for determining structure where the sample is bombarded with ions (100–1000 eV) and the energies and positions of the scattered ions are detected.
Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with He+ or H+ ions (500–1500 eV) and the energies and positions of any backscattered ions are detected.
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured.
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and the absorption of light by the sample is measured.
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and light absorption is measured.
Any type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of an accelerated beam of particles (atoms or ions) which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured.
A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of a high-speed accelerated beam of atoms which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured.
A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of an accelerated beam of ions which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured.
A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of a high-speed accelerated beam of ions which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured.
collinear fast ion beam laser spectrometry
collinear fast ion-beam laser spectroscopy
A type of laser spectroscopy where a diode laser is tuned to a specific absorption line of interest in the sample and the intensity of the transmitted radiation is measured.
tunable diode laser absorbance spectrometry
tunable diode laser absorbance spectroscopy
tunable diode laser absorption spectrometry
tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy
A type of laser spectroscopy where a fixed-wavelength infrared or ultraviolet laser is used to excite the sample which is placed in an electric field. By varying the strength of the applied electric field some vibrational–rotational transitions can be made to coincide with the laser wavelength and the absorption of the laser light is measured.
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser which is tuned to match an absorption frequency of the molecules in the sample.
Any type of laser spectroscopy where an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected.
Any type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside the laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected.
intra cavity laser absorption spectroscopy
intra-cavity laser absorption spectrometry
intracavity laser absorption spectrometry
intracavity laser absorption spectroscopy
A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a highly reflective laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. The laser light is tuned to match the frequency of the cavity bandwidth.
A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a v-shaped optical cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. The laser light is allowed to feed back to the laser diode.
optical feedback cavity enhanced absorption spectrometry
optical feedback cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy
A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a highly reflective laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of a supercontinuum light source is detected. The light source is tuned to match the frequency of the cavity bandwidth.
super continuum cavity enhanced absorption spectrometry
super continuum cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy
A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a highly reflective laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. The decay time for light exiting the cavity is determined as a function of pulsed laser wavelength.
cavity ring-down laser absorption spectrometry cavity ringdown spectroscopy
cavity ring-down laser absorption spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where a pump laser is used to excite a chromophore and the transmitted power of a probe laser is used to determine the state concentration (excited vs. non-excited) of the sample.
concentration modulated absorption spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of one or more high-energy photons.
laser-induced fragmentation spectrometry
laser-induced fragmentation spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of two or more high-energy photons.
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a resonant laser (a laser which is tuned to match a transition within the sample) and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of two or more high-energy photons.
resonance enhanced multiphoton dissociation spectrometry
resonance enhanced multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where a sample in the form of ions is illuminated with a resonant laser (a laser which is tuned to match a transition within the sample) and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of one or more high-energy photons.
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser causing molecules in the sample to be electronically excited. The photons emitted as a result of the decay of the molecules back down to the ground state are measured.
Spectroscopy where the energy generated by nonradiative thermal relaxation after laser light absorption is measured.
Spectroscopy where the energy generated by nonradiative thermal relaxation after visible laser light absorption is measured.
Spectroscopy where the energy generated by nonradiative thermal relaxation after ultraviolet laser light absorption is measured.
Spectroscopy where a thermally-excited vapour sample is illuminated with an ultraviolet or visible laser and the photon emission spectrum of the sample is observed.
Spectroscopy where a thermally-excited vapour sample is illuminated with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) ultraviolet or visible laser and the photon emission spectrum of the sample is observed.
Spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with a laser and photoexcitation is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionisation potential to create an ion.
Spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with resonant laser light (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) and photoexcitation is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionisation potential to create an ion.
reonance enhanced ionization spectrometry
resonance enhanced ionisation spectrometry
resonance enhanced ionisation spectroscopy
resonance enhanced ionization spectrometry
resonance enhanced ionization spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where resonant laser illumination (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) is used to ehanced the collisional ionisation of atoms (or molecules) occurring in a flame.
laser enhanced ionisation mass spectrometry
laser enhanced ionization mass spectrometry
r resonance-enhanced laser ionisation spectroscopy
r resonance-enhanced laser ionization spectroscopy
resonance-enhanced ionisation spectrometry
resonance-enhanced ionization spectrometry
Spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with a laser and photoexcitation (by the absorption of two or more photons) is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionisation potential to create an ion.
laser multiphoton ionisation spectrometry
laser multiphoton ionization spectrometry
laser multiphoton ionisation spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with resonant laser light (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transitions within the sample) and photoexcitation (by the absorption of two or more photons) is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionisation potential to create an ion.
resonance enhanced multiphoton ionisation spectrometry
resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization spectrometry
resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionisation spectrometry
resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionisation spectroscopy
resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization spectrometry
resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization spectroscopy
resonance enhanced multiphoton ionisation spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more finely focused (<10 m diameter) laser beams and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured.
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more finely focused (<10 m diameter) resonant laser beams (lasers which have been tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured.
resonance-enchanced laser micro-probe spectrometry
resonance-enhanced laser microprobe spectrometry
resonance-enhanced laser microprobe spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the current passing through a gas discharge is monitored as a laser light source is tuned through the frequencies of allowed transitions for excited atoms in the discharge.
Spectrometry where the sample is converted into gaseous ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised and the ions are accelerated to very high kinetic energies.
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at low pressure. Reagent ions are produced by electron ionisation.
low pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry
low pressure chemical ionisation mass spectroscopy
low pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry
low pressure chemical ionization mass spectroscopy
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at atmospheric pressure. Reagent ions are produced by electron ionisation with electrons from a radioactive beta-source or a corona discharge.
atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectroscopy
atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry
atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectroscopy
atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is dissolved in a volatile solvent and dropped onto a heated filament before being ionised by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at low pressure. Reagent ions are produced by electron ionisation.
desorption chemical ionisation mass spectroscopy
desorption chemical ionization mass spectroscopy
direct chemical ionisation mass spectrometry
direct chemical ionisation mass spectroscopy
direct chemical ionization mass spectrometry
direct chemical ionization mass spectroscopy
desorption chemical ionisation mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction with reagent gaseous anions at low pressure.
negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectroscopy
negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry
negative ion chemical ionization mass spectroscopy
negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction with reagent gaseous cations at low pressure.
positive ion chemical ionisation mass spectroscopy
positive ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry
positive ion chemical ionization mass spectroscopy
positive ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised and selected ions are allowed to collide with neutral gas molecules resulting in fragmentation.
collision induced dissociation mass spectrometry
collision induced dissociation mass spectroscopy
collisionally activated dissociation mass spectrometry
collisionally-activated dissociation mass spectrometry
collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction with thermal electrons (electrons with energy 0.1 eV or less).
electron capture negative ionisation mass spectroscopy
electron capture negative ionization mass spectroscopy
resonant electron capture negative ionisation mass spectrometry
resonant electron capture negative ionisation mass spectroscopy
resonant electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry
resonant electron capture negative ionization mass spectroscopy
electron capture negative ionisation mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by electrons (energy 70 eV) which have been emitted from a glowing filament and accelerated through an electric field.
electron impact ionisation mass spectrometry
electron-impact ionisation mass spectrosopy
electron-impact ionization mass spectrosopy
Mass spectrometry where the sample is atomised using an electrothermal (resistively-heated) furnace and then ionised by electrons (energy 70 eV) which have been emitted from a glowing filament and accelerated through an electric field.
furnace atomization electron ionization mass spectroscopy
furnace atomisation electron ionisation mass spectrometry
Spectrometry where the sample is ionised by electrospray ionization. The ions are then characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy
electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy
electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry
Electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small cold (10-80 C) capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min1).
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by directing charged solvent droplets (which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary into an electric field) at the sample surface. The droplets form a thin film on the sample surface, dissolving the analyte of interest.
desorption electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy
desorption electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy
desorption electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. When the ions are analysed using their mass-to-charge ratios the exact mass is determined as opposed to the nominal mass (the number of protons and neutrons).
high resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry
high resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy
high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy
high-resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing an aqueous solution of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets.
pneumatically-assisted electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry
pneumatically-assisted electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy
pneumatically-assisted electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
pneumatically-assisted electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets.
microelectrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy
microelectrospray ionization mass spectroscopy
microelectrospray ionisation mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of nL min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets.
nanoelectrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy
nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry
nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectroscopy
nanoelectrospray ionisation mass spectrometry
A method where the sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before being ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of nL min1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. The ions are then characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
high performance liquid chromatography-nanoelectrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy
high performance liquid chromatography-nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry
high performance liquid chromatography-nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectroscopy
high-performance liquid chromatography-nanoelectrospray ionisation mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample ionised by spraying it with a very fine mist of charged droplets which was produced by forcing a solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field.
secondary electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy
secondary electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy
secondary electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction with a high electric field.
Mass spectrometry where the sample is deposited on a solid surface known as an 'emitter' and ionised by interaction with a high electric field.
Mass spectrometry where the sample is pyrolysed then deposited on a solid surface known as an 'emitter' and ionised by interaction with a high electric field.
pyrolysis field desorption mass spectroscopy
pyrolysis-field desorption mass spectrometry
pyrolysis-field desorption mass spectroscopy
pyrolysis field desorption mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction with a high electric field. When the ions are analysed using their mass-to-charge ratios the 'exact' mass is determined as opposed to the 'nominal' mass (the number of protons and neutrons).
high resolution field ionisation mass spectroscopy
high resolution field ionization mass spectrometry
high resolution field ionization mass spectroscopy
high-resolution field ionisation mass spectrometry
high-resolution field ionisation mass spectroscopy
high-resolution field ionization mass spectrometry
high-resolution field ionization mass spectroscopy
high resolution field ionisation mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is pyrolysed then ionised by interaction with a high electric field.
pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectroscopy
pyrolysis field ionization mass spectrometry
pyrolysis field ionization mass spectroscopy
pyrolysis-field ionisation mass spectrometry
pyrolysis-field ionisation mass spectroscopy
pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry
pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectroscopy
pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is pyrolysed then ionised by interaction with a high electric field. The ions are analysed using their mass-to-charge ratios as a function of temperature during pyrolysis.
temperature programmed pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectrometry
temperature programmed pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectroscopy
temperature programmed pyrolysis field ionization mass spectrometry
temperature programmed pyrolysis field ionization mass spectroscopy
temperature resolved pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectrometry
temperature resolved pyrolysis field ionization mass spectrometry
temperature-programmed pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectrometry
temperature-programmed pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectroscopy
temperature-programmed pyrolysis field ionization mass spectrometry
temperature-programmed pyrolysis field ionization mass spectroscopy
temperature-resolved pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectrometry
temperature-resolved pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectroscopy
temperature-resolved pyrolysis field ionization mass spectrometry
temperature-resolved pyrolysis field ionization mass spectroscopy
Any method where a sample mixture is first separated by gas chromatography then ionised and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection
Mass spectrometry where the 'exact' mass of the molecular ions in the sample is determined as opposed to the 'nominal' mass (the number of protons and neutrons).
Spectrometry where the ionic species associated with the peaks in an ion mobility spectrum are identified by a mass spectrometer.
ion mobility spectrometry mass spectrometry
ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry
ion mobility spectroscopy mass spectroscopy
ion mobility spectroscopy-mass spectroscopy
Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric or magnetic field.
Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is determined by measuring their cyclotron frequency (the frequency at which they precesses in a fixed magnetic field).
ion cyclotron resonance mass spectroscopy
ion-cyclotron-resonance mass spectrometry
ion-cyclotron-resonance mass spectroscopy
ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is determined by measuring their cyclotron frequency (the frequency at which they precesses in a fixed magnetic field) and subjecting it to a Fourier transform.
Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectroscopy
in-beam Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance
ion cyclotron resonance Fourier transform mass spectrometry
Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is determined by measuring their cyclotron frequency (the frequency at which they precesses in a fixed magnetic field). The 'exact' mass of the sample ions is determined as opposed to the 'nominal' mass (the number of protons and neutrons).
high resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
high resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectroscopy
high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes.
Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by three electrodes.
three-dimensional quadrupole mass spectroscopy
three-dimensional quadrupole mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the relative abundance of isotopes in a sample is determined.
Mass spectrometry where the sample is first subject to elemental analysis (dropped onto a heated reactor which contains an oxidant–-such as copper and chromium oxide–-and combusted at 900 C to produce N2, NOx, H2O and CO2 which are reduced in a stream of helium) before the relative abundance of isotopes in the sample is determined.
elemental analyser isotope ratio mass spectrometry
elemental analyser isotope ratio mass spectroscopy
elemental analysis isotope ratio mass spectroscopy
elemental analysis isotope ratio mass spectrometry
A method where a sample mixture is first separated by gas chromatography before being characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance of isotopes.
gas chromatography isotope ratio mass spectrometry
gas chromatography isotope ratio mass spectroscopy
gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry
A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before it is ionised and the relative abundance of isotopes in the sample is determined.
liquid chromatography isotope ratio mass spectrometry
liquid chromatography isotope ratio mass spectroscopy
liquid chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the relative abundance of isotopes in a sample is determined by using an isotope dilution standard (the sample labelled with a rare isotope).
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by a plasma which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The relative abundance of isotopes in the sample is then determined by using an isotope dilution standard (the sample labelled with a rare isotope).
isotope dilution-inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before being ionised by a plasma which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The ions are then characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and the relative abundance of isotopes in the sample is determined using an isotope dilution standard (the sample labelled with a rare isotope).
high performance liquid chromatography isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
high performance liquid chromatography isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
high-performance liquid chromatography-isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by a plasma which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The mass-to-charge ratios of the ions in the sample are then measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes. The relative abundance of isotopes in the sample is determined by using an isotope dilution standard (the sample labelled with a rare isotope).
isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectroscopy
isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the relative abundance of non-radioactive isotopes in a sample is determined.
Mass spectrometry where the sample is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser.
laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry
laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy
laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy
Mass spectrometry where the sample is vaporised and ionised using a finely focused (<10 um diameter) high-energy pulsed laser.
Mass spectrometry using negative ionisation where a high-energy pulsed laser is used for sample vaporisation.
negative ion laser desorption mass spectroscopy
negative ion laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry
negative ion laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy
negative ion laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry
negative ion laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy
negative ion laser desorption mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry using positive ionisation where a high-energy pulsed laser is used for sample vaporisation.
positive ion laser desorption mass spectroscopy
positive ion laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry
positive ion laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy
positive ion laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry
positive ion laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy
positive ion laser desorption mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a matrix (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules.
matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) MS
matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy
matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy
matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry
Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry where the sample ions are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion.
matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation time of flight mass spectrometry
matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation time of flight mass spectroscopy
matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry
matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry
matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectroscopy
matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation time of flight mass spectrometry
matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation time of flight mass spectroscopy
matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry
matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectroscopy
matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS)
matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry
matrix-associated laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a sol-gel matrix to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules.
sol-gel-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry
sol-gel-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy
sol-gel-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy
Mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is mixed with a matrix compound (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) and deposited on a surface, with some chemical functionality, to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules.
surface-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry
surface-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy
surface-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry
surface-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy
surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry
surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy
surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry
surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy
A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. The sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is held in a matrix (such as dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules.
liquid chromatography matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry
liquid chromatography matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy
liquid chromatography matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy
liquid chromatography-matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry
A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being converted into ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
Mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with an ultraviolet laser. The sample absorbs one or more photons resulting in ionisation.
Mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with an ultraviolet laser at atmospheric pressure. The sample absorbs one or more photons resulting in ionisation.
atmospheric pressure photoionisation mass spectroscopy
atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry
atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectroscopy
atmospheric pressure photoionisation mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with an ultraviolet laser. The sample absorbs two or more photons resulting in ionisation.
multi photon ionisation mass spectroscopy
multi photon ionization mass spectroscopy
multiphoton ionisation mass spectrometry
multiphoton ionisation mass spectroscopy
multiphoton ionization mass spectrometry
multiphoton ionization mass spectroscopy
Mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with a resonant laser (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample). The sample absorbs one or more photons resulting in ionisation.
resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionisation mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with a resonant laser (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample). The sample absorbs two or more photons resulting in ionisation.
Mass spectrometry where ionisation is achieved using a pneumatic nebuliser which turns the sample solution into a supersonic spray of small droplets. Ions are formed when the solvent evaporates and the statistically unbalanced charge distribution on the droplets leads to a net charge.
sonic spray ionisation mass spectrometry
sonic spray ionization mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where a pressurised solution of the sample is forced through a heated metal capillary tip. Ions are formed when the solvent evaporates and the statistically unbalanced charge distribution on the droplets leads to a net charge.
Mass spectrometry where ionisation is achieved by loading the sample onto a heated filament.
Mass spectrometry where a liquid sample passes through a desolvation chamber producing a beam of microscopic solid particles.
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas, such as Ar, containing free electrons).
Plasma mass spectrometry where the plasma has been generated by a potential difference between two electrodes, one of which is grounded and one of which is live.
capacitively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
capacitively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Plasma mass spectrometry where the plasma has been generated by superimposing a static magnetic field and a high-frequency electromagnetic field at the electron cyclotron resonance frequency (the frequency at which an electron precesses in a magnetic field).
electron cyclotron resonance mass spectroscopy
electron cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
Plasma mass spectrometry where the plasma has been generated by passing an electrical discharge between two electrodes under reduced pressure. The ions are then characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
glow discharge ionisation mass spectrometry
glow discharge ionisation mass spectroscopy
glow discharge ionization mass spectrometry
glow discharge ionization mass spectroscopy
Plasma mass spectrometry where the plasma has been generated by electromagnetic induction.
inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry
inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy
inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Plasma mass spectrometry where the sample is vaporised by depositing it on a probe which is rapidly heated (to >1000 deg C) by passing a current through it.
electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
ETV-ICP-MS where the solid sample is prepared by grinding into a fine powder and suspension in a diluent such as 0.1% HNO3.
slurry electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
slurry electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
slurry electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
slurry sampling electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
slurry sampling electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
slurry sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
slurry sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
slurry electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where a solid sample is ground to a fine powder and suspended in a diluent (such as 0.1% HNO3) before being vaporised by a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. The vaporised sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction.
slurry nebulisation electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
slurry nebulization electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
slurry nebulization electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
slurry nebulisation electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where a solid sample is vaporised by depositing it on a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. The vaporised sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction.
direct solid sampling electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
direct solid sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
direct solid sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
direct solid-sampling electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
direct solid-sampling electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
direct solid-sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
direct solid-sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
solid sampling electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
solid sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
solid sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
solid-sampling electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
solid-sampling electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
solid-sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
solid-sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
solid sampling electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
high performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
high performance liquid chromatography-ICPMS
high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
high pressure liquid chromatography inductively coupled mass spectroscopy
A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
high performance liquid chromatography fluorescence detection inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
high performance liquid chromatography fluorescence detection inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
high-performance liquid chromatography fluorescence detection-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
high performance liquid chromatography photodiode array inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
high performance liquid chromatography photodiode array inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
high-performance liquid chromatography photodiode array-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The 'exact' mass of the sample ions is then determined as opposed to the 'nominal' mass (the number of protons and neutrons).
high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The beam of ions is then directed into magnetic field, the orientation of which is perpendicular to the beam. The magnetic field forces the charged particles into different circular trajectories, the radii of which depend on the strength of the magnetic field, the accelerating voltage, and the mass of the ion.
inductively coupled plasma field sector mass spectroscopy
inductively coupled plasma field sector mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is then measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by three electrodes.
inductively coupled plasma three dimensional quadrupole mass spectroscopy
inductively coupled plasma three dimensional quadrupole mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The sample ions with different masses are then accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured.
inductively coupled plasma time of flight mass spectrometry
inductively coupled plasma time of flight mass spectroscopy
inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectroscopy
inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is vaporised using a laser pulse then ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction.
laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is vaporised using a laser pulse then ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The sample ions with different masses are then accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured.
laser ablation inductively coupled plasma time of flight mass spectrometry
laser ablation inductively coupled plasma time of flight mass spectroscopy
laser ablation inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectroscopy
laser ablation inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry
A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. A series of collectors ised used to detect several ion beams simultaneously.
multi collector-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
A method where a sample mixture is first separated by size-exclusion chromatography before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
size-exclusion chromatography inductively coupled mass spectrometry
size-exclusion chromatography inductively coupled mass spectroscopy
size-exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
size-exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
A method where a sample mixture is first separated by size-exclusion and high-performance liquid chromatographies before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
size-exclusion chromatography-high performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
size-exclusion chromatography-high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
size-exclusion chromatography-high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where a sample mixture (a solution in dilute HNO3) is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction.
solution inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
solution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where a sample mixture (a solution in dilute HNO3) is passed through a nebuliser to form a mist of finely dispersed droplets before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction.
solution nebulisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
solution nebulization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
solution nebulization inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
solution nebulisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by microwave radiation.
microwave induced plasma mass spectrometry
microwave induced plasma mass spectroscopy
microwave-induced plasma mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by bombarding the sample (mounted on a thin foil) with a highly energietic fission fragment from 252Cf.
plasma desorption ionisation mass spectrometry
plasma desorption ionization mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is bombarded with a stream of primary mass-selected particles and the secondary ions ejected from the sample are detected.
Mass spectrometry where the sample is bombarded with a continuous focused beam of primary mass-selected ions which remove material from the surface of the sample by sputtering. The secondary ions ejected from the sample are then detected.
Mass spectrometry where the sample is bombarded with a continuous focused beam of primary mass-selected ions which remove material from the surface of the sample by sputtering. The neutral atoms ejected from the sample are ionised and detected.
dynamic neutral particle mass spectrometry
dynamic neutral particle mass spectroscopy
secondary neutral atom mass spectrometry
secondary neutral atom mass spectroscopy
secondary neutral particle mass spectrometry
secondary neutral particle mass spectroscopy
sputtered neutral atom mass spectroscopy
sputtered neutral particle mass spectroscopy
sputtered neutral atom mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample (which is held in a liquid matrix) is bombarded with a stream of primary noble gas atoms and the secondary ions ejected from the sample are detected.
Mass spectrometry where the sample is bombarded with a stream of primary mass-selected particles and the secondary elemental ions (usually H+, D+ or He+) ejected from the sample are detected.
Mass spectrometry where the sample is bombarded with a stream of primary mass-selected particles and the secondary ions ejected from the sample are detected by accelerating them to the same (known) kinetic energy and measuring the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion.
time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy
time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where a surface is bombarded with sample ions and the secondary electrons emitted are detected.
secondary electron emission mass spectroscopy
secondary electron emission mass spectrometry
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 15N nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
15N nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
15N nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Mass spectrometry where the sample ions are directed into magnetic field, the orientation of which is perpendicular to the beam. The magnetic field forces the charged particles into different circular trajectories, the radii of which depend on the strength of the magnetic field, the accelerating voltage, and the mass of the ion.
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by introducing it into a tube containing fast flowing He gas and ions such as H3O+, NO+ and O2+.
selected ion flow tube mass spectroscopy
selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by introducing it into a tube containing fast flowing He gas and H3O+ ions.
proton transfer reaction mass spectroscopy
proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the intensities of one or more specific ion beams are recorded rather than the entire mass spectrum.
Mass spectrometry where the intensity of a specific ion beam is recorded rather than the entire mass spectrum.
Mass spectrometry where the intensities of multiple specific ion beams are recorded rather than the entire mass spectrum.
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by a vacuum spark discharge, which is generated by a pulsed high (25–100 kV) potential difference between two electrodes.
Mass spectrometry involving multiple mass-selection steps, with some form of fragmentation occurring between each stage.
Mass spectrometry involving multiple mass-selection steps, where the sample ions are allowed to collide with neutral gas molecules (resulting in fragmentation) between each mass-selection stage.
collision induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry
collision induced dissociation tandem mass spectroscopy
collision-induced dissociation-tandem mass spectrometry
collision-induced dissociation-tandem mass spectroscopy
collisionally activated dissociation tandem mass spectrometry
collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry involving multiple mass-selection steps, with some form of fragmentation occurring between each stage. Sample ionisation is achieved by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 uL min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets.
electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectroscopy
electrospray ionization tandem mass spectroscopy
electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry
A method where the sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before being ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of it through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 uL min1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. The ions are then characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance by two mass spectrometers in series.
high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry
high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectroscopy
high pressure liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectroscopy
high pressure liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectroscopy
high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry involving multiple mass-selection steps, with some form of fragmentation occurring between each stage. The mass-to-charge ratios of the sample ions are measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes.
Mass spectrometry where sample ions with different masses are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion.
Any type of chemical imaging spectroscopy where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis.
Spectroscopy where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis with radiation in the ultraviolet to near infrared range.
Spectroscopy which probes the rotational degrees of freedom of a molecule.
Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with radiation in the microwave region (1–1000 mm).
Spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated with a single pulse of radiation in the microwave region (1–1000 mm) and the spectrum is subject to a Fourier transform.
Fourier transform microwave spectrometry
Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample (in the form of a molecular beam) is irradiated with a single pulse of radiation in the microwave region (1–1000 mm) and the spectrum is subject to a Fourier transform.
molecular beam Fourier transform microwave spectrometry
molecular beam Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample (in the form of a molecular beam) is vaporised by laser ablation before being irradiated with a single pulse of radiation in the microwave region (1–1000 mm) and the spectrum is subject to a Fourier transform.
laser ablation molecular beam FT microwave spectroscopy
laser ablation molecular beam Fourier transform microwave (LA-MB-FTMW) spectroscopy
laser ablation molecular beam Fourier transform microwave spectrometry
laser ablation molecular beam Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where a beam of neutrons is used to probe atomic and magnetic dynamics.
Spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation.
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
NMR in practice usually refers to pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, CHMO:0000613
Spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them, and the spectrum is obtained by plotting chemical shift vs. frequency.
1D nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
1D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 1H nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 11B nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
11B nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
11B nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 13C nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 13C nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.The 13C NMR signals are enhanced by transferring 1H magnetisation to 13C nuclei and the phase of the signals reflects the multiplicity i.e. CH, CH2 or CH3). Separate methyl, methylene and methine spectra may be obtained.
distortionless enhancement by polarisation transfer
distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer
distortionless enhancement with polarisation transfer
distortionless enhancement with polarization transfer
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 19F nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
An NMR experiment in which a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between interacting nuclei.
2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are J-coupled (usually <=3 bonds apart).
A type of NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and heteronuclei.
2D heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy
two-dimensional heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy
A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and nuclei which are 2–3 bonds removed.
A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where pulsed-field gradients are used and a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and nuclei which are 2–3 bonds removed.
gradient heteronuclear multiple bond coherence
gradient-selected heteronuclear multiple bond coherence
A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the nuclei to which they are covalently bound. In HMQC the magnetisation of both nuclei is allowed to evolve over time.
heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence
A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the nuclei to which they are covalently bound. In HSQC only the magnetisation of one nucleus is allowed to evolve over time.
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy which reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system.
A type of homonuclear proton–proton NMR spectroscopy where chemical shift and J-coupling information are separated onto different frequency axes.
J-resolved spectroscopy NMR spectroscopy
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (⩽6 Å apart).
nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectrometry
nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy
A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (⩽6 Å apart).
heteronuclear Overhauser effect spectrometry
heteronuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy
heteronuclear Overhauser enhancement spectrometry
heteronuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy
A type of heteronuclear two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy incorporating a water flip-back sequence, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (⩽6 Å apart).
flip-back nuclear Overhauser effect spectrometry
flip-back nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy
flip-back nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectrometry
flip-back nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy
A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (⩽6 Å apart). Spin-locking is employed to ensure that correlation between spins, which are close in space but have zero NOE, are seen. This technique is used for molecules whose tumbling regime lies at the border of positive and negative NOE responses.
cross-relaxation appropriate for minimolecules eμlated by locked spins
rotating frame Overhauser effect spectrometry
rotating frame Overhauser enhancement spectrometry
rotating frame Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy
rotational Overhauser effect spectroscopy
rotating frame Overhauser effect spectroscopy
A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<=6 \AA apart). In this technique, the saturation of a particular proton resonance (signal) perturbs the intensities of signals from spatially proximate nuclei.
steady-state nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectrometry
steady-state nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy
A heteronuclear NMR experiment in which magnetisation arising from 1H nuclei is transferred to covalently bound heteronuclei, thereby enhancing the NMR signal of the heteronuclei.
insensitive nuclei enhancement by polarization transfer
insensitive nuclei enhancement by polarisation transfer
Spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
this is what is usually meant nowadays by NMR.
pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the response of nuclei with non-zero spin, in a solid sample, to a perturbing magnetic field is detected. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
NMR spectroscopy using a solid sample and involving magic angle spinning.
magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A type of NMR spectroscopy using a solid sample. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field).The combination of multiple-pulse NMR experiments and magic angle spinning. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
combined rotation and multiple pulse spectrometry
combined rotation and multiple pulse spectroscopy
Magic angle spinning spectroscopy where cross polarisation is used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei.
cross polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Magic angle spinning spectroscopy using a high resolution magnetic susceptibility matching probe.
Spectroscopy where the sound emitted when a gaseous sample is exposed to an intense laser beam, which is rapidly interrupted by a rotating slotted disk, is measured.
Spectroscopy where the sound emitted when a gaseous sample is exposed to an intense infrared laser beam, which is rapidly interrupted by a rotating slotted disk, is measured.
Infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy where the spectrum is then subject to a Fourier transform.
Fourier transform infra-red photoacoustic spectroscopy
Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where light energy absorbed by the sample results in heating and the subsequent change in temperature, pressure or density is measured.
Spectroscopy where a scanning tunnelling microscope is used to measure the I-V characteristics of the sample.
Spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a noble metal e.g. Au or Ag surface) by ultraviolet or visible light is measured. The light source is incident on the noble metal surface through a prism, at a range of angles that are above the critical angle where total internal reflection occurs. At a certain angle excitation of the surface plasmons occurs, leading to a miniμm in the reflected light. The resonance angle shifts whenever the optical density of the sample in contact with the noble metal undergoes a change, and thus it allows detection of the adsorption or desorption of molecules.
surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons on a surface, which is the working electrode in an electrochemical experiment, by ultraviolet or visible light is measured.
electrochemical surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a Au or Ag surface) by ultraviolet or visible light is measured, during which the reflectivity of the sample is measured at a fixed angle or wavelength.
Spectroscopy using short pulses of radiation from the terahertz range (1 millimetre to 100 micrometres).
Spectroscopy which probes the vibrational degrees of freedom of a molecule.
Spectroscopy where a metal-molecule-metal sandwich is formed and electrons tunnel from metal to metal through the molecules. Any additional molecules adsorbed onto the inner layer of the sandwhich can affect the tunneling via the excitation of vibrational states.
inelastic electron tunnelling spectrometry
inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78 to 1000 micrometres).
Spectroscopy using radiation in the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm) where an evanescent wave is generated using an optical fibre.
Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the far infrared region (15–1000 μm).
Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm) with sufficient energy to cause photodissociation by the absorption of two or more photons.
infra-red multiphoton dissociation spectrometry
infrared multiphoton dissociation spectrometry
infrared multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs resonant radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm) with sufficient energy to cause photodissociation by the absorption of two or more photons.
resonance-enhanced infrared multiphoton dissociation spectrometry
resonance-enhanced infrared multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy
resonant infra-red multiphoton dissociation spectrometry
resonant infra-red multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy
resonant infrared multiphoton dissociation spectrometry
resonant infrared multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the mid infrared region (3–8 μm).
Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform.
Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy
Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry
Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy
Fourier-transform infra-red absorption spectrometry
Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from a finely focused beam (<10 μm diameter) of infrared light (0.78–1000 μm).
Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the near infrared region (0.8–2 μm).
Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation from the near infrared region (0.8–2 μm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform.
Fourier transform near infra-red absorbance spectrometry
Fourier transform near infra-red absorption spectrometry
Fourier transform near infra-red spectrometry
Fourier transform near infra-red spectroscopy
Fourier transform near infrared absorbance spectrometry
Fourier transform near infrared absorbance spectroscopy
Fourier transform near infrared absorption spectrometry
Fourier transform near infrared absorption spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the difference in infrared radiation (0.78–1000 μm) bsorption of a sample cell against a reference cell is measured.
Spectroscopy where the rough metal surface of a sample absorbs radiation in the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm).
surface enhanced infra-red absorption spectrometry
surface enhanced infra-red absorption spectroscopy
surface enhanced infrared absorption spectrometry
surface enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where transient species such as radicals, ions or reactive intermediates are studied using pulses from an infrared laser. The infrared absorbance of the sample before and after an excitation laser pulse is measured.
IR laser transient absorption spectroscopy
infrared laser transient absorption spectroscopy
infrared transient absorption spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the reflection or scattering of infrared radiation (0.78–1000 μm) by a sample is detected.
Spectroscopy where the diffuse reflection of infrared radiation by a sample is measured.
diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the diffuse reflection of a single pulse of infrared radiation by a sample is measured, and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform.
diffuse reflectance infra-red Fourier transform spectrometry
diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectrometry
diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy
diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy by Fourier transform
Spectroscopy where the reflection or scattering of near infrared radiation (0.8-2 micrometres) by a sample is detected.
Spectroscopy where the absorption and reflection of low incident angle infrared light by the surface molecules of a highly reflective or polished sample is measured.
infrared reflection absorption spectrometry
infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy
reflection absorption infra-red spectrometry
reflection absorption infrared spectrometry
reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy
reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy
reflection–absorption infrared spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where infrared light is introduced into a prism at an angle exceeding the critical angle for internal reflection. This produces an evanescent wave at the reflecting surface (a surface which is transparent to infrared such as thallium bromide) on which the sample is supported, and the distortion of the evanescent wave by the sample is measured.
attenuated total reflectance infra-red spectroscopy
attenuated total reflectance spectrometry
multiple internal reflection spectrometry
multiple internal reflection spectroscopy
attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is heated and the infrared radiation (0.78–1000 μm) emitted during cooling is detected.
Spectroscopy where the sample is heated in a flame and the infrared radiation (0.78–1000 μm) emitted during cooling is detected.
Spectroscopy where the sample is heated in a flame and the infrared radiation (0.78–1000 μm) emitted during cooling is detected. The spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform.
Fourier transform flame infra-red emission spectrometry
Fourier transform flame infrared emission spectroscopy
IR emission spectroscopy where the spectrum is obtained by a single pulse of (UV) radiation, and is subject to a Fourier transform.
Fourier transform infra-red emission spectrometry
Fourier transform infra-red emission spectroscopy
Fourier transform infrared emission spectrometry
Fourier transform infrared emission spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is heated and the mid infrared radiation (0.78–1000 μm) emitted during cooling is detected.
Spectroscopy where the sample is heated and the infrared radiation (0.78–1000 μm) emitted during cooling is detected with a two-dimensional focal plane array infrared camera.
planar array infra-red emission spectrometry
planar array infrared emission spectrometry
planar array infrared emission spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is heated using ultraviolet excitation (single photon) and the infrared radiation (0.78–1000 μm) emitted during cooling is detected.
single photon infra-red emission spectrometry
single photon infra-red emission spectroscopy
single-photon infra-red emission spectrometry
single-photon infrared emission spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range by a sample is detected.
Spectroscopy where vibrational optical activity is measured by means of a small difference in the intensity of Raman scattering from chiral molecules of right- and left-circularly polarised incident light.
Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light from three lasers (known as pump, probe and Stokes/anti-Stokes) by a sample is detected. multiphoton excitation is used to produce a signal in which the emitted waves are coherent.
Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light by a sample is detected. An anti-Stokes frequency stimulation beam is used and a Stokes frequency beam is observed. multiphoton excitation is used to produce a signal in which the emitted waves are coherent.
coherent Stokes Raman scattering spectrometry
coherent Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light by a sample is detected. An anti-Stokes frequency stimulation beam is used and a Stokes frequency beam is observed and the difference between the pump and the Stokes beams coincides with the frequency of an electronic transition within the molecule. multiphoton excitation is used to produce a signal in which the emitted waves are coherent.
coherent Stokes resonance Raman spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light by a sample is detected. A Stokes frequency stimulation beam is used and an anti-Stokes frequency beam is observed. multiphoton excitation is used to produce a signal in which the emitted waves are coherent.
coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectrometry
coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light by a sample is detected. A Stokes frequency stimulation beam is used and an anti-Stokes frequency beam is observed and the difference between the pump and the anti-Stokes beams coincides with the frequency of an electronic transition within the molecule. multiphoton excitation is used to produce a signal in which the emitted waves are coherent.
coherent anti-Stokes resonance Raman spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light is detected. An aperture is used to discriminate between Raman signal coming from the focused laser spot and Raman signal coming from the out-of-focus region of the sample.
The collection of spatially resolved Raman spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. An aperture is used to discriminate between Raman signal coming from the laser spot and that coming from the out-of-focus region of the sample.
Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of light (produced by a single laser pulse) by a sample is detected and the spectrum is subject to a Fourier transform.
Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of light by a (liquid) sample is detected. During scattering, photons from the incident laser (with frequency ω) are scattered by sample into photons of the second harmonic (photons with frequency 2ω).
Spectroscopy where the polarisation of light which has been subjected to Raman scattering by a sample is determined.
Raman spectroscopy where the energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light coincides with an electronic transition in the sample.
Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range, by a sample is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light coincides with an electronic transition within the sample, and the laser is combined with a Kerr gate fluorescence rejection system.
Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser, by a sample adsorbed onto a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) surface is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light coincides with an electronic transition within the sample.
surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering spectrometry
surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering spectroscopy
surface enhanced resonance Raman spectrometry
surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from an ultraviolet laser, by a sample is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light coincides with an electronic transition within the sample.
ultra-violet resonance Raman spectroscopy
ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a deep ultraviolet (<300 nm) laser, by a sample is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light coincides with an electronic transition within the sample.
deep ultra-violet resonance Raman spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a laser, by a sample is detected. Scattered light is collected from regions laterally offset from the excitation laser spot.
spatially offset Raman scattering spectrometry
spatially offset Raman scattering spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from two lasers ('pump' and 'probe') by a sample is detected.
stimulated Raman scattering spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a femtosecond laser pulse, by a sample is detected. The laser pulse is generated by the mixing of two lasers ('pump' and 'probe').
emtosecond broadband stimulated Raman scattering spectrometry
femosecond stimulated Raman scattering spectrometry
femosecond stimulated Raman scattering spectroscopy
femosecond stimulated Raman spectrometry
femtosecond broadband stimulated Raman scattering spectroscopy
femtosecond broadband stimulated Raman spectrometry
femtosecond broadband stimulated Raman spectroscopy
femosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser, by a sample adsorbed onto a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) surface is detected.
surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser (500–650 nm), by metal surfaces, where scattering is enhanced by the optical near-field of a metal-coated scanning probe microscopy tip, is detected.
tip-enhanced Raman scattering spectrometry
tip-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of visible laser light, by metal surfaces, where scattering is enhanced by the optical near field of a scanning tunnelling tip, under ultra-high vacuum is detected.
ultra-high vacuum tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from an ultraviolet laser, by a sample is detected.
Any measurement technique in which a physical property of the sample is measured as a function of temperature.
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction.
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) at constant temperature during a titration.
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction of both a sample and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of one variable, whilst a second is kept constant.
differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis
differential scanning calorimetric analysis
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction of both a sample and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of one variable, whilst a second is kept constant using a heat-flux differential scanning calorimeter.
heat-flux differential scanning calorimetry
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction of both a sample and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of one variable, whilst a second is kept constant using a power compensation differential scanning calorimeter.
power-compensation differential scanning calorimetry
The measurement of the temperature difference between the sample and a reference material.
Thermal analysis where the characteristics of imposed acoustic wave passing through the sample are measured.
The measurement of a dimension of the sample under negligible load as a function of temperature.
The measurement of the mass of a sample as a function of temperature.
The measurement of the magnetic susceptibility of a sample as a function of temperature.
The measurement of an optical characteristic of a sample as a function of temperature.
The measurement of the luminescence of a sample as a function of temperature.
The measurement of the total light, or the light of a specific wavelength emitted by a sample as a function of temperature.
The measurement of the refractive index of a sample as a function of temperature.
The measurement of the refractive index of small glass fragments as a function of temperature. The glass fragments are placed in silicone oil and observed as the temperature is raised. At the point where the glass fragment disappear the refractive index of the oil and glass are equal.
The measurement of the sound emitted by a sample as a function of temperature.
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of cold or thermal neutrons at a sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern.
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of cold or thermal neutrons at a powdered solid sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted neutrons.
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation in the range Xray–ultraviolet, which causes ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured.
X-ray–ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy
A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being ionised and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance using two mass spectrometers in series.
liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy
liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy
liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Any method where the sample is first separated by capillary electrophoresis, before being analysed by mass spectrometry.
capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry
capillary electrophoresis mass spectroscopy
capillary electrophoresis-mass spectroscopy
capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry
capillary electrophoresis/mass spectroscopy
capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where a sample mixture is first separated by capillary electrophoresis, before being ionised in a plasma which has been generated by electromagnetic induction and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
capillary electrophoresis inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry
capillary electrophoresis-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by a corona discharge within a He atmosphere.
direct analysis in real time mass spectroscopy
direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 microlitre min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. The mass-to-charge ratio of the ions is then determined by measuring their cyclotron frequency (the frequency at which they precesses in a fixed magnetic field) and subjecting it to a Fourier transform.
electrospray ionisation Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectroscopy
electrospray ionisation Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
Any method where the sample is first separated by electrophoresis, before being analysed by mass spectrometry.
A method where a sample mixture is first separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, before being converted into ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
two-dimensional gel electrophoresis mass spectrometry
two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by a corona discharge within a He atmosphere. Sample ions with different masses are then accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion.
direct analysis in real time time-of-flight mass spectroscopy
direct analysis in real time time-of-flight mass spectrometry
Any mass spectrometry technique where the sample is ionised at low or ambient temperature.
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) generated by an alternating current.
low temperature plasma mass spectrometry
low temperature plasma mass spectroscopy
low-temperature plasma mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is illuminated with a laser.
Spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Spectra are obtained by scanning a range of radio frequencies.
continuous wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
continuous wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
continuous-wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before the energy states of spin-active nuclei in the sample, placed in a static magnetic field, are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation.
high performance liquid chromatography nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
high-performance liquid chromatography nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A method where a sample mixture is first separated by ultra-performance liquid chromatography before being converted into ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
ultra performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry
ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before the energy states of spin-active nuclei in the sample, placed in a static magnetic field, are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. The sample is then converted into ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
high performance liquid chromatography nuclear magnetic resonance mass spectrometry
high performance liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance-mass spectrometry
high-performance liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance-mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where a neutral sample, in the form of a gas or aerosol flow, is ionised by directing it into a plume of charged droplets, generated by forcing a solution of pure solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 microlitres per minute) into an electric field.
extractive electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy
extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
extractive electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy
extractive electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry
A pulse sequence which is applied during nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure spin–spin (T2) relaxation times. For the pulse sequence see Rev. Sci. Inst., (1958), 29, pg 688.
Carr, Purcell,Meiboom,Gill pulse sequence
Carr-Purcell Meiboom-Gill pulse sequence
Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill pulse sequence
A pulse sequence which is applied during nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of quadrupolar nuclei, to measure spin–spin (T2) relaxation times. In the solid state, the sequence is used to achieve sensitivity enhancement for nuclei with low gyromagnetic ratios. For the pulse sequence see J. Phys. Chem. A, (1997), 101, pg 8597.
quadrupolar Carr, Purcell,Meiboom, Gill pulse sequence
quadrupolar Carr-Purcell Meiboom-Gill pulse sequence
quadrupolar Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill pulse sequence
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 33S nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
33S nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
33S nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static (>900 MHz) magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
ultra-high-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 77Se nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
77Se nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static (>300 MHz) magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
high-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where only one frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<=6 angstrom apart).
1D nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy
one-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<=6 angstrom apart).
2D nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy
two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy
Mass spectrometry where the sample (which is held in a liquid matrix) is bombarded with a stream of primary noble gas atoms and the secondary ions ejected from the sample are detected. The 'exact' mass of these secondary is then determined, as opposed to the 'nominal' mass (the number of protons and neutrons).
high resolution fast-atom bombardment mass spectroscopy
high resolution fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 2H nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
2H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A heteronuclear NMR experiment in which magnetisation arising from 1H nuclei is transferred to covalently bound heteronuclei, thereby enhancing the NMR signal of the heteronuclei. Selective pulses, that only excite or 'select' some of the signals in the spectrum are used in this experiment.
selective insensitive nuclei enhancement by polarisation transfer
selective insensitive nuclei enhancement by polarization transfer
Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample. An annular aperture is used to select electrons that have passed through given symmetric zones within the objective lens of the microscope.
annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy
Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted at high angles before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample. An annular aperture is used to select electrons that have passed through given symmetric zones within the objective lens of the microscope.
high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy
high angular annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy
high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy
high-angular annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy
Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum. The beam of electrons passes directly through an aperture before reaching the specimen. The image results from a weakening of the direct beam by its interaction with the sample.
bright field scanning transmission electron microscopy
bright-field scanning transmission electron microscopy
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The X-rays are generated by the acceleration of charged particles through magnetic fields.
A type of NMR spectroscopy using pulsed-field gradients where the rate of decay of NMR signals in each component of a sample mixture is measured across a series of experiments. The rate of signal decay is proportional to the diffusion coefficient for each component.
diffusion-ordered nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a matrix (such as dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. In the first stage the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes (a quadrupole). In the second stage the sample ions are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion.
matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry
matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation quadrupole time-of-flight mass
matrix-assisted laser desorption–ionisation quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry
A method where a sample mixture is first separated by gas chromatography then sample ions with different masses are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion.
gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets and where sample ions with different masses are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion.
electrospray ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets and where sample ions with different masses are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion.
liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry
liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry
A method where the sample mixture is first separated by reverse-phase liquid chromatography before being ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of it through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 uL min1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. The ions are then characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance by two mass spectrometers in series.
reverse-phase liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry
reversed-phase liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectroscopy
reversed-phase liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 31P nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 51V nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
51V nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
51V nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by an electrical discharge.
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by passing an alternating-voltage electrical discharge between a Cu sheet electrode and a discharge electrode separated by a glass slide. The glass slide acts as dielectric barrier and sample molecules on the surface of the glass slide are desorbed and ionised by the plasma.
dielectric barrier discharge ionisation mass spectroscopy
dielectric barrier discharge ionization mass spectrometry
dielectric barrier discharge ionization mass spectroscopy
dielectric barrier discharge ionisation mass spectrometry
Any type of magnetic resonance spectroscopy involving unpaired electrons.
electron magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where one electron spin resonance is detected though its effect on another.
double electron–electron resonance spectroscopy
electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy
electron–electron double resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where two microwave frequency pulse sequences are used to excite two electron resonance transitions and the effect of the first transition on the second is measured.
pulsed electron double resonance spectroscopy
pulsed electron-electron double resonance
pulsed electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy
pulsed electron–electron double resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated by two microwave frequencies which match electron resonance transitions. The effect of the higher power frequency ('pump') transition on the lower power ('observed') transitionsis measured.
continuous wave electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy
continuous-wave electron–electron double resonance spectroscopy
continuous wave electron–electron double resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where a nuclear resonance is detected though its effect on an electron spin resonance.
electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where a microwave frequency pulse is used to saturate the electron resonance transitions in a sample, and a radio frequency pulse is used excite a nuclear transition.
pulsed electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where a sample is irradiated by a microwave frequency which matches an electron resonance transition, whilst nuclei in the vicinty of the unpaired eletron are excited by a radio frequency sweep.
continuous wave electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy
continuous-wave electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy
A method where a sample mixture is first separated by capillary liquid chromatography before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
capillary liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
capillary liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being ionised by forcing the solution (usually in an organic solvent) through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets.
liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry
liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy
liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry
A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography (with a flow rate of nL min-1) before being ionised by forcing the solution (usually in an organic solvent) through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. The ions are then characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
nano liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry
nano liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy
nano liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry
nanoflow liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry
nanoliquid chromatography electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy
nanoflow liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry
Amethod where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being ionised, and the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric or magnetic field.
liquid chromatography ion trap mass spectrometry
liquid chromatography ion trap mass spectroscopy
liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry
A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography (flow rate nL min-1) before being passed though a 'chip' (a microfluidic device) to the mass spectrometer where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric or magnetic field.
nano liquid chromatography chip ion trap mass spectroscopy
nanoliquid chromatography chip ion trap mass spectrometry
nanoliquid chromatography-CHIP/ion trap mass spectrometry
nanoflow liquid chromatography chip enabled ion trap mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised under atmospheric pressure in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by passing an electrical discharge between two electrodes.
atmospheric pressure glow discharge desorption mass spectrometry
atmospheric pressure glow discharge mass spectroscopy
flowing afterglow atmospheric pressure glow discharge mass spectrometry
atmospheric pressure glow discharge mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised under atmospheric pressure in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by passing an electrical discharge between two electrodes. multiple mass-selection steps are used, with some form of fragmentation occurring between each stage.
atmospheric pressure glow discharge desorption tandem mass spectrometry
flowing afterglow atmospheric pressure glow discharge tandem mass spectrometry
atmospheric pressure glow discharge tandem mass spectrometry
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a powder sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The X-rays are generated by the acceleration of charged particles through magnetic fields.
Spectroscopy where by intentionally matching the plasmon resonance frequency of a gold nanoparticle with the frequency of the electronic transition energy of a biomolecule, energy transfer occurs which gives rise to resonant quenching dips in the Rayleigh scattering spectrum of the particle.
Any method where a biological sample is illuminated with a light source and the energy transfer between molecules can be used for imaging and to measure inter-molecular distances.
Spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume. The light emitted during fluorescence is collected and guided through a pinhole before it is detected, reducing background interference.
confocal fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume which is moving with respect to the sample.
scanning fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where infrared light is introduced into a prism at an angle exceeding the critical angle for internal reflection. This produces an evanescent wave at the reflecting surface (a surface which is transparent to infrared such as thallium bromide) on which the sample is supported. The distortion of the evanescent wave by the sample is measured producing a spectrum which is then subject to a Fourier transform.
Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infra-red
Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infra-red spectroscopy
Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infrared
Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy
Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy
Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy
Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy
attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy
attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy
attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Microscopy which uses a microparticle (usually made of silica) mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of a colloidal specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force between the two colloidal surfaces as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning.
Spectroscopy where ultraviolet light is used to stimulate fluorescence in a sample, and the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume. To generate total internal reflection the UV light is either passed through a prism to generate high enough incident angles, or the UV light is focused through the periphery of a high numerical aperture objective which is directly coupled to the sample surface.
total internal reflection fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample emitted at supercritical angles are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume. Ultra-violet light is used to stimulate fluorescence.
supercritical angle fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured at several different points in parallel and correlated within very small detection volumes. Ultra-violet light is used to stimulate fluorescence.
Microscopy where the specimen is stained with heavy metals salts (to improve contrast) before being bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected.
Microscopy where a finely focused electron beam is scanned across the specimen under vacuum and the secondary and backscattered electrons produced are detected.
high-resolution scanning electron microscopy
high resolution scanning electron microscopy
Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser, by a single molecule sample adsorbed onto a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) surface is detected.
single molecule surface enhanced Raman scattering
single molecule surface enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy
single molecule surface-enhanced Raman scattering
single molecule surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy
single molecule surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Microscopy where fluorophores in the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by absorption of two or more photons.
Microscopy where fluorophores in the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by the near-simultaneous absorption of two photons.
Spectroscopy where luminesence (the emission of visible light) from molecules irradiated with light, is detected as a function of wavelength.
A type of NMR experiment employed for protein samples in which relaxation mechanisms are optimised in order to suppress transverse relaxation times (T2) and deliver only the sharpest signal present in a multiplet.
transverse relaxation optimized spectroscopy
transverse relaxation optimised spectroscopy
Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of polarised light by a sample.
Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption (parallel and perpendicular to the orientation axis) of linearly polarised light by a sample.
Spectroscopy based on the differential diffuse reflectance of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light by a sample.
diffuse reflectance circular dichroism spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in phase of X-rays scattered by a sample. Normally incident X-rays continue in the same phase after encountering the scatterer. However, if the energy of the incident X-rays is at or above the absorption edge of the scatterer, a phase shift occurs.
The measurement of the extent to which a sample interacts with polarized electromagnetic radiation by transmission, reflection, refraction, or diffraction.
Spectroscopy where the response of a nucleus with non-zero spin to a perturbing magnetic field is detected at temperatures above or below the ambient probe temperature. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
variable temperature nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
variable-temperature nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A type of two-dimensional EPR spectroscopy based on the electron spin-echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) effect, where a sequence of four microwave pulses is applied to the sample and the stimulated spin-echo produced is measured.
hyperfine sublevel correlation spectroscopy
A type of activation analysis where a sample is bombarded with neutrons, the capture of which results in the generation of radioactive nuclei for most elements in the sample. These activated nuclei then decay according to their characteristic half-lives.
Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption or reflection of polarised infrared light by a sample.
Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of polarised infrared light by a set of isotopically labelled sites in a sample. The introduction of a labelled atom e.g. 13C=16O, results in a shift of the corresponding absorption frequency.
site-specific infrared dichroism spectroscopy
The measurement of light rotation as a function of wavelength.
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 129Xe nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
129Xe nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
129Xe nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 197Au nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
197Au nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
197Au nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 119Sn nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
119Sn nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
119Sn nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A type of NMR spectroscopy where a spatially inhomogeneous magnetic field with a defined gradient is used, either to select a particular signal or to render unwanted signals undetectable.
pulsed-field gradient nuclear magnetic spectroscopy
A type of NMR spectroscopy using pulsed-field gradients where the rate of decay of NMR signals in each component of a sample mixture is measured across a series of experiments. The rate of signal decay is proportional to the diffusion coefficient for each component. The diffusion coefficient for each peak is measured and this information is used to construct a 2D spectrum.
high resolution diffusion-ordered spectroscopy
high-resolution diffusion-ordered spectroscopy
A two- or three-dimensional plot of one- or two-dimensional NMR spectra vs. the diffusion coefficients of the species involved.
Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the range ultraviolet to near-infrared (190–2000 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample.
UV-visible-near IR absorption spectroscopy
ultraviolet-visible-near infrared absorption spectroscopy
ultraviolet-visible-near infrared spectrophotometry
ultraviolet-visible-near infrared spectroscopy
An information content entity that is output by an assay.
A plot of cell current vs. the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes obtained from a cyclic voltammetry experiment.
Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small (< 2 microm) particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high.
ultra high performance liquid chromatography
A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before being converted into ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry
high performance liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy
high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy
high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised and the ions are accelerated to very high kinetic energies by an ion source that works by sampling an ion beam travelling in a direction orthogonal to the axis of the flight path in the mass-to-charge analyser.
orthogonal accelerator mass spectrometry
orthogonal acceleration mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised and the ions are accelerated to the same (known) very high kinetic energies by an ion source that works by sampling an ion beam travelling in a direction orthogonal to the axis of the flight path in the mass-to-charge analyser. The time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion.
orthogonal acceleration time of flight mass spectrometry
A plot of absorbance vs. wavelength, obtained by measuring the amount of radiation absorbed by a sample as a function of the wavelength of incident radiation, which reflects the electronic degrees of freedom of an atom or molecule.
A plot of a measured quantity against some experimental parameter.
A plot of absorbance vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation absorbed by a sample as a function of the wavelength of incident radiation.
A plot of decibels vs. frequency obtained by measuring the amount of noise generated by a sample as a function of frequency of incident radiation.
A plot of alpha-particle count vs. energy obtained by measuring the number and kinetic energies of alpha-particles emitted by a sample.
A plot of absorption or emission radiation vs. frequency that reflects the internal degrees of freedom of an atom, obtained in an experiment where the sample is vaporised and then atomised.
A plot of beta-particle count vs. energy obtained by measuring the number and energy of beta-particles emitted by a sample.
A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment.
A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment where the ions are obtained by the sample interacting with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at low pressure.
A plot of ellipticity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised photon radiation as a function of wavelength.
A plot of force vs. distance obtained by measuring the force experienced by a tip against position on a surface.
A plot of intensity vs. energy loss obtained by measuring the energy lost by electrons on interacting with a surface.
electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) spectra
electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) spectrum
A spectrum that reflects the electronic degrees of freedom of an atom or molecule.
A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment where the ions are obtained by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets.
A plot of emission against wavelength obtained by measuring the emitted spectral radiant power against a quantity related to photon energy such as frequency, wavenumber or wavelength.
A plot of emission against wavelength obtained by measuring the emitted spectral radiant power against a quantity related to photon energy such as frequency, wavenumber or wavelength and corrected for wavelength-dependent instrumental and sample effects.
A plot of intensity against wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation emitted by a sample through fluorescence against the frequency of the incident radiation.
A plot of gamma-ray count vs. energy spectrum obtained by measuring the number and energy of gamma-rays emitted or absorbed by a sample.
A plot of impedance (Ω) vs. frequency that reflects the change in impedance of a sample during excitation.
A plot of absorbance or emission vs. wavelength/wavenumber/frequency obtained by measuring the absorption or emission of infrared radiation by a sample.
A spectrum obtained from a very small portion of a sample, for example by means of a microscope.
A plot of emission vs. wavelength obtained through a Fourier transform of the time series of the radiation emitted by a sample of gas phase molecules that have been excited by a microwave-frequency pulse.
A plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the sound emitted when a gaseous sample is exposed to an intense laser beam, which is rapidly interrupted by a rotating slotted disk.
A plot of photoelectron count vs. kinetic energy.
A plot of intensity vs. Raman shift (cm-1) obtained by measuring the Raman scattering of monochromatic light from a sample.
A spectrum that reflects the rotational degrees of freedom of a molecule.
A plot of reflectance vs. incident frequency or angle obtained by measuring the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a Au or Ag surface) by ultraviolet or visible light.
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 13C nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods between them. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid-state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field).
13C magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment where the ions are obtained by forcing a pressurised solution of the sample through a heated metal capillary tip.
A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment where the mass-to-charge ratio is determined from the time they take to reach a detector.
A spectrum that reflects the vibrational degrees of freedom of a molecule.
A plot of intensity vs. energy obtained by measuring the number and energy of X-rays absorbed or emitted by a sample.
A plot of a relative biological or chemical photoresponse per number of incident photons against wavelength or energy of radiation under the same radiant power of light.
A plot of a quantity related to the absorption, for example absorbance or cross section, multiplied by the quantum yield for the process considered against a measure of photon energy such as frequency, wavenumber or wavelength.
A plot of the spectral radiant exitance or of the spectral photon exitance against the frequency (or wavenumber, or wavelength) of excitation.
A three-dimensional spectrum generated by scanning the emission spectrum at incremental steps of excitation wavelength.
Any spectrum that shows the response of spin-active nuclei to radio frequency radiation in an applied magnetic field.
A plot of intensity vs. magnetic field strength obtained by measuring the absorption of radiation due to spin-state transitions of unpaired electrons against a perturbing magnetic field, in the presence of fixed-frequency microwave radiation. EPR spectra are often represented without axes.
electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum
A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for carbon-13 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field.
carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity and possibly other parameters for hydrogen-1 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field.
proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for phosphorus-31 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field.
phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
A plot of intensity vs. velocity obtained by measuring the intensity and kinetic energy of a beam of gamma-rays transmitted through a solid sample.
A plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation emitted by a sample through phosphorescence against the wavelength of the incident radiation.
A plot of absorbance vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation absorbed by a sample as a function of the wavelength of incident radiation in the ultraviolet to visible (190–800 nm) range.
A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for boron-11 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field.
boron-11 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for nitrogen-15 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field.
nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for fluorine-19 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field.
fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for sulfur-33 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field.
sulfur-33 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
A plot of the resonance frequency of vanadium-51 nuclei in the same magnetic environment on a scale relative to their resonance frequency and with intensities proportional to the populations of nuclei in those environments.
vanadium-51 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for selenium-77 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field.
selenium-77 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
Data which is obtained from a diffraction experiment.
Data which is obtained from an X-ray diffraction experiment.
Data which is obtained from an X-ray diffraction experiment where the specimen is a powder.
powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns
Data which is obtained from an X-ray diffraction experiment where the specimen is a single crystal.
A plot of absorbance or emission vs. wavelength/wavenumber/frequency obtained through a Fourier transform of the times series of the absorption of a sample that has been excited by an infrared-frequency pulse.
A plot of intensity vs. kinetic energy obtained when a high energy photon ionises a core electron and an electron from a higher energy level descends to take its place, releasing sufficient energy to eject a second so-called 'Auger' electron.
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 31P nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid-state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field).
31P magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum in which line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the solid sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field).
magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum where the nuclei of interest are carbon-13 nuclei and in which line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field).
carbon-13 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum where the nuclei of interest are phosphorus-31 nuclei and in which line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field).
phosphorus-31 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
The FTIR analysis of volatile compounds released during the measurement of the mass of a sample as a function of temperature.
thermogravimetry coupled to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
The MS analysis of volatile compounds released during the measurement of the mass of a sample as a function of temperature.
thermogravimetry coupled to mass spectrometry
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample which is heated from 25–2000 °C and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate.
A method for determining structure by directing a parallel beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate.
A method for probing the free volume between polymer chains in which the anti-particle of an electron (a positron) is injected, from a radioactive source into the sample. When the positron is annihilated a characteristic energy is emitted, and the time from injection to energy emission is measured.
positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy
A plot of intensity against wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation emitted by a sample through luminescence against the frequency of the incident radiation.
A plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the intensity of radiation emitted by a sample through photoluminescence (emission of light as a result of stimulation with light) against the frequency/wavelength of the incident radiation.
A plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation emitted by a sample through photoluminescence (emission of visible light) against the frequency of the incident radiation at room temperature.
room temperature photoluminescence spectra
room temperature photoluminescence spectrum
room-temperature photoluminescence spectra
room-temperature photoluminescence spectrum
A plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation emitted by a sample through photoluminescence (emission of visible light) against the frequency of the incident radiation at low temperature.
low temperature photoluminescence spectra
low temperature photoluminescence spectrum
low-temperature photoluminescence spectra
low-temperature photoluminescence spectrum
Mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a sol–gel matrix to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. The sample molecular ions are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion.
sol-gel-assisted laser desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry
sol-gel-assisted laser desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectroscopy
sol–gel-assisted laser desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is mixed with a matrix compound (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) and deposited on a surface, with some chemical functionality, to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. The sample molecular ions are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion.
surface enhanced laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry
surface-assisted laser desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry
surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry
surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectroscopy
surface-enhanced laser desorption–ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry
Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of near-infrared radiation (radiation in the range 0.8–2 μm) is detected.
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The sample is held in a dynamic reaction cell which contains a reagent gas that reacts preferentially with certain species, in order to allow only the analyte ions into the mass-to-charge analyser and the detector.
dynamic reaction cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
dynamic reaction cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
A method where a sample mixture is first separated by gas chromatography before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
gas chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
gas chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
gas chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
A method where a sample mixture is first separated by ion-exchange chromatography before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
ion chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
ion chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
ion-exchange chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Conductive AFM is used for collecting simultaneous topography imaging and current imaging. Specifically, standard conductive AFM operates in contact AFM mode. Variations in surface conductivity can be distinguished using this mode. Conductive AFM operates in contact AFM mode by using a conductive AFM tip. The contact tip is scanned in contact with the sample surface. Just like contact AFM, the feedback loop uses the DC cantilever deflection signal to maintain a constant force between the tip and the sample to generate the topography image. At the same time, a DC bias is applied to the tip. The sample is held at ground potential.
Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser, at a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) electrochemcial interface is detected.
electrochemical surface enhanced Raman scattering
electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman scattering
electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of an electrochemical cell is measured. A Fourier transform is then applied to the spectrum.
Fourier transform electrochemical-induced impedance spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by directing a short (ns or ps) pulse beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate as a function of time.
Spectroscopy where the luminesence (the emission of visible light) from a small area (<10 microns diameter) of a sample which has been illuminated with light, is detected.
Spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to short (ns) pulses of high-frequency microwave radiation (mm wavelength) in a high magnetic field is measured.
high frequency electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy
high frequency electron spin resonance spectroscopy
high-field electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy
high-field electron spin resonance spectroscopy
high-frequency electron spin resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to short (ns) pulses of low-frequency microwave, L-band (cm wavelength) or radio frequency (m wavelength) radiation in a magnetic field is measured.
low-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy
low-frequency electron spin resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy used to measure very slow rotational motions where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured. The microwave energy absorbed by the spins is such that there is an equal population of upper and lower spin states (described as 'saturated').
saturation transfer electron spin resonance spectroscopy
saturation-transfer electron spin resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the longitudinal response of an atom with an unpaired electron in a magnetic field to two transverse waves is detected.
longitudinally detected electron spin resonance spectroscopy
Mass spectrometry where a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) is directed onto the surface of interest causing desorption of sample molecules from the surface and subsequent ionisation.
plasma-assisted desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry
plasma-assisted desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy
plasma-assisted desorption–ionisation mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where neutral molecules are desorbed from the sample (usually biological) using a nitrogen laser and then ionised by collision with charged solvent droplets which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary into an electric field.
electrospray ionisation laser desorption mass spectrometry
electrospray-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy
electrospray-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry
Spectroscopy where vibrational optical activity from a sample absorbed onto a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) surface is measured by means of a small difference in the intensity of Raman scattering from chiral molecules of right- and left-circularly polarised incident light.
surface enhanced chiral Raman spectroscopy
surface-enhanced chiral Raman spectroscopy
Mass spectrometry where purified gas obtained from a sample is alternated rapidly with a standard gas (of known isotopic composition) by means of a system of valves, so that a number of comparative measurements are made of both gases. The relative abundance of isotopes in a sample is then determined.
dual inlet isotope ratio mass spectrometry
dual-inlet isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the relative abundance of isotopes in a sample is determined. Measurements are taken immediately after sample preparation and separately to the standard gas.
continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry
continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry
A type of NMR spectroscopy where (J/scalar) couplings to 1H nuclei are cancelled by applying radio frequency radiation to saturate or otherwise manipulate the 1H spins such that no evolution of the coupling occurs.
proton-decoupled nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A type of NMR spectroscopy where (J/scalar) couplings between 31P and 1H nuclei are cancelled by applying radio frequency radiation to saturate or otherwise manipulate the 1H spins such that no evolution of the coupling occurs.
proton-decoupled 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A type of NMR spectroscopy where (J/scalar) couplings between 13C and 1H nuclei are cancelled by applying radio frequency radiation to saturate or otherwise manipulate the 1H spins such that no evolution of the coupling occurs.
proton-decoupled 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum where (J/scalar) coupling patterns between protons and heteronuclei have been removed.
proton-decoupled nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum where the nuclei of interest are phosphorus-31 nuclei and (J/scalar) coupling patterns between protons and phosphorus-31 nuclei have been removed.
proton-decoupled phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum where the nuclei of interest are carbon-13 nuclei and (J/scalar) coupling patterns between protons and carbon-13 nuclei have been removed.
proton-decoupled carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
Data which is obtained from an electron diffraction experiment.
Data which is obtained from a transmission high-energy electron diffraction experiment.
selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern
selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns
transmission high energy electron diffraction data
transmission high-energy electron diffraction data
A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information.
rotational echo double resonance spectroscopy
rotational echo double-resonance (REDOR) spectroscopy
rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy
A type of NMR spectroscopy where radio frequency pulses are used to induce an equal population of upper and lower spin states in ('saturate') certain selected protons, removing their signal from the NMR spectrum. The resulting spectrum is then subtracted from a reference spectrum obtained without saturation. Saturation-transfer NMR is used to detect the transient binding of small molecule ligands to macromolecular receptors.
nuclear magnetic resonance saturation transfer difference (STD) spectroscopy
nuclear magnetic resonance saturation transfer difference spectroscopy
saturation transfer difference (STD) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
saturation transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A type of NMR spectroscopy where radio frequency pulses are used to induce an equal population of upper and lower spin states in ('saturate') certain selected protons, removing their signal from the NMR spectrum. The signal from two different samples is obtained simultaneously and common signals are cancelled automatically. Saturation-transfer double-difference NMR is used to detect the transient binding of small molecule ligands to macromolecular receptors.
saturation-transfer double-difference nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
saturation transfer double difference nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the diffuse reflection of radiation in the range ultraviolet to visible (190–800 nm) by a sample is measured.
diffuse reflectance ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry
A plot of photoelectron count vs. kinetic energy (following illumination of the sample with X-rays).
Data which is obtained from a neutron diffraction experiment.
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate as a function of temperature.
An NMR experiment in which differences in chemical shift are used to give information about the orientation of those spins with respect to the field and, thus, the orientation of the molecule.
An NMR technique whereby paramagnetic ions are introduced to a sample which cause enhanced relaxation of the spins in proximity of the paramagnetic spin label, giving long-range (up to 24 Å) structural information. Also used in binding studies, allowing identification of the atoms involved in binding.
An NMR experiment which exploits the increased efficiency of energy (magnetisation) transfer between nuclei via dipolar coupling in rigid or semi-rigid samples. The rate at which polarisation is transferred between spins is measured giving information on the proximity and orientation of the interacting spins within the sample.
An NMR experiment which measures the variation in amplitude of signals from dipolar-coupled nuclei over time, yielding information about the number of coupled nuclei in the system.
An NMR experiment which exploits the increased efficiency of energy (magnetisation) transfer between 1H nuclei via dipolar coupling in rigid or semi-rigid samples. The rate at which polarisation is transferred between spins is measured giving information on the proximity and orientation of the interacting spins within the sample.
An NMR experiment which exploits the increased efficiency of energy (magnetisation) transfer between 19F nuclei via dipolar coupling in rigid or semi-rigid samples. The rate at which polarisation is transferred between spins is measured giving information on the proximity and orientation of the interacting spins within the sample.
Magic angle spinning NMR experiments in which dipolar coupling is reintroduced to obtain information on the proximity of nuclei within the sample.
polarization inversion and spin exchange at the magic angle
polarisation inversion and spin exchange at the magic angle
A two-dimensional NMR experiment which exploits the differential dipolar couplings which nuclei exhibit to their neighboring protons within local magnetic fields. The experiment consist of two time intervals: during the first time period the dipolar couplings are encoded in the NMR signal, while in the detection period the signals of different nuclei are separated on the basis of their differences in chemical shift.
separated-local-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A two-dimensional NMR experiment which exploits the differential dipolar couplings which 15N nuclei exhibit to their neighboring protons within local magnetic fields. The experiment consist of two time intervals: during the first time period the dipolar couplings are encoded in the NMR signal, while in the detection period the signals of different nuclei are separated on the basis of their differences in chemical shift.
15N separated-local-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
An NMR experiment which measures the variation in amplitude of signals from dipolar-coupled 19F nuclei over time, yielding information about the number of coupled nuclei in the system.
An NMR experiment in which differences in chemical shift of 15N nuclei under isotropic (unaligned media) and anisotropic (aligned media) conditions are used to give information about the orientation of those spins with respect to the field and, thus, the orientation of the molecule.
15N chemical shift anisotropy experiment
A plot of enthalpy vs. temperature obtained by measuring the enthalpy required to increase the temperature of a sample as a function of temperature.
The study of the flow of fluids which cannot be defined by a single value of viscosity. Rheometry is the measurement of the relationship between deformation and stress for these liquids.
The characterisation of flow or deformation of a liquid, which cannot be defined by a single value of viscosity, as a result of shear stress.
The study of the temperature dependence of the relationship between deformation and stress for fluids which cannot be defined by a single value of viscosity.
temperature-dependent rheological measurements
A plot of stress vs. flow rate obtained from rheological measurements.
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample at a small angle (<5°) close to the critical angle of total external X-ray reflection.
grazing-angle incidence X-ray diffraction
A two-dimensional solid-state NMR experiment which correlates the chemical shift anisotropy of a nucleus with its isotropic chemical shift by performing a series of experiments each at a different spinning angle relative to the magnetic field.
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied as a square wave and there is one square wave cycle per staircase step.
A plot of cell current vs. the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes obtained from a voltammetry experiment.
A plot of cell current vs. the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes obtained from a square-wave voltammetry experiment.
The measurement of the strength and/or direction of magnetic fields, or the magnetic susceptibility of a sample.
The measurement of the change in magnetic field caused by the vibration of a sample.
The measurement of very small magnetic fields (5 x 10-18 T) using a superconducting quantum interference device.
superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry
The measurement of the velocity of a moving object or medium.
A method for determining the velocity of fluids by tracking the diffracted or fluorescent light emitted from individual particles in successive digital camera images.
A magic angle spinning NMR dipolar recoupling technique used to determine dipolar couplings between 1H and 13C nuclei. A FSLG sequence is used to remove homonuclear couplings (by spin-locking the 1H nuclei) and polarization transfer from the protons to the 13C via dipolar coupling manifests as a splitting of the detected 13C signal.
frequency switched Lee-Goldberg cross polarisation
frequency switched Lee-Goldberg cross polarization
frequency-switched Lee-Goldberg cross polarisation
frequency-switched Lee-Goldberg cross polarization
A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment , where the ions are obtained by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small cold (10–80 °C) capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets.
Any type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed.
heteronuclear two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A two-dimensional plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for spin-active nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. Signals are defined in terms of two frequencies; by the chemical shift of a particular nucleus in one dimension and, in the other, by the chemical shift of a correlated nucleus.
two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum where the where the nuclei of interest are carbon-13 nuclei, the signals from which are enhanced by the transfer of magnetisation from 1H nuclei.
distortionless enhancement with polarization transfer spectrum
A two-dimensional NMR spectrum in which peaks appear at the chemical shift of (usually) protons in one dimension and at the chemical shift of their covalently-bound heteroatoms in the other dimension.
heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectra
heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectrum
A heteronuclear NMR spectrum where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are 2–3 bonds removed.
heteronuclear multiple bond coherence spectrum
The study of radiation as a function of wavelength that has been reflected from or scattered by a sample.
A plot of reflectance (%) vs. wavenumber obtained by measuring the amount of radiation reflected by a sample.
The study of radiation as a function of wavelength that has been transmitted through a sample.
Microscopy where an electric field is applied to a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') which is mounted on the end of a cantilever. The tip scans the surface of a piezoelectric specimen and the distortion of the electric field by the specimen is measured as components from three directions (one vertical and two lateral). A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning.
A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of a specimen by scanning a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage of 50–150 kV across the specimen under vacuum and measuring the interaction of the electrons with the specimen.
A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of a specimen by scanning a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by thermionic emission heating (field emission) with an acceleration voltage of 50–150 kV across the specimen under vacuum and measuring interaction of the electrons with the specimen.
field emission scanning electron microscope
field-emission scanning electron microscope
A microscope which uses a probe to scan the surface of the specimen, mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the probe-surface interaction as a function of position, producing an image of the surface. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning.
A piece of apparatus that contains a reagent gas that reacts preferentially with certain species in order to allow only the analyte ions into the mass-to-charge analyser and the detector.
A piece of apparatus, consisting of a laser, an optical microscope, a condenser and a CCD camera, that is used to manipulate microscopic particles.
A piece of apparatus, consisting of an eyepiece, an objective lens, object turret, stage, and light source, which collects electromagnetic radiation in the visible range.
A piece of apparatus, based on a semiconductor chip, which converts the intensity of light falling onto its surface at different points into a charge. When a photon is absorbed by the chip, a single electron is released. Electrodes covering the chip surface hold these electrons in place in an array of wells, or pixels, so that during exposure of the chip to light, a pattern of charge builds up that corresponds to the pattern of light.
A diffractometer in which the detector is a charge-coupled device.
A piece of apparatus which illuminates a sample with X-rays, electrons or neutrons and measures the diffraction pattern produced. It typically will contain at least one monochromator to ensure the incident radiation is of a specific energy, a goniometer which allows the geometry of the sample and detector to be precisely specified, and a detector.
A sharp spike which is mounted on the end of a cantilever and used to scan the surface of a specimen in atomic force microscopy.
A cantilever used in atomic force microscopy to transmit force from the tip to a recording device.
A piece of apparatus which is used to generate an image of the surface of a specimen, whether by focusing reflected light onto where it can be collected or by scanning a given area of the surface.
A microscope which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning.
A mass spectrometer that uses an inductively coupled plasma torch, an ion source that consists of a torch that is surrounded by a radio frequency generator that ionises argon gas inside the torch to form a high-temperature (up to 10 000 K) plasma that can be used to ionise analytes.
inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer
An ion source that consists of a torch that is surrounded by a radio frequency generator that ionises argon gas inside the torch to form a high-temperature (up to 10 000 K) plasma that can be used to ionise analytes.
An ion source that consists of a high-pressure ionisation chamber containing a reagent gas (for example N2, O2 or H2O) which is ionised by high-energy electrons from a heated strip of metal and goes on to react with the analyte to ionise it.
A mass spectrometer that uses an electron ionisation source, which consists of a thin strip of metal that is heated electrically to incandescence or a temperature at which it emits free electrons that are accelerated through a potential to an energy where they ionise the sample.
An ion source that consists of an ionisation chamber and a thin strip of metal that is heated electrically to incandescence or a temperature at which it emits free electrons that are accelerated through a potential to an energy where they ionise the sample.
A piece of apparatus that takes an analyte and generates ions which are passed to the rest of a mass spectrometer for analysis.
An ion source that works by sampling an ion beam travelling in a direction orthogonal to the axis of the flight path in the mass-to-charge analyser.
A mass spectrometer which uses a time-of-flight mass-to-charge analyser to separate ions. Ions introduced into the mass analyzer are accelerated along the axis perpendicular to their initial direction of motion.
orthogonal-acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometer
A piece of apparatus that consists of an ion source, a mass-to-charge analyser, a detector and a vacuum system and is used to measure mass spectra. The detector is a quadrupole mass-to-charge analyser, which holds the ions in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes.
A piece of apparatus consisting of paired trapping plates, receiver plates and transmitter plates which provides a magnetic field that coherently excites ions according to their cyclotron frequencies which depend on their mass-to-charge ratio.
A mass spectrometer that uses an ion cyclotron resonance cell (a piece of apparatus that measures the frequency at which ions precesses in a fixed magnetic field and subjects the frequency output to a Fourier transform) as a mass-to-charge analyser and detector.
Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer
A mass-to-charge analyser that uses a quadrupolar potential (generated by four parallel electrodes) to constrain the trajectories of ions according to their mass-to-charge ratio.
A mass-to-charge analyser that consists of a set of four linear electrodes and allows only ions of a given mass-to-charge ratio, set according to the direct current and radio frequency potentials, to reach a detector.
transmission quadrupole mass-to-charge analyser
A mass-to-charge analyser that consists of two coaxial axially symmetric electrodes, the outer one in the shape of a barrel, the inner one in the shape of a spindle, that traps ions in oscillating trajectories along the z-axis according to their mass-to-charge ratio.
A mass-to-charge analyser that uses a two-dimensional quadrupole field (generated by four parallel electrodes) to constrain ions radially into trajectories that correspond to their mass-to-charge ratio.
linear quadrapole ion trap mass-to-charge analyser
linear quadrupole ion trap mass analyser
quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer
linear quadrupole ion trap mass-to-charge analyser
A mass-to-charge analyser that uses a three-dimensional quadrupole field (generated by four parallel electrodes) to trap ions in orbits that correspond to their mass-to-charge ratio.
three-dimensional quadrupole ion trap mass-to-charge analyser
An open-tubular column in which a layer of porous particles deposited from a suspension coats the inner wall and serves as a support for a liquid stationary phase.
An open-tubular column in which a porous layer, achieved by either etching a non-porous layer or by deposition of porous particles from a suspension, coats the inner wall and may serve as a support for a liquid stationary phase or as the stationary phase itself.
An open-tubular column in which the liquid stationary phase is coated on the unmodified smooth inner wall of the tube.
A chromatography column in which either the inner tube wall or a liquid or active solid held stationary on the tube wall acts as the stationary phase and there is an open, unrestricted path for the mobile phase.
A chromatography column that contains a solid packing.
A chromatography column that contains very small particles and is capable of taking a high inlet pressure.
high-performance liquid chromatography column
A mass spectrometer which uses a time-of-flight mass-to-charge analyser and a reflectron to separate ions. The reflectron uses a constant electrostatic field to reflect the ion beam toward the detector. The more energetic ions penetrate deeper into the reflectron, and take a slightly longer path to the detector. Less energetic ions of the same charge-to-mass ratio penetrate a shorter distance into the reflectron and, correspondingly, take a shorter path to the detector.
reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer
A piece of apparatus which separates ions according to their mass-to-charge ratio.
A piece of apparatus which produces an electric field that accelerates ions in a mass-to-charge analyser in a direction opposite to their direction of travel, acting as an ion mirror to separate ions of the same mass-to-charge ratio that have different kinetic energy.
A piece of apparatus which accelerates a sample of ions so that they all have the same kinetic energy across a field-free drift region of length 1–2 m to a detector, thus separating the ions by their velocity, which is proportional to their mass-to-charge ratio.
A mass spectrometer which uses a time-of-flight mass-to-charge analyser to separate ions.
A piece of apparatus that consists of at least an ion source, a mass-to-charge analyser, a detector and a vacuum system and is used to measure mass spectra.
A piece of apparatus that has the form of a tube with an internal diameter of 20–100 micrometres and hosts the separation medium in capillary electrophoresis.
A liquid that plays the role of the stationary component in chromatography, and may be chemically bonded or immobilized onto a solid.
A solid that plays the role of the stationary component in chromatography.
A solid, gel or liquid that plays the role of the stationary component in chromatography.
A piece of apparatus that has the form of a tube with a diameter of less than a millimetre and hosts the stationary bed in chromatography.
An open chromatographic bed that consists of a sheet of paper, often filter paper.
An open chromatographic bed that consists of a thin (0.10 to 0.25 mm) layer of sorbent applied to a firm backing of glass, aluminium or a plastic sheet to act as a support. Numerous sorbents have been used including silica gel, cellulose, aluminium oxide and polyamide.
A piece of apparatus that is planar and is or hosts the stationary bed in chromatography.
A liquid that percolates through the stationary bed in chromatography.
A supercritical fluid that percolates through the stationary bed in chromatography.
An independent material continuant that is self-connected and retains its identity over time.
One of the portions of material between which the components to be separated are distributed in chromatography.
A fluid that percolates through or along the stationary bed in chromatography.
A gas that percolates through the stationary bed in chromatography.
A piece of apparatus that has the form of a tube with a diameter between 5 to 50 mm and hosts the stationary bed in chromatography.
A method that results in the separation of two or more components according to some property.
A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction.
A chromatography method where the stationary bed is within a tube (of standard length 25 cm). The particles of the solid stationary phase or support coated with a liquid stationary phase may fill the whole inside volume of the tube (packed column) or be concentrated on or along the inside tube wall leaving an open, unrestricted path for the mobile phase in the middle part of the tube (open-tubular column).
Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a gas.
Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a fluid above and relatively close to its critical temperature and pressure.
Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid.
A chromatography method where the stationary phase is present as or on a plane.
Chromatography where the separation is caused by differing biological specificity of the analyte-ligand interactions.
A chromatography method where the stationary phase is a thin (0.10 to 0.25 mm) layer of sorbent applied to a firm backing such as glass, aluminium or plastic sheet. An eluent ( single solvent or solvent mixture) is allowed to flow by capillary action through the sorbent starting at a point just below the applied samples. As the eluent front migrates through the sorbent the components of the sample also migrate, but at different rates resulting in separation.
A chromatography method where the stationary phase is or is impregnated in a sheet of paper.
Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high.
Column chromatography where the separation is caused by exclusion effects such as differences in molecular size, shape or charge.
Column chromatography where the separation is caused by exclusion effects within the stationary phase and where the stationary phase is a swollen gel.
Column chromatography where the separation is caused by differences in charge, the mobile phase is aqueous and the analyte is ionic.
Column chromatography where the separation is caused by differences in molecular size.
Column chromatography where the separation is caused by differences in ion-exchange affinity.
Gas chromatography where the stationary phase is a solid.
Gas chromatography where the stationary phase is a liquid.
A method that results in the separation of two components along two physical axes.
A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both chromatography. initial separation proceeds in a primary column and 'cuts' of the eluent from this column are directed into one or more secondary columns.
A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which an electric field is applied.
A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both electrophoresis. Separation occurs in one plane, that plane is rotated by 90° and the next separation step is carried out.
A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium consisting of gel, across which an electric field is applied.
A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium consisting of agarose gel, across which an electric field is applied.
A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied.
An electrophoresis method which takes place in a capillary.
An electrophoresis method in a discontinuous buffer system where the analytes migrate according to their electrophoretic mobilities, forming a chain of adjacent zones moving with equal velocity between two solutions, the leading and terminating electrolytes, bracketing the mobility range of the analytes.
An electrophoresis method for the separation of amphoteric analytes according to their isoelectric points by the application of an electric field along a pH gradient.
A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied, and the electrophoretic mobility of the analytes, usually proteins is altered by their binding to sodium dodecyl sulfate.
sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
A two dimensional gel electrophoresis method where protein analytes have been previously labelled with different fluorescent dyes and different analytes are compared.
A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both gel electrophoresis.
An electrophoresis method where the separation medium contains a reticulated system, for example an entangled polymer network, that further separates the analytes according to their size and shape.
An electrophoresis method that takes place in a capillary and where the separation medium contains a reticulated system, for example an entangled polymer network, that further separates the analytes according to their size and shape.
A separation method that takes place in a capillary and where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium consisting of gel, across which an electric field is applied.
An electrophoresis method for the separation of amphoteric analytes according to their isolectric points by the application of an electric field along a pH gradient in a capillary.
An electrophoresis method in a capillary containing a discontinuous buffer system where the analytes migrate according to their electrophoretic mobilities, forming a chain of adjacent zones moving with equal velocity between two solutions, the leading and terminating electrolytes, bracketing the mobility range of the analytes.
A separation method based on a combination of electrophoresis and interactions of the analytes with additives which form a dispersed phase moving at a different velocity.
Electrokinetic chromatography where the secondary phase is a micellar dispersed phase.
Electrokinetic chromatography where the secondary phase is a microemulsion.
microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography
Electrokinetic chromatography where the movement of the mobile phase through a capillary is achieved by electroosmotic flow. The retention time is determined by a combination of electrophoretic migration and chromatographic retention.
An electrophoresis method which takes place in a capillary where the separation medium has specific interactions with the analytes.
An electrophoresis method where the separation medium has specific interactions with the analytes.
Electrokinetic chromatography where the secondary phase has liposomes suspended in it.
A separation method where colloidal particles consisting of polynucleotides move at different speeds according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of a gel that contains a denaturing agent that causes double-stranded DNA to unzip, across which an electric field is applied.
A separation method where colloidal particles consisting of polynucleotides move at different speeds according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of a gel, across which an electric field is applied and across which there is a gradient of temperatures that cause double-stranded DNA to unzip.
temperature gradient gel electrophoresis
A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their dielectrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which an electric field is applied.
An electrophoresis method where the sample is introduced continuously to the separation chamber and the electric field is applied perpendicular to the hydrodynamic flow resulting in two-dimensional separation of the analytes based on the flow rate and their electrophoretic mobilities.
An electrophoresis method where colloidal particles move at different speeds in a separation medium that has an electrophoretic mobility gradient so that the analytes move and stack in the order of their electrophoretic mobilities.
A method in which a separation method is coupled to a measurement method in order to perform measurements upon different components of a sample.
obsolete: separation method-measurement method
Chromatography which takes place in a separation capillary and where the mobile phase is a liquid.
Liquid chromatography where the mobile phase is significantly more polar than the stationary phase, for example a microporous silica-based material with chemically bonded alkyl chains.
Liquid chromatography where the stationary phase is more polar than the mobile phase. This is the default for liquid chromatography.
A mass spectrometer that uses a wedge-shaped magnetic field to separate the total ion beam into discrete ion beams according to the mass-to-charge ratio of the ions.
A piece of apparatus consisting of a magnet which is used to separate an ion beam into discrete ion beams according to the mass-to-charge ratio of the ions.
A piece of apparatus which applies an electric field in order to select ions that have the same kinetic energy from an ion beam.
A mass spectrometer that applies an electric field in order to select ions that have the same kinetic energy from an ion beam and uses a wedge-shaped magnetic field to separate the total ion beam into discrete ion beams according to the mass-to-charge ratio of the ions.
double-focusing magnetic sector mass spectrometer
double-focussing magnetic sector mass spectrometer
A double-focusing mass spectrometer where the electric sector precedes the magnetic sector.
forward-geometry double-focusing magnetic sector mass spectrometer
forward-geometry double-focussing magnetic sector mass spectrometer
forward-geometry double-focussing mass spectrometer
forward-geometry double-focusing mass spectrometer
A double-focusing mass spectrometer where the magnetic sector precedes the reverse sector.
reverse-geometry double-focusing magnetic sector mass spectrometer
reverse-geometry double-focussing magnetic sector mass spectrometer
reverse-geometry double-focussing mass spectrometer
reverse-geometry double-focusing mass spectrometer
An ion detector consisting of a collector electrode connected to a high-ohmic resistor and surrounded by a Faraday cage. The voltage drop across the resistor is a measure of the ion current.
A piece of apparatus that produces an output that depends on the number of ions that it encounters.
A piece of apparatus that on contact with a charged particle of sufficient energy emits a greater number electrons.
An electron multiplier that consists of a sequence of discrete electron multiplier electrodes, or dynodes.
An electron multiplier that consists of a single electrode in the form of a horn of plenty. The ions impinge on the wall of the horn at the open end, producing a cascade of electrons which is multiplied on each interaction with the wall and focussed onto a preamplifier.
An ion detector that consists of an aluminised cathode or Daly knob held at a very large negative potential that attracts ions and produces secondary electrons which impact a scintillator, producing photons that are detected by a photomultiplier.
A piece of apparatus which illuminates a powder sample with X-rays, electrons or neutrons and measures the diffraction pattern produced. It typically will contain at least one monochromator to ensure the incident radiation is of a specific energy, a goniometer which allows the geometry of the sample and detector to be precisely specified, and a detector.
A sharp spike mounted on the end of a cantilever which is used to scan the surface of a specimen in atomic force microscopy.
A plot of incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) vs. wavelength obtained from a solar or photovoltaic cell.
incident photon conversion efficiency spectra
incident photon to collected electron (IPCE) spectra
incident photon to collected electron (IPCE) spectrum
incident photon to collected electron spectra
incident photon to current collection efficiency spectrum
incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency spectrum
incident-photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) spectrum
incident-photon-to-current conversion efficiency spectrum
incident photon conversion efficiency spectrum
An NMR experiment for the measurement of heteronuclear dipolar couplings. 1H–1H interactions are decoupled and proton magnetisation is passed through 13C nuclei present at natural abundance to simplify a dipolarly coupled spectrum.
proton detected local field spectroscopy
proton-detected separated local field spectroscopy
proton detected separated local field spectroscopy
A magic-angle spinning NMR experiment to measure dipolar couplings. Dipolar couplings are reintroduced by synchronising rf pulses with the rotation of the rotor. Spectral simplification occurs via the proton detected separated local field protocol where 1H-1H interactions are decoupled and proton magnetisation is passed through 13C nuclei present at natural abundance.
R-type recoupling proton detected local field spectroscopy
proton-deteced separated local field spectroscopy with R-type recoupling
R-type recoupling proton detected separated local field spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy levels of paramagnetic species (such as HCN) are tuned into resonance with a far-infrared laser source in order to investigate rotational transitions.
far-infrared laser magnetic resonance spectroscopy
laser magnetic resonance (LMR) at far-infrared wavelengths
far-infrared magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Any type of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in which three independent frequency dimensions are employed for the correlation and dispersal of signals (by employing two magnetisation transfer steps). Each signal is described by three frequencies, thus effecting the distribution of signals within a cube.
three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A type of heteronuclear three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the proton signals of a 2D TOCSY spectrum are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to the chemical shift of their covalently bound heteronuclei.
heteronuclear single quantum coherence total correlation spectroscopy
Any type of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in which three independent frequency dimensions are employed for the correlation and dispersal of signals. Each signal is described by three frequencies, arising from a combination of protons and heteronuclei, thus effecting the distribution of signals within a cube.
heteronuclear three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Any type of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in which three independent frequency dimensions are employed for the correlation and dispersal of signals. Each signal is described by three frequencies, all arising from the same type of nucleus, thus effecting the distribution of signals within a cube.
homonuclear three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Microscopy in which the same object (e.g., a cell) is imaged at regular time intervals over several hours.
A process where a sample is analyzed for its elemental and sometimes isotopic composition (the elements present and sometimes their weight percentage).
A type of elemental analysis accomplished by combustion of the sample at 1200 °C in a stream of unreactive gas and excess oxygen and collection of the products (CO2, H2O and NOx). The masses of these combustion products can be used to calculate the composition of the unknown sample.
carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen elemental analysis
A piece of apparatus used to measure the mass per unit area (1 μg per cm2) by measuring the change in frequency of a quartz crystal resonator (a quartz crystal sandwiched between a pair of electrodes) as a function of mass change.
Spectroscopy where the differential absorption and reflection of low incident angle p- and s-polarized infrared light by the surface molecules of a highly reflective or polished sample is measured. The ultra-thin layers on metal surfaces interact with the p-polarized component of light, but not with the s-polarized component.
polarization modulation infrared reflection adsorption spectroscopy
polarization modulation-infrared reflection-adsorption spectroscopy
polarization modulation infrared reflection–adsorption spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states 15N nuclei in a solid sample placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
15N solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states 13C nuclei in a solid sample placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 125Te nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
125Te nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
125Te nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
The measurement of the osmotic strength of a substance which often used to determine its molecular weight.
A technique used to determine the concentration of osmotically active particles that reduce the vapor pressure of a solution. Vapour pressure osmometry is used to measure the average molecular weight of polymers.
Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) and the specimen is imaged at regular time intervals over several hours.
A method for separating microscopic particles suspended in a stream of fluid. The particles are forced individually through a vibrating nozzle, then exposed to a laser beam and the resulting fluorescence and scattered light is detected. Finally the cells are sorted by applying an electrical charge to droplets of the fluid and deflecting it to the left or right using charged electrodes.
A type of electron microscopy where the distribution of electrons emitted by a specimen sample following excitation by UV light, synchrotron radiation or X-ray sources is used to produce an image.
A type of electron microscopy where the distribution of electrons emitted by a specimen sample following excitation with an X-ray source is used to produce an image.
A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of a specimen using a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage of 50–150 kV under vacuum and measuring the interaction of the electrons with the specimen.
A piece of apparatus which combines a low energy electron microscope (LEEM) and an energy filtered x-ray photoemission electron microscope (XPEEM).
spectroscopic photoemission and low energy electron microscope
Spectroscopy used to study processes through in situ observation of the time profile of molecular absorptions.
Microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV under vacuum and the phase contrast between transmitted electron waves is used to produce an image. The beam is focused using a set of magnetic lenses which removes spherical aberration (an effect where the electron beam is deflected too strongly, resulting in a blurred image).
aberration corrected high resolution transmission electron microscopy
aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy
An imaging method which uses the detection of unpaired spins in a magnetic field gradient so that the resonance condition is sensitive to the position of the spins in the sample.
A type of molecular spectroscopy where the sample is placed in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it, then excited using a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas).
molecular non-thermal excitation spectrometry
molecular non-thermal excitation spectroscopy
molecular nonthermal excitation spectrometry
molecular nonthermal excitation spectroscopy
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it, then ionised and excited using a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas).
furnace ionisation non-thermal excitation spectrometry
furnace ionization non-thermal excitation spectrometry
furnace ionization nonthermal excitation spectrometry
furnace ionisation nonthermal excitation spectrometry
A microscope that uses an excitation source to produce light which is passed through an excitation filter, reflects off the surface of a dichroic mirror onto the specimen which fluoresces, producing light that passes through an emission filter to select only the required wavelengths onto the collector lens.
A fluorescence microscope where the light source is mounted above (epi) the specimen and the excitation light passes through the microscope objective lens on its way toward the specimen.
A piece of apparatus that generates electrical current when it experiences a thermal gradient.
A composite wire consisting of a fine platinum core with a silver coating.
A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of an electron transparent specimen using a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage of 50–150 kV under vacuum. The energies and intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured.
A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of an electron transparent specimen using a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam (produced by thermionic emission heating) with an acceleration voltage of 50–150 kV under vacuum. The energies and intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured.
field emission transmission electron microscope
field-emission-gun transmission electron microscope
field-emission transmission electron microscope
X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with synchrotron radiation (radiation produced by the movement of charged particles in a magnetic field) and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected.
synchrotron radiation X-ray emission spectroscopy
synchrotron-based X-ray radiation fluorescence
The recording of the image of an object through the effect of ionising radiation on a film or emulsion.
A data set consisting of a 2D representation obtained from a sample.
An image of an object obtained through the effect of ionising radiation on a film or emulsion.
A two-dimensional separation method where one separation process is isoelectric focusing on a gel and the other separation process is polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
isoelectric focusing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised to positive ions by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets.
positive electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy
positive electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised to positive ions by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets, and where sample ions with different masses are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion.
positive electrospray ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry involving multiple mass-selection steps, with some form of fragmentation occurring between each stage. Sample ionisation is achieved by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 uL min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of positively charged droplets.
positive electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectroscopy
positive electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry
A method for determining the velocity of fluids by pulsing a planar laser light sheet twice, and recording images of fine particles lying in the light sheet using a video camera or a photograph.
A method for determining the velocity of fluids by pulsing a planar laser light sheet twice, and recording images of microscopic particles lying in the light sheet using a video camera or a photograph.
microscopic particle imaging velocimetry
microscopic particle-imaging velocimetry
Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with light transmitted from a source on the opposite side of the specimen from the objective, and image resolution (which is normally limited by diffraction) is enhanced by processing the images with image restoration algorithms.
super resolution bright field microscopy
super resolution bright field optical microscopy
super-resolution bright-field optical microscopy
super-resolution bright-field microscopy
Mass spectrometry where a thin membrane (usually made of a silicone elastomer) provides a selective means introducing low-molecular-weight volatile organic compounds into the ionisation source.
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a sample solution and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate.
A plot of cell current vs. the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes obtained from a differential-pulse voltammetry experiment (i.e. where the potential is varied using pulses of increasing amplitude and the current is sampled before and after each voltage pulse).
The measurement of cell current, whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled, associated with the ion transfer across the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES).
Any type of NMR spectroscopy used to measure diffusion coefficients.
An NMR experiment in which pulsed field gradients are applied to a spin echo sequence to cleanly and precisely excite particular resonances. Additionally, attenuation of signals occurs related to molecular diffusion allowing this technique to be used to determine self-diffusion coefficients.
pulsed-field-gradient spin-echo NMR spectroscopy
pulsed field-gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
An NMR experiment used to measure self-diffusion coefficients via signal attenuation which occurs due to diffusion during the application of pulsed field gradients. This experiment also corrects for the effects of imperfect pulsed field gradients.
modulus addition using spatially separated echo spectroscopy
An NMR experiment used to measure small diffusion coefficients via the attenuation of signals occurring due to molecular diffusion during the application of pulsed field gradients.
pulsed gradient non-linear spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A plot of (adhesion or rupture) force vs. loading rate obtained from an atomic force microscopy experiment.
The use of an atomic force microscope to measure rupture or fusion force as a function of loading rate.
Spectroscopy where an atomic force microscope is used to measure the force experienced by a sample, usually by taking force–distance curves.
A plot of absorbance vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation absorbed by a sample as a function of the wavelength of incident radiation in the ultraviolet to near-infrared (190–2000 nm) range.
ultraviolet–visible–near infrared spectrum
An optical microscope that works by scanning one or more focussed beams of light across the specimen.
An optical microscope that works by scanning a laser across the specimen.
An optical microscope that works by using a spinning Nipkow disc, a wheel pierced by a spiral of pinholes, to illuminate small areas of the sample.
Chromatography in which separation is based mainly on differences between the adsorption affinities of the sample components for the surface of an active solid.
Chromatography where the mobile phase contains a compound (the displacer) more strongly retained than the components of the sample under examination. The sample is fed into the system as a finite slug.
An ion source that produces ions by continuous sputtering of the sample by a glow discharge plasma, which is produced by passing a current of several hundred volts through a low pressiure gas, usually argon.
A sample preparation method where material is removed from a specimen by illuminating it with a laser beam.
A method in which a sample preparation method is coupled to a measurement method.
obsolete: sample preparation method-measurement method
The measurement of the viscosity of fluids by observing the relative motion of the fluid and an object. Viscometry is used to measure the molecular weight of polymers.
The determination of the viscosity of a fluid by measuring the time a defined volume of fluid requires to flow through a capillary tube of a specific length and width.
A method for determining structure by detecting the positions and intensities of X-rays, that have been generated within a structural domain, as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate.
A method for determining structure by detecting the positions and intensities of X-rays, that have been generated within a synchrotron, as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate.
A method for determining structure by scanning a finely focused (<10 μm2) beam of X-rays over the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate.
Microscopy where visible light coming from the specimen (which is placed approximately half a confocal parameter from the focal plane along the optical axis of the microscope) is collected and guided through a pinhole before it is detected. The pinhole allows only light from the focal point to pass to the detector, reducing background interference.
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 207Pb nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
207Pb nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 207Pb nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods between them. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid-state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field).
207Pb magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 1H nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods between them. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid-state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field).
1H magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states 93Nb nuclei in a solid sample placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
93Nb solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 93Rb nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
93Nb nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
93Nb nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the 13C nuclei to which they are covalently bound.
1H–13C heteronuclear single quantum coherence
A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the 15N nuclei to which they are covalently bound. Only the magnetisation of the 15N nucleus is allowed to evolve.
1H–15N heteronuclear single quantum coherence
A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and 13C nuclei which are 2 to 3 bonds removed.
1H–13C heteronuclear multiple bond coherence
A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and 15N nuclei which are 2 to 3 bonds removed.
1H–15N heteronuclear multiple bond coherence
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons which are J-coupled (usually ≤3 bonds apart).
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between protons that are spatially proximate within a molecule (≤6 \AA apart).
1H–1H nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample at a small angle (0–10°).
Data which is obtained from an X-ray diffraction experiment where the X-rays are incident on the sample at small angles (0–10 degrees).
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 29Si nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods between them. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid-state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field).
29Si magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 29Si nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
29Si nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
29Si nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum where the nuclei of interest are silicon-29 nuclei and in which line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field).
silicon-29 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
A technique for measuring the time-resolved concentration of monomers during polymerisation reactions. The polymerisation is initiated by a single pulse of laser radiation and the monomer concentration is monitored by measuring absorbance in the near-infrared (0.8–2 μm) region.
single pulse-pulsed laser polymerization-near-infrared
single pulse–pulsed laser polymerization–near-infrared technique
A technique for measuring the time-resolved concentration of radicals during polymerisation reactions. The polymerisation is initiated by a single pulse of laser radiation and the radical concentration is monitored by measuring response of the unpaired electrons to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field.
single pulse-pulsed laser polymerization-electron paramagnetic resonance
single pulse-pulsed laser polymerization-electron spin resonance
A technique for measuring the propagation rate coefficient during polymerisation reactions. The polymerisation is initiated by laser irradiation and the chain length distribution is subsequently determined by size-exclusion chromatography.
pulsed laser polymerisation size exclusion chromatography
pulsed laser polymerisation-size exclusion chromatography
pulsed laser polymerisation-size-exclusion chromatography
pulsed-laser polymerisation-size-exclusion chromatography
The observation of circular dichroism (the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light) in the Raman spectra of chiral molecules.
Spectroscopy based on the differential reflectance of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light by a sample.
reflection circular dichroism spectroscopy
reflectance circular dichroism spectroscopy
A technique for measuring the propagation rate coefficient during polymerisation reactions. The polymerisation is initiated by laser irradiation and the chain length distribution is subsequently determined by size-exclusion chromatography and the composition of the copolymer products is determined by NMR.
pulsed laser polymerisation size exclusion chromatography nuclear magnetic resonance
pulsed laser polymerisation-size exclusion chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance
pulsed laser polymerisation-size-exclusion chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance
The measurement of the surface tension of a liquid.
The measurement of surface tension by determining the distortion of drop by gravity, which elongates or flattens otherwise spherical drops.
The measurement of surface tension by determining the shape of a droplet of liquid (with known surface energy) and the contact angle it makes with the surface of interest.
The measurement of the surface tension of a non-static liquid.
A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of an inert gaseous or liquid substance (the 'sorbent', usually H2 or N2) which adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'), and the subsequent amount that desorbs at a constant temperature. Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm.
A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of an inert gaseous or liquid substance (the 'sorbent', usually H2 or N2) which adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'). Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm.
A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of N2 that adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'). Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm.
A plot of intensity vs. Raman shift (cm-1) obtained by measuring the Raman scattering of monochromatic light from a sample adsorbed onto a highly scattering surface (e.g. Ag, Au or Cu).
A two-dimensional spectrum which plots the resonance frequency of homonuclear nuclei approximately 6 \AA apart which are correlated by the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect. The resonance frequencies are plotted with intensities proportional to the populations of nuclei.
two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectrum
A two-dimensional spectrum which plots the resonance frequency of protons approximately 6 \AA apart which are correlated by the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect. The resonance frequencies are plotted with intensities proportional to the populations of nuclei.
1H two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectrum
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between 13C nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<=6 \AA apart).
13C–13C nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10–200 keV) electrons at the sample within a transmission electron microscope and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any electrons transmitted through the sample.
transmission electron microscopy selected area electron diffraction
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 27Al nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
27Al nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
aluminium-27 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
27Al nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 27Al nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods between them. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid-state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field).
27Al magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states of protons derived from para-hydrogen (dihydrogen with an antisymmetric nuclear spin arrangement) placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. The non-Boltzmann spin population generated by para-hydrogen-derived protons gives rise to signal enhancement in the spectra, facilitating the detection of species present at low concentration.
para-hydrogen induced polarization enhanced NMR spectroscopy
para-hydrogen induced polarisation enhanced nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
An NMR experiment where pulsed field gradients are used to filter thermal signals from NMR spectra whilst leaving those derived from para-hydrogen-derived protons intact.
An NMR experiment where pulsed field gradients are used to filter thermal signals from 1H NMR spectra whilst leaving those derived from para-hydrogen-derived protons intact.
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are J-coupled (usually <= 3 bonds apart). Thermal signals in the resulting spectra are then removed, whilst keeping the signals from para-hydrogen-derived protons intact.
only para-hydrogen spectroscopy correlation spectroscopy
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are J-coupled (usually <= 3 bonds apart). Thermal signals in the resulting 1H spectra are then removed, whilst keeping the signals from para-hydrogen-derived protons intact.
1H-1H only para-hydrogen spectroscopy correlation spectroscopy
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered visible light. Light (from a laser source) is scattered by the electrons surrounding the atomic nuclei in the sample.
A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment where the mass-to-charge ratio is determined from the time they take to reach a detector. The sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser whilst being held in a matrix (such as dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules.
matrix assisted laser desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrum
A separation method where singly-charged complexes move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in air under the influence of an electric field.
gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis
A separation method where singly-charged complexes move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in air under the influence of an electric field. The sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets.
electrospray ionisation gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis
A separation method where singly-charged complexes move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in air under the influence of an electric field. The sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of nL min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets.
nano electrospray ionisation gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis
A plot of electrophoretic mobility diameter vs. particle count generated by separating singly-charged complexes in air under the influence of an electric field.
gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis spectrum
A plot of electrophoretic mobility diameter vs. particle count generated by separating singly-charged complexes in air under the influence of an electric field. The complexes are charged by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets.
electrospray ionisation gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis spectrum
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy that probes oxygen-17 nuclei.
17O nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
oxygen-17 magnetic resonance spectroscopy
17O nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy that probes oxygen-17 nuclei.
17O magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy that probes vanadium-51 nuclei.
51V magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy that probes 7Li nuclei.
7Li nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
lithium-7 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
7Li nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 14N nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods between them. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid-state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field).
14N magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 14N nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
14N nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
14N nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
An NMR experiment in which multiple frequencies in an NMR spectrum are excited simultaneously over a broad frequency rnage using polychromatic pulses.
Hadamard nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Hadamard-encoded nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. All of the resonances in the spin system are excited by selecting only one line for excitation and the final spectrum consists of a series of 1D sub-spectra, each representing one spin system.
Hadamard-encoded total correlation spectroscopy
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and which reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system.
two-dimensional total correlation spectroscopy
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy which reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. An individual 1H resonance is selected and inverted to yield a spectrum of all hydrogens directly or indirectly scalar coupled to it.
one-dimensional total correlation spectroscopy
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and which reveal correlations between all 13C nuclei of a spin-system.
The detection of luminescence emitted by electrochemically-generated intermediates during an electrochemical reaction.
An NMR experiment used for half-integer quadrupolar nuclei, involving transitions between non-consecutive energy levels during the excitation of the spin system by the first rf pulse.
multiple-quantum excitation in combination with magic-angle spinning
multiple-quantum excitation in combination with magic angle spinning
An NMR experiment where the selective excitation of central and satellite transitions during magic angle spinning is used for recording high-resolution NMR spectra of quadrupolar nuclei in solids. Central transitions are detected first, followed by satellite transitions.
satellite-transition magic angle spinning
satellite-transition magic-angle spinning
satellite transition magic angle spinning
An NMR experiment where the selective excitation of satellite transitions during magic angle spinning is used for recording high-resolution NMR spectra of quadrupolar nuclei in solids. In conventional magic angle spinning the spinning angle μst be very accurate, but this technique can self-compensate magic-angle errors of up to (+/- 1.0°).
satellite transition magic angle spinning with self-compensation for the magic angle misset
An NMR experiment used for 3/2-spin quadrupolar nuclei, involving transitions between non-consecutive energy levels during the excitation of the spin system by the first rf pulse.
triple-quantum excitation in combination with magic-angle spinning
triple-quantum excitation in combination with magic angle spinning
An NMR experiment where the selective excitation of central transitions during magic angle spinning is used for recording high-resolution NMR spectra of quadrupolar nuclei in solids.
An NMR experiment used for 5/2-spin quadrupolar nuclei, involving transitions between non-consecutive energy levels during the excitation of the spin system by the first rf pulse.
five-quantum excitation in combination with magic-angle spinning
five-quantum excitation in combination with magic angle spinning
An NMR experiment where the selective excitation of central and satellite transitions during magic angle spinning is used for recording high-resolution NMR spectra of quadrupolar nuclei in solids. Satellite transitions are detected first, followed by central transitions.
inverse satellite transition magic angle spinning
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 87Rb nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
87Rb nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
87Rb nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Column chromatography where anions are retained by positively charged functional groups in the stationary phase.
Column chromatography where cations are retained by negatively charged functional groups in the stationary phase.
The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached.
The process of determining the quantity of a sample (an acid or base) by adding measured increments of a titrant (a base or acid) until the endpoint, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached.
Acid-base titration where the sample is a base and the titrant is an acid.
Acid-base titration where the sample is an acid and the titrant is a base.
Any technique which detects the response of spins to a perturbing magnetic field.
A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by optical means (i.e. the polarisation or the intensity of light emitted or absorbed by the sample depends on the population distribution in the spin levels). Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves.
A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels at zero applied magnetic field are detected by optical means (i.e. the polarisation or the intensity of light emitted or absorbed by the sample depends on the population distribution in the spin levels). Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves.
zero-field optically detected magnetic resonance
A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by light absorption. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves.
A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by delayed light emission. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves.
delayed emission detected magnetic resonance
A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by delayed fluorescence. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves.
delayed fluorescence detected magnetic resonance
A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by fluorescence. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves.
fluorescence detected magnetic resonance
A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by phosphorescence. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves.
phosphorescence detected magnetic resonance
A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by means of reaction yield. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves.
reaction yield detected magnetic resonance
A kind of elemental or isotopic analysis based on the measurement of characteristic radiation from nuclides formed directly or indirectly by activation of the test portion.
A kind of activation analysis in which the elemental concentrations in the material are calculated from known nuclear constants, irradiation and measurement parameters, rather than by comparing with known standards.
The measurement of the enthalpy change during chemical reaction in order to determine quantitative values of a reactant or catalyst. In general, at least one reactant is a liquid or solution.
The measurement of the enthalpy change during a chemical reaction in order to measure the amount of the imiting reagent.
The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration performed in a calorimeter which produces a plot of heat change vs. volume of titrant.
The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration involves a catalyst, and the end-point is detected by the sudden increase or decrease in the rate of a reaction.
The process of determining the quantity of a sample (metal cation) by adding measured increments of a titrant (a chelating agent) until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached.
The detection of luminescence resulting from a thermal electron-transfer reaction.
chemically initiated electron exchange luminescence
chemically-initiated electron exchange luminescence
A term used to describe methods wherein a reagent is continuously fed into a flowing analyte stream and the temperature difference is measured before and after a reactor (mixing chamber). Alternatively, the temperature may be measured in a differential manner between a reference and a reactor chamber. The analyte concentration is directly proportional to the measured temperature difference.
An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped'. During removal the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is constant and sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium.
constant current chronopotentiometric stripping
constant current stripping potentiometry
constant-current stripping potentiometry
constant-current chronopotentiometric stripping
A piece of apparatus used to measure a spectrum.
A piece of apparatus that consists of a laser, a beam splitter, an interferometer and a detector and is used to measure Raman spectra.
A piece of apparatus, consisting of a laser beam (<10 μm diameter), a monochromator and a detector coupled to an optical microscope, which is used to measure Raman spectra. An aperture is used to discriminate between Raman signal coming from the laser spot and that coming from the out-of-focus region of the sample.
A two-dimensional NMR experiment which shows correlations between all the nuclei of a spin system and also allows determination of T1 relaxation rates.
inversion recovery total correlation spectroscopy
An NMR experiment which measures spin-lattice (T1) relaxation rates by acquiring spectra at different delay times following inversion of the spin-state populations.
Spectroscopy where the intensity of the fluorescence emitted by molecules excited using ultraviolet light is detected as it changes upon interaction of the molecule with its environment.
differential scanning fluorescence spectroscopy
A technique for measuring elemental concentration depth profiles in thin films by directing an ion beam at the sample and detecting recoiled atoms.
A technique for measuring elemental concentration depth profiles in thin films by directing a heavy-ion (such as iodine-127) beam at the sample and detecting the recoiled atoms.
heavy ion elastic recoil detection analysis
heavy-ion elastic recoil detection analysis
A method for measuring charge carrier mobilities and conductivities by applying two sequentional triangular-shaped voltage pulses and measuring the resulting current.
carrier extraction by linearly increasing voltage
charge-carrier extraction in a linearly increasing voltage
carrier extraction by linearly increasing voltage method
A method for measuring charge carrier mobilities and conductivities by applying a short (ns) laser pulse to generate charge carriers. These charge carriers are then detected by applying a linearly increasing voltage and measuring the resulting current.
photoinduced charge-carrier extraction in a linearly increasing voltage
photoinduced carrier extraction in a linearly increasing voltage
A method for measuring charge transport by sandwhiching the sample between two parallel electrodes, one of which has to be semitransparent. A short light pulse is applied to the sample giving rise to charge carriers, which traverse through the sample generating a current which is then measured.
A method for measuring charge carrier mobilities and conductivities by applying two sequentional square-shaped voltage pulses and measuring the resulting current.
charge-carrier extraction using pulsed voltage
carrier extraction using pulsed voltage method
Any technique for measuring charge transport.
A method for determining charge transport by incorporating the sample (as a thin film) into an FET. An electric field is applied to the sample (by means of the gate electrode) and the change in conductance between the source and drain electrodes is measured.
A method for measuring density-of-state (DOS) distributions by injecting a nonequilibrium density of charges and measuring the resulting current.
A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment where the ions are generated from the sample (which is held in a liquid matrix) by bombarding it with a stream of primary noble gas atoms.
The measurement of magneto-optical activity by placing the sample in a strong magnetic field and observing a beam of plane-polarized light which is directed along the magnetic field axis.
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 183W nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
183W nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
183W nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the ultraviolet region (190–400 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample.
A plot of absorbance vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation absorbed by a sample as a function of the wavelength of incident radiation from the ultraviolet region (190–400 nm) range.
The detection of luminescence emitted from a sample as a result of the application of an electric current or a strong electric field.
The detection of short bursts of light emitted from a liquid sample excited by sound.
The detection of luminescence emitted from a sample as a result of irradiation with light. Photoluminescence includes both fluorescence and phosphorescence.
A plot of intensity against wavelength obtained by measuring the intensity of radiation emitted by a sample through electroluminescence (emission of light as a result of the application of a current or an electric field) against wavelength.
Liquid chromatography where the inlet pressure is relatively high and the mobile phase is significantly more polar than the stationary phase (which consists of very small particles), for example a microporous silica-based material with chemically bonded alkyl chains.
gradient reverse high-performance liquid chromatography
reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography
reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography
reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography
reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography
reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography
The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy where the volatile pyrolysates are then separated by column chromatography where the mobile phase is a gas.
A method where a sample mixture is first chemically degraded by heating then separated by gas chromatography then ionised and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry
pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectroscopy
pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy
pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
Any method where a sample mixture is first separated by column chromatography where the mobile phase is a gas, then the absorption of radiation from the infrared region by the sample is measured.
gas chromatography infrared spectrometry
gas chromatography infrared spectroscopy
gas chromatography-infrared spectrometry
gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy
Any method where a sample mixture is first chemically degraded by heating then separated by column chromatography where the mobile phase is a gas, then the absorption of radiation from the infrared region by the sample is measured.
pyrolysis gas chromatography infrared spectrometry
pyrolysis gas chromatography infrared spectroscopy
pyrolysis-gas chromatography-infrared spectrometry
pyrolysis-gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy
pyrolysis gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is first chemically degraded by heating then its absorption of radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm) is measured.
Spectrometry where the sample is chemically degraded by thermal energy then converted into gaseous ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays (generated in a synchrotron) scattered by a sample at low angles (0–10°).
synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS)
synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering
Mass spectrometry where ionisation is achieved using a corona discharge which directs a liquid spray (composed of an inert, high velocity gas and solvent ions) onto the sample surface.
desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry
A chromatography method where the stationary bed is within a tube (of less than the standard length of 25 cm). The particles of the solid stationary phase or support coated with a liquid stationary phase may fill the whole inside volume of the tube (packed column) or be concentrated on or along the inside tube wall leaving an open, unrestricted path for the mobile phase in the middle part of the tube (open-tubular column).
A plot of intensity vs. magnetic field strength obtained by measuring the absorption of radiation due to spin-state transitions of unpaired electrons against the magnetic field strength.
continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum
continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum
continuous-wave electron spin resonance spectrum
A plot of intensity vs. magnetic field strength obtained by measuring the absorption of radiation due to spin-state transitions of unpaired electrons against a perturbing magnetic field, in the presence of fixed-frequency microwave radiation. A two-dimensional spectrum which plots the resonance frequency of electrons in the same magnetic environment, obtained from spectroscopy ased on the electron spin-echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) effect, where a sequence of four microwave pulses is applied to the sample and the stimulated spin-echo produced is measured.
A type of pulsed EPR spectroscopy which is used to observe the electron spin echo in a paramagnetic system as a function of the time that separates the pulses causing the echo. This technique is a powerful probe of the radial distribution of magnetic nuclear spins in the environment of the electron spins producing the echo.
A plot of intensity vs. magnetic field strength obtained by measuring the absorption of radiation due to electron spin-echo envelope modulation against the resonant frequency of the unpaired electrons.
electron spin-echo envelope modulation spectrum
Time-of-flight mass spectrometry where there is an initial electrospray ionisation stage.
electrospray-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry
electrospray-ionisation quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry
Tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry where there is an initial electrospray ionisation stage.
electrospray-quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry
electrospray-ionisation quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry
A type of column chromatography where a sample mixture is first separated according to molecular size, then subjected to chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high
size exclusion chromatography high performance liquid chromatography
size-exclusion chromatography-high peressure liquid chromatography
size-exclusion chromatography-high performance liquid chromatography
A method where a sample mixture is first separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles held in a tube of diameter less than a millimetre, and the inlet pressure is relatively high.
capillary high performance liquid chromatography
capillary high pressure liquid chromatography
capillary high-pressure liquid chromatography
capillary high-performance liquid chromatography
Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles, the inlet pressure is relatively high and the flow rate is nL min-1.
nano high performance liquid chromatography
nano high pressure liquid chromatography
nano high-performance liquid chromatography
nano high-pressure liquid chromatography
nanoflow high performance liquid chromatography
nanoflow high pressure liquid chromatography
nanoflow high-pressure liquid chromatography
nanoflow high-performance liquid chromatography
Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid and is significantly more polar than the stationary phase, which consists of very small particles, the inlet pressure is relatively high and the flow rate is nL min-1.
reversed phase nano high performance liquid chromatography
reversed phase nano high pressure liquid chromatography
reversed phase nanoflow high performance liquid chromatography
reversed phase nanoflow high pressure liquid chromatography
reversed-phase nano high-performance liquid chromatography
reversed-phase nano high-pressure liquid chromatography
reversed-phase nanoflow high-pressure liquid chromatography
reversed-phase nanoflow high-performance liquid chromatography
A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (flow rate nL min-1) before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
nanoflow high performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
nanoflow high performance liquid chromatography-ICPMS
nanoflow high pressure liquid chromatography inductively coupled mass spectroscopy
nanoflow high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
A method where the sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before being ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of it through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of nL min1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. The ions are then characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance by two mass spectrometers in series.
nanoflow high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry
nanoflow high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectroscopy
nanoflow high pressure liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectroscopy
nanoflow high pressure liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectroscopy
nanoflow high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry where the sample mixture is first separated by reversed-phase nanoflow high performance liquid chromatography.
reversed phase nanoflow high performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
reversed phase nanoflow high performance liquid chromatography-ICPMS
reversed phase nanoflow high pressure liquid chromatography inductively coupled mass spectroscopy
reversed-phase nanoflow high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry where there is a nanoflow high-performance liquid chromatography separation step and an electrospray-ionisation mass selection step.
nanoflow high-pressure liquid chromatography electrospray-quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry
nanoflow high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray-ionisation quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry
A method used to determine an analyte on the basis of a mass of a sample.
A method used to measure the mass (micrograms) per unit area of a sample using a quartz crystal microbalance (a piece of apparatus that measures the change in frequency of a quartz crystal sandwiched between a pair of electrodes as a function of the mass of the sample).
A piece of apparatus that is used to measure the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes.
A method for generating surface-specific vibrational spectra by mixing two light beams at a surface and detecting the output beam, which has frequency equal to the sum of the two input frequencies.
sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy
sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy
vibrational sum-frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy
vibrational sum-frequency generation spectroscopy
A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment where the ions are obtained by vaporisation and ionisation using a high-energy pulsed laser.
laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrum
laser desorption–ionisation mass spectrum
A technique allowing the quantitative and qualitative detection of radiation-induced charge separation by time-resolved measurement of the changes in microwave absorption resulting from the production and decay of charged and dipolar molecular entities. In a typical TRMC experiment, separated charge carriers, which are generated by a laser pulse, lead to a perturbation of the initial microwave absorbance. The temporal decay of the conductivity signal (i.e. microwave absorbance) reflects the lifetime of the photogenerated carriers.
A technique allowing the quantitative and qualitative detection of radiation-induced charge separation by time-resolved measurement of the changes in microwave absorption resulting from the production and decay of charged and dipolar molecular entities. In a typical pulse-radiolysis TRMC experiment, separated charge carriers, which are generated by a nanosecond pulse of 3-MeV electrons, lead to a perturbation of the initial microwave absorbance. The temporal decay of the conductivity signal (i.e. microwave absorbance) reflects the lifetime of the electrogenerated carriers.
pulse radiolysis time resolved microwave conductivity
pulse-radiolysis time-resolved microwave conductivity
pulse radiolysis time-resolved microwave conductivity
The process of the settling of particles (atoms or molecules) from a vapour, at sub-atmospheric pressure, onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in the growth of a new phase.
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a low angle (<5 deg) toward an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected X-rays as a function of angle. X-ray reflectometry is used to determine the structure of thin films.
A range of techniques used to determine the structure of thin films by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. Techniques include glancing-incidence X-ray reflectivity and pole figure measurements.
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 23Na nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
23Na nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
23Na nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states 23Na nuclei in a solid sample placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
23Na solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 23Na nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods between them. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid-state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field).
23Na magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum where the nuclei of interest are sodium-23 nuclei and in which line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field).
sodium-23 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
A plot of the resonance frequency of nuclei in the same magnetic environment on a scale relative to their resonance frequency and with intensities proportional to the populations of nuclei in those environments for solid samples.
solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectra
solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for sodium-23 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field.
23Na solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectra
23Na solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
sodium-23 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectra
sodium-23 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
The process of individual components of a sample associating to form a new pattern or structure.
A method of depositing crystalline films one molecular layer at a time, by dipping the substrate into water containing a polymer that forms a single layer of molecular chains on the surface. This layer is then transferred from the water to the substrate.
A synthesis method in which thin films of oppositely charged layers are deposited in sequence. Positive or negative charged species are adsorbed onto the sample surface by dipping the substrate into solutions. The excess solution, after each adsorption step, is rinsed with solvent.
A process where the components of a sample spontaneously (and reversibly) associate by non-covalent interactions, forming an organised structure or pattern. Individual building blocks associate into more complex (higher-order) structures during self-assembly.
A synthesis method in which a drop of solvent is placed on the components to be assembled and allowed to dry freely in air. The solvent evaporation causes the spontaneous association of individual components into an organised structure or pattern.
A process where molecules spontaneously adopt a defined arrangement.
A synthesis method in which the components of the sample spontaneously (and reversibly) associate by non-covalent interactions, forming a organised structure or pattern on a physical template. Individual building blocks associate into more complex (higher-order) structures during self-assembly.
The method of using hexagonally-packed water microspheres as templates for the fabrication of microporous polymer films.
The process of the settling of particles (atoms or molecules) from a solution, suspension or vapour onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in the growth of a new phase.
A thin film deposition technique based on the sequential reaction of gaseous precursors at a surface to produce a monolayer
The process of the settling of particles (atoms or molecules) from a solution or suspension onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in the growth of a new phase.
The process of the settling of (nm sized) particles from a colloidal suspension onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in ceramic materials. The desired solid particles (e.g. metal alkoxides) are suspended in a liquid, forming the 'sol', which is deposited on a substrate by spinning, dipping or coating, or transferred to a mould. The particles in the sol are polymerised by partial evaporation of the solvent, or addition of an initiator, forming the 'gel', which is then heated at high temperature to give the final solid product.
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit.
CVD (chemical vapour deposition) synthesis
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more involatile precursors, suspended in a liquid–gas aerosol (generated ultrasonically), which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit.
aerosol assisted chemical vapor deposition
aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition
aerosol-assisted chemical vapour deposition
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, at atmospheric pressure, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit.
atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition
atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition
atmospheric-pressure chemical vapor deposition
atmospheric-pressure chemical vapour deposition
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a monolayer deposit. The surface reaction is self-limiting resulting in a nanometre thickness of film.
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more liquid precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit.
direct liquid injection chemical vapor deposition
direct-liquid-injection chemical vapor deposition
direct-liquid-injection chemical vapour deposition
direct liquid injection chemical vapour deposition
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose (catalysed by a hot filament) on the surface to produce a deposit.
A synthesis method that involves both the chemical decomposition of a precursor gas and the vaporization of a solid source e.g. the growth of MgB2 involves both diborane gas and solid Mg.
hybrid physical-chemical vapor deposition
hybrid physical-chemical vapour deposition
hybrid physical–chemical vapour deposition
A synthesis method where a laser-heated substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit.
laser assisted chemical vapor deposition
laser assisted chemical vapour deposition
laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition
laser-assisted chemical vapour deposition
laser-induced chemical vapour deposition
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, at less than atmospheric pressure, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit.
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors under ultrahigh vacuum (<10^{-6} Pa), which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit.
ultra-high vacuum chemical vapor deposition
ultra-high vacuum chemical vapour deposition
ultra-high-vacuum chemical vapor deposition
ultra-high-vacuum chemical vapour deposition
ultrahigh vacuum chemical vapor deposition
ultrahigh-vacuum chemical vapor deposition
ultrahigh vacuum chemical vapour deposition
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to volatile precursors (one of which is an organometallic compound) which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit.
metal-organic chemical vapour deposition
organometallic chemical vapor deposition
organometallic chemical vapour deposition
metal–organic chemical vapour deposition
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, in the presence of a plasma (a partially ionised gas, containing free electrons), which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. The plasma enhances the rate of reaction on the substrate surface.
plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition
plasma assisted chemical vapour deposition
plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition
plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition
plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition
plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, in the presence of a microwave-induced plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons), which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. The plasma enhances the rate of reaction on the substrate surface.
microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition
microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition
A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors which react or decompose in a plasma (a partially ionised gas, containing free electrons) and are then transferred to the surface to produce a deposit. The plasma enhances the rate of reaction.
remote plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition
remote plasma assisted chemical vapour deposition
remote plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition
remote plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition
remote plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition
A synthesis method where a rapidly heated substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit.
rapid thermal chemical vapour deposition
The process of the settling of particles (atoms or molecules) from a gas or vapor onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in the growth of a new phase.
Any synthesis process where colloidal particles suspended in a liquid medium migrate under the influence of an electric field and are deposited on an electrode.
A synthesis method in which a film of solid metal is deposited from a solution of ions onto an electrically conducting surface (an electrode). Three electrodes are required (working, counter and reference) and when sufficient current is passed through the solution, metal ions are reduced at the working electrode.
A synthesis method in which a film of solid metal is deposited from a solution of ions onto an electrically conducting surface (an electrode). Three electrodes are required (working, counter and reference) and when sufficient current is passed through the solution, accompanied by irradiation with UV light, metal ions are reduced at the working electrode.
A synthesis method in which a film of solid metal is deposited from a solution of ions onto an electrically conducting surface. No external power source is required, but a reductant is added to the solution to initiate the reduction of the metal ions.
A development method where the substrate is first immersed in a colloidal gold solution (containing negatively charged gold particles) at low pH. Gold subsequently deposits on any organic molecules containing postively charged groups at this pH. In the second step, the surface is treated with a solution containing silver acetate and hydroquinone which causes the reduction of silver ions, producing a silver deposit on the exisiting gold layer. multi-metal deposition is used to enhance latent fingermarks.
A development method where the substrate is first immersed in a colloidal gold solution (containing negatively charged gold particles) at low pH. Gold subsequently deposits on any organic molecules containing postively charged groups at this pH. In the second step, the surface is treated with another solution containing gold chloride and hydroxylamine which causes the reduction of gold ion, producing a further gold deposit on the exisiting gold layer. Single-metal deposition is used to enhance latent fingermarks.
A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from liquid or gaseous precursors) on a monocrystalline substrate.
A synthesis method that consists of depositing alternating monolayers of two elements onto a substrate. The deposition is self-limiting and is completed when all available chemisorption sites are occupied. Film thickness is controlled by the number of precursor cycles.
A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from liquid or gaseous precursors) of one substance, on a monocrystalline substrate of a different substance.
A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from liquid or gaseous precursors) on a monocrystalline substrate of the same substance.
A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from liquid or melt precursors) on a monocrystalline substrate.
A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from a molecular beam) on a monocrystalline substrate under high vacuum (<10^{-8} Pa). Molecular beam epitaxy is very slow, with a deposition rate of <1000 nm per hour.
A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from a molecular beam of reactive gases) on a monocrystalline substrate under high vacuum (<10^{-8} Pa).
A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from a molecular beam of organometallic precursors) on a monocrystalline substrate under high vacuum (<10^{-8} Pa).
A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from a beam of evapourated metal particles) on a monocrystalline substrate under high vacuum (<10^{-8} Pa).
A synthesis method which consists of depositing an amorphous film on a monocrystalline substrate, then heating the substrate to crystallise the film.
A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from vapour-phase precursors) on a monocrystalline substrate.
A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film, from vapour-phase precursors (in hydrogen or ammonia carrier gases), on a monocrystalline substrate.
A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film, from organometallic vapour-phase precursors, on a monocrystalline substrate.
A synthesis method where a flow of precursors is projected onto a surface, resulting in a deposit.
A synthesis method where an aerosol containing precursors is projected onto a surface, resulting in a deposit.
A synthesis method where a flow of carrier gas containing vaporised precursors is projected onto a surface, resulting in a deposit.
A synthesis method where a flow of carrier gas (moving faster than the speed of sound) containing vaporised precursors is projected onto a surface, resulting in a deposit.
A synthesis method where a plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons) containing precursors is projected onto a surface, resulting in a deposit.
A synthesis method where a pattern or ink layer is deposited on a substrate using a liquid dispensed through a microsized conical nozzle. The movement of the 'micropen' is controlled by a computer program.
A synthesis technique where a monomer is irradiated with UV light, causing cross-linking and the deposition of a polymer film on a substrate.
A synthesis technique where vaporized molecules or atoms condense on a surface, forming a thin layer. The process is purely physical; no chemical reaction occurs at the surface.
A synthesis technique where an electric arc is used to vaporize material from a cathode target. The vaporized material then condenses on a substrate, forming a thin film.
A synthesis method where an electron beam is used to decompose gaseous molecules leading to deposition of a solid on a nearby substrate.
A synthesis method where an ion beam (e.g. Ga+) is used to decompose gaseous molecules leading to deposition on a nearby substrate.
A synthesis technique where the material to be deposited is heated until evaporation in a vacuum (<10^{-4} Pa) and eventually deposits as a thin film by condensing on a (cold) substrate.
A synthesis technique where the substrate is placed in a vacuum (<10^{-4} Pa) and a metal electrode (e.g. Au, Cr, Zn or Pt) is melted and evaporated by passing a current through it. When the metal atoms hit the (μch cooler) substrate they condense into nanoscale particles, forming a thin deposit on the surface.
A development technique where the substrate is placed in a vacuum (10^{-4} Pa) and two metal electrodes are melted and evaporated (sequentionally) by passing a current through them. When the metal atoms hit the (μch cooler) substrate they condense into nanoscale particles, forming a thin deposit on the surface. When vacuum metal deposition is used to enhance latent fingermarks on polymer surfaces, a Au layer is applied first, followed by a μch thicker Zn layer (which does not deposit on the fingermark ridges).
A synthesis technique where a high-power pulsed laser beam is focused (inside a vacuum chamber) onto a target of the desired composition. Material is then vaporized from the target ('ablation') and deposited as a thin film on a substrate facing the target.
A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with electrons or energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate.
Sputter deposition where the substrate is held in a barrel which is swung from side-to-side to ensure even deposition.
Sputter deposition where a secondary ion beam is then used to remove any partially bound atoms from the substrate surface.
Sputter deposition where the energetic ions come from an external ion source, which generates a focused ion beam.
Sputter deposition where the ion source is a magnetron. The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate.
Magnetron sputter deposition where the ionisation process uses extremely high power densities of the order of kW cm-2 in short pulses.
high impact power magnetron sputter deposition
high power impulse magnetron sputter deposition
high power pulsed magnetron sputter deposition
A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) generated in a magnetron (a device that uses electrical and magnetic fields to generate heat) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. The sign of the anode-cathode bias is varied at a high rate to avoid charge build-up on insulating targets.
A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. Ionisation of the neutral gas atoms requires a plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons) source to be generated by passing an electrical discharge through the chamber, with the target acting as the cathode.
A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. Ionisation of the neutral gas atoms requires an external plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons) source, which generates an ion beam.
high-target-utilization sputter deposition
A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then react with a gas that is introduced into the chamber and the products deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate.
A synthesis technique where a metal-containing precursor, dissolved in a solvent, is atomised and ignited. During combustion the flame is directed at the substrate resulting in the deposition of a thin layer of metal.
A synthesis method where a solid material is dissolved in a supercritical fluid (at elevated pressure) which is forced through a small orifice into a region of relatively low pressure. This produces a molecular spray which is directed against a substrate where it deposits as a thin film.
supercritical fluid molecular spray film deposition
Any technique for depositing a thin film of material onto a substrate or onto previously deposited layers.
A synthesis method for growing single crystals from an aqueous solution in an autoclave (a thick-walled steel vessel) at high temperature (400 °C) and pressure.
The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, a liquid or vapor.
The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, a vapour.
The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from a vapour, accelerated by a temperature gradient.
temperature gradient chemical vapour infiltration
temperature-gradient chemical vapour infiltration
The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from a vapour held at high pressure.
forced-flow chemical vapour infiltration
The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, a vapour which is applied as a series of high pressure pulses. This results in a multilayer structure.
pressure-pulsed chemical vapour infiltration
The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, a gas.
The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with polymer precursors.
The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, a liquid.
The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, liquid silicon.
A synthesis method for growing single crystals from an ionic liquid in an autoclave (a thick-walled steel vessel) at high temperature (400 °C) and pressure.
Any synthesis technique involving the transfer of a pattern to a material (a 'resist') by selective exposure to a radiation source (e.g. light or X-rays) or to a beam of charged particles. Upon irradiation, the material experiences a change in its physical properties. Excess material is then removed, by a liquid 'developer' or an etching process.
Any synthesis technique involving the transfer of a pattern to a material (a 'resist') by exposure to a radiation source (e.g. light or X-rays) or to a beam of charged particles through a mask composed of a close-packed colloidal array. Upon irradiation, the material experiences a change in its physical properties. Excess material is then removed, by a liquid 'developer' or an etching process.
Any synthesis technique involving the transfer of a microsized pattern to a material (a 'resist') by selective exposure to a radiation source (e.g. light or X-rays) or to a beam of charged particles. Upon irradiation, the material experiences a change in its physical properties which changes its response to a developer solution (making it either soluble or insoluble). The desired pattern is then obtained by removing any excess resist with the developer.
Any synthesis technique involving the transfer of a nanosized pattern to a material.
A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of resist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A mould containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is then pressed into the resist and any residual resist in the cast area is removed by an anisotropic etching process such as reactive ion etching.
A synthesis technique that uses an electrochemical reaction to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A superionic conductor (e.g. Ag2S) stamp containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is pressed onto a metal substrate. When a voltage is applied across the substrate and stamp, metal ions move from the substrate to the stamp leaving behind the complementary pattern.
superionic electrochemical nanoimprinting
A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photosensitive resist (a polymer) is deposited on a silicon substrate by spin coating. A transparent stamp (e.g. quartz) containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is then pressed into the resist and a single laser pulse (XeCl excimer laser) is applied to melt the top layer of silicon. The molten silicon flows into the pattern then rapidly solidifies.
laser assisted direct imprint lithography
laser-assisted direct imprint lithography
A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of resist (a thermoplastic polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A mould containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is then pressed into the resist, whilst both the substrate and mould are heated to the glass transition temperature of the polymer. The resist is then cooled and any residual resist in the cast area is removed by an anisotropic etching process such as reactive ion etching.
A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of resist (a thermoplastic polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A mould containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is then held above the resist, whilst both the substrate and mould are heated to the glass transition temperature of the polymer. The resist is then cooled and any residual resist in the cast area is removed by an anisotropic etching process such as reactive ion etching. During the heat–cool cycle the initially flat polymer film self-assembles into periodic supramolecular pillar arrays.
A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of resist (a thermoplastic polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A stamp containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is placed on the substrate. A roller, heated to the glass transition temperature of the resist, is then used to press the stamp into the resist. The resist is cooled and any residual resist in the cast area is removed by an anisotropic etching process such as reactive ion etching.
A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation and cross-linking to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photosensitive resist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A transparent stamp (e.g. fused silica) containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is then pressed into the resist, which is exposed to UV light. Any unexposed areas of polymer are removed by reactive ion etching.
A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation and cross-linking to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photosensitive organosilicon resist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A transparent stamp (e.g. quartz) containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is then pressed into the resist, which is exposed to UV light. Any unexposed areas of polymer are removed by reactive ion etching.
A type of lithography where electrons or ions are used to generate pattern, which is transferred to a resist.
A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of electrons (10–20 keV) is scanned across it in a patterned fashion. The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). The electron beam can be focused using either electric or magnetic fields.
A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist') and a beam of electrons (1 keV) is scanned across it in a patterned fashion. The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). The electron beam can be focused using either electric or magnetic fields.
A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of moderately low energy electrons (2 keV) is scanned across a patterned mask (held up to 50 μm from the substrate surface). The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing').
A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of electrons (100 keV) is scanned across a patterned mask. The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). The electron beam can be focused using either electric or magnetic fields.
A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of electrons (100 keV) is scanned across a patterned mask. The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). The lens system used to focus the electron beam has a 4-times magnification and a 250 μm2 exposure field, and was developed by IBM and Nikon.
projection reduction exposure with variable axis immersion lense
A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of electrons (100 keV) is scanned across an ultrathin (<150 nm thickness) low-atomic-number patterned mask. Many of the electrons are scattered by the mask, so the image is formed only by those electrons that pass through the membrane without scattering. The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing').
scattering with angular limitation projection electron-beam lithography
A synthesis technique that uses ions to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a focused ion beam (75 keV He ions) is scanned across it in a patterned fashion. The ions induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing').
A synthesis technique that uses ions to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a focused ion beam (75 keV He ions) is scanned across a patterned mask inducing chemical reactions in the resist. The desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing').
A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A transparent PDMS mask with the desired pattern (in relief) on its surface is placed in contact with the photoresist layer. UV light (300–460 nm) is then used to cross-link the polymer. Light passing through the stamp is modulated in the near-field by the relief of the mask such that the edges of the relief structures correspond to nulls in the intensity of the light. The polymer is cross-linked in the remaining areas.
near-field conformational photolithography
A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense (typically UV) light and a post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist.
A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. The photoresist is then exposed to two different patterns of intense (typically UV) light using two different masks. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist.
A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. The photoresist is then immersed in a liquid with RI >1 (e.g. highly purified water) and exposed to a pattern of intense UV light. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist.
A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense UV light generated by the interference of two or more coherent light sources. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist.
A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense UV light generated by the interference of multiple coherent lasers. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist.
multiple-laser-beam interference lithography
A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. A reduced image of the desired pattern is then projected on the photoresist using a microscope and the substrate is exposed to intense (typically UV) light. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist.
A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense UV light and a post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist.
A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. A mask ('photomask') with the desired pattern is then placed in contact with the substrate and both are exposed to intense UV light. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist.
A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. Shuttered pulses (30–100 ms) of mask-defined UV (365 nm) light are flashed into a continuous stream of resist inside a microchannel, leading to the formation of solid structures almost instantaneously.
A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. Shuttered pulses (30–100 ms) of mask-defined UV (365 nm) light are flashed into a stationery layer of monomer inside microchannel. Objects generated by this process are 'locked' by relief structures in the channel, before being flushed out. The process is then repeated in a cyclic manner.
A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense UV (240 nm) light and a post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist.
A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense EUV (13.5 nm) light in a vacuum. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist.
A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. Shuttered pulses (30–100 ms) of mask-defined UV (365 nm) light are flashed into a stationery layer of monomer, which is sandwiched inside a microchannel before being flushed out. The process is then repeated in a cyclic manner.
A synthesis method which uses light and a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of an alkanethiol is deposited on the substrate, forming a SAM. UV light (244 nm) from a scanning near-field optical microscope (aperture size = 50 nm) is then used to oxidise the SAM in certain areas. Either the oxidised areas of the SAM, or the gold corresponding to those areas, is then removed by etching.
Any synthesis technique which uses elastomeric stamps, moulds, and conformable photomasks prepared from liquid polymer precursors.
Any synthesis technique which uses elastomeric stamps, molds, and conformable photomasks prepared from multiple liquid polymer precursors.
Any process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The polymer material (in liquid form) hardens or sets inside the mould, adopting its shape.
A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic or thermosetting plastics using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The plastic is heated and shaped into a tube then a pressurized gas, usually air, is used to expand the plastic and press it against the mould.
A process for shaping pliable polymer material using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The pre-heated material is first placed in an open, heated mould which is then closed before pressure is applied to it. The applied pressure forces the softened polymer to adopt the shape of the mould.
A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic or thermosetting plastics using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The plastic is fed into a heated barrel, mixed, and forced into a mould where it cools and hardens to the configuration of the mould.
A process for shaping pliable polymer material using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The polymer material (in liquid form) is injected into a mould using a small diameter piston and then allowed to harden or set inside the mould, adopting its shape.
A process for shaping pliable polymer material using multiple microsized rigid frames or models called 'moulds'. The polymer material (in liquid form) is injected into a mould using a small diameter piston and then allowed to harden or set inside the mould, adopting its shape.
A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is brought into contact with a rigid substrate, forming microchannels. The polymer material (in fluid form) fills these microchannels by capillary action. The polymer material is then cooled or cross-linked.
A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is wetted with a thin layer of solvent. When the polymer is brought into contact with the mould, the top layer of polymer dissolves and expands, filling the mould. The solvent is then allowed to evaporate.
A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic or thermosetting plastics using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The plastic is placed in a heated mould, which is slowly rotated causing the melted plastic to flow into to the mould and stick to its walls.
A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is filled with a prepolymer then the whole assembly is transferred to a flat substrate where the prepolymer is cross-linked and the mould removed.
A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is filled with a prepolymer then the whole assembly is transferred to a flat substrate where the prepolymer is cross-linked and the mould removed.
A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a nanosized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is filled with a prepolymer then the whole assembly is transferred to a flat substrate where the prepolymer is cross-linked and the mould removed.
A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. A mould is cast from the object to be replicated. This mould is then filled with a prepolymer, which is cross-linked and the resulting polymer is peeled off the mould. Using a mould, rather than the object itself, allows multiple copies to be made without damaging the original.
A synthesis method for transferring a pattern to a gold surface. A PDMS stamp is coated in an alkanethiol and then brought into contact with a gold surface. Thiol from the wet region generates patterned features of SAMs on the gold surface.
A process for shaping pliable polymer material using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. A PDMS mould is etched with a fluoride-containing substance (breaking Si–O bonds at the surface). The fresh PDMS surface then reacts with a prepolymer.
A synthesis technique which uses X-rays to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of X-rays is scanned across a patterned mask. The mask consists of an X-ray absorber (e.g. Au) on a membrane that is transparent to X-rays (e.g. SiC). The X-rays induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing').
A synthesis method in which the reaction outcome is determined by the use of mechanical constraints to direct reactive molecules to specific molecular sites.
Any process in which the molecular structure of a hydrocarbon is rearranged to alter its properties (e.g. its combustion characteristics).
The reaction of biomass-derived oxygenated compounds (e.g. glycerol) in aqueous solution at low temperature in the presence of a platinum catalyst to produce hydrogen.
Any process in which the molecular structure of a hydrocarbon is rearranged to alter its properties (e.g. its combustion characteristics) in the presence of a catalyst and under a high pressure of H2 gas.
Any process in which the molecular structure of a hydrocarbon is rearranged to alter its properties (e.g. its combustion characteristics) in the presence of a metal catalyst and under a high pressure of H2 gas. An electric current is used to heat the catalyst.
Any process in which the molecular structure of a hydrocarbon is rearranged to alter its properties (e.g. its combustion characteristics) by exposing the hydrocarbons to high pressures and temperatures.
The reaction of hydrocarbons with oxygen and carbon dioxide at 950–1100 °C to form syngas.
The reaction of hydrocarbons with steam at high temperature (700–1000 °C) in order to produce hydrogen.
The reaction of hydrocarbons with steam at high temperature (700–1000 °C) in the presence of a nickel catalyst, in order to produce hydrogen.
The reaction of methanol with steam at high temperature (700–1000 °C) in the presence of a nickel catalyst, in order to produce hydrogen.
The reaction of natural gas with steam at high temperature (700–1000 °C) in the presence of a nickel catalyst, in order to produce hydrogen.
The reaction of natural gas or syngas with steam at high temperature (700–1000 °C) in the presence of a nickel catalyst, in order to produce hydrogen. The nickel catalyst is then oxidised with air and finally reduced back to the metal using more hydrocarbon gas.
The reaction of ethanol with steam at high temperature (700–1000 °C) in the presence of a nickel catalyst, in order to produce hydrogen.
Any synthesis technique where a scanning probe microscope is used to pattern surfaces either constructively (by depositing a substance) or destructively (by etching a pattern in a surface).
A synthesis technique where an atomic force microscope is used to pattern surfaces with molecules or particles. An AFM tip is coated with a chemical compound or biomolecule and put in contact with a substrate, where transfer takes place.
A synthesis method for growing single crystals from a non-aqueous solution in an autoclave (a thick-walled steel vessel) at high temperature (400 °C) and pressure.
A synthesis method which relies on the use of reversible noncovalent bonding interactions between molecular building blocks in order to preorganise them into a certain relative geometry as a prelude to covalent bond formation.
supramolecular assistance to covalent synthesis
Reversal of coagulation or flocculation, i.e., the dispersion of aggregates to form a colloidally stable suspension or emulsion
A solution that contains a conjugate acid–base pair in equilibria and hence resists changes to its pH near the pK value of the acid.
A buffer solution in which the pH is maintained by a boric acid–borate anion equilibrium.
Any time-dependent change of the properties of a precipitate e.g. loss of water or growth of crystals as a result of prolonged heat treatment.
A heat treatment that alters the microstructure of a material causing changes in its properties such as strength and hardness
The conversion of a vaporized sample into atomic components.
The heating of a sample to high temperatures in air or oxygen.
A process in which a metal oxide is reduced in the presence of carbon or a carbon-containing compound.
A process in which a ceramic precursor is converted into a ceramic.
The application of a thin cover to a sample.
The application of a thin cover to sample by immersing it in a tank containing coating material, allowing it to remain there for a certain 'dwell time', removing the piece from the tank ('withdrawal'), and allowing it to drain.
A coating method for applying a thin (<1 μm thickness) cover to flat substrates where an excess amount of coating solution (in a volatile solvent) is placed on the substrate, which is then rotated at high speed (8000 rpm) for approximately 30 s in order to spread the solution by centripetal force. The solvent then evaporates, leaving a thin film.
An exothermic chemical reaction between a fuel (usually a hydrocarbon) and an oxidant (usually oxygen) which is sometimes accompanied by the production of light.
The transfer of thermal energy from a sample to its surrounding environment.
A technique for cooling atoms by directing two laser beams (with energy just below an electronic transition) at the sample from opposite directions. Scattering of the laser photons by the atoms in the sample reduces their kinetic energy.
The process of allowing a sample (a glass or polymer) at its melting point to cool at a controlled rate in order to cause changes in morphology or properties.
The formation of a crystalline solid from a solution, melt vapour, or a different solid phase, generally by lowering the temperature or by evaporation of a solvent.
The simultaneous crystallisation of two different substances or two different structural elements of the same substance.
The stepwise crystallisation of two or more different substances induced by changes in concentration or temperature. The sample is mixed with a solvent, heated, and then gradually cooled so that, as each of its constituent components crystallises, it can be removed in its pure form from the solution.
A chemical process in which a prepolymer or polymer is converted into a polymer of higher molar mass and then into a network.
A chemical process in which a prepolymer is converted into a polymer and then into a network, upon irradiation with an electron beam.
A chemical process in which a prepolymer is converted into a polymer and then into a network, upon irradiation with light.
A chemical process in which a prepolymer is converted into a polymer and then into a network, upon application of heat.
The removal of impurities and elimination of pores from a xerogel (a gel that has been dried with unhindered shrinkage).
The transformation of a chemical compound (the 'educt') into another similar compound (the 'derivative') by altering one or more of its functional groups. Derivatisation is generally perfomed to alter reactivity or change a physical property such as solubility, boiling point, melting point, thermal stability etc.
The transformation of a chemical compound (the 'educt') following column chromatography into another similar compound (the 'derivative') by altering one or more of its functional groups. Derviatisation is generally perfomed to alter reactivity or change a physical property such as solubility, boiling point, melting point, thermal stability etc.
The breakdown of a single phase into two or more phases by heating or treatment with acid, alkali or enzymes.
The breakdown of a single entity (normal molecule, reaction intermediate, etc.) into two or more fragments
The decomposition of a sample into liquid form by treatment with enzymes or strong acids or alkalis.
The decomposition of a sample by the addition of liquid reagents in order to solubilise it.
The decomposition of a sample in strong acids such as nitric, sulfuric or perchloric acid in order to obtain the sample in liquid form.
The decomposition of a sample in strong acids such as nitric, sulfuric or perchloric acid in a sealed vessel (lined with PTFE), under high pressure and high temperature, in order to obtain the sample in liquid form.
The decompositon of a sample in strong alkalis (e.g. NaOH) to obtain the sample in liquid form.
The decomposition of sample by an enzyme to obtain the sample in liquid form.
The decomposition of only part of a sample by the addition of liquid reagents to solubilise it.
The assisted solubilisation of a sample by the application of radiation in the 1-1000 mm region.
The decomposition of a sample by placing it in an organic matrix and irradiating the matrix with radiation in the range 200-435 nm (indirectly, using a mirror). OH radicals generated from the matrix react with the sample, degrading it.
The conversion of a high-molecular-mass species into a lower-molecular-mass species using an enzyme.
A clustering reaction in a homogeneous, supersaturated solution (solid or liquid) which is unstable against infinitesimal fluctuations in density or composition. The solution therefore separates spontaneously into two phases, starting with small fluctuations and proceeding with a decrease in the Gibbs energy without a nucleation barrier.
The separation of a chemical compound into elements or smaller compounds by heating it to a high temperature (approx. 1000 °C).
The conversion of carbonaceous materials (e.g. such as coal, petroleum, biofuel, or biomass) into CO and H2 by heating with a controlled amount of oxygen and/or steam. The resulting gas mixture is called a 'syngas'.
The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy. The term pyrolysis generally refers to heating in an inert environment.
The characterisation, in an inert atmosphere, of a material or a chemical process by a chemical degradation reaction induced by thermal energy.
The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in the presence of a catalyst.
The chemical degradation of a sample caused by a fast rate of temperature increase (10,000 K/s).
The chemical degradation of different fractions of the same sample by heating at different temperatures for different times.
The chemical degradation of a sample caused by passing a carrier gas (H2, O2, N2 etc.) over the sample in a heated furnace.
The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in which the reactor is located within the ion source of a mass spectrometer.
The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy during which the temperature is held constant.
A technique used to synthesize ultrafine powders by heating a mixture of reactant vapour and inert gas with a laser.
The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in which the products of a reaction are trapped before analysis.
The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in the presence of an oxidative atmosphere.
The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy during which the pressure of the volatile pyrolysates is recorded.
The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in the presence of an reductive atmosphere.
The repeated chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy under the same conditions of time, temperature etc.
The chemical degradation of a sample caused by spraying it, as a liquid mixture, onto a heated substrate.
The chemical degradation of a sample caused by heating it, as a vapour, with steam.
The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy where the temperature is raised in a stepwise manner and the pyrolysates are recorded between each step.
The chemical degradation of a sample (usually an organic material) by heating it in a vacuum in order to decrease its boiling point and avoid adverse chemical reactions.
The uncatalysed cleavage of one or more covalent bonds resulting from exposure of a compound to a raised temperature, or a process in which such cleavage is an essential part.
The reaction of a molecule by exposing it to a short thermal shock at high temperature, usually in the gas phase.
The separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane.
The selective separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion across a semipermeable membrane under the influence of an electric field.
The separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion across a semipermeable membrane. The membrane is attached to a small probe (<10 μm diameter) which is inserted into the sample.
The distribution of particles of one phase in a continuous phase of a different nature.
A sample preparation method where solid particles are dispersed in a liquid phase.
A technique for the preparation and extraction of solid and viscous samples. The sample is blended with a bonded-phase solid support (such as silica) using a glass pestle to obtain a semi-dry material. The blended sample is then packed into a cartridge and eluted.
The disassembly of an object to determine its internal structure.
The disassembly of a small part of an object (<10 μm diameter) to determine its internal structure.
A type of dissection where a laser is coupled to a microscope and focused onto a biological sample (e.g. tissue) on the slide.
A method for isolating specific cells of interest from microscopic regions of tissue using a microscope coupled to a UV laser.
A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser.
A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. Distillation is completed before more sample mixture is added.
A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. The distillation is ongoing with sample mixture being continuously added.
A method of separating two components of very similar boiling point from a mixture. A third, miscible and high-boiling-point solvent is added to the mixture which causes a change in the volatilities of the components. These components are then vaporised by the application of heat and cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser.
A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. As the sample mixture to be purified is heated, its vapours rise into a condenser where they are cooled by water. The vapours stick to the inside surface of the condenser where they continue to be heated until they vaporise again.
A method of separating a lower-boiling-point product from its reactants in a reaction mixture. The product is vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser.
A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then immediately cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. This method can only be used to separate mixtures where the components differ widely in boiling point (by approx. 25°).
A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by bubbling steam through it and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser.
A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a high-boiling-point sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat at low pressure and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser.
A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a high-boiling-point sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat at low pressure and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. The vacuum is replaced by an inert gas once the distillation is complete.
A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a high-boiling-point sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat at low pressure (< 0.01 Torr) and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser.
A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture under reduced pressure. As the sample mixture to be purified is heated, its vapours rise a short distance into a vertical condenser where they are cooled by water. This technique is used for compounds which are unstable at high temperatures because it allows a lower boiling temperature to be used.
The controlled dropwise release of a liquid.
The dropwise release of a liquid using a focused acoustic beam to eject a controlled droplet from an open pool of liquid. When the acoustic beam strikes the liquid surface, the pressure causes the fluid to rise up and a droplet breaks off.
The dispensing of droplets from an electrode surface after an applied voltage has been removed. Periodic bumps along the length of the electrodes promote droplet formation by establishing an initial, static perturbation.
The dispensing of droplets by applying a pattern of piezoelectric acceleration and deceleration to the droplets such that inertial force can overcome adhesion force, resulting in droplet detachment from the device.
The dispensing of droplets between two electrodes by applying an electric field.
The process of removing a solvent from a substance.
The removal of solvent from a sample by the application of radio frequency (3 Hz to 300 GHz) or microwave (1–1000 mm) radiation.
The removal of solvent from a sample by the application of heated air.
The removal of solvent from a sample by applying it as a thin layer to the surface of a heated drum.
The removal of solvent from a sample without passing through the liquid–gas boundary. The sample is frozen at liquid nitrogen temperature (-80 °C) then the surrounding pressure is reduced to allow the water in the sample to sublime.
The removal of solvent from a sample by heating in an oven.
The removal of water from a liquid sample by pumping it through an atomiser (to produce a spray of fine droplets) then passing a hot gas (e.g. air or N2) through it.
The removal of solvent from a sample without passing through the liquid–gas boundary, by immersion in a supercritical fluid and de-pressurisation.
The removal of water from a sample by placing it under reduced pressure. This allows water to evaporate from (heat-sensitive) samples at a lower temperature.
The process of chemically removing a thin layer from a sample surface, usually to leave behind a pattern.
The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by sputtering or dissolving using reactive ions or a vapour-phase etchant
The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons and radicals).
The process of creating deep holes and trenches in a sample surface using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons and radicals) alternating with the deposition of a chemically inert passivation layer.
The process of creating deep holes and trenches in a silicon surface using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-usually SF6–-containing free electrons and radicals) alternating with the deposition of a chemically inert passivation layer (e.g. C4F8).
The process of creating deep holes and trenches in a sample surface (cooled to -110 °C) using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons and radicals) alternating with the deposition of a chemically inert passivation layer.
The process of removing the unprotected areas of a surface by placing it inside an electrochemical etching solution in the presence of an electric current.
The process of removing the unprotected areas of a silicon surface by placing it inside an electrochemical etching solution (KOH, HF or TMAH) in the presence of an electric current. When the silicon substrate is in contact with a noble metal (Au or Cr) a Galvanic cell is formed and the silicon is oxidized.
A patterning process which involves using a focused Ga+ beam to cut trenches into substrates.
The process of generating a pattern in a photosensitive sample by irradiating it with UV light. After exposure, the plate is 'developed' by washing away the unexposed resist.
The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by bombarding it with energetic ions.
The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by bombarding it with high-energy or highly charged heavy ions.
The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by bombarding it with high-energy or highly charged heavy ions. When the multiply charged ions recombine on the sample surface their potential energy is liberated, accelerating the process.
The process of using strong acids/alkalis to cut into the unprotected parts of a surface (e.g. metal or silicon) to create a pattern.
The process of using strong acids/alkalis to remove a thin layer of the unprotected parts of a sample surface (e.g. metal or silicon) to create a pattern. Anisotropic etching occurs when different etch rates are observed in different directions in the sample (e.g. for different crystal faces).
The physical process by which a liquid substance is converted to a gas or vapour. This may occur at or below the normal boiling point of the liquid (the temperature at which a liquid boils at 1 atmosphere pressure) and the process is endothermic.
The evaporation of solvent from a sample by placing it a centrifuge and spinning it rapidly.
The removal of solvent from a sample by applying heat and lowering the pressure above the sample whilst rotating it at 10–300 rpm.
The transfer of a solute from a liquid phase to another immiscible or partially-miscible liquid phase in contact with it.
The transfer of two solutes from a liquid phase to a (low-polarity) organic liquid phase in contact with it. The solutes form mixed-species aggregates in the organic phase.
The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating.
The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating, and removing analytes from the headspace in a carrier gas.
The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating. Once the concentration of the analyte in the headspace is in equilibrium with the concentration in the sample matrix, the headspace is removed. The process is repeated multiple times, allowing the new equilibrium to form at each stage.
The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating. Once the concentration of the analyte in the headspace is in equilibrium with the concentration in the sample matrix, the headspace is removed.
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a stationary phase (e.g. silica particles).
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the (polar) liquid sample through a (non-polar) stationary phase.
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the (non-polar) liquid sample through a (polar) stationary phase.
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a small fibre containing a stationary phase bonded to a silica needle (<10 μm diameter).
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a small fused-silica capillary.
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a small sol–gel-coated fused-silica capillary.
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by exposing a small fibre containing a stationary phase bonded to a silica needle (<10 μm diameter) to the headspace above the liquid sample.
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a stationary phase (1 mg) packed into a microlitre syringe.
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by attaching a stationary phase to a stir bar which moves throughout the liquid sample.
A method for extracting biological molecules from a biological sample by functionalising a magnetic bead (0.001–200 μm diameter) with a molecule specific to the target molecule (e.g. complementary DNA or a specific antibody) and placing it in the sample solution. The bead is removed from the solution using a magnetized source.
The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a nonporous membrane.
The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a non-porous non-polar polymer membrane. The membrane first extracts the analytes from their matrix, and these are subsequently trapped on a polymeric trap with a porous sorbent using a carrier gas stream.
membrane extraction with sorbent interface
membrane extraction with trapping on a sorbent interface
membrane extraction with a sorbent interface
The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a nonporous sillicon rubber membrane.
The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a non-porous liquid membrane.
supported liquid membrane (SLM) extraction
An analytical process that sequentially chemically leaches metals from soils, sludges or sediments.
The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to an appropriate liquid phase.
A flotation process in which the material of interest, adsorbed on the surface of gas bubbles in a liquid, is collected on an upper layer of immiscible liquid.
The process of transferring a dissolved substance from one liquid phase to another (immiscible or partially miscible) liquid phase in contact with it.
The process of transferring a non-ionic surfactant from one liquid phase to another by heating. As the temperature of the solution rises, the surfactant molecules form micelles, if the temperature increases above the cloud point (CPT) the micelles become dehydrated and aggregate. This leads to macroscopic phase separation of the solution into a surfactant-rich phase and a solvent phase.
The process of transferring a microlitre amount of a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa).
The process of transferring a dissolved substance from one liquid phase to another (immiscible or partially miscible) liquid phase in contact with it. A microdrop of organic solvent (8 μL), is suspended from the end of Teflon rod immersed in a stirred aqueous solution of the sample. The sample solution is stirred until equilibrium is reached, after which, the drop is retracted into the Teflon rod.
The process of transferring a dissolved substance from one liquid phase to another (immiscible or partially miscible) liquid phase in contact with it using solvents at elevated temperature (50–200 °C) and pressure (7–20 MPa).
The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (organic) phase (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a porous hydrophobic membrane the pores of which are filled with the same acceptor phase.
microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction
microporous membrane liquid–liquid extraction
The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to an appropriate liquid phase, during which the sample and solvent are kept in contact in a mechanical shaker.
The process of transferring the soluble components of a solid to the liquid phase using a solvent.
The process of transferring the organic components of a solid to an organic liquid phase. The process is accelerated by directing radiation in the microwave region (1–1000 mm) at the sample.
The process of transferring the partially soluble components of a solid to the liquid phase using a Soxhlet extractor. The solid is placed in a filter paper thimble which is then placed into the main chamber of the Soxhlet extractor. The solvent (heated to reflux) travels into the main chamber and the partially soluble components are slowly tranferred to the solvent.
The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to a liquid phase using a supercritical fluid.
The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to an appropriate liquid phase, assisted by sound waves (>20 KHz in frequency) that propagate through the liquid media.
The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to another where the amount of reagent used is lower than that dictated by stoichiometry.
A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die.
A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die at room temperature.
A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die at elevated temperatures (up to 2000 °C).
A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die in the presence of a pressurised fluid.
A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die at a temperature that is above room temperature, but below the recrystallisation temperature of the material (400–900 °C).
A process used to create polymer fibers using a spinneret (a multi-pored device similar to a shower head) to form multiple continuous filaments.
A process used to create polymer fibers. Polymer dissolved in a solvent is forced through a spinneret (a multi-pored device similar to a shower head) and the solvent is removed from the polymer fibres by evaporation.
A process used to created very fine (μm or nm scale) fibres from a liquid. A high voltage is applied to a droplet of the liquid sample which is drawn out into fibres and cooled in air.
A process used to create polymer fibers. Polymer in a gel state is forced through a spinneret (a multi-pored device similar to a shower head). The fibres are then air dried and cooled in a liquid bath.
A process used to create polymer fibers. Molten polymer is forced through a spinneret (a multi-pored device similar to a shower head) and cooled to form multiple continuous filaments.
A process used to create polymer fibers. Polymer dissolved in a solvent is forced through a spinneret (a multi-pored device similar to a shower head) into a chemical bath which causes the polymer to precipitate as it emerges.
The process in which cells (microorganisms, plant or animal cells) are cultured in a bioreactor in a liquid or solid medium to convert organic substances into biomass (growth) or into products.
The process of dividing up a sample mixture into smaller quantities according to their physical (e.g. size, solubility) or chemical (e.g. bonding, reactivity) properties.
Any separation technique based on the application of a field perpendicular to a flow stream in a narrow channel.
A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying an electric field perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of electrophoretic mobility.
A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying an alternating electric field perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of electrophoretic mobility.
cyclic electrical field-flow field fractionation
A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying a carrier liquid flow perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is then passed through the channel and the particles elute in order of decreasing diffusion coefficient.
A technique for separating small particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel such that the Earth's gravitational field is perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is then passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of particle size.
A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel, such that the Earth's gravitational field is perpendicular to the channel, and varying the ionic strength of the solution or Hamaker constant/surface potential of the particles.
potential barrier field-flow fractionation
A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying a magnetic electric field perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of magnetic susceptibility.
A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel within a centrifuge such that the centripetal force is applied perpendicular to the flow stream (driving the particles towards the walls of the channel). A carrier liquid is then passed through the channel removing the smallest particles first.
A technique for separating large (= channel width) particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel. Normally particles migrate towards the walls of the channel but large particles are unable to approach the walls and when a carrier liquid is passed through the channel, these particles are removed first.
A technique for separating polymer particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and heating one end, whilst cooling the other. The polymer particles migrate towards the cooler plate and are then removed with a carrier liquid.
A method of separation in which a component of the bulk liquid is preferentially adsorbed at the liquid–vapour interface and is removed by foaming.
The process of enriching a solution by partially freezing it and removing frozen material that contains less of the dissolved material than the remaining solution.
A method for separating proteins from plasma by changing the conditions (e.g. temperature or acidity) of the plasma, causing precipitation of the proteins, which can then be removed by centrifugation.
A method for separating proteins from plasma by changing the conditions of the plasma by simultaneous cooling and addition of alcohol. This causes precipitation of the proteins, which can then be removed by centrifugation.
The process of segregation of phases; the separation of suspended solids from a liquid or gas, usually by forcing a carrier gas or liquid through a porous medium.
A pressure-driven membrane-based separation process in which particles and dissolved macromolecules larger than 0.1 micrometre are rejected.
A pressure-driven membrane-based separation process in which particles and dissolved macromolecules larger 200 Da are rejected.
A separation process which involves using pressure to force a solution through a membrane, retaining the solute on one side and allowing the pure solvent to pass to the other side. (This is the reverse of the normal osmosis process, which is the natural movement of solvent from an area of low solute concentration, through a membrane, to an area of high solute concentration.)
The separation of a solid phase from a liquid phase by passing the sample through a porous medium under pressure.
A separation process whereby a solution containing a solute of molecular size significantly greater than that of the solvent molecule is removed from the solvent by the application of hydraulic pressure which forces only the solvent to flow through a suitable membrane, usually having a pore size in the range 0.001–0.1 μm.
The formation of a gel or solidification of a gelatin solution caused by a change in conditions (such as temperature or pH).
The formation of a gel from a solution by electrochemical oxidation.
The formation of a gel from a solution by irradiation with light from the visible region (400–800 nm).
The formation of a gel from a solution by altering the pH of the solution.
The formation of a gel from a solution by the application of ultrasound (sound waves >20 kHz frequency).
The formation of a gel from a solution by heating.
The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by attribution (friction), impact or cutting.
The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by attribution (friction), impact or cutting in the presence of a small amount of solvent.
The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by grinding with one or more inert balls (ceramic, flint, or stainless steel, 2–8 mm diameter) rotating around a horizontal axis.
The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by grinding with one or more inert balls (ceramic, flint or stainless steel, 2–8 mm diameter) rotating at high speed around a horizontal axis. A high-speed agitator is used to increase the speed of the balls.
The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by grinding with one or more inert balls (ceramic, flint or stainless steel, 2–8 mm diameter) rotating at high speed (up to 650 rpm) around a horizontal axis. A high-speed agitator is used to increase the speed of the balls which are held in vacuum or in an inert gas (e.g. Ar).
The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by attribution (friction), impact or cutting in the presence of a small amount of liquid (which is not a solvent for the solid).
The physical process of converting an atom or molecule into an ion by removing electrons.
An ionisation method where the sample is either forced through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets, or solvent droplets subjected to the same process are directed at the sample.
An ionisation method where charged solvent droplets which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field are directed at the sample surface. The droplets form a thin film on the sample surface, dissolving the analyte of interest.
An ionisation method where neutral molecules are desorbed from the sample (usually biological) using a nitrogen laser and then ionised by collision with charged solvent droplets which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field.
electrospray-assisted laser desorption-ionisation
electrospray-assisted laser desorption-ionization
electrospray-assisted laser desorption–ionisation
electrospray-assisted laser desorption–ionization
laser desorption electrospray ionisation
laser desorption electrospray ionization
An ionisation method where neutral molecules are desorbed from the sample (usually biological and held in an organic acid matrix) using a nitrogen laser and then ionised by collision with charged solvent droplets which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field.
matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization
matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionisation
An ionisation method where a neutral sample, in the form of a gas or aerosol flow, is ionised by directing it into a plume of charged droplets, generated by forcing a solution of pure solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 μL min-1) into an electric field.
An ionisation method where the sample is vaporised using a high-energy pulsed laser and then ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of it through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets.
Any ionisation method when the sample is ionised in a plasma–-a partially ionised gas (such as Ar) containing free electrons.
An ionisation method where a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) is directed onto the sample surface causing desorption of sample molecules from the surface and subsequent ionisation.
An ionisation method when the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by passing an electrical discharge under reduced pressure between two electrodes.
An ionisation method when the sample is ionised, at atmospheric pressure, in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by passing an electrical discharge between two electrodes.
atmospheric pressure glow discharge ionization
atmospheric pressure glow discharge ionisation
An ionisation method where the sample is ionised by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at low pressure. Reagent ions are produced by electron ionisation.
An ionisation method in which a corona discharge is used to direct a liquid spray (composed of an inert, high velocity gas and solvent ions) onto the sample surface.
desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation
An ionisation method when the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by passing an alternating voltage across a dielectric layer between two electrodes.
An ionisation method where the sample is ionised by a corona discharge within a He atmosphere.
The process of pressing a powder under a gas or liquid so that pressure is transmitted equally in all directions.
The process of pressing a powder under a gas or liquid at elevated temperatures so that pressure is transmitted equally in all directions.
The process of attaching a label onto a substance. Labels are molecular entities that facilitate the detection (through fluorescence, radioactivity, etc.) of the species to which they are attached.
The process of covalently attaching a chemically-reactive derivative of a fluorophore to another molecule, such as a protein or nucleic acid.
The substitution of an atom or an ion (present in the form of its stable isotope) by an isotope of the same element.
The substitution of one or more hydrogen atoms in a molecule with deuterium atoms.
The substitution of an atom or an ion (present in the form of its stable isotope) by a radioactive isotope of the same element.
The process of covalently attaching a phosphorescent molecule to another molecule, such as a protein or nucleic acid.
The dissolution of material from a solid phase into a liquid in which it is not wholly soluble.
The process of heating a substance to cause the solid–liquid phase change.
The melting of a material within a frozen shell of the same substance. This technique is used for materials which are very corrosive when molten e.g. cubic zirconia.
The melting of a material by high-frequency induction within a frozen shell of the same substance. This technique is used for materials which are very corrosive when molten e.g. cubic zirconia.
The combining of components, particles or layers into a more homogeneous state. The mixing may be achieved manually or mechanically by shifting the material with stirrers or pumps or by revolving or shaking the container. The process μst not permit segregation of particles of different size or properties. Homogeneity may be considered to have been achieved in a practical sense when the sampling error of the processed portion is negligible compared to the total error of the measurement system.
The growth of larger crystals from those of smaller size, which have a higher solubility than the larger ones.
The photochemical transformation of a molecule into lower molecular weight fragments, usually in an oxidation process.
The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') from a liquid solution in which the material is present in amounts greater than its solubility in the liquid.
The selective sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') from a liquid sample containing a ligand and a target protein. The precipitate evolves after the application of a suitable stimulus (e.g. Ca2+ or Ba2+).
The simultaneous precipitation of a normally soluble component with a macro-component from the same solution by the formation of mixed crystals, by adsorption, occlusion or mechanical entrapment.
The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate'), consisting of an antigen–specific antibody complex, from solution.
The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate'), consisting of a specific protein–antibody complex, from a solution containing many different proteins.
The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') consisting of a protein–specific antibody complex (where the protein is attached to a arger protein complex) from solution.
The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') consisting of a protein–specific antibody complex (where the protein is attached to a protein–DNA complex) from solution. This method is used to determine the location of DNA binding sites on the genome for particular proteins of interest.
The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') consisting of a protein–specific antibody complex (where the protein is part of a protein–RNA complex) from solution. This method is used to determine the location of RNA binding sites for particular proteins of interest.
The subsequent precipitation of a chemically different species upon the surface of an initial precipitate usually, but not necessarily, including a common ion.
The planned repetition of a precipitation to remove impurities from a precipitate or improve its stoichiometry.
The cleavage of one or more bonds resulting from exposure to high-energy radiation.
The cleavage of one or more bonds in a radioactive material resulting directly or indirectly from its own radioactive decay.
The cleavage of one or more bonds resulting from exposure to a beam of highly accelerated (10 MeV) electrons. Pulse radiolysis is a method of initiating reactions which occur on a timescale faster than 100 μs.
The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample below its melting point until its particles adhere to each other.
The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample (consisting of a powder and a liquid) below the melting point of the solid until its particles adhere to each other.
The fusing together of small particles by heating a powder sample below its melting point until its particles adhere to each other.
The fusing together of small particles by heating the powder sample below its melting point (without applied pressure) until its particles adhere to each other.
The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample below its melting point, using a high-energy laser, until its particles adhere to each other.
The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample below its melting point, using a direct current, until its particles adhere to each other.
The irradiation of a liquid sample with sound (20 Hz-20 kHz) waves resulting in agitation. Sound waves propagate into the liquid media result in alternating high-pressure (compression) and low-pressure (rarefaction) cycles. During rarefaction, high-intensity sonic waves create small vacuum bubbles or voids in the liquid, which then collapse violently (cavitation) during compression, creating very high local temperatures.
The irradiation of a liquid sample with ultrasonic (>20 kHz) waves resulting in agitation. Sound waves propagate into the liquid media result in alternating high-pressure (compression) and low-pressure (rarefaction) cycles. During rarefaction, high-intensity sonic waves create small vacuum bubbles or voids in the liquid, which then collapse violently (cavitation) during compression, creating very high local temperatures.
A method used to indicate the presence of a substance within a sample.
A detection method where metastable Ar atoms are used to ionise the sample, which is held in a carrier gas. The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured.
A detection method that is sensitive to individual elements. The sample is atomised and excited by an excitation source and the characteristic radiation emitted by the atoms in the sample is then detected using a photodiode array.
A detection method that is sensitive to compounds containing C–H bonds. An electric current is passed through a tiny coil of platinum wire embedded in a catalytic ceramic bead (heated to 500 °C by the coil). A flow of air carries the sample to the bed and when a hydrogen or a hydrocarbon molecule impacts the hot coil, it combusts on the surface raising the temperature and resistance of the platinum wire. The resistance change is then measured.
A detection method that is sensitive to compounds which can be either reduced or oxidised. A liquid containing the sample passes directly over the working electrode, which is set to the specific potential required for oxidation or reduction. The current produced is then measured.
A detection method that is sensitive to compounds which can be either reduced or oxidised. A liquid containing the sample passes directly over the working electrode, which is subject to a periodic potential. The current produced is then measured.
A detection method that is sensitive to compounds containing Br or Cl. The pyrolysed sample is dissolved in water, forming aqueous solutions of HBr or HCl. The change in electrical conductivity of the solution is then measured.
Coulson electrolytic conductivity detection
Hall electrolytic conductivity detection
A detection method that is sensitive to compounds containing Br or Cl. A carrier gas flow containing the sample is heated in a ceramic chamber to 1000 °C, forming gaseous Cl and Br ions. The change in electrical conductivity of the gas-phase current is then measured.
A detection method that is sensitive to electronegative compounds (e.g. halogenated compounds). A beta-particle emitter (e.g. 63Ni) is used to produce an electron beam, which is passed between two electrodes. As the sample is passed through the e-beam, organic functional groups interact with the electrons, interrupting the current.
A detection method where a liquid containing the sample is atomised in a gas, forming small droplets which are allowed to evaporate leaving the sample as fine particles. The suspended particles pass through a light beam and the scattered light transmitted by the particles is sensed by a photomultiplier. The response is proportional to the mass of the molecules in the sample.
A detection method which is sensitive to compounds containing C–H bonds. A flow of carrier gas containing the sample is mixed with H2 and air and ignited. Any positively-charged radicals resulting from this process are collected at a cathode, allowing the current to be measured.
A detection method that is sensitive to sulfur- and phosphorus-containing compounds. A flow of carrier gas containing the sample is mixed with oxygen or air and ignited. Any chemiluminescence due to these compounds is then detected.
A detection method which is sensitive to naturally fluorescent or tagged compounds. As the sample passes through a small cell it is excited by ultraviolet light and any fluorescence is detected.
obsolete: fluorescence detection for separation methods
A detection method which is sensitive to naturally fluorescent or tagged compounds. As the sample passes through a small cell it is excited by a focused ultraviolet laser and any fluorescence is detected.
A detection method where metastable helium ions (generated by irradiation with beta-particles from a radioactive source) ionise the molecules in the sample (held in He carrier gas). The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured.
A detection method where metastable helium ions (generated by an electric arc) ionise the molecules in the sample (held in He carrier gas). The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured.
A detection method that is sensitive to small gas molecules (e.g. O2, N2, CO2). A low-power, pulsed DC discharge is used to ionise the sample (which is held in He carrier gas). The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured.
pulse-discharge helium ionisation detection
pulse-discharge helium ionization detection
pulsed discharge helium ionization detection
pulsed discharge helium ionisation detection
A detection method that is sensitive to compounds containing N and P. A flow of carrier gas containing the sample is mixed with H2 and air in the presence of a small, heated bead of an alkali salt such as Rb2SO4. Any positively-charged radicals resulting from this process are collected at a cathode allowing the current to be measured.
A detection method that is based on light emitting diodes (LEDs). One LED functions as a light source and the other LED is reverse biased to function as a light detector. Light from the source LED is passed through the sample and the intensity received by the detector LED is measured.
A detection method that is sensitive to organic compounds. As the sample passes through a cell it is illuminated with light in the region 190–1100 nm and any absorption is detected by a photodiode array.
A detection method that is sensitive to volatile organic compounds. A carrier gas (e.g. methane) containing the sample is bombarded with high-energy (UV) photons, resulting in ionisation. The current generated by these gaseous ions is then measured.
A detection method based on the change in refractive index of a solution. Light is passed through a hollow prism and focused on a photocell. When a liquid containing the sample is allowed to flow through the prism, the light diverges from its original path and the change in intensity and angle of the transmitted light is measured.
A detection method that is sensitive to inorganic gases. A hot (450 °C) filament is used to heat a carrier gas containing the sample and the difference in thermal conductivity caused by the presence of the sample is measured.
A detection method that is sensitive to molecules containing NO and NO2 groups. The sample is pyrolysed (at 275 °C) producing radicals, which react with ozone under low pressure to produce chemiluminescence.
A detection method which is sensitive to unsaturated organic compounds. As the sample passes through a cell it is illuminated with light in the region 190-350nm and any absorption is detected.
A buffer solution in which the pH is maintained by phosphoric acid-phosphate anion or phosphate-hydrogen phosphate equilibria.
An experiment in which a separation method is coupled to a detection method in order to detect one or more different components of a sample.
obsolete: separation method-detection method
Flame ionisation detection that is sensitive to compounds containing C-H bonds. The eluent is mixed with H2 and air and ignited. Any positively-charged radicals resulting from this process are collected at a cathode allowing the current to be measured.
gas chromatography flame ionisation detection
gas chromatography flame ionization detection
gas chromatography-flame ionization detection
gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection
Nitrogen-phosphorus detection where the input is from a gas chromatography separation.
gas chromatography nitrogen phosphorus detection
gas chromatography nitrogen-phosphorus detection
gas chromatography-nitrogen-phosphorus detection
Photodiode array detection where input is the mobile phase from a liquid chromatography separation.
liquid chromatography photodiode array detection
liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection
A gas chromatography method that is sensitive to compounds containing NO and NO2 groups. The eluent is pyrolysed (at 275 deg C) producing radicals, which react with ozone under low pressure to produce chemiluminescence.
gas chromatography thermal energy analysis
gas chromatography-thermal energy analysis
Thermal conductivity detection where the sample is the eluent from a gas chromatography separation.
gas chromatography thermal conductivity detection
gas chromatography-thermal conductivity detection
A gas chromatography method that is sensitive to sulfur- and phosphorus-containing compounds. The eluent is mixed with oxygen or air and ignited. Any chemiluminescence due to these compounds is then detected.
gas chromatography sulfur chemiluminescence detection
gas chromatography-flame photometric detection
gas chromatography-sulfur chemiluminescence detection
A liquid chromatography method that is sensitive to naturally fluorescent or tagged compounds. As the mobile phase passes through a small cell it is excited by ultraviolet light and any fluorescence is detected.
liquid chromatography fluorescence detection
liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection
A liquid chromatography method where detection is based on the change in refractive index of a solution. Light passes through a hollow prism and is focused on a photocell. When the mobile phase is allowed to flow through the prism, the light diverges from its original path and the change in intensity and angle of the transmitted light is measured.
liquid chromatography refractive index detection
liquid chromatography-refractive index detection
A liquid chromatography method where the mobile phase is atomised in a gas, forming small droplets which are allowed to evaporate leaving the sample as fine particles. The suspended particles pass through a light beam and the scattered light transmitted by the particles is sensed by a photomultiplier. The response is proportional to the mass of the molecules in the sample.
liquid chromatography evaporative light scattering
liquid chromatography evaporative light scattering detection
liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering
liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detection
A liquid chromatography method that is sensitive to compounds which can be either reduced or oxidised. The mobile phase passes directly over the working electrode, which is set to the specific potential required for oxidation or reduction. The current produced is then measured.
liquid chromatography electrochemical detection
liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection
A gas chromatography method that is sensitive to small gas molecules (e.g. O2, N2, CO2). A low-power, pulsed DC discharge is used to ionise the eluent (which is held in He carrier gas). The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured.
gas chromatography pulse-discharge helium ionisation detection
gas chromatography pulse-discharge helium ionization detection
gas chromatography pulsed discharge helium ionisation detection
gas chromatography pulsed discharge helium ionization detection
gas chromatography-pulse-discharge helium ionisation detection
gas chromatography-pulse-discharge helium ionization detection
gas chromatography-pulsed discharge helium ionisation detection
A buffer solution in which the pH is maintained by an acetic acid-acetate equilibrium.
A borate buffer solution prepared from Tris, boric acid, and EDTA.
An acetate buffer solution prepared from Tris, acetic acid, and EDTA.
A phosphate buffer, prepared from sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate and sodium chloride, where the pH is maintained by a phosphate–phosphoric acid equilibrium.
phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution
A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by an acid–base equilibrium involving one of Good's buffer substances (CHEBI:39011).
A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by an N-(2-acetamido)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid–2-[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)ammonio]ethanesulfonate anion equilibrium.
A buffer where the pH is maintained by a Tris–HTris equilibrium. Tris = tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane.
A buffer solution in which the pH is maintained by Tris [tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane] and HCl solution.
A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by an equilibrium involving 2,2'-[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)imino]diacetic acid.
A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by an equilibrium involving 2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethanesulfonic acid
A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by an equilibrium involving N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine.
A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by an equilibrium involving 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethanesulfonic acid.
A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by an equilibrium involving 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid.
A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by an equilibrium involving 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid.
A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by a 2,2'-piperazine-1,4-diylbisethanesulfonic acid–2,2'-piperazine-1,4-diylbisethanesulfonate equilibrium.
A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by a N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid–N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-2-ammonioethanesulfonate equilibrium.
A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by a N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methylglycine–N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methylammonioacetate equilibrium.
A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for tin-119 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field.
tin-119 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser, by a sample is detected. The light is collected from the non-illuminated side of the sample.
transmission Raman scattering spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser, by a sample (e.g. a biological cell) constrained using optical tweezers is detected.
Any method used to trap a sample for further analysis.
The trapping of microscopic particles by a focused laser beam. The beam is focused through a microscope objective, producing a strong electric field gradient at its narrowest point, which attracts dielectric particles.
A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect.
capacitance deep level transient spectroscopy
capacitance deep-level transient spectroscopy
A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the average capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at a fixed temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate is characteristic for each type of defect.
Laplace deep level transient spectroscopy
Laplace transform deep level transient spectroscopy
Laplace transform deep-level transient spectroscopy
Laplace deep-level transient spectroscopy
A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By holding the capacitance constant and monitoring the carrier emission produced when applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect.
constant capacitance deep level transient spectroscopy
constant capacitance deep-level transient spectroscopy
constant-capacitance deep-level transient spectroscopy
A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the current produced when applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect.
current deep-level transient spectroscopy
A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at constant different temperatures, spectra are generated that exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the height of which are proportional to time constant for the emission rate.
isothermal capactiance transient spectroscopy
A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the normalised capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at constant different temperatures, spectra are generated that exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to time constant for the emission rate.
normalized isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy
normalised isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy
A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the differential of the capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at constant different temperatures, spectra are generated that exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the height of which are proportional to time constant for the emission rate.
differential isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy
A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the current produced by applying an optical pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the defect density, and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect.
photo induced current transient spectroscopy
photo-induced current transient spectroscopy
photoinduced current transient spectroscopy
A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the current produced by applying a microwave pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the defect density, and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect.
microwave detected photoinduced current transient spectroscopy
microwave-detected photo-induced current transient spectroscopy
microwave-detected photoinduced current transient spectroscopy
An NMR experiment used for 23Na nuclei, involving transitions between non-consecutive energy levels during the excitation of the spin system by the first rf pulse.
23Na triple-quantum excitation in combination with magic angle spinning
An NMR experiment used for 27Al nuclei, involving transitions between non-consecutive energy levels during the excitation of the spin system by the first rf pulse.
27Al triple-quantum excitation in combination with magic angle spinning
An NMR experiment used for 45Sc nuclei, involving transitions between non-consecutive energy levels during the excitation of the spin system by the first rf pulse.
45Sc triple-quantum excitation in combination with magic angle spinning
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 45Sc nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
45Sc nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
45Sc nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic polymers. An elastomeric mould is placed on a polymer that has been spin-coated onto a substrate. The system is then heated above the glass transition temperature of the polymer. Capillary force allows the polymer melt to fill up the void space between the polymer and the mould. After cooling to ambient temperature, the mould is removed, generating the negative replica of the mould pattern.
A method for the separation of liquid mixtures based on diffusion rate and membrane affinity. The sample mixture is placed in contact with one side of a non-porous polymeric membrane while a vacuum is applied to the other side. The components in the liquid stream permeate through the membrane, evaporate, and are then condensed.
Mass spectrometry that uses sinusoidal radio frequency fields (in the x- and y- direction, differing in phase by 90°) during ion detection. The ions of a particular mass travel in a helix and impact an ion detector, generating a pattern consisting of a set of concentric circles.
Mass spectrometry, developed by BioTrove, which uses microfluidics to aspirate an aliquot of sample directly from a quenched assay plate and performs a solid-phase extraction on the sample before ionisation.
The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample with a laser (e.g. a CO2 laser) below its melting point until its particles adhere to each other.
The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample with an Ar plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons) until the particles adhere to each other.
Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles, and the inlet pressure is relatively high. In normal-phase HPLC, the stationary phase is more polar than the mobile phase.
normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography
A separation method where the sample is first transferred from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a non-porous non-polar polymer membrane. The membrane extracts the analytes from their matrix, and these are subsequently trapped on a polymeric trap with a porous sorbent using a carrier gas stream. In the second step, the mixture in the carrier gas stream is further separated by gas chromatography.
membrane extraction with sorbent interface gas chromatography
membrane extraction with sorbent interface-gas chromatography
membrane extraction with a sorbent interface-gas chromatography
Mass spectrometry where a solid sample is vaporised by depositing it on a probe which is rapidly heated (to <1000 °C) by passing a current through it. The vaporised sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction.
low temperature electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
low temperature electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
low-temperature electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
low-temperature electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
A method consisting of a sample transformation method coupled to a detection method.
obsolete: sample transformation method-detection method
A method consisting of a sample transformation method coupled to a measurement method.
obsolete: sample transformation method-measurement method
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy where the sample is initially transferred from a matrix to a liquid phase using a supercritical fluid.
supercritical fluid extraction-Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy
supercritical fluid extraction-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
A plot of the absorption of radio frequency radiation vs. frequency for spin-active nuclei.
continuous wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectra
continuous wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
continuous-wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectra
continuous-wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
A plot of the absorption of radio frequency radiation vs. frequency for hydrogen-1 nuclei.
1H continuous-wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 1H nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Spectra are obtained by scanning a range of radio frequencies.
1H continuous wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
1H continuous-wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the absorption and reflection of low-incident-angle infrared light by the surface molecules of a highly reflective or polished sample is measured. The sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform.
Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectrometry
Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy
reflection absorption Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry
reflection absorption Fourier transform infrared spectrometry
reflection absorption Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
reflection-absorption Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
reflection–absorption Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
A method used to determine the ratio of the mass, deposited at the electrode surface during an electrochemical reaction, to the total charge passed through the electrode (the 'current efficiency'). The electrode surface is deposited on a piezoelectric quartz crystal, and the change in resonance frequency of the crystal is measured.
electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance measurements
electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance technique
electrochemical quartz crystal microgravimetry
An image obtained by bombarding the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage under vacuum, and detecting the transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons, and characteristic X-rays emitted.
An image obtained by scanning a finely-focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam across the specimen under vacuum.
scanning electron microscope (SEM) image
scanning electron microscope (SEM) images
scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrograph
scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image
An image obtained by bombarding the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam under vacuum and measuring the intensities of the transmitted electrons.
transmission electron microscope (TEM) image
transmission electron microscopic (TEM) images
transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image
A piece of apparatus that consists of: a light source; a holder for the sample; a diffraction grating or monochromator to separate the different wavelengths of light; a detector, and is used to measure spectra in the range ultraviolet to visible (190–800 nm).
UV-Vis molecular absorption spectrometer
molecular electronic absorption spectrometer
A piece of apparatus that consists of: a light source; a holder for the sample; a diffraction grating or monochromator to separate the different wavelengths of light; a detector, and is used to measure spectra in the ultraviolet range (190–400 nm).
A plot of reflectance (%) vs. wavenumber obtained by measuring the amount of ultraviolet to visible (190–800 nm) radiation reflected from an uneven surface at a number of angles by the sample.
diffuse reflectance ultraviolet-visible spectra
diffuse reflectance ultraviolet–visible spectrum
A technique or procedure applied in nuclear magnetic resonance experiments.
A piece of apparatus used to conduct NMR experiments consisting of a magnet housing a sample space surrounded by two coils which act to transmit radio frequency radiation to the sample and to detect the response of the sample.
A plot of the change in intensity of absorption vs. the change in frequency as a function of the frequency of radiation applied, for spin-active nuclei.
first derivative nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
A piece of apparatus, consisting of an electron source, a grating and a semiconductor detector, which is used to measure the X-ray emissions of a sample as a function of wavelength. The X-rays emerging from the sample pass through a slit then the grating disperses them by diffraction according to their wavelength. Finally, X-ray energy is converted to voltage pulses or 'counts' by the detector.
A large-scale particle accelerator in which a magnetic field is used to create the particle orbits. Synchrotrons produce X-ray, vacuum ultraviolet and broadband infrared radiation.
A method for determining crystal orientation, using X-ray diffraction, which involves systematically rotating the sample about well defined angles until all possible lattice planes are reflected, and measuring the reflection intensity as a function of angle. The results are plotted as a pole figure.
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample. X-Rays are generated in a synchrotron.
A piece of apparatus, consisting of an optical microscope coupled to a reflecting magnifying mirror system, which is used to collect spatially resolved infrared spectra of the surface of a specimen.
A piece of apparatus, consisting of a laser beam (<10 μm diameter), a monochromator and a detector coupled to an optical microscope, which is used to measure Raman spectra.
A piece of apparatus consisting of a quartz crystal resonator, which is used to measure the current efficiency (mass-to-charge ratio) during an electrochemical reaction, by measuring the change in resonance frequency of the crystal.
electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance
The Fourier transform of a plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the sound emitted when a gaseous sample is exposed to an intense laser beam, which is rapidly interrupted by a rotating slotted disk.
Fourier transform photoacoustic spectrum
The collection of spatially resolved infrared spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. The infrared spectra are obtained by single pulse of infrared radiation, produced in a synchrotron.
A type of chemical imaging spectroscopy where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis that probes the vibrational degrees of freedom of a molecule.
A plot of absorbance or emission vs. wavelength/wavenumber/frequency obtained through a Fourier transform of the times series of the absorption or emission of a sample that has been excited by an infrared-frequency pulse generated in a synchrotron.
synchrotron Fourier transform infrared spectra
synchrotron Fourier transform infrared spectrum
The collection of spatially resolved infrared spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. The infrared spectra are obtained by single pulse of infrared radiation, produced in a synchrotron, and are subject to a Fourier transform.
synchrotron Fourier transform infra-red microscopy
synchrotron Fourier transform infra-red microspectrometry
synchrotron Fourier transform infra-red microspectroscopy
synchrotron Fourier transform infrared microscopy
synchrotron Fourier transform infrared microspectrometry
synchrotron Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy
synchrotron-based Fourier transform infrared microscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm), produced in a synchrotron, and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform.
synchrotron Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy
synchrotron Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry
synchrotron Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy
synchrotron Fourier transform infrared (S-FTIR)
synchrotron Fourier transform infrared spectrometry
synchrotron Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
A piece of apparatus consisting of an infrared laser, a beam splitter and a detector (a CCD), which is used to measure spectra in the infrared range.
A piece of apparatus consisting of an infrared laser, an interferometer and a detector, which is used to measure spectra in the infrared range. The spectrometer measures the amount of infrared radiation not absorbed by the sample, and the application of a Fourier transform converts the resulting time domain digital signal into a frequency domain digital signal.
A magnified image obtained using a microscope to view a small object (or specimen).
An image obtained by illuminating the specimen with visible light, and using a system of magnifying lenses.
A method for determining the electrophoretic mobility and zeta-potential of a sample of colloidal particles in solution by illuminating the sample with a light source (usually a laser) and measuring the time dependent fluctuations in the frequency of the scattered light caused by an oscillating electric field.
Spectroscopy where the refractive index change of the sample induced by two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) under the influence of an electric field (the 'optical Kerr effect') is measured.
Spectroscopy where two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained.
Spectroscopy where the refractive index change of laser light reflected by a magnetized sample (the 'magneto-optic Kerr effect') is measured.
magneto-optical Kerr effect spectroscopy
magneto-optical Kerr-effect spectroscopy
magneto optical Kerr effect spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained. The polarizing filters are rotated slightly, giving rise to a heterodyne at the detector, improving the signal-to-noise ratio compared to Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy.
optical heterodyne-detected Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy
optically heterodyned Raman induced Kerr effect spectroscopy
optically heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy
optically heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy
optically-heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy
The collection of spatially resolved infrared spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. An aperture is used to discriminate between infrared signal coming from the laser spot and that coming from the out-of-focus region of the sample.
confocal infra-red chemical imaging spectrometry
confocal infra-red chemical imaging spectroscopy
confocal infrared chemical imaging spectrometry
confocal infrared chemical imaging spectroscopy
confocal infrared microspectrophotometry
A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment of a sample mixture separated by liquid chromatography.
Spectroscopy where femtosecond pulses of two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained.Information is obtained regarding ultrafast solvent dynamics by measuring the time response of a transient birefringence that is induced in the sample by a polarized femtosecond optical pulse.
femtosecond Raman induced Kerr effect spectroscopy
femtosecond Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy
femtosecond Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy
A method where a sample mixture is first separated by nanoflow liquid chromatography (flow rate of nL min-1) before being converted into ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance, by two mass spectrometers in series.
nano liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy
nano liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy
nanoflow liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
A type of chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, an initial separation proceeds in a primary column (commonly ion-exchange), and parts of the eluent from this column are directed into a secondary column (commonly reverse phase).
A method where a sample mixture is first separated sequentially using two different liquid chromatography columns (commonly, ion-exchange followed by reversed-phase) before being analysed by two mass spectrometers in series.
two-dimensional chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy
two-dimensional chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy
two-dimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Spectroscopy where time response of a transient birefringence induced in the sample by two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) under the influence of an electric field (the 'optical Kerr effect') is measured.
time resolved optical Kerr effect spectroscopy
time-resolved optical Kerr effect spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the refractive index change of the sample induced by two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) under the influence of an electric field (the 'optical Kerr effect') is measured. The polarizing filters are rotated slightly, giving rise to a heterodyne at the detector, improving the signal-to-noise ratio compared to optical Kerr effect spectroscopy.
heterodyne optical Kerr effect (HOKE) spectroscopy
heterodyne optical Kerr effect spectroscopy
heterodyne-detected optical Kerr effect spectroscopy
optically heterodyne detected optical Kerr effect spectroscopy
optically-heterodyned Kerr effect spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where femtosecond pulses of two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained. The polarizing filters are rotated slightly, giving rise to a heterodyne at the detector, improving the signal-to-noise ratio compared to Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy.
femtosecond optical heterodyne-detected Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy
femtosecond optically heterodyned Raman induced Kerr effect spectroscopy
femtosecond optically heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy
femtosecond optically heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy
femtosecond optically-heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy
A series of short (microsecond) bursts (pulses) of rf radiation separated by delays (of defined duration) designed to interact with, and manipulate the magnetic moments of spin-active nuclei during NMR spectroscopy.
nuclear magnetic resonance pulse sequence
A short (microsecond) period of radio frequency wavelength radiation.
A pulse cluster (a spin echo on 1H with inversion of 13C in the centre) used to achieve selective inversion of 12C-bound protons, thus achieving the removal of signals due to 12C-bound nuclei. For the pulse sequence see Chem. Phys. Lett., (1982), 93, pg 504
bilinear rotation decoupling pulse sequence
An NMR pulse sequence that decouples nuclei i.e. removes the effects of (usually) J-coupling (line splitting) from the spectrum.
An NMR pulse sequence, employing composite pulses, which decouples nuclei i.e. removes the effects of (usually) J-coupling (line splitting) from the spectrum.
A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. Also used to allow transfer of magnetisation between nuclei (by making the spins precess with at the same chemical shift and thus enjoy strong coupling–-isotropic mixing). For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson., (1988), 77, pg 274.
decoupling in the presence of scalar interactions
A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson., (1985), 64, pg 547.
globally-optimized alternating phase rectangular pulse
globally optimized alternating phase rectangular pulse
A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. Also used to allow transfer of magnetisation between nuclei (by making the spins precess with at the same chemical shift and thus enjoy strong coupling–-isotropic mixing). For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson., (1981), 43, pg 502.
A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments.
phase alternated rotation of magnetization
phase-alternated rotation of magnetisation
phase-alternated rotation of magnetization
phase alternated rotation of magnetisation
A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson. A, (1994), 106, pg 241.
spin decoupling employing ultra-broadband-inversion sequences generated via siμlated annealing
A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. Also used to allow transfer of magnetisation between nuclei (by making the spins precess with at the same chemical shift and thus enjoy strong coupling–-isotropic mixing). J. Magn. Reson., (1983), 52, pg 335.
wideband alternating-phase low-power technique for zero residual splitting
An NMR pulse sequence, used in magic angle spinning, that decouples nuclei i.e. removes the effects of (usually) J-coupling (line splitting) from the spectrum.
magic angle spinning decoupling pulse sequence
A sequence of pulses used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effect of homonuclear dipolar couplings. A train/sequence of pulses is used to cyclically manipulate the signal whilst stroboscopic sampling ensures the effects of coupling are unobserved. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson., (1981), 44, pg 173.
Burum-Linder-Ernst windowless pulse sequence
Burum, Linder, Ernst windowless pulse sequence
A sequence of pulses used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effect of homonuclear dipolar couplings. For the pulse sequence see Chem. Phys. Lett., (2004), 398, pg 532.
decoupling using mind boggling optimisation
decoupling using mind boggling optimization
decoupling using mind-boggling optimisation
decoupling using mind-boggling optimization
decoupling using mind-boggling optimisation pulse sequence
A sequence of pulses used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effect of homonuclear dipolar couplings. For the pulse sequence see J. Chem. Phys., (1997), 125, pg 291.
magic sandwich high-order truncation pulse sequence
A continuous sequence of pulses used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effects of heteronuclear dipolar coupling. For the pulse sequence see J. Chem. Phys., (1996), 103, pg 6951.
two pulse phase modulation pulse sequence
A pulse sequence used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effects of homonuclear dipolar coupling. For the pulse sequence see Phys. Rev. Lett., (1968), 20, pg 180.
A pulse sequence used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effects of homonuclear dipolar coupling. For the pulse sequence see J. Chem. Phys., (1973), 59, pg 3740.
Mansfield, Rhim, Elleman, Vaughn sequence
Mansfield-Rhim-Elleman-Vaughn pulse sequence
Mansfield, Rhim, Elleman, Vaughn pulse sequence
A pulse sequence used to selectively excite a frequency range by applying a series of very short pulses to manipulate, or nutate, the magnetisation vectors of the desired spins, interspersed with delays which cause the off-resonance magnetisation to receive a different phase. For the pulse see J. Magn. Reson., (1978), 29, pg 433.
delays alternating with nutation for tailored excitation
An NMR pulse sequence in which pulsed field gradients are applied to a doubled spin echo sequence to cleanly and precisely excite particular resonances. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson. A, (1995), 112, pg 275.
double pulsed field gradient spin-echo pulse sequence
double pulsed field gradient spin echo pulse sequence
A pulse sequence used to selectively resolve the signals from two coupled nuclei, see J. Am. Chem. Soc., (1982), 104, pg 4286.
double quantum transitions for finding unresolved lines
A sequence of composite pulses designed to allow isotropic mixing of magnetisation between nuclei. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn.Reson., (1988), 77, pg 274.
An NMR pulse sequence used to transfer magnetisation between protons and covalently bound (spin active) heteronuclei via isotropic mixing of their magnetisation. Used to e.g. enhance the NMR signal of heteronuclei or to correlate chemical shifts of protons with heteronuclei. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson., (1991), 91, pg 444.
heteronuclear Hartman-Hahn pulse sequence
heteronuclear Hartmann Hahn pulse sequence
An NMR pulse sequence that is used to suppress or remove the solvent signal.
A pulse cluster used for solvent suppression consisting of two rf pulses separated by a delay with conditions set such that the solvent signal alone is rendered unobservable by the second pulse. For the pulse sequence see J. Am. Chem. Soc., (1982), 104, pg 7310.
A pulse cluster used to suppress solvent (water) signals exploiting the differing relaxation properties of solvent and sample. Resonances are inverted and the subsequent recovery period is chosen such that the solvent signal is at a null point when the signal is detected. For the pulse sequence see J. Chem. Phys., (1972), 56, pg 3182.
A pulse cluster used for solvent (water) suppression. The solvent resonances are selectively excited and pulsed field gradients used to destroy the signal. For the pulse sequence see J. Biomol. NMR, (1992), 2, pg 661.
water suppression through gradient tailored excitation
A pulse cluster used in NMR experiments which manipulates signals such that, at the end of the sequence, the effects of chemical shift differences have been compensated/removed. Used most simply to compensate for inhomogeneities in the magnetic field but delays in the sequence also permit various possible manipulations of the magnetisation. For the pulse sequence see Phys. Rev., (1950), 80, pg 580.
A pulse sequence used in magic angle spinning NMR experiments to remove additional signals resulting from spinning the sample too slowly to obtain a response composed solely of isotropic chemical shifts.
total suppression of sidebands pulse sequence
A selective or shaped pulse, which is designed to excite only a specific region of a spectrum.
An adiabatic shaped pulse. The resonance frequency is swept through a defined rf range during application of the pulse. Allows excitation of a broader range of frequencies than the size of the rf field. For the pulse see J. Magn. Reson., Ser. A, (1993), 102, pg 293.
An adiabatic shaped pulse incorporating a linear sweep through a frequency range used for selective inversion of spin state populations over wide ranges. For the pulse see J. Magn. Reson., Ser. A, (1995), 115, pg 273.
wideband, uniform rate and smooth truncation
wideband, uniform rate and smooth truncation pulse
A dimensionality reduction technique used in multidimensional NMR experiments. A nD NMR experiment is represented in n-1 dimensions by concerted, simultaneous interrogation of two spectral dimensions.
A technique used in 2D NMR whereby the chemical shift frequency modulation of the FIDs necessary to interrogate the second dimension is achieved by moving the position of a rf pulse within a fixed time period on subsequent repeats of the experiment.
An NMR technique used to edit the NMR response from a sample by selecting particular spin systems of interest according to the number of nuclei present within them. Usually achieved by appropriate cycling of the phase (direction of application) of the pulses in an experiment and of the receiver.
An NMR technique used to edit the NMR response from a sample by selecting only two-spin coupled systems, usually achieved by appropriate cycling of the phase (direction of application) of the pulses in an experiment and of the receiver.
An NMR technique used to edit the NMR response from a sample by selecting only uncoupled spins (singlets), usually achieved by appropriate cycling of the phase (direction of application) of the pulses in an experiment and of the receiver.
An NMR technique used to edit the NMR response from a sample by selecting only three-spin coupled systems, usually achieved by appropriate cycling of the phase (direction of application) of the pulses in an experiment and of the receiver
A technique used in FT NMR experiments whereby the sense of application (or phase) of the rf pulses is altered on repeating the experiment such that addition of the resulting signals results in increased intensity for the signals of interest, elimination of artefacts and more effective noise reduction.
A phase cycle technique used in FT NMR experiments whereby the sense of application (or phase) of the rf pulses is altered on repeating the experiment such that addition of the resulting signals results in increased intensity for the signals of interest and more effective noise reduction. For the technique see Progr. NMR Spectr., (1978), 12, pg 41.
A phase cycle technique used in FT NMR experiments whereby the sense of application (or phase) of the rf pulses is altered on repeating the experiment to eliminate spectral artefacts. Exorcycle takes its name from the fact that it is used to remove 'phantom' and 'ghost' peaks. For the technique see J. Magn. Reson., (1977), 27, pg 511.
An NMR technique whereby particular resonances are saturated (their spin-state populations are equalised). Commonly used to suppress solvent signals.
A tool employed in NMR experiments; spatially inhomogeneous magnetic fields applied with a defined gradient. Used to either select a particular signal or to render unwanted signals undetectable.
A technique used in multidimensional NMR experiments to achieve frequency discrimination of the signals in the additional dimensions. For each value of the evolution time, two FIDs are recorded and the signal is sine-modulated.
A technique used in multidimensional NMR experiments to achieve frequency discrimination of the signals in the additional dimensions. It combines the States and TPPI methods.
States–time proportional phase incrementation
A technique used in multidimensional NMR experiments to achieve frequency discrimination of the signals in the additional dimensions. For each value of the evolution time, a single FID is recorded and the phase of the preparation pulse is changed.
A technique used in solid-state NMR experiments to achieve the controlled reintroduction of dipolar couplings by varying the angle at which the sample is spun relative to the applied magnetic field.
A technique used in NMR of isotopically enriched samples (usually 13C/15N) to select for, or to remove signals of protons bound to a particular isotope.
A technique used in 2D NMR of isotopically enriched samples (usually 13C/15N) to remove signals of protons which are not bound to a particular isotope from one of the two domains of the experiment. For the technique see J. Magn. Reson., (1986), 70, pg 500.
A technique used in NMR experiments to remove unwanted signals from the spectrum by destroying the magnetisation giving rise to these signals using a pulsed filed gradient whilst the magnetisation of interest is maintained in a state which is unaffected by the pulsed field gradient (ZZ-state).
A data set derived from microspectroscopy consisting of a three-dimensional image where two axes describe the x and y spatial dimensions and the third dimension represents spectral wavelength. The image is obtained by stacking one image per spectral wavelength sequentially.
A data set derived from FTIR microscopy consisting of a three-dimensional image where two axes describe the x and y spatial dimensions and the third dimension represents the infrared wavelength. The image is obtained by stacking one image per infrared wavelength sequentially.
A data set derived from infrared microscopy consisting of a three-dimensional image where two axes describe the x and y spatial dimensions and the third dimension represents the infrared wavelength. The image is obtained by stacking one image per infrared wavelength sequentially.
An imaging method that uses infrared (900-14 000 nm) radiation and allows variation in temperature to be observed (typically brighter areas in the image represent higher temperatures).
An image obtained by illuminating the specimen with (usually) ultraviolet light, and collecting the light emitted by chromophores in the specimen (fluorescence) using a system of magnifying lenses.
Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The tip oscillates, intermittently touching or tapping the surface. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning.
intermittant contact atomic force microscopy
intermittant-contact atomic force microscopy
Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the frictional force experienced by the tip as a function of position (the 'twist' of the tip). A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning.
Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The tip oscillates in the 'attractive' force region, i.e. avoiding sample contact. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning.
attractive dynamic scanning force microscopy
dynamic force microscopy in attractive regime
dynamic scanning force microscopy in attractive regime
noncontact mode scanning force microscopy
non-contact mode atomic force microscopy
An experimental method where the sample is first transferred to the liquid phase using a supercritical fluid, then subjected to column chromatography where the supercritical fluid acts as the mobile phase, and finally depressurised, collected and subjected to gas chromatography.
supercritical fluid extraction supercritical fluid chromatography gas chromatography
supercritical-fluid extraction supercritical-fluid chromatography gas chromatography
supercritical-fluid extraction-supercritical-fluid chromatography-gas chromatography
An experimental method where the sample is first transferred to the liquid phase using a supercritical fluid, then depressurised, collected and subjected to gas chromatography.
supercritical fluid extraction gas chromatography
supercritical fluid extraction-gas chromatography
supercritical-fluid extraction-gas chromatography
An experimental method where the sample is first transferred to the liquid phase using a supercritical fluid, then subjected to column chromatography where the supercritical fluid acts as the mobile phase.
supercritical fluid extraction supercritical fluid chromatography
supercritical fluid extraction-supercritical fluid chromatography
supercritical-fluid extraction-supercritical-fluid chromatography
An experimental method where the sample is first transferred to the liquid phase using a supercritical fluid, then subjected to column chromatography where the supercritical fluid acts as the mobile phase, and finally depressurised, collected and subjected to liquid chromatography.
supercritical fluid extraction supercritical fluid chromatography liquid chromatography
supercritical-fluid extraction supercritical-fluid chromatography liquid chromatography
supercritical-fluid extraction-supercritical-fluid chromatography-liquid chromatography
A technique where a solid sample is dissolved in a supercritical fluid and this mixture is then expanded using a restrictor, causing the solid to precipitate.
rapid expansion of supercritical solutions
Any material processing method that uses a supercritical fluid.
A solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent then injected into a supercritical fluid (held under pressure) resulting in a large decrease in solution density. This effect leads to the reduction in solubility of the solid and precipitation.
supercritical anti-solvent fractionation
supercritical anti-solvent precipitation
A solid sample is heated above its melting point and combining the molten material with a supercritical fluid. The solution is then expanded through a nozzle, causing the precipitation of the solid as a fine powder.
Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm). Spectra are collected at a rate of approx. 0.05 s per spectrum.
rapid scan infrared absorption spectroscopy
rapid-scan infrared absorption spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm). Spectra are collected at a rate of approx. 0.001 s per spectrum.
ultra rapid scan infrared absorption spectroscopy
ultra-rapid-scan infrared absorption spectroscopy
A sensing device, consisting of an array of light-sensing pixels at the focal plane of a lens, that is sensitive to infrared radiation. The device operates by converting infrared photons to an electrical signal, and using it to construct an image of the sample.
Data obtained from a structure determination method.
Data which is obtained from an X-ray scattering experiment where the X-rays are scattered by the sample at low angles (0–10°).
A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum where the nuclei of interest are aluminium-27 nuclei and in which line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field).
aluminium-27 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum in which line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field) and cross polarisation has been used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei.
cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectra
cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectra
cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum in which the nuclei of interest are phosphorus-31 nuclei, line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field), and cross polarisation has been used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei.
phosphorus-31 cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectra
phosphorus-31 cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectra
phosphorus-31 cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
phosphorus-31 cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum in which the nuclei of interest are carbon-13 nuclei, line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field), and cross polarisation has been used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei.
carbon-13 cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectra
carbon-13 cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectra
carbon-13 cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
carbon-13 cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
A type of NMR spectroscopy using a solid sample. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). Cross polarisation is used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei such as 13C nuclei.
13C cross polarisation magic angle spinning
13C cross polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
13C cross polarization magic angle spinning
13C cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
13C cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
13C cross-polarization magic angle spinning
13C cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
carbon-13 cross-polarisation magic angle spinning
13C cross-polarisation magic angle spinning
Spectroscopy where the time decay of the fluorescence of molecules excited using ultraviolet light is detected.
A method for measuring the binding interaction between two labelled molecules. The sample is excited with vertically polarised light and the decay time and polarization of the fluorescence is measured.
time-resolved fluorescence polarisation spectroscopy
time-resolved fluorescence polarization spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the fluorescence of a single molecule excited by ultraviolet light is detected as a function of wavelength.
single molecule fluorescence spectrometry
single-molecule fluorescence spectrometry
single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy
A plot of fluorescence intensity vs. time.
A plot of fluorescence anisotropy (the difference in polarisation between incident and fluorescent light) vs. time.
The detection of luminescence emitted from a sample as a result of the impact of high-energy electrons.
Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The tip oscillates parallel to the surface. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning.
shear force modulation mode atomic force microscopy
A method for determining molecular motion by measuring the time it takes for a particle in a highly-scattering suspension (e.g. a colloid) to move a distance comparable to the wavelength of light.
A type of optical microscopy which is used to monitor Brownian fluctuations in the separation between a single microscopic sphere and a flat plate in aqueous media. The sphere is levitated above the plate by colloidal forces such as double-layer or steric repulsion. Changes in elevation as small as 1 nm can be detected by measuring the light scattered by a single sphere when illuminated by an evanescent wave.
Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised visible or near-ultraviolet radiation (200–400 nm). The optical activity of the sample is monitored using electronic transitions.
electronic circular dichroism spectrometry
electronic circular dichroism spectroscopy
A plot of ellipticity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised visible or near-ultraviolet radiation as a function of wavelength. ECD spectra can also be derived computationally.
A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for spin-active nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field.
one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
A three-dimensional plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for spin-active nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. Signals are defined in terms of three frequencies; by the chemical shift of a particular nucleus in one dimension and, in the other two, by the chemical shifts of correlated nuclei.
three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
A synthesis method in which the components of the sample spontaneously (and reversibly) associate by non-covalent interactions, taking the form of an existing lithographically templated structure or pattern.
A method where a sample mixture is first adsorbed onto packed tubes (e.g. Tenax) then each tube is automatically moved into a desorption oven and heated (100–280 °C for 5–20 min) to promote thermal desorption of the mixture into the headspace of the tube. The headspace is sampled and used for gas chromatography and the eluent is then ionised and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
automated thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry
automated thermodesorption-gas chromatography mass spectrometry
automated thermal desorption-gas chromatography mass spectrometry
A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through a carrier gas (e.g. helium) and the current generated by this ionisation is measured.
A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through a carrier gas generating high-energy (13.5–17.5 eV) photons which photoionise the elements in the sample mixture, and the current generated by this ionisation is measured.
pulse discharge photoionisation detection
pulse discharge photoionization detection
pulse-discharge photoionization detection
pulsed discharge photoionisation detection
pulsed discharge photoionization detection
pulsed-discharge photoionisation detection
pulses-discharge photoionization detection
pulse-discharge photoionisation detection
A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through argon gas generating high-energy (13.5–17.5 eV) photons which photoionise the elements in the sample mixture, and the current generated by this ionisation is measured.
argon pulse discharge photoionisation detection
argon pulse discharge photoionization detection
argon pulse-discharge photoionization detection
argon pulsed discharge photoionisation detection
argon pulsed discharge photoionization detection
argon pulsed-discharge photoionisation detection
argon pulsed-discharge photoionization detection
argon pulse-discharge photoionisation detection
A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through krypton gas generating high-energy (13.5–17.5 eV) photons which photoionise the elements in the sample mixture, and the current generated by this ionisation is measured.
krypton pulse discharge photoionisation detection
krypton pulse discharge photoionization detection
krypton pulse-discharge photoionization detection
krypton pulsed discharge photoionisation detection
krypton pulsed discharge photoionization detection
krypton pulsed-discharge photoionisation detection
krypton pulsed-discharge photoionization detection
krypton pulse-discharge photoionisation detection
A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through helium gas generating high-energy (13.5–17.5 eV) photons which photoionise the elements in the sample mixture, and the current generated by this ionisation is measured.
helium pulse discharge photoionisation detection
helium pulse discharge photoionization detection
helium pulse-discharge photoionization detection
helium pulsed discharge photoionisation detection
helium pulsed discharge photoionization detection
helium pulsed-discharge photoionisation detection
helium pulsed-discharge photoionization detection
helium pulse-discharge photoionisation detection
A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through a carrier gas generating high-energy (13.5–17.5 eV) photons which photoionise the elements a sample obtained by gas chromatography, and the current generated by this ionisation is measured.
gas chromatography pulse discharge photoionisation detection
gas chromatography pulse discharge photoionization detection
gas chromatography-pulse-discharge photoionization detection
gas chromatography-pulsed-discharge photoionisation detection
gas chromatography-pulsed-discharge photoionization detection
gas chromatography-pulse-discharge photoionisation detection
A fragmentation method where the sample is ionised, and selected ions are allowed to collide with neutral gas molecules, resulting in fragmentation.
Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light from two lasers ('pump' and 'probe') by a sample is detected. In stimulated Raman gain spectroscopy the probe laser has a lower frequency than the pump laser.
Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light from two lasers ('pump' and 'probe') by a sample is detected. In stimulated Raman gain spectroscopy the pump laser has a lower frequency than the probe laser.
Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light by a sample is detected. Two lasers ('pump' and 'probe') are mixed and focused on the sample cell. When the frequency difference between the lasers corresponds to a Raman transition, an acoustic signal (a sound wave produced by an increase in pressure) is generated and detected by a sensitive microphone.
Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from two lasers ('pump' and 'probe') by a sample is detected. The molecules in the sample are ionised using an ultraviolet laser in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the spectrum.
ionization-detected stimulated Raman spectroscopy
ionisation-detected stimulated Raman spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a two-colour laser, by a sample is detected.
higher order Raman spectral excitation studies
higher-order Raman spectral excitation spectroscopy
higher-order Raman spectral excitation studies
A type of three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the signals of a 2D NMR experiment are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to diffusion coefficient.
three-dimensional diffusion-ordered spectroscopy
A technique where a solid sample is first partially dissolved in a organic solvent in a vessel. The solution is then pressurised with a dense gas or supercritical fluid resulting in precipitation of the solid as a fine powder.
A solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent mixed with a supercritical fluid and sprayed into an autoclave (using a nozzle with two or three coaxial channels) resulting in precipitation.
solution enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids
solution-enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids
A technique where a solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent then sprayed into a vessel pressurised with a dense gas (e.g. supercritical CO2) This results in a large decrease in solution density and precipitation.
precipitation using compressed anti-solvent
precipitation using compressed antisolvent
precipitation with compressed anti-solvent
precipitation with compressed antisolvent
A technique where a solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent, mixed with a supercritical fluid and sprayed into an autoclave. This leads to the reduction in solubility of the solid and precipitation.
A solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent then sprayed into a supercritical fluid (held under pressure) resulting in a large decrease in solution density. This effect leads to the reduction in solubility of the solid and precipitation. A surface vibrating at an ultrasonic frequency is used to atomise the solution jet into microdroplets during spraying, increasing turbulence and mixing (resulting in higher mass transfer and smaller particles).
supercritical anti-solvent precipitation with enhanced mass transfer
supercritical anti-solvent with enhanced mass transfer
supercritical antisolvent with enhanced mass transfer
supercritical antisolvent precipitation with enhanced mass transfer
A type of three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the signals of a 2D TOCSY spectrum are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to diffusion coefficient.
total correlation spectroscopy-diffusion-ordered spectroscopy
diffusion-ordered spectroscopy-total correlation spectroscopy
A type of three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the signals of a 2D COSY spectrum are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to diffusion coefficient.
correlation spectroscopy-diffusion-ordered spectroscopy
diffusion-ordered spectroscopy-correlation spectroscopy
A type of three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the signals of a 2D HMQC spectrum are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to diffusion coefficient.
diffusion-ordered spectroscopy- heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence
heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence-diffusion-ordered spectroscopy
A type of three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the signals of a 2D J-spectrum are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to diffusion coefficient.
diffusion-ordered spectroscopy-two-dimensional J-spectroscopy
two-dimensional J-spectroscopy-diffusion-ordered spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 29Si nuclei in a solid sample placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
29Si solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for silicon-29 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field.
29Si solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectra
29Si solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
silicon-29 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectra
silicon-29 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
An image obtained by illuminating the specimen with visible light, and passing the light through pinhole before it reaches a system of magnifying lenses. The pinhole allows only light from the focal point to pass to the detector, reducing background interference.
A piece of apparatus, consisting of a flow cell, a laser and a detector, which detects the fluorescence and light scattering of individual particles (e.g. cells).
An image obtained by scanning a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam, produced by thermionic emission heating (field emission), across the specimen under vacuum.
field emission scanning electron micrograph
field-emission scanning electron microphotograph
field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) image
field-emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image
field-emission scanning electron micrograph
A plot of absorbance vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation absorbed by a sample as a function of the wavelength of incident radiation from the visible region (380–800 nm) range.
The trapping of microscopic particles by a focused laser beam. The beam is focused through a microscope objective, producing a strong electric field gradient at its narrowest point, which attracts dielectric particles. In holographic laser trapping, computer-generated holograms are used to split single laser beams into multiple beams, creating three-dimensional configurations.
Spectroscopy where transient species such as radicals, ions or reactive intermediates are studied using laser pulses. The absorbance of the sample before and after an excitation laser pulse is measured.
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured in the following fs–ns timescale is measured.
A method that is used to measure the relaxation rate of molecules in fluorescent samples. A laser pulse excites the molecule, and the time taken for it to emit a single photon is measured.
A method for determining the distribution of enzyme activity in a sample by photobleaching a specific fluorescent metabolite during microscopy, and monitoring its enzymatically-driven recovery.
enzyme dependent fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
enzyme-dependent fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 111Cd nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
111Cd nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
cadmium-111 magnetic resonance spectroscopy
111Cd nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 57Fe nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
57Fe nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
57Fe nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where a microwave frequency pulse is used to saturate the electron resonance transitions in the 17O nuclei of a sample, and a radio frequency pulse is used excite a nuclear transition.
17O electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where a microwave frequency pulse is used to saturate the electron resonance transitions in the 57Fe nuclei of a sample, and a radio frequency pulse is used excite a nuclear transition.
57Fe electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where a microwave frequency pulse is used to saturate the electron resonance transitions in the 95Mo nuclei of a sample, and a radio frequency pulse is used excite a nuclear transition.
95Mo electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where a microwave frequency pulse is used to saturate the electron resonance transitions in the 1H nuclei of a sample, and a radio frequency pulse is used excite a nuclear transition.
1H electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 3He nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
3He nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
helium-3 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
3He nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 6Li nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
6Li nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
lithium-6 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
6Li nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 9Be nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
9Be nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
beryllium-9 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
9Be nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 89Y nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
89Y nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
yttrium-89 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
89Y nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 63Cu nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
63Cu nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
copper-63 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
63Cu nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 39K nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
39K nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
potassium-39 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
39K nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 139La nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
139La nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
lanthanum-139 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
139La nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 127I nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
127I nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
iodine-127 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
127I nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 121Sb nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
121Sb nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
antimony-121 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
121Sb nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 123Sb nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
123Sb nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
antimony-123 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
123Sb nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 95Mo nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
95Mo nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
molybdenum-95 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
95Mo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 113Cd nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
113Cd nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
cadmium-113 magnetic resonance spectroscopy
113Cd nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A type of pulsed EPR spectroscopy which is used to observe the electron spin echo in 14N nuclei as a function of the time that separates the pulses causing the echo. This technique is a powerful probe of the radial distribution of magnetic nuclear spins in the environment of the electron spins producing the echo.
14N electron spin echo envelope modulation
nitrogen-14 electron spin echo envelope modulation
14N electron spin-echo envelope modulation
A type of pulsed EPR spectroscopy which is used to observe the electron spin echo in a paramagnetic system as a function of the time that separates the two pulses causing the echo. This technique is a powerful probe of the radial distribution of magnetic nuclear spins in the environment of the electron spins producing the echo.
two pulse electron spin echo envelope modulation
two-pulse electron spin-echo envelope modulation
A type of pulsed EPR spectroscopy which is used to observe the electron spin echo in a paramagnetic system as a function of the time that separates the three pulses causing the echo. This technique is a powerful probe of the radial distribution of magnetic nuclear spins in the environment of the electron spins producing the echo.
three pulse electron spin echo envelope modulation
three-pulse electron spin-echo envelope modulation
Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range by a sample is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light does not coincide with an electronic transition in the sample.
The removal of solvent from a sample without passing through the liquid–gas boundary, by immersion in supercritical CO2 and de-pressurisation.
A method for the synthesis of solid particles from an aerosol. The desired solid particles are suspended in a liquid, which is heated to 275–330 °C under pressure and passed through an orifice so that an aerosol forms. The particles in the aerosol are polymerised by partial evaporation of the solvent.
The process of transferring a substance from any matrix into ethanol.
The process of two individual components of a sample associating to form a new pattern or structure.
A piece of apparatus, consisting of a laser, a beam splitter, an optical microscope, a condenser and a CCD camera, that is used to manipulate microscopic particles. The beam splitter is used to create multiple laser beams that interfere forming multiple optical traps.
A plot of relative pressure vs. volume adsorbed obtained by measuring the amount of an inert gasesous or liquid substance (the 'sorbent', usually H2 or N2) which adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'), and the subsequent amount that desorbs at a constant temperature.
A plot of relative pressure vs. volume adsorbed obtained by measuring the amount of N2 gas that adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'), and the subsequent amount that desorbs at a constant temperature.
nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms
A piece of apparatus that measures surface profiles by dragging a (diamond) stylus across the sample surface. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the stylus and surface during scanning.
Spectrometry where the sample is atomised and converted into gaseous ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
Spectrometry where the sample is converted into gaseous molecular ions, which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
A type of column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high. An initial separation proceeds in a primary column and parts of the eluent from this column are directed into one or more secondary columns.
multi-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography
multidimensional high-pressure liquid chromatography
A type of column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high. An initial separation proceeds in a primary ion-exchange column (the particles of which shows no loss or gain of charge with varying pH) and parts of the eluent from this column are directed into a secondary column where the stationary phase is significantly less polar than the mobile phase.
strong cation exchange reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography
strong-cation-exchang reversed-phase HPLC
strong-cation-exchang reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography
strong-cation-exchange reverse-phase HPLC
strong-cation-exchange reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography
strong-cation-exchange reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography
strong-cation-exchange reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography
A method that results in the separation of two or more components along two physical axes.
A method where the sample is first subjected to two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography (passed through two columns in sequence –-a primary ion-exchange column where the particles show no loss or gain of charge with varying pH, and a secondary column where the stationary phase is significantly less polar than the mobile phase). The eluent is then subjected to mass spectrometry where it is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction.
strong-cation-exchange reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
A multi-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are all chromatography.
An experiment in which a two-dimensional separation method is coupled to a detection method in order to detect one or more different components of a sample.
obsolete: two-dimensional separation method-detection method
A type of chromatography where an initial separation proceeds in a primary column and parts of the eluent from this column are directed into a secondary column.
A method in which a two-dimensional chromatography method is coupled to mass spectrometry.
two-dimensional chromatography-mass spectrometry
A multi-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are all electrophoresis.
A method where the sample is first subjected to column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high. The sample passes through two columns (anion and cation exchange) in series. The eluent is then subjected to mass spectrometry where it is ionised in a plasma which has been generated by electromagnetic induction.
tandem dual-column high-performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
A method in which a two-dimensional chromatography method , where the mobile phase is a liquid, is coupled to mass spectrometry,
two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
A method in which a two-dimensional chromatography method , where the mobile phase is a liquid and the inlet pressure is relatively high, is coupled to mass spectrometry,
two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
A method where the sample is first subjected to two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography (passed through two columns in sequence –-a primary ion-exchange column where the particles show no loss or gain of charge with varying pH, and a secondary column where the stationary phase is significantly less polar than the mobile phase). The eluent is then subjected to mass spectrometry where it is ionised by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at atmospheric pressure. The sample is analysed by two mass spectrometers in series.
strong-cation-exchange reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation tandem mass spectrometry
A separation method where components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. During centrifugation the sample can be monitored in real time through an optical detection system or using ultraviolet light absorption.
A separation method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. The sample is centrifuged in a number of separate, sequential steps.
A separation method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. Samples are spun at <5000 rpm.
A separation method where components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. Samples are spun at >5000 rpm.
A method where a sample is purified by removing impurities on the basis of their density in a centrifuge.
A separation method where the components of a cell are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. The sample is centrifuged in a number of separate, sequential steps; each time the pellet is removed and the speed increased.
A method where components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in an ultracentrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. Samples are spun at speeds of up to 150,000 rpm.
A method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density, in a dense medium or density gradient, in a centrifuge, according to the centrifugal force they experience.
A method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density, in a density gradient of e.g. CsCl in a centrifuge, according to buoyant density. The species in the sample move through the gradient until they reach a point where their density and that of the gradient are identical.
sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation
A method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density, in a density gradient of e.g. CsCl in a centrifuge, according to mass. The species in the sample move through the gradient until they reach a point where their density and that of the gradient are identical.
The intensive mixing of μtually insoluble phases (sometimes with addition of surfactants) to obtain a soluble suspension or emulsion.
A piece of apparatus that consists of an ion source, a mass-to-charge analyser, a detector and a vacuum system and is used to measure mass spectra. The detector is a linear sequence of three quadrupole mass-to-charge analysers, which hold the ions in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes.
An ionisation method where the sample is ionised by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at atmospheric pressure.
atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation
Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles, the inlet pressure is relatively high and the separation is caused by differences in ion-exchange affinity.
ion exchange high performance liquid chromatography
ion-exchange high-pressure liquid chromatography
ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography
A method where the sample is first subjected to column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high. The sample passes through two columns (anion and cation exchange) in series. The eluent is then subjected to mass spectrometry where it is ionised by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at atmospheric pressure, and then analysed by two mass spectrometers in series.
tandem dual-column high-performance liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation tandem mass spectrometry
The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration is monitored by observing the changes in sucessive NMR spectra, taken after each addition of titrant.
A method for determining structure by directing polarised neutrons onto an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected neutrons as a function of angle and neutron wavelength.
A method for determining structure by directing two beams of polarised neutrons (one spin 'up' and one spin 'down') onto the sample, which contains a ferromagnetic reference layer, and measuring the intensity of the reflected neutrons in the presence of an applied magnetic field.
magnetic contrast reflection measurements
magnetic-contrast reflection measurements
Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 129Xe nuclei is detected.
129Xe recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 127I nuclei is detected.
127I recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 57Fe nuclei is detected.
57Fe recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 119Sn nuclei is detected.
119Sn recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 121Sb nuclei is detected.
121Sb recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 125Te nuclei is detected.
125Te recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 151Eu nuclei is detected.
151Eu recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 129I nuclei is detected.
129I recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 197Au nuclei is detected.
197Au recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy
A method in which a two-dimensional separation method is coupled to a measurement method.
obsolete: two-dimensional separation method-measurement method
The measurement of the light transmitted through a sample for a given wavelength.
A method for determining the velocity of a sample by measuring the Doppler shift experienced by ultrasound radiation.
A method for determining the velocity of a sample by measuring the Doppler shift experienced by microwave radiation. This is the method used by police to measure the speed of a vehicle using a radar gun.
The measurement of the velocity of a moving object or medium using light.
A method for determining the velocity or zeta-potential of a sample by measuring the Doppler shift experienced by light. A laser beam is directed at a series of fine particles in the medium of interest, and the reflected (or Doppler-shifted) beam then produces an interference pattern with a reference beam.
A method for measuring the velocity of a sample by detecting and analysing successive ultrasonic speckle signals that result from the interference of backscattered echoes of successive incident pulses of ultrasonic radiation (36 MHz).
A method for measuring the velocity of a sample by detecting and analysing successive ultrasonic speckle signals that result from the interference of backscattered echoes of successive incident pulses of ultrasonic radiation (36 MHz) as a function of time.
time-resolved ultrasonic speckle velocity measurement
time-resolved ultrasonic speckle velocimetry
The measurement of the velocity of a moving object or medium using an NMR signal.
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) velocimetry
A method for determining the velocity of a fluid by tagging (presaturating the magnetisation in) a particular group of spins and tracking them in a fluid flow using NMR spectroscopy.
spin tagging nuclear magnetic resonance velocimetry
A method for determining the velocity of fluids by using magnetic field gradients to encode velocity information into the phase of an NMR signal.
phase-contrast nuclear magnetic resonance velocimetry
A method for determining the velocity of fluids by using magnetic field gradients to encode velocity information into the phase of the NMR signal. All other contributions to the magnetic gradient phase are set to zero; the only velocity contribution to the phase is due to the flow of the sample ('flow compensation').
flow-compensated phase contrast NMR velocimetry
flow-compensated phase contrast nuclear magnetic resonance velocimetry
flow-compensated phase-contrast velocimetry
A method for determining the velocity of a sample flow using two coherent intersecting pulsed laser beams to create a density grating in the sample and a third, continuous, laser beam to detect the Doppler shift in the signal.
laser-induced thermal acoustic (LITA) velocimetry
laser-induced thermal acoustic velocimetry
laser-induced thermal-acoustic velocimetry
A method for determining the velocity of fluids by encoding it into an NMR signal. The NMR signal is produced using multiple spin echoes from several radio frequency pulses in the presence of a constant magnetic field gradient.
multiple modulation multiple echo velocimetry
multiple-modulation multiple-echo velocimetry
A method for determining the velocity of fluids by using a pulsed-field gradient spin echo sequence to encode the velocity into an NMR signal. Both flow and Brownian motion components of the velocity are measured.
pulsed gradient spin echo NMR velocimetry
pulsed gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance velocimetry
A method for determining the velocity of a sample flow using two coherent intersecting pulsed laser beams to create a density grating in the sample and a third, continuous, laser beam to detect the Doppler shift in the signal. Heterodyne signal detection (non-linear mixing with radiation of a reference frequency) is employed to recover the Doppler shift.
heterodyne laser-induced thermal acoustic velocimetry
laser-induced thermal-acoustic velocimetry with heterodyne detection
A method for detemining the velocity of metallic or semiconductor melts (at ~1000 °C) by measuring the Doppler shift experienced by ultrasound radiation.
Any type of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in which four independent frequency dimensions are employed for the correlation and dispersal of signals (by employing three magnetisation transfer steps). Each signal is described by four frequencies, thus effecting the distribution of signals within an axis of cubes.
four-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A 2D NMR experiment which correlates the chemical shifts of spatially proximate protons with the chemical shifts of all (of one type of) their covalently bound heteronuclei.
two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy
two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence-nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy
A 2D NMR experiment which correlates the chemical shifts of all the protons in a spin system with the chemical shifts of all (of one type of) their covalently bound heteronuclei.
two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence total correlation spectroscopy
two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence-total correlation spectroscopy
A method for determining the size distribution of a sample of small particles in concentrated or opaque solutions by illuminating the sample with two laser beams and cross-correlating the time-dependent fluctuations in the intensity of the scattered light caused by Brownian motion.
Any method for the synthesis or processing of colloids (mixtures where one substance is dispersed evenly throughout another).
A method for dispersing two or more immiscible liquids by shaking, stirring or homogenising the mixture.
A method for dispersing two or more immiscible liquid by shaking, stirring or homogenising the mixture. The emulsion is stablised by adding finely divided insoluble solid particles (e.g. latex or silica).
Purification of crude chemical compounds containing solid impurities where a solvent is chosen in which the desired product is insoluble and the undesired by-products are very soluble (or vice versa). The crude material is washed with the solvent and filtered away, leaving the purified product in solid form and any impurities in solution.
Spectroscopy where the absorption of linearly (p-) polarised UV-vis light by a poled thin film sample, as it is rotated about the vertical axis, is recorded at incremental angles of incidence.
variable angle polarised absorption spectroscopy
variable angle polarized absorption spectroscopy
variable-angle polarised absorption spectroscopy
Variable-angle polarised absorption spectroscopy where the angle-independent s-polarisation of the light is also measured as a reference.
ratio variable angle polarised absorption spectroscopy
ratio variable angle polarized absorption spectroscopy
ratio variable-angle polarized absorption spectroscopy
variable angle polarised-referenced absorption spectroscopy
variable angle polarization referenced absorbtion spectroscopy
variable angle polarized-referenced absorption spectroscopy
variable-angle polarised-referenced absorption spectroscopy
variable-angle polarized-referenced absorption spectroscopy
ratio variable-angle polarised absorption spectroscopy
A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by Tris [tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane] and EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). TE buffer is used to protect DNA or RNA from degradation.
A plot of intensity vs. energy obtained by measuring the number and energy of X-rays absorbed by the sample within 40 eV of the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron).
X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectrum
X-ray absorption near edge structure spectra
X-ray absorption near edge structure spectrum
near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectra
near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectrum
A plot of energy against time obtained from the measurement of the heat evolved during a chemical or biochemical reaction (such as protein-receptor binding).
A piece of apparatus that consists of: a light source; a holder for the sample; a diffraction grating or monochromator to separate the different wavelengths of light; a detector, and is used to measure spectra in the range ultraviolet to near-infrared (190-2000 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample.
UV-visible-near IR absorption spectrometer
ultraviolet-visible-near infrared absorption spectrometer
ultraviolet-visible-near infrared spectrometer
A plot of weight% vs. temperature, usually consisting of a series of steps, obtained by measuring the mass of a sample during heating.
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 79Br nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
79Br nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
bromine-79 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
79Br nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A type of NMR spectroscopy using a solid sample. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). Cross polarisation is used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei such as 29Si nuclei.
29Si cross polarisation magic angle spinning
29Si cross polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
29Si cross polarization magic angle spinning
29Si cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
29Si cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
29Si cross-polarization magic angle spinning
29Si cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
silicon-29 cross-polarisation magic angle spinning
29Si cross-polarisation magic angle spinning
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) at constant temperature during a chemical or biochemical reaction.
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) at constant pressure during a chemical or biochemical reaction.
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of one variable, whilst a second is kept constant.
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the temperature, whilst the pressure is kept constant. Scanning rates on the order of a few mK min-1 are used and a constant power is continuously applied to (or extracted from) the sample.
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the temperature, whilst the pressure is kept constant.
temperature-controlled scanning calorimetry
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the pressure, whilst the temperature is kept constant.
pressure-controlled scanning calorimetry
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction as a function of temperature.
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction of both a sample and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of temperature whilst a second variable is kept constant. The power input is in the form of a saw-tooth wave.
dynamic differential scanning calorimetry
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction of both a sample and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of temperature whilst a second variable is kept constant. The power input is in the form of a sine wave.
modulated differential scanning calorimetry
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction of both a sample and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of temperature whilst a second variable is kept constant.
temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry
A sample preparation method where (contaminated) material is removed from a specimen by illuminating it with a laser beam. An energy transfer medium is illuminated with the laser beam, and preferentially absorbs energy into capillary spaces under and around the particles on the contaminated specimen. This energy transfer causes explosive evaporation of the energy transfer medium, and the propulsion of particles off the specimen μch like a small rocket engine.
A separation method where particles move at different speeds according to their thermal conductivity in a separation medium, across which a thermal gradient is applied.
A separation method where particles move at different speeds according to their thermal conductivity in a separation medium, across which a thermal gradient (produced by laser irradiation) is applied.
A separation method where two or more particles (e.g. proteins) are separated according to their thermal conductivity in a separation medium, across which a thermal gradient (produced by laser irradiation) is applied.
Optically induced simultaneous thermophoresis
optically-induced simultaneous thermophoresis
laser-induced simultaneous thermophoresis
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction. The temperature and pressure is measured whilst the sample volume is slightly perturbed by the extension of piezoelectric crystals.
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the temperature, whilst the pressure (10-100 atm) is kept constant.
A method for determining the exact amount of an analyte by adding an equivalent amount of a reagent of exactly known concentration to the sample.
A method for separating cells, where each one is suspended in a single aqueous droplet. A fluorogenic substrate is embedded in each cell and any cellular enzymes present bind to it producing fluorescence. The droplets then flow over a microfluidic chip which sorts each one according to the intensity of the fluorescence.
The measurement of the density of a solution by determining the neutral buoyancy of an object (the point at which it maintains a constant depth) in the solution.
The measurement of the density of a sample.
The measurement of the density of a solution by determining the resonant frequency of a quartz U-tube which holds about 1 mL of sample.
A detection method that is sensitive to peptides. Anions transfer electrons to multiply protonated peptides inducing fragmentation of the peptide backbone.
Mass spectrometry involving multiple mass-selection steps, where anions transfer electrons to multiply protonated peptides (resulting in fragmentation) between each mass-selection stage.
electron transfer detection tandem mass spectrometry
electron transfer dissociation tandem mass spectroscopy
electron-transfer dissociation-tandem mass spectrometry
electron-transfer dissociation-tandem mass spectroscopy
electron transfer dissociation tandem mass spectrometry
The recording of an interference pattern on a photographic film. Coherent light from a laser is reflected from an object and combined at the film with light from a reference beam. Both the phase and amplitude of the light scattered by the object is recorded.
Spectroscopy where three incident laser beams are mixed.
Spectroscopy where three femtosecond pulse incident laser beams are mixed, two 'pump' beams of the same frequency and one 'probe' beam of a different frequency.
femtosecond two-colour four-wave spectroscopy
femtosecond two-colour four-wave mixing spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where one laser beam is split into three beams.
degenerate four-wave mixing spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where three incident laser beams are mixed, two 'pump' beams of the same frequency and one 'probe' beam of a different frequency.
two-colour four-wave mixing spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where three incident terahertz laser beams are mixed.
A piece of apparatus which illuminates a sample with X-rays and measures the diffraction pattern produced. It typically will contain at least one monochromator to ensure the incident radiation is of a specific energy, a goniometer which allows the geometry of the sample and detector to be precisely specified, and a detector.
The process of making a polymer blend by mechanically mixing different polymers together in the melt.
Oximetry used to determine the extent of oxygenation of an enzyme, based on the absorption of light by the oxygenated and deoxygenated forms.
A technique used to measure the levels of oxygen in a sample.
Oximetry used to determine the extent of oxygenation of haemoglobin based on the red (600-750 nm) and infrared (800-1000 nm) light absorption characteristics of the oxygenated and deoxygenated forms.
A technique used to measure the levels of oxygen in a sample by measuring the enhancement of relaxation rates (proportional to O2 concentration) of paramagnetic species ('labels' or 'probes', e.g. nitroxides) in solution with O2, using ESR spectroscopy.
electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry
electron paramagnetic resonance spin-label oximetry
electron paramagnetic resonance spin-probe oximetry
electron spin resonance spin-label oximetry
electron spin resonance spin-probe oximetry
A technique used to determine the amount of oxygen in sample based on the absorption of laser radiation.
A technique for measuring the amount of oxygen in a sample by collecting proton nuclear magnetic resonance data whilst irradiating the electron paramagnetic resonance signal from O2. A transfer of polarisation from the electrons to the protons occurs, resulting in an enhancement of the observed NMR signal.
Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised near-infrared radiation in the presence of a magnetic field.
near-infrared magnetic circular dichroism spectrometry
near-infrared magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy
A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. As the sample mixture to be purified is heated, its vapours rise a short distance into a vertical condenser (called a 'Kugelrohr') where they are cooled by water. This technique is used for small amounts of samples with high boiling points (usually >300 °C) under greatly reduced pressure.
A plot of % oxygen vs. time, measured during a process where oxygen is consumed or evolved.
Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The tip oscillates, intermittently touching or tapping the surface. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the resonant frequency of the tip and the surface during scanning, which is performed under ultra-high vacuum conditions.
frequency modulation atomic force microscopy
frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy
Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen that is immersed in a liquid cell. The tip oscillates, intermittently touching or tapping the surface. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning.
The measurement of the size distribution in a collection of grains.
A piece of apparatus that transmits a narrow band of wavelengths of light or other radiation (e.g. X-rays) chosen from a wider range of wavelengths available at the input.
A piece of apparatus, consisting of a quartz or alumina chamber, a balance, a sample pan and a heating mechanism, which is used to record the mass of a sample as a function of increasing temperature.
A piece of apparatus, consisting of an anode (the specimen) a cathode (the source of sputter atoms or 'target') and a magnet, all held inside a vacuum chamber, which is used to coat specimens with a thin layer of atoms (e.g. Au) prior to microscopy.
The measurement of the overall charge a particle acquires in a specific medium. A number of different experimental methods can be used including electrophoretic light scattering and laser Doppler velocimetry.
The removal of solvent from a sample by the application of an inert gas or air.
An image obtained by bombarding the specimen with several finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beams under vacuum and using the phase contrast between transmitted interfering electron waves.
high-resolution transmission electron image
high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) image
phase-contrast transmission electron micrograph
phase-contrast transmission electron microphotograph
phase-contrast transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image
high-resolution transmission electron micrograph
A piece of apparatus that can increase the power of a signal.
A piece of apparatus that is used to increase the amplitude of either the voltage or the current output from a patch-clamp (ion-channel measurement) experiment.
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 73Ge nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
73Ge nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
germanium-73 magnetic resonance spectroscopy
73Ge nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
An NMR experiment used to enhance the sensitivity of low gyromagnetic ratio nuclei by collapsing the intensity of the 'full' spectrum into discrete 'spikelets'/peaks. The intensities of the peaks vary according to the spin-spin relaxation rate (T2) and the envelope described by these peaks represents the full, static spectrum. The solid sample is spun rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field) to reduce line broadening.
quadrupole Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill using magic-angle spinning
An NMR experiment for 73Ge nuclei where spin-spin (T2) relaxation times are measured whilst the solid sample is spun rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field) to reduce line broadening.
73Ge quadrupole Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill using magic-angle spinning
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 73Ge nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods between them. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid-state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field).
73Ge magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for germanium-73 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field.
germanium-73 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 67Zn nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
67Zn nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 25Mg nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
25Mg nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
magnesium-25 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
25Mg nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a gas and the stationary phase is a chiral, high-boiling-point, thermally-stable liquid such as a chiral polysiloxane.
chiral stationary phase gas chromatography
Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small chiral particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high.
chiral stationary phase high-pressure liquid chromatography
chiral stationary phase high-performance liquid chromatography
An NMR experiment used to measure spin-spin (T2) relaxation times of quadropolar nucei by acquiring multiple spin echos with the intensity decay of the echos proportional to T2. In the solid state, this is also used to enhance sensitivity of low gyromagnetic ratio nuclei by collapsing the intensity of the 'full' spectrum into discrete 'spikelets'/peaks. The intensities of the peaks vary according to T2 and the envelope described by these peaks represents the full, static spectrum.
quadrupole Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill experiment
A plot of the nuclear magnetic resonance frequency vs. intensity composed of a series of peaks (separated by the reciprocal of a user-defined time delay in a QCPMG pulse sequence) which describe the envelope of the full, static spectrum.
solid-state quadrupolar Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill spectrum
A plot of the nuclear magnetic resonance frequency vs. intensity composed of a series of peaks (separated by the reciprocal of a user-defined time delay in a QCPMG pulse sequence) which describe the envelope of the full, static spectrum. Line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the solid sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field).
magic-angle spinning quadrupolar Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill spectrum
A plot of the nuclear magnetic resonance frequency for 73Ge nuclei vs. intensity, composed of a series of peaks (separated by the reciprocal of a user-defined time delay in a QCPMG pulse sequence) which describe the envelope of the full, static spectrum. Line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the solid sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field).
germanium-73 magic-angle spinning quadrupolar Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill spectrum
Spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume. Ultraviolet light is used to stimulate fluorescence and the sample is held inside a single fused silica microcapillary under high pressure (up to 300 MPa).
high pressure fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
high-pressure fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied as a continuous sine wave and inverts at the end point resulting in a cycle.
The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration is monitored by measuring the conductance of the solution.
The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration is monitored by measuring the conductance of the solution, the current is provided by a high-frequency source.
The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by the observing the precipitation of silver compounds following the addition of silver nitrate.
Any synthesis technique involving the transfer of a pattern to a sample.
Any patterning technique that utlilises the movement of particles under the influence of an electric field (e.g. electroosmosis or electrophoresis).
Any technique that utlilises the movement of particles under the influence of an electric field (e.g. electroosmosis or electrophoresis) in conjunction with illumination of a photosensitive substrate to form a pattern.
optically-induced electrokinetic patterning
optically induced electrokinetic patterning
A technique that utlilises the movement of particles under the influence of an electric field (e.g. electroosmosis or electrophoresis) in conjunction with illumination of a photosensitive substrate to form a pattern. Particles suspended in DI water are placed between two parallel ITO electrodes biased with an AC signal. Light of wavelength 1064 nm is used to heat the fluid sample and induce an electrohydrodynamic microvortex, bringing the particles towards its centre, forming a pattern.
A method for dispersing two or more immiscible liquids as micrometre-sized droplets by shaking, stirring or homogenising the mixture.
Any process that makes one sample unreactive to another, prior to using the samples together.
An eletrochemical process that increases the thickness of the oxide layer on the surface of a metal sample in order to make it less reactive. Anodisation proceeds by passing a direct current through an electrolytic solution, with the sample serving as the anode.
Any eletrochemical process that makes one sample unreactive to another, prior to using the samples together.
The deposition of a layer of metal on a substrate (usually to provide electrical contacts in devices). A number of techniques may be used for metallisation including evaporation and sputter coating.
The deposition of a layer of aluminium on a substrate (usually to provide electrical contacts in devices). A number of techniques may be used for metallisation including evaporation and sputter coating.
The deposition of a layer of silane-like molecules on a surface (e.g. glass or mica) through self-assembly.
The removal of ions from a solution using an ion-exchange method.
A method of producing large single crystals (of semiconductors or metals) by inserting a small seed crystal into a crucible filled with similar molten material, then slowly pulling the seed up from the melt while rotating it.
A method for preparing synthetic gemstones. A finely powdered sample is melted in an hydrogen-oxygen flame (2000 °C) and crystallising the melted droplets on a boule (a single crystal).
A method of growing a single crystal 'ingot' or 'boule'. The polycrystalline sample is heated in a container above its melting point and slowly cooled from one end where a seed crystal is located. Single crystal material is then progressively formed along the length of the container.
The deposition of a layer of metal on DNA by chemically reducing DNA-complexed metal salts (e.g., Ag, Pd, Pt, and Cu).
A plot of volume of titrant vs. an independent variable (e.g., pH or enthalpy) obtained from a titration experiment.
The application of a thin cover to a sample by depositing consecutive drops of a solution on its surface, and allowing the solvent to evaporate.
The process of the settling of metal ions from a solution or suspension onto a pre-existing surface.
A type of Raman spectroscopy where the spectral signal is enhanced by pre-concentration of the sample. Drops of the sample in solution are deposited onto a surface and dry in a 'coffee-ring' pattern. Spectra are then obtained from this ring of excess of material, after evaporation has completed.
drop coating deposition Raman (DCDR) spectroscopy
drop-coating deposition Raman spectroscopy
drop-coating-deposition Raman spectroscopy
drop coating deposition Raman spectroscopy
A thick-walled steel vessel used during synthesis methods that require both high pressures and high temperatures.
The synthesis of metal-containing compounds in poly(ethylene glycol)s. The ethylene glycol acts as both the solvent and reducing agent.
The synthesis of metal-containing compounds in poly(ethylene glycol)s heated by microwave irradiation. The ethylene glycols act as both the solvent and reducing agent.
The synthesis of metal-containing compounds in poly(ethylene glycol) which is irradiated with ultrasonic (>20 kHz) waves. The ethylene glycols act as both the solvent and reducing agent.
An image obtained by using a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position.
An image obtained by using a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen, line by line, and recording the drop in amplitude of the oscillating cantilever as a function of position.
phase atomic force microscope (AFM) image
phase atomic force microscope (AFM) images
An image obtained by using a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen, line by line, and recording the height moved by the tip as a function of position.
height atomic force microscope (AFM) image
height atomic force microscope (AFM) images
An image obtained by using a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen, line by line, and recording the deflection of the tip as a function of position.
amplitude atomic force microscope (AFM) image
amplitude atomic force microscope (AFM) images
amplitude atomic force microscope images
amplitude atomic force microscopy images
A detection method where the sample is converted into gaseous ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
Spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a Au or Ag nanosized surface) by ultraviolet or visible light is measured.
localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy
localised surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy
A plot of reflectance vs. incident frequency or angle obtained by measuring the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a Au or Ag nanosized surface) by ultraviolet or visible light.
localised surface plasmon resonance spectra
localized surface plasmon resonance spectra
localized surface plasmon resonance spectrum
localised surface plasmon resonance spectrum
Microscopy where the sample is illuminated with visible light that is not collected by the objective lens. Only the light scattered by the specimen is collected by the lens, producing an image of a light specimen on a black background.
An image obtained by illuminating the specimen with visible light that is not collected by the objective lens. Only the light scattered by the specimen is collected by the lens, producing an image of a light specimen on a black background.
Spectroscopy where a dark-field optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis with radiation in the ultraviolet to near infrared range.
dark-field single-nanoparticle optical microscopy and spectroscopy
darkfield optical microscopy and spectroscopy
dark-field optical microscopy and spectroscopy
A piece of apparatus, consisting of an eyepiece, an objective lens, object turret, stage, condenser and light source, which collects electromagnetic radiation in the visible range. In an inverted microscope the light source and condenser are mounted above the stage, while the objective lens and turret are mounted below the stage.
A piece of apparatus that converts optical brightness into an electrical signal using a CCD (a semiconductor chip, which converts the intensity of light falling onto its surface at different points into a charge) and then reproduces an image of the specimen.
charge-coupled device (CCD) digital camera
A piece of apparatus, based on a semiconductor chip, which converts the intensity of light falling onto its surface at different points into a potential difference. The device contains a gain register that amplifies the electrical signal by impact ionisation.
electron multiplying charge coupled device
electron-multiplying charge-coupled device
A piece of apparatus that converts optical brightness into an electrical signal using a EMCCD and then reproduces an image of the specimen.
electron multiplying charge coupled device camera
electron-multiplying charge coupled device (EMCCD) camera
electron-multiplying charge-coupled-device camera
Spectroscopy where the amount of light transmitted through a sample is measured.
A plot of extinction (or transmittance) vs. wavelength (or wavenumber) obtained by measuring the amount of radiation transmitted through a sample as a function of the wavelength of the incident radiation. Optical extinction spectra can also be derived theoretically.
Spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated with an initial pulse of polarised laser light (the 'pump') and the change in polarisation of a second laser pulse (the 'probe') is determined.
Spectroscopy where a spectral shift, in fluorescence spectrum, which depends on the phase of lipid membranes is measured.
Spectroscopy where the difference between the red and blue fluorescence emission of the fluorescent probe laurdan (6-dodecanoyl-2- dimethylaminonaphthalene), which depends on the phase of lipid membranes, is measured.
Laurdan generalized polarization spectroscopy
generalized polarization of Laurdan fluorescence
laurdan generalized polarization (GP) measurements
laurdan generalised polarisation spectroscopy
A type of chemical imaging where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for fluorescence spectroscopy.
Data which is obtained from an X-ray diffraction experiment where the specimen is a powder and the X-rays are incident on the sample at small angles (0-10 degrees).
low-angle powder X-ray diffraction pattern
small-angle powder X-ray diffraction pattern
small-angle powder X-ray diffraction data
A patterning technique that involves the self-assembly of nanospheres into a two-dimensional mask (by e.g. spin coating or drop coating). Following self-assembly, a metal is then deposited (e.g. by thermal evaporation, electron beam deposition or pulsed laser deposition) and the nanosphere mask is removed by sonicating the entire sample in a solvent, leaving behind the pattern.
A process for applying a thin cover to flat substrates by placing a drop of the coating solution on the substrate and then placing it inside a cooled box (to control the speed of evaporation) at an angle of 9° (to initiate evaporation evaporation from the top of the substrate).
thermo-electrically cooled angle coating
A synthesis method in which colloidal particle suspensions in thin evaporating films spontaneously (and reversibly) associate by non-covalent interactions.
Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with light of specific wavelengths. In epifluorescence microscopy light is transmitted through the objective lens onto the specimen, eliminating the need to filter out unwanted light directly from the source.
An image obtained by bombarding the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam under vacuum and measuring the intensities of the transmitted electrons. The specimen is stained with heavy metals salts (e.g. uranyl acetate) to improve contrast.
negative stained transmission electron micrograph
negatively stained transmission electron micrograph
negative-stained transmission electron micrograph
Any process that involves preparing or exciting a sample for a subsequent reaction.
A process that involves improving the adhesion properties of a sample using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons and radicals).
A technique for purifying a crystalline sample where the impure sample is dissolved in a small volume of solvent, forming a supersaturated solution. As the temperature of the solution drops, pure crystals form, the impurities remaining dissolved in the solvent.
A piece of apparatus consisting of a motor unit that rotates the evaporation flask, a vacuum system, a heated water bath and a condenser, which is used to remove solvents from samples under reduced pressure.
A piece of apparatus that is used to measure the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes for both a sample and a reference.
A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser whilst being held in a matrix (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules.
matrix assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectra
matrix assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrum
A mass spectrometer that uses a plate to hold the sample in a matrix (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) whilst it is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser.
matrix assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometer
A extremely flat surface that holds the sample during a mass spectrometry experiment where the sample is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser whilst being held in a matrix to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. The surface of the plate may be chemically functionalised for a specific sample.
matrix assisted laser desorption-ionisation plate
A process for forming thermoplastic polymer samples by dipping a mould into a solution of the polymer and drawing off the solvent to leave a polymer film adhering to the mould.
A process for forming thermoplastic polymer samples by dipping a mould into a solution of the polymer and particles of known dimension, and drawing off the solvent to leave a composite polymer-particle film adhering to the mould.
solvent casting and particulate leaching
A technique used to isolate and purify polymers. The polymer sample is dissolved in a 'good' organic solvent, and this solution is then poured into a 'poor' solvent . Introduction of the polymer to the poor solvent causes the polymer chains to collapse, aggregate and come out of solution.
The simultaneous precipitation of a normally soluble component with a polymer component from the same solution by the formation of a composite by adsorption, occlusion or mechanical entrapment.
The removal of solvent from a sample, usually by the application of heat.
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample at a wide angle (>10°).
A synthesis technique where a Pt metal target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin film of Pt, on a substrate.
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the powdered sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample at a wide angle (>10°).
X-ray emission spectroscopy where the energy spectrum of the X-rays emitted, by a single particle, due to core-to-core transitions is measured using a semiconductor detector.
single particle X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy
single particle energy dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy
single-particle X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy
single-particle X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy
single-particle energy dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy
single-particle energy-dispersive X-ray emission analysis
single-particle energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy
Any method used to prepare a polymer sample.
Any method for the synthesis of polymer membranes that involves the polymer transforming from the liquid phase of the cast solution to the solid phase.
A technique for preparing a polymer membrane by mixing polymer and solvent, then casting this solution onto a surface and allowing the solvent to partially evaporate. The film is them immersed in a nonsolvent causing solidification.
A method for preparing a polymer membrane by mixing the polymer with a substance that acts as a solvent a high temperature and casting the solution into a film. When the solution is cooled, solidification occurs.
Any technique used to purify a sample by forcing it to pass from the solid to gas phase without passing through an intermediate liquid phase.
A method for purifying samples by heating the sample under reduced pressure and allowing the fractions to sublime order of increasing sublimation temperature (a function of vapor pressure).
A technique for purifying solid samples by heating the sample under vacuum. The sample sublimes and the vapours condense as a purified compound on a cooled surface, leaving the non-volatile residue impurities behind.
A technique for purifying solid samples by heating the sample under high vacuum (<0.1 Pa). The sample sublimes and the vapours condense as a purified compound on a cooled surface, leaving the non-volatile residue impurities behind.
A method for crystal growth where polycrystalline SiC lumps are carefully packed between two concentric graphite tubes. The inner tube is then withdrawn leaving a porous SiC layer inside the outer tube. The outer tube is then heated (~2500 °C) in Ar, causing the SiC powder to sublime and nucleate on a cooler surface.
A technique for growing crystals of SiC by heating a source (polycrystalline SiC or powder) at high temperature (1800-2600 °C) and low pressure in an Ar atmosphere causing it to sublime. The vapours then condense on a single crystal of SiC (the 'seed').
A technique for growing thick (micrometre) epitaxial layers of SiC by heating a source (polycrystalline SiC or powder) at high temperature (1800-2600 °C) and low pressure in an Ar atmosphere causing it to sublime. The vapours then condense on a single crystal of SiC (the 'seed') placed a few mm away.
Any synthesis method used to grow crystals.
A method for growing low-purity polycrystalline SiC. A mixture of silica, carbon, sawdust and NaCl is heated to 2700 °C in a furnace, and the temperature gradually decreased.
A data set derived from energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy consisting of a three-dimensional image where two axes describe the x and y spatial dimensions and the third dimension represents X-ray energy. The image is obtained by stacking one EDX spectrum per energy value sequentially. Energy values are characteristic of the elements in the sample thus giving a distribution of elements in the imaged area. EDX chemical maps are sometimes shown in false colour.
A plot of energy (keV) vs. intensity for X-rays emitted by a sample due to core-to-core transitions, following bombardment with electrons. The energies of the emitted X-rays are characteristic of the elements in the sample, therefore peaks are usually labelled with the corresponding element symbol.
The measurement of thermodynamic parameters such as heat release rate, heat of combustion, ignitability, and the evolution of toxic gases, smoke and soot, for flame retarding materials using a cone calorimeter.
A piece of apparatus, consisting of a cone-shaped heater, a hood to collect evolving gases and a laser beam, that is used to measure thermodynamic parameters such as heat release rate, heat of combustion, ignitability, and the evolution of toxic gases, smoke and soot, for flame retarding materials.
The distribution of particles of one phase in a continuous phase of a different nature, assisted by sound waves (>20 KHz in frequency).
Any technique used to physically separate an analyte from byproducts, reagents or contaminating substances.
A piece of apparatus used to measure a spectrum by illumination with visible light.
A type spectroscopy where a sub-ensemble of molecules within an inhomogeneously broadened absorption band is selectively excited by means of a narrow-band laser and the fluorescence and phosphorescence signal is detected with a monochromator or interferometer.
A type of laser spectroscopy where a dye laser is used to remove, from an inhomogeneously broadened spectral line, a narrow homogenous line causing the appearance of a dip ( or 'hole') in a spectrum.
Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted at high angles before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample. An annular aperture is used to select electrons that have passed through given symmetric zones within the objective lens of the microscope. The electron beam is focused using a set of magnetic lenses which removes spherical aberration (an effect where the electron beam is deflected too strongly, resulting in a blurred image).
abberration corrected high angular annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy
abberration-corrected high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy
abberration-corrected high-angular annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy
A piece of apparatus, consisting of an eyepiece, an objective lens, a condenser lens, stage, and light source, which collects electromagnetic radiation in the visible range. An opaque disc is placed underneath the condenser lens, so that only light that is scattered by objects on the slide can reach the eye.
A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of an electron- transparent specimen using a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage of 50-150 kV under vacuum. X-rays emerging from the sample (as a result of electron bombardment) pass through a slit, then a grating disperses them by diffraction according to their wavelength. Finally, X-ray energy (which is characteristic of atomic number) is converted to voltage pulses or 'counts' by a detector.
transmission electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer
transmission electron microscope with an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer
transmission electron microscope with an energy dispersive X-ray analyser
Microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of electrons with the specimen produces X-rays (with energies characteristic of atomic number) which are detected as a function of wavelength.
transmission electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
Any method used to synthesise carbon nanotubes.
A method for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes where a direct-current arc voltage is applied across two graphite electrodes immersed in an inert gas such as He. When pure graphite rods are used, fullerenes are deposited as soot inside the chamber, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes are deposited on the cathode. When a graphite anode containing a metal catalyst (Fe or Co) is used with a pure graphite cathode single-walled carbon nanotubes are generated in the form of soot.
A method for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes where a direct-current arc voltage is applied across two graphite electrodes immersed in H2 gas. When pure graphite rods are used, fullerenes are deposited as soot inside the chamber, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes are deposited on the cathode. When a graphite anode containing a metal catalyst (Fe or Co) is used with a pure graphite cathode single-walled carbon nanotubes are generated in the form of soot.
hydrogen direct current arc-discharge method
hydrogen direct-current arc-discharge method
A plot of heat release (W/m2) vs. time obtained during a calorimetry experiment.
A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser of frequency ω whilst a direct-current electric field is applied, allowing the production of the second harmonic (2ω). This technique is used to induce an asymmetry in an otherwise symmetric material as a probe of the molecular hyperpolarisability.
electric field induced second harmonic generation
electric field induced second harmonic generation spectroscopy
electric-field-induced second harmonic generation
electric-field-induced second-harmonic (EFISH) generation
electric-field-induced second harmonic generation spectroscopy
Any piece of apparatus used to detect an analyte.
A detector that uses a silicon chip to convert light into electrical signal. When a photon is absorbed by the Si chip, a single electron is released. Electrodes covering the chip surface hold these electrons in place in an array of wells, or pixels, so that during exposure of the chip to light, a pattern of charge builds up that corresponds to the pattern of light.
A very sensitive room-temperature detector for mid-infrared range measurements that employs temperature-sensitive ferroelectric crystals of deuterated triglycine sulfate. As the temperature and hence polarisability of the crystals changes (due to the absorption of infrared radiation) a charge is generated which is detected by two parallel electrodes. The deuterated form of the crystals are used because they have a higher Curie point.
deuterated-triglycine sulfate (DTGS) detector
A very sensitive temperature-controlled detector for mid-infrared range measurement that employs temperature-sensitive ferroelectric crystals of either deuterated lanthanum triglycine sulfate or deuterated L-alanine doped triglycine sulfate. As the temperature and hence polarisability of the crystals changes (due to the absorption of infrared radiation) a charge is generated which is detected by two parallel electrodes. The deuterated forms of the crystals are used because they have a higher Curie point.
deuterated L-alanine doped triglycine sulfate. (DLaTGS) detector
deuterated lanthanum triglycine sulfate (DLATGS) detector
deuterated lanthanum triglycine sulfate detector
A detector for infrared measurements that employs a thin layer of the semiconductor HgCdTe. Incident photons with energy greater than the semiconductor band-gap energy excite electrons into the conduction band, creating an increase in the conductivity of the layer which is detected by two electrodes.
The measurement of the pore diameter, pore-size distribution and total pore volume of a sample.
The measurement of the pore diameter, pore-size distribution and total pore volume of a thin porous film sample by measuring the changes in intensity and polarisation of reflected light during vapour adsorption and desorption.
A method applied to polymer films to increase polymer chain mobility. The film is exposed to a solvent atmosphere at room-temperature causing it to swell.
A piece of apparatus, consisting of a laser, a monochromator (for selecting a specific excitation wavelength) and a detector, which is used to measure fluorescence spectra.
A piece of apparatus, consisting of a microwave radiation source, a resonator (a cavity), a magnet and a detector, that is used to measure electron spin resonance spectra.
electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer
An electrophoresis method for the separation of amphoteric analytes according to their isoelectric points by the application of an electric field along a pH gradient. The pH gradient is formed during casting of the gels therefore cannot be altered during the experiment.
immobilized pH gradient-based isoelectric focussing
immobilised pH gradient-based isoelectric focusing
Affinity chromatography where proteins containing amino acids with a specific affinity for metal ions (e.g. His which has an affinity for Co and Zn ions) are retained by the column.
immobilised metal affinity chromatography
immobilized metal affinity chromatography
A chromatography method where the separation is caused by differing analyte-ligand interactions. Phosphorylated proteins and peptides are retained by metal oxide particles because of their affinity for the phosphate group.
A chromatography method where the separation is caused by differing analyte–ligand interactions. Phosphorylated proteins and peptides are retained by hydroxy acid-modified metal oxide particles because of their affinity for the phosphate group.
hydroxy acid-modified metal oxides chromatography
hydroxy acid-modified metal-oxide chromatography
hydroxy acid-modified metal oxide chromatography
Column chromatography where anions are retained by positively charged functional groups that have a permanent positive charge in aqueous solution, such as quaternary ammonium groups, in the stationary phase.
Column chromatography where anions are retained by positively charged functional groups that have a positive charge only at high pH, such as amine groups, in the stationary phase.
Column chromatography where cations are retained by functional groups that are permanently negatively charged in aqueous conditions, for example aliphatic sulfonic acid groups, in the stationary phase.
Column chromatography where cations are retained by functional groups that are negatively charged at low pH, for example aliphatic carboxylic acid groups, in the stationary phase.
Liquid chromatography where the stationary phase is hydrophilic, the mobile phase is organic and separation is achieved based on polarity.
A chromatography column where the stationary phase is a cation exchanger.
A chromatography column where the stationary phase is an ion exchanger.
A chromatography column where the stationary phase is an anion exchanger.
A chromatography column where the stationary phase is a strong cation exchanger.
A chromatography column where the stationary phase is a weak cation exchanger.
A chromatography column where the stationary phase is a strong anion exchanger.
A chromatography column where the stationary phase is a weak anion exchanger.
Hydrophilic interaction chromatography where the chromatography column is an ion-exchange column and the mobile phase is predominantly organic.
electrostatic repulsion-hydrophilic interaction chromatography
electrostatic repulsion hydrophilic interaction chromatography
A method for obtaining colloidal solutions of nanoparticles by the condensation of a plasma plume formed by the laser ablation of a bulk metal plate dipped in a solution.
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of two separate beams of X-rays scattered by a sample at low angles (0–10°).
2-dimensional small-angle X-ray scattering
two-dimensional small-angle X-ray scattering
Data which is obtained from an X-ray scattering experiment where two separate beams of X-rays scattered by a sample at low angles (0–10 deg).
two-dimensional small-angle X-ray scattering data
A method where the sample mixture is first separated by size-exclusion chromatography and then excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic induction, and the emission of electromagnetic radiation from the sample at characteristic wavelengths is detected.
size-exclusion chromatography inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry
size-exclusion chromatography inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
size-exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry
size-exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy
size-exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
A separation method where protein molecules move at different speeds, in non-denaturing conditions, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied.
native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
A separation method where protein molecules move at different speeds, in non-denaturing conditions, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. The dye Coomassie blue is used to transfer charge to the protein.
blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
A separation method where protein molecules move at different speeds, in non-denaturing conditions, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. This method does not use a dye to transfer charge to the protein molecules and is used to separate acidic water-soluble and membrane proteins.
clear native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
A separation method where metalloprotein molecules move at different speeds, in a buffer with pH 10, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. This method does not use a dye to transfer charge to the protein molecules and the concentration of metal atoms from the metallproteins is determined by ICP-MS.
quantitative preparative native continuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis protein molecules move at different speeds, in non-denaturing conditions, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied.
native–native two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
A type of column chromatography in which ions in solution can be 'paired' or neutralised and separated as an ion pair on a reversed-phase column. Ion-pairing agents are usually ionic compounds that contain a hydrocarbon chain.
A method where a sample mixture is first separated by ion-pair chromatography (where sample ions are 'paired' or neutralised and separated as an ion pair on a reversed-phase column) before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
ion pairing chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
ion-pair chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
ion-pair chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
ion-pairing chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
ion-pair chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
An image obtained by scanning the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam under vacuum and measuring the intensities of the transmitted electrons.
scanning transmission electron micrographs
scanning transmission electron microscopy image
scanning transmission electron microscopy images
scanning transmission electron micrograph
A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with electrons causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate.
Spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume which is moving with respect to the sample. The temporal and spatial correlation between adjacent pixels, lines and frames is calculated allowing for the mapping of local translational diffusion coefficients.
raster-scanning image correlation spectroscopy
Microscopy where a metal-coated AFM tip is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field) and an image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the tip in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the change in the polarisation of incident light when it is reflected from a surface as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning.
scanning near-field ellipsometric microscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of polarised radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform.
polarised Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy
polarised Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry
polarised Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy
polarised Fourier transform infrared spectrometry
polarised Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
polarized Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy
polarized Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry
polarized Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy
polarized Fourier transform infrared spectrometry
polarized Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample is first chemically degraded by heating then its absorption of radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm) is measured and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform.
pyrolysis Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of polarised radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm) and the spectrum obtained, recorded as a function of time, is subject to a Fourier transform.
time-resolved polarised Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy
time-resolved polarised Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry
time-resolved polarised Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy
time-resolved polarised Fourier transform infrared spectrometry
time-resolved polarised Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
time-resolved polarized Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy
time-resolved polarized Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry
time-resolved polarized Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy
time-resolved polarized Fourier transform infrared spectrometry
time-resolved polarized Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a fast Fourier transform.
fast Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the transmission of infrared radiation (0.78–1000 μm) through a sample is detected.
Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm). The infrared beam is passed through a diffraction grating which separates (or disperses) the wavelength of the light and directs each wavelength individually through a slit to a detector.
Spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a noble metal e.g. Au or Ag surface) by radiation from the near infrared region (0.8–2 μm) is measured.
near-infrared surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy
A separation method where magnetic particles move at different speeds according to their magnetic susceptibilities in a separation medium, across which a magnetic field is applied.
A technique for separating magnetic and nonmagentic particles by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying a magnetic field. Magnetic particles are dragged away from their stream into a separate buffer stream, leaving the nonmagnetic particles behind.
Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. The energy of the incident electrons is usually greater than the ionisation energy of the sample and the photoelectrons are emitted with the excess in the form of kinetic energy.
electron-induced photoelectron spectroscopy
X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of high-energy electrons.
electron-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy
X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of high-energy protons.
proton-induced X-ray emission spectrometry
proton-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy
The detection of luminescence emitted over a long timescale from a sample, as a result of irradiation with light.
The detection of luminescence exhibited by certain crystalline materials, such as some minerals, when previously absorbed energy from electromagnetic radiation or other ionizing radiation is re-emitted as light upon heating of the material.
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between 13C nuclei that are J-coupled (usually <=3 bonds apart).
A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary and non-polar, while the other is polar and moves in a definite direction.
A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction (the 'mobile' phase). In gradient-elution chromatography the elution solvent strength of the mobile phase is gradually increased during the separation.
A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction (the 'mobile' phase). In isocratic elution chromatography the elution solvent strength of the mobile phase remains constant during the separation.
A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction (the 'mobile' phase). In stepwise elution chromatography the elution solvent strength of the mobile phase is increased during the separation as a series of discrete steps.
A plot of ellipticity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised photon radiation as a function of wavelength in the presence of a magnetic field.
A buffer where the pH is maintained by Tris–Htris, where Tris = tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, and N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid–N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-2-ammonioethanesulfonate equilibria.
A piece of apparatus, consisting of a Xe lamp, a sample holder and at least two polarising filters, that is used to measure optical rotations in solution.
A time-of-flight mass spectrometer that uses an orthogonal-acceleration ion source. The detector is a quadrupole mass-to-charge analyser, which holds the ions in a stable orbit using an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes.
quadrupolar time-of-flight mass spectrometer
quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer
A mass spectrometer which uses two time-of-flight mass-to-charge analysers in sequence to separate ions. The first time-of-flight analyser isolates precursor ions of choice using a velocity filter, and the second time-of-flight analyser detects the fragment ions.
An imaging technique where a beam of X-rays is directed at the specimen and the intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected as a function of wavelength and position. As these energies are element-specific, X-ray fluorescence microscopy can be used to determine spatially-resolved elemental composition.
x-ray fluorescence microprobe (XFM) analysis
An imaging technique where soft X-rays (100–1000 eV) are directed at the specimen, and the difference in absorption of the X-rays by different elements (mainly O and C) produces an image.
An imaging technique where a finely focused beam of X-rays is directed at the specimen and the energies and intensities of the transmitted X-rays are measured as a function of position.
An imaging technique where a finely focused (20–50 nm) beam of X-rays is scanned over the surface of the specimen, and the energies and intensities of the transmitted X-rays are measured as a function of position.
A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which a pulsed electric field is applied (a field in which the voltage changes direction).
A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium consisting of gel, across which a pulsed electric field is applied (one in which the voltage direction is periodically switched among three directions; one that runs through the central axis of the gel and two that run at an angle of 120° either side).
Column chromatography where both the mobile phase and the stationary phase are liquids. The stationary phase μst be immiscible and insoluble in the mobile phase and is usually supported on a suitable material such as a diatomaceous earth.
Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid and the stationary phase is a solid.
A synthesis method for carbon nanotubes where an organometallic precursor (typically tungsten-based) is vaporised then heated in an Ar and C2H2 atmosphere to 950 °C.
A synthesis method for carbon nanotubes where a hydrocarbon vapor (such as methane) is thermally decomposed in a tube furnace in the presence of a metal catalyst. Carbon nanotubes grow over the catalyst and are collected upon cooling. Low temperatures yield multi-walled carbon nanotubes, whereas high temperatures favour single-walled carbon nanotubes.
chemical vapor deposition synthesis of carbon nanotubes
A synthesis method for carbon nanotubes that involves mixing high pressure (e.g. 30 atmospheres) CO that has been preheated (1000 °C) and a catalyst precursor gas (metal carbonyl or metallocene). Under these conditions the precursor decomposes forming metal particle clusters on which carbon nanotubes nucleate and grow. The carbon nanotubes are 99% single-walled carbon nanotubes with small diameters (e.g., (5,5) tubes).
A method for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes where a laser beam (typically a YAG laser) is focused onto a graphite–metal target located in a quartz tube surrounded by a furnace. The target is vaporised in high temperature Ar gas producing single-walled and double-walled carbon nanotubes which are collected at a trap.
A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of an electron transparent specimen using several finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beams with an acceleration voltage of 50–150 kV under vacuum. The amplitude of the interference of the transmitted electron waves is then measured and the phase contrast is used to produce an image.
high resolution transmission electron microscope
high-resolution transmission electron microscope
A method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density, in a dense medium or density gradient, in a centrifuge, according to the centrifugal force they experience. Samples are spun at speeds of up to 150,000 rpm.
A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their dielectrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which an alternating electric field is applied.
alternating current dielectrophoretic analysis
A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their dielectrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which a direct electric field is applied.
direct current dielectrophoretic analysis
A synthesis method for semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes where as-grown single-walled carbon nanotubes are treated with a methane plasma at 400–600 °C in a vacuum and the metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes are selectively etched.
An image obtained by bombarding the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage under vacuum, and detecting the transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons, and characteristic X-rays emitted. The specimen is tilted such that a low-order zone axis is closely parallel to the incident beam, and columns of atoms are viewed end-on by the beam.
Microscopy where the specimen bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV under vacuum. The specimen is tilted such that a low-order zone axis is closely parallel to the incident beam, and columns of atoms are viewed end-on by the beam. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. HREM imaging is used to explore crystal structures and imperfections on the atomic scale.
A synthesis method where a substrate is placed in a heated atmosphere (600–800 °C) and exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit.
A plot of current (or a first or higher derivative of current with respect to voltage) vs. voltage obtained by measuring the tunnelling current through a metal-oxide-metal sandwich. Molecules are adsorbed onto the oxide and these molecules can affect the tunnelling via the excitation of vibrational states.
Spectroscopy where the energy states 19F nuclei in a solid sample placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
19F solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis protein molecules move at different speeds, in non-denaturing conditions, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. The dye Coomassie blue is used to transfer charge to the protein.
2D blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
two-dimensional blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
blue native two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
An ionisation method where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a matrix (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules.
matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation
matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization
matrix-assisted laser desorption–ionization
matrix-assisted laser desorption–ionisation
An ionisation method where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser.
An ionisation method where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is mixed with a matrix compound (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) and deposited on a surface, with some chemical functionality, to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules.
surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionisation
surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionization
surface-enhanced laser desorption–ionization
surface-enhanced laser desorption–ionisation
A mass detection method where the sample is either forced through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets, or solvent droplets subjected to the same process are directed at the sample. The ions are then characterised by a mass-to-charge analyser that uses a quadrupolar potential (generated by four parallel electrodes) to constrain the trajectories of ions according to their mass-to-charge ratio.
electrospray ionisation quadrupole detection
A mass detection method where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution of the sample through a small heated capillary into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets (or by collision with solvent ions produced by the same process). The ions are then held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes (a 'quadrupole') and accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion.
electrospray ionisation time-of-flight quadrupole detection
A mass detection method where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a matrix (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. The ions are then characterised by two time-of-flight mass-to-charge analysers (where the ions are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured) in sequence. The first isolates precursor ions of choice using a velocity filter, and the second detects the fragment ions.
matrix-assisted laser desorption–ionisation tandem time-of-flight detection
A piece of apparatus that can increase the power of a signal with a known carrier wave from an extremely noisy environment. A lock-in amplifier uses a frequency mixer to convert the signal's phase and amplitude into a DC voltage signal.
A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum in which line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field) and using a high-resolution magnetic susceptibility matching probe.
high-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment , where the ions are obtained by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. When the ions are analysed using their mass-to-charge ratios the exact mass is determined as opposed to the nominal mass (the number of protons and neutrons).
high-resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectrum
The measurement of relaxation variables in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
An electrically-conducting piece of apparatus that exchanges electrons with an electrolyte as part of an electrical circuit.
An electrode through which no appreciable current is allowed to flow and is used to observe or control the potential at a working electrode.
An electrode at which the potential is measured.
An electrode that participates in a redox couple where the other partner is a gas.
A reference electrode based on the equilibrium between aqueous protons and electrons on one side and hydrogen gas on the other, in solutions saturated with hydrogen gas. Typically it is made of a thin foil of platinum electrolytically coated with a finely divided deposit of platinum or palladium metal.
A two-dimensional surface that separates two portions of material of different compositions.
A boundary between two electrolyte solutions of different composition, across which arises a potential difference, called the liquid junction potential. In an operational pH cell, the junction is between the test solution and the filling solution or bridge solution of the reference electrode.
A piece of apparatus in which a current causes chemical reactions or chemical reactions cause a current to flow.
An electrochemical cell which is used for practical pH measurements, consisting of a hydrogen ion-responsive electrode and a reference electrode immersed in the test solution.
A hydrogen-ion-responsive electrode consisting of a piece, usually a bulb, of special glass attached to a stem of high-resistance glass complete with internal reference electrode and internal filling solution system.
The measurement of pH, the negative logarithm to base ten of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution. Operationally the pH of a solution X, pH(X), is measured relative to that of a standard reference solution, pH(S), and defined as pH(X) = pH(S) - (E(X) - E(S))/(RT/F)ln 10, where E(X) and E(S) are the electromotive forces measured in cells containing the solution X and the reference solution respectively.
A piece of apparatus which is used to measure pH.
A reference electrode where the electrochemical reaction is between silver metal and silver(I) chloride.
silver/silver chloride reference electrode
A reference electrode where the electrochemical reaction is between mercury metal and mercury(I) chloride.
An electrode that serves merely to carry the current flowing through an electrochemical cell.
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei that are J-coupled (usually <=3 bonds apart). A spatially inhomogeneous magnetic field is applied with a defined gradient and used to either select a particular signal or to render unwanted signals undetectable.
gradient-selected correlation spectroscopy
A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the nuclei to which they are covalently bound. A spatially inhomogeneous magnetic field is applied with a defined gradient and used to either select a particular signal or to render unwanted signals undetectable.
gradient heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence
gradient-selected heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence
A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment , where the ions are obtained by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small capillary (at a flow rate of nL min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets.
nanoelectrospray ionisation mass spectrum
A plot obtained from a scattering experiment on large particles which is used to determine the average molecular weight of the (polymer) sample. The plot typically consists of a grid.
Data which is obtained from a scattering experiment.
The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase immobilised within the pores of the wall of a porous hollow fibre (<10 μm diameter).
hollow fiber liquid-phase micro-extraction
hollow fiber-based liquid phase microextraction
hollow fibre liquid-phase microextraction
hollow-fiber liquid-phase micro-extraction
hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction
hollow-fibre liquid-phase micro-extraction
hollow-fibre liquid-phase microextraction
hollow fibre liquid-phase micro-extraction
The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase immobilised within the pores of the wall of a porous hollow fibre (<10 μm diameter). The aqueous phase is allowed to flow continuously through the fibre, allowing mass transfer to occur.
continuous flow hollow fiber liquid-phase micro-extraction
continuous flow hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction
continuous flow hollow fibre liquid-phase micro-extraction
A process for transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa) by injecting one phase into a glass chamber using a conventional microsyringe and holding the microlitre droplet at the outlet tip of a PTFE connecting tube. The other phase then flows continuously over the droplet, allowing mass transfer to occur.
continuous flow liquid phase microextraction
continuous-flow liquid-phase microextraction
continuous-flow liquid-phase micro-extraction
The process of transferring a microlitre amount of an ionisable substance from an aqueous phase to another aqueous phase, via an organic phase, by performing simultaneous extraction and back-extraction between the phases.
The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa) by suspending a microlitre-sized drop of the organic phase in a large volume of the aqueous phase.
The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa) by the repeated movement of a microsyringe.
The process of transferring a substance from an organic phase to an aqueous phase (or vice versa) by heating the organic sample within a confined space in the presence of an aqueous acceptor droplet suspended on the tip of a microsyringe.
The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the potential difference between indicator and reference electrodes under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium.
A piece of apparatus that measures and compares tastes using a number of discrete sensors; usually one for each of the five taste categories; sourness, saltiness, bitterness, sweetness, and umami.
Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser, by a sample adsorbed onto a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) surface is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light does not coincide with an electronic transition within the sample.
surface-enhanced non-resonance Raman spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 109Ag nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
109Ag nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
silver-109 magnetic resonance spectroscopy
109Ag nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A type of NMR spectroscopy using a solid sample. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). Cross polarisation is used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei such as 109Ag nuclei.
109Ag cross polarisation magic angle spinning
109Ag cross polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
109Ag cross polarization magic angle spinning
109Ag cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
109Ag cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
109Ag cross-polarization magic angle spinning
109Ag cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
silver-109 cross-polarisation magic angle spinning
109Ag cross-polarisation magic angle spinning
A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the 109Ag nuclei to which they are covalently bound.
1H-109Ag heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence
1H–109Ag heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence
A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the 113Cd nuclei to which they are covalently bound.
1H-113Cd heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence
1H–113Cd heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between 113Cd nuclei that are J-coupled (usually <=3 bonds apart).
A type of NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and 113Cd nuclei.
1H–113Cd heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy
A type of NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and 13C nuclei.
1H–13C heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy
A type of NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and 31P nuclei.
1H–31P heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are J-coupled (usually <=3 bonds apart). The response is edited by selecting only two-spin coupled systems, usually achieved by appropriate cycling of the phase (direction of application) of the pulses in the experiment.
double quantum filtered correlation spectroscopy
double-quantum-filtered correlation spectroscopy
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between 113Cd nuclei which are J-coupled (usually <=3 bonds apart). The response is edited by selecting only two-spin coupled systems, usually achieved by appropriate cycling of the phase (direction of application) of the pulses in the experiment.
113Cd–113Cd double-quantum-filtered correlation spectroscopy
The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the relative permittivity of the solution as a function of the solution volume.
Microscopy that involves the collection of spatially resolved mid-infrared spectra (3–8 μm).
mid infra red chemical imaging spectrometry
mid infra red chemical imaging spectroscopy
mid infra-red chemical imaging spectrometry
mid infra-red chemical imaging spectroscopy
The measurement of the relative permittivity of a solution as a function of concentration. Measurements are made indirectly across the resistance of the solution with alternating current.
A plot of detector signal (e.g. ion count or absorbance) vs. retention time obtained from a chromatography experiment. Different peaks in the chromatogram correspond to different components of the separated mixture.
A plot of ion current vs. retention time obtained from a chromatography experiment with mass detection.
A plot of the total ion current vs. retention time obtained from a chromatography experiment with mass detection. selectivity in the data. The total ion current chromatogram monitors a very large window often of several hundred mass-to-charge units.
A plot of ion current vs. retention time obtained from a chromatography experiment with mass detection. The base peak intensity chromatogram represents the intensity of the most intense peak at any one time.
A plot of ion current vs. retention time obtained from a chromatography experiment with mass detection. A small mass window is monitored such that the mass chromatogram represents detection of a very specific mass-to-charge ratio.
A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment where the sample is ionised by electrons (energy 70 eV) which have been emitted from a glowing filament and accelerated through an electric field.
An electrode which responds to the activity of a primary ion in presence of various other (interfering) ions in the sample solution. Ion-selective electrodes contain a selective membrane which contains fixed or mobile sites that interact with ions in solution.
An electrode formed by a sequence of mercury drops falling from a small aperture.
An electrode formed of a partial mercury drop of controlled geometry and surface area at the end of a capillary.
A piece of apparatus which is used to detect footwear marks and indented impressions of handwriting in paper. The sample sheet of paper is placed on a sintered copper plate, a vacuum is applied and a thin mylar plastic film is rolled over the sample. An electrostatic charge is then applied to the plastic by means of a corona discharge and the subsequent pattern of charging is then visualised using photocopier toner. The toner adheres to those areas corresponding to indentations.
Spectroscopy where the response of nuclei with non-zero spin, in a sample dissolved in a deuterated solvent, to a perturbing magnetic field is detected. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the 15N nuclei to which they are covalently bound.
1H-15N heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence
1H–15N heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence
A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the 13C nuclei to which they are covalently bound. The magnetisation of both the proton and the 13C nucleus is allowed to evolve over time.
1H-13C heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence
1H–13C heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between 15N nuclei which are J-coupled (usually ⩽3 bonds apart).
A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary and polar, while the other is non-polar and moves in a definite direction.
A chromatography method where the stationary bed is within a tube and the mobile phase moves continuously through the column and the analyte is detected as it emerges from the column.
Chromatography in which separation is based mainly on differences between the solubility of the sample components in the stationary phase (gas chromatography), or on differences between the solubilities of the components in the mobile and stationary phases (liquid chromatography)
A type of NMR spectroscopy where (J/scalar) couplings to 2H nuclei are cancelled by applying radio frequency radiation to saturate or otherwise manipulate the 2H spins such that no evolution of the coupling occurs.
deuterium-decoupled nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
The separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane. In competition dialysis an array of nucleic acid structures and sequences is dialysed against a common test ligand solution. After equilibration, the amount of ligand bound to each structure or sequence is determined by absorbance or fluorescence measurements. Since all structures and sequences are in equilibrium with the same free ligand concentration, the amount bound is directly proportional to the ligand binding affinity.
Any method that involves observing, or measuring the time take for, loss of fluorescence in a sample.
A phosphate buffer, containing citric acid and sodium phosphate, where the pH is maintained by citrate–citric acid and phosphate–hydrogen phosphate equilibria.
The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the absorbance of radiation in the range ultraviolet to near-infrared (0.1–2.5 μm) by the sample.
The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the absorbance of radiation by the sample.
The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the absorbance of radiation in the ultraviolet range (190–400 nm) by the sample.
A plot of volume of titrant vs. absorbance obtained from an absorbance titration experiment.
The process of heating a substance by irradiation with ultraviolet light (190–400 nm) to cause the solid–liquid phase change.
Microscopy where the specimen, which is cooled in liquid ethane to 180 °C, is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected.
Any method that measures the amount of light that a substance scatters at certain wavelengths, incident angles, and polarization angles.
Spectroscopy where the intensity of luminescence emitted by molecules excited is detected as a function of wavelength or time.
The detection of luminescence emitted over a long timescale from a sample, as a result of irradiation with light, as a function of wavelength or time.
Spectroscopy using short pulses of radiation from the radio frequency (MHz) range. Radio frequency spectroscopy is used to probe cold gas atoms and single ions.
A synthesis technique involving the transfer of a nanosized pattern to a material using a micelle solution of a block copolymer. A glass or silicon substrate is dipped into the solution, retrieved, and the solvent is allowed to evaporate in air. A plasma treatment (O2, H2 or Ar) is performed to remove the polymer shell leaving a pattern.
A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for hydrogen-1 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field.
one-dimensional proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
A two-dimensional plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for hydrogen-1 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. Signals are defined in terms of two frequencies; by the chemical shift of a particular nucleus in one dimension and, in the other, by the chemical shift of a correlated nucleus.
two-dimensional 1H–1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
A three-dimensional plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for hydrogen-1 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. Signals are defined in terms of three frequencies; by the chemical shift of a particular nucleus in one dimension and, in the other two, by the chemical shifts of correlated nuclei.
three-dimensional 1H–1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
A spectrum that shows the response of spin-active nuclei to radio frequency radiation in an applied magnetic field. The resonance frequencies of nuclei approximately 6 \AA apart which are correlated by the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect are plotted with intensities proportional to the populations of nuclei.
A plot of signal vs. temperature for a sample that is heated to cause the solid–liquid phase change.
A plot of absorbance vs. temperature for a sample that is heated by irradiation with a specific wavelength of ultraviolet light (range 190–400 nm) to cause the solid–liquid phase change.
The process of the settling of (nm sized) particles from a colloidal suspension onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in a ceramic thin film. The desired solid particles (e.g. metal alkoxides) are suspended in a liquid, forming the 'sol', which is deposited on a membrane template or mould by spinning, dipping or coating, The particles in the sol are polymerised by partial evaporation of the solvent, or addition of an initiator, forming the 'gel', which is then heated at high temperature to give the final solid product.
A piece of apparatus that maintains the current through an electrochemical cell at a preset value.
A piece of apparatus that maintains the potential through an electrochemical cell at a preset value.
An electrode based on a ferrocene or cobaltocene redox couple internal standard through which no appreciable current is allowed to flow and is used to observe or control the potential at a working electrode.
An electrode through which no appreciable current is allowed to flow and is used to observe or control the potential at a working electrode. A pseudo-reference electrode, such as a Ag wire, fulfils the role of a reference electrode but the electrochemical processes allowing it to do so are not well understood, in contrast to a true reference electrode.
A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic polymers. An elastomeric (polyurethane acrylate) mould is placed on a UV-curable polymer that has been spin- or drop-coated onto a substrate and partially cured using UV light (200–400 nm). The system is then further exposed to UV light and capillary force allows the polymer melt to fill up the void space between the polymer and the mould. After cooling to ambient temperature, the mould is removed, generating the negative replica of the mould pattern.
A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic polymers. An elastomeric (polyurethane acrylate) mould is placed on a UV-curable polymer that has been spin- or drop-coated onto a substrate and partially cured using UV light (200–400 nm). Capillary force allows the polymer melt to fill up the void space between the polymer and the mould, generating a negative replica of the mould pattern. The process is repeated with a second mould and exposure to UV light. Two-step UV-assisted capillary force lithography is used to generate micro/nanoscale combined hierarchical structures.
two-step UV-assisted capillary force lithography
two-step UV-assisted capillary force lithography (CFL)
The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface using short pulses of an oxygen plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons and radicals e.g. O, O+ and O2+).
The measurement of the properties of two or more lasers or waves by studying the pattern of interference created by their superposition.
The measurement of the intensity of the light resulting from the interference of two lasers of different wavelength.
The measurement of the intensity of the light resulting from the interference of two lasers of the same wavelength.
The measurement of the intensity of the light resulting from the interference of two lasers of different wavelength at the beat frequency.
Microscopy that determines the specimen's shape and distance away from a nearby, usually flat, reflective surface from the interference pattern produced by light reflecting from both the object and the surface. A microscope objective focusses a laser on the fluorescent specimen, and the same objective collects fluorescence. The interference between the fluorescence directly emitted by the specimen and the fluorescence reflected by the surface is observed by measuring the intensity of fluorescence passing through a confocal pinhole.
reflection interference contrast (RIC) microscopy
reflection interference contrast (RIC-) microscopy
reflection interference contrast microscopy
A solution, containing CaCl2, KCl, KH2PO4, MgCl2, MgSO4, NaCl, NaHCO3, Na2HPO4, D-glucose and phenol red, that resists changes to its pH.
A solution, containing CaCl2, MgSO4, KCl, NaHCO3, NaCl, NaH2PO4 and phenol red, that resists changes to its pH.
A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for tungsten-183 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field.
tungsten-183 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 1H nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them, and the spectrum is obtained by plotting chemical shift vs. frequency.
one-dimensional 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
An NMR experiment in which a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between interacting 1H nuclei.
two-dimensional 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A piece of apparatus, consisting of a high- voltage transformer, a cavity magnetron, a waveguide and a sample chamber, that is used to heat samples by irradiation with microwave (2 GHz) radiation.
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') followed by a second laser pulse (the 'probe') after a short delay. The pump pulse creates excitations in the sample, which are sensed by the probe pulse.
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') followed by a second laser pulse (the 'probe') after a fs delay. The pump pulse creates excitations in the sample, which are sensed by the probe pulse.
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') followed by a second pump laser pulse, and finally a third laser pulse (the 'probe') after a short delay. The two pump pulses create excitations in the sample, which are sensed by the probe pulse.
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') which causes excitations within the sample. This is followed by a second laser pulse which is tuned to the correct frequency to excite transitions resonantly back down to the lower electronic state (the 'dump'). After a short delay a third laser pulse (the 'probe') is used to sense changes in the sample.
A two-dimensional spectrum in which the position of a peak, in one dimension, corresponds to the chemical shift of a particular hydrogen nucleus and, in the other dimension, to the chemical shift of a hydrogen nucleus which is J-coupled to the first.
A two-dimensional spectrum in which the position of a peak, in one dimension, corresponds to the chemical shift of a particular nucleus and, in the other dimension, to the chemical shift of a nucleus which is J-coupled to the first.
Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid held at or near its critical point. Liquid chromatography at the critical condition is used to determine functionality distributions in polymers.
liquid chromatography at critical conditions
liquid chromatography at the critical condition
A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography, where the liquid is held at or near its critical point, before being converted into ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
liquid chromatography at critical conditions-mass spectrometry
liquid chromatography at the critical condition-mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography, where the liquid is held at or near its critical point, before being ionised by forcing the solution (usually in an organic solvent) through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets.
liquid chromatography at critical conditions-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry
liquid chromatography at the critical condition-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry
A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of a specimen by scanning a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by applying a high voltage to a tungsten crystal (cold-field emission) with an acceleration voltage of 50–150 kV across the specimen under vacuum and measuring interaction of the electrons with the specimen.
cold field emission scanning electron microscope
cold-field-gun scanning electron microscope
cold-field-emission scanning electron microscope
Spectroscopy where the energy states of 195Pt nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.
195Pt nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
platinum-195 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
195Pt nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A method for determining structure where the sample is illuminated with light and the ellipsometric angles of the reflected light are measured from the configuration of the analyzer and the compensator for which no reflected light is detected.
Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The conducting tip forms a capacitor with the surface, over which it is scanned laterally at a constant separation, in order to map the change in work function of the surface. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning.
A measurement method for determining the contact potential difference or difference in work functions between the sample and a reference electrode. In this method, the probe, which is made of a material with a known work function (commonly tungsten or platinum), is arranged close to the sample surface as a parallel-plate capacitor with a small spacing. The probe is vibrated, causing a change in the capacitance between the electrodes, resulting in a small ac current. The work function difference is measured by applying an opposing external bias voltage such that the ac current is zero.
Spectroscopy where an atomic force microscope is used to measure the force experienced by a sample. A probe, which is made of a material with a known work function (commonly tungsten or platinum), is arranged close to the sample surface as a parallel-plate capacitor with a small spacing. The probe is vibrated, causing a change in the capacitance between the electrodes. A voltage is then applied between the probe and sample until the electric field between them vanishes. The force gradient is proportional to the change in amplitude of the vibration. The distance between the probe and sample is kept constant during the measurement using a feedback loop.
An image obtained by using a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen, line by line, and recording the difference in work function between the tip and sample as a function of position.
A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both capillary electrophoresis.
two-dimensional capillary electrophoresis
A two-dimensional separation method where the sample is first subjected to liquid chromatography followed by capillary electrophoresis.
liquid chromatography-capillary electrophoresis
An ionisation method where the sample is either forced through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of positively charged droplets, or solvent droplets subjected to the same process are directed at the sample.
An ionisation method where the sample is either forced through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of negatively charged droplets, or solvent droplets subjected to the same process are directed at the sample.
The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') from a liquid solution caused by the addition of an additional different solvent.
The sedimentation of a solid protein (a 'precipitate') from an aqueous solution caused by the addition of an organic solvent (e.g. methanol), a polyelectrolyte (e.g. alginate) or a salt (e.g. ammonium sulfate) in a process known as 'salting out'.
The component of a system to be analysed.
The liquid or gas entering a chromatographic column and used to effect a separation by elution.
Microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV. under vacuum. The beam of electrons passes directly through an aperture before reaching the specimen. The image results from a weakening of the direct beam by its interaction with the sample.
bright field transmission electron microscopy
bright-field transmission electron microscopy
Microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV. under vacuum. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample.
dark-field transmission electron microscopy
Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample.
dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy
A piece of apparatus, consisting of a crucible (made of pyrolytic boron nitride, quartz, tungsten or graphite), heating filaments, a water cooling system, which is used to measure very low vapor pressures by measuring the mass of vapor which escapes when the vessel contains a liquid in equilibrium with its vapor. It is also used as a source evaporator during crystal growth e.g. during molecular-beam epitaxy.
A piece of apparatus, consisting of an electromagnet containing a paramagnetic core material with a tip-shaped end, that is used to trap and manipulate magnetic particles.
The trapping of microscopic particles by a localised magnetic field.
A synthesis method for metal nanopowders that consists of passing a pulse of a high-density current (10^4 to 10^6 A/mm^2) through a wire causing the explosive disintegration of the metal (accompanied by a bright flash of light, a shock wave, the dispersion of the metal, and the fast expansion of a mixture of boiling metal droplets and vapour to the surrounding medium) and the production of metal , particles with characteristic sizes of tens of μm to a few nm.
A piece of apparatus, consisting of a mobile phase supply system, an injection or sampling system, a column, detector and a data acquisition/ processing system, that is used to carry out chromatographic separations.
A piece of apparatus, consisting of a gas supply system, an injection or sampling system, a column, detector and a data acquisition/ processing system, that is used to carry out chromatographic separations.
A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 13C nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information.
13C rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy
A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 15N nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information.
15N rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy
A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 31P nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information.
31P rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy
A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 19F nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information.
19F rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy
A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between 6Li and 1H nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<=6 \AA apart).
6Li–1H heteronuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy
A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between 19F and 1H nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<=6 \AA apart).
19F–1H heteronuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy
An NMR experiment in which pulsed field gradients are applied to a spin echo sequence to cleanly and precisely excite particular 2H nuclei resonances. Additionally, attenuation of signals occurs related to molecular diffusion allowing this technique to be used to determine self-diffusion coefficients.
2H pulsed field-gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
An NMR experiment in which pulsed field gradients are applied to a spin echo sequence to cleanly and precisely excite particular 19F nuclei resonances. Additionally, attenuation of signals occurs related to molecular diffusion allowing this technique to be used to determine self-diffusion coefficients.
19F pulsed field-gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
An NMR experiment in which pulsed field gradients are applied to a spin echo sequence to cleanly and precisely excite particular 1H nuclei resonances. Additionally, attenuation of signals occurs related to molecular diffusion allowing this technique to be used to determine self-diffusion coefficients.
1H pulsed field-gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
An NMR experiment in which pulsed field gradients are applied to a spin echo sequence to cleanly and precisely excite particular 7Li nuclei resonances. Additionally, attenuation of signals occurs related to molecular diffusion allowing this technique to be used to determine self-diffusion coefficients.
7Li pulsed field-gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
An NMR experiment in which pulsed field gradients are applied to a spin echo sequence to cleanly and precisely excite particular 13C nuclei resonances. Additionally, attenuation of signals occurs related to molecular diffusion allowing this technique to be used to determine self-diffusion coefficients.
13C pulsed field-gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 29Si nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information.
29Si rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy
A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 19F and 29Si nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information.
19F–29Si rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy
A type of NMR spectroscopy using a solid sample. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). Cross polarisation is used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei such as 89Y nuclei.
89Y cross polarisation magic angle spinning
89Y cross polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
89Y cross polarization magic angle spinning
89Y cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
89Y cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
89Y cross-polarization magic angle spinning
89Y cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
ytterbium-89 cross-polarisation magic angle spinning
89Y cross-polarisation magic angle spinning
Spectroscopy where the response of a 63Cu atom to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured.
63Cu pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy
63Cu pulsed electron spin resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where the response of a 65Cu atom to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured.
65Cu pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy
65Cu pulsed electron spin resonance spectroscopy
The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the intensity/wavelength of fluorescence emitted by the sample.
A plot of volume of titrant vs. fluorescence intensity obtained from a fluorescence titration experiment.
A chemical process in which a prepolymer is converted into a polymer and then into a network, upon irradiation with light in the range 190–400 nm.
Spectroscopy where the response of an unstable free radical to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured by first forming a more stable radical adduct (e.g. a nitroxide radical) with a nitrone or nitroso compound (the 'spin trap').
spin-trap electron spin resonance spectroscopy
spin-trap electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy
A buffer that serves as an anode in an electrophoresis experiment.
A buffer that serves as a cathode in an electrophoresis experiment.
A buffer that is used to separate proteins in a gel matrix.
A plot of ehv vs hv where e is the molar extinction coefficient, that is used to determine the optical gap (or 'Tauc gap') in amorphous thin film materials.
A piece of apparatus, consisting of a two-dimensional pattern of diodes and a prism, that is used to detect organic compounds. As the sample passes through a cell or cuvette it is illuminated with light in the region 190–1100 nm and any light transmitted through the sample is dispersed by the prism, so that light of different wavelengths falls on different diodes. The output from the array is used to construct an absorption spectrum that can be compared with standard spectra for identification purposes. Alternatively, a single diode can be used to monitor a specific wavelength at which there is maxiμm absorption.
The use of an electrochemical cell to measure a qualitative or quantitative response for a biological system.
A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum in which the nuclei of interest are silicon-29 nuclei, line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field), and cross polarisation has been used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei.
silicon-29 cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectra
silicon-29 cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectra
silicon-29 cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
silicon-29 cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
An electrode whose response indicates the change of some analytical variable.
A method where the components of a sample (e.g. plasma lipoproteins) are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. A density gradient is established via equilibrium sedimentation (e.g. using caesium ions), and then analyte molecules concentrate as bands where the molecule density matches that of the surrounding solution. Samples are spun at speeds of up to 150,000 rpm.
A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser or flash lamp. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse.
A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse.
A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong nanosecond pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse.
A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong picosecond pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse.
A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong femtosecond pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse.
A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The diffuse reflectance of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse.
diffuse reflectance laser flash photolysis
Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range by a sample is detected.
An imaging technique where soft X-rays (100–1000 eV) are directed at the specimen, and the difference in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured within 40 eV of the absorption edge by different elements (mainly O and C) produces an image.
near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) microscopy
near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) microscopy
near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure microscopy
A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a surface (e.g. a thin film) and measuring the complex index of refraction as a function of incident X-ray energy, near the absorption edge.
An imaging technique where soft X-rays (100–1000 eV) are scanned across a specimen, and the difference in absorption of the X-rays by different elements (mainly O and C) produces an image.
Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a solid-state (Ti sapphire) laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface to produce multi-photon fluorescence (i.e. the fluorophore simultaneously absorbs two photons, each one half of the energy required for single-photon excitation).
Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a solid-state (Ti sapphire) laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface to produce single-photon fluorescence.
A piece of apparatus, consisting of a light source that emits light at element-specific wavelengths, a sample aspirator, a flame or furnace apparatus for volatilising the sample, and a photon detector, that is used to measure the atomic absorption spectrum of a sample. Atoms in the sample of a specific wavelength will absorb light produced by the lamp before it reaches the detector, and the amount of light absorbed depends on the quantity of the element present in the sample.
A type of fluorescence spectroscopy where a two-dimensional total fluorescence spectrum is recorded at various excitation wavelengths.
excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence
excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy
excitation–emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy
The process of transferring a substance from a vapour to a solid phase by passing the vapour sample through a stationary phase (e.g. silica particles) and then desorbing it using a desorbent or carrier gas.
An extraction method for soil samples that uses a high-vacuum system to remove liquid and gas from low-permeability or heterogeneous soil. By removing water from the sample (liquid-phase extraction) the water table is lowered exposing the solid sample to vapor-phase extraction.
A 3D plot of excitation wavelength vs. emission wavelength vs. intensity obtained from a fluorescence spectroscopy experiment.
excitation-emission fluorescence spectra
excitation-emission fluorescence spectrum
excitation–emission fluorescence spectra
excitation–emission fluorescence spectrum
Microscopy where the specimen placed between two orthogonal polarising filters and illuminated with visible light transmitted from a source on the opposite side of the specimen from the objective.
transmitted optical polarising microscopy
transmitted polarised optical microscopy
transmitted polarized light optical microscopy
transmitted polarized optical microscopy
transmitted polarized-light optical microscopy
transmitted polarizing optical microscopy
A piece of apparatus, consisting of an eyepiece, an objective lens, object turret, stage, orthogonal polarising filters and light source, which collects electromagnetic radiation in the visible range.
A piece of apparatus, consisting of an eyepiece, an objective lens, object turret, stage, orthogonal polarising filters and light source, which collects electromagnetic radiation in the visible range. The specimen is illuminated with visible light transmitted from a source on the opposite side of the specimen from the objective.
transmitting polarizing light microscope
A piece of apparatus, consisting of an eyepiece, an objective lens, a condenser lens, stage, and light source, which collects electromagnetic radiation in the visible range. The specimen is illuminated with visible light transmitted from a source on the opposite side of the specimen from the objective.
The application of a thin cover to sample by converting the coating solution to an aerosol then allowing the droplets to settle on the sample surface under the influence of gravity or using an electrostatic field.
The application of a thin cover to sample by immersing it (at constant velocity) in a tank containing coating material, allowing it to remain there for a certain 'dwell time', and removing the piece from the tank ('withdrawal') at a constant velocity.
A detector used in scanning electron microscopy experiments to detect secondary electrons. The detector consists of a scintillator inside a Faraday cage inside the specimen chamber of the microscope. A low positive voltage is applied to the Faraday cage to attract the relatively low-energy (<50 eV) secondary electrons.
A plot of detector signal (e.g. ion count or absorbance) vs. retention time obtained from a chromatography experiment where the separation is caused by differences in molecular size.
Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light by a sample. Laser light of frequency \nu is converted to light of frequency 2\nu by a non-linear interaction with the sample, and the polarisation of this light (the 'second harmonic') is determined.
second harmonic generation circular dichroism spectroscopy
second harmonic generation-circular dichroism
second-harmonic generation-circular dichroism
The process of determining trace amounts of water in a sample by the titration of sulphur dioxide in water using iodine.
The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured volumes of a titrant (normally via a burette) until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached.
The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. In a coulometric titration the titrant is generated electrochemically by passing a constant current through an electrolyte.
A method where a sample mixture is first separated by gas chromatography before part of the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. Another part of the sample is simultaneously ionised by electrons (energy 70 eV) which have been emitted from a glowing filament and accelerated through an electric field. The ions are then characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
parallel ICP-MS and EI-MS detection after GC separation
A method where a sample mixture is first separated by low-temperature gas chromatography (-78°C) before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
low temperature gas chromatography (LT-GC) coupled on-line with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)
low-temperature gas chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
low-temperature gas chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
low-temperature gas chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
A sample preparation method for gas chromatography in which the sample is deposited into the inlet of the chromatograph at a low temperature, then the inlet temperature is rapidly raised to vaporise the desired components and cause their transfer onto the column.
Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets, and where sample ions with different masses are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion and the 'exact' mass of the molecular ions in the sample is determined as opposed to the 'nominal' mass (the number of protons and neutrons).
high-resolution electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry
high-resolution electrospray ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry
A method where a sample mixture is first separated by gas chromatography before being ionised by electrons (energy 70 eV) which have been emitted from a glowing filament and accelerated through an electric field. The ions are then characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
gas chromatography electron ionisation mass spectrometry
A 2D NMR technique which correlates (commonly one-bond) J-coupled homonuclei. In one dimension, the signals appear at the chemical shift of a particular nucleus and in the other dimension, at a position which is the sum of the frequencies of that nucleus and its J-coupled partner.
incredible natural abundance double quantum transfer experiment
A 2D NMR technique which correlates (commonly one-bond) J-coupled 13C nuclei. In one dimension, the signals appear at the chemical shift of a particular nucleus and in the other dimension, at a position which is the sum of the frequencies of that nucleus and its J-coupled partner.
13C incredible natural abundance double quantum transfer experiment
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy which reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. This technique exploits the correlations seen between the intensities of spectral features of multiple spectra so as to obtain a statistically derived spectrum. This technique is of particular value for metabolic profiling.
statistical total correlation spectroscopy
A plot of the nuclear magnetic resonance frequency vs. intensity composed of a series of peaks (separated by the reciprocal of a user-defined time delay in a CPMG pulse sequence) which describe the envelope of the full, static spectrum.
A two-dimensional NMR spectrum where signals are defined in terms of two frequencies; by the chemical shift of a particular nucleus in one dimension and, in the other, by the J-multiplets of correlated nuclei.
Any experimental method used to prepare polymer samples.
A polymer preparation technique in which monomer (usually acrylic) 50–500 nm droplets are dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase and are kept colloidally stable through the use of a surfactant and are stablised against Ostwald ripening using a costabiliser such as hexadecane.
A polymer preparation technique in which monomer (usually acrylic) droplets are dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase and are kept colloidally stable through the use of a surfactant.
A polymer preparation technique in which monomer (usually acrylic) <100 nm droplets are dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase and are kept colloidally stable through the use of a surfactant and a cosurfactant e.g. hexanol.
A polymerisation which is initiated by laser pulses at a constant repetition rate.
Microscopy where a laser is scanned over the surface of the specimen and the photocurrent is recorded as a function of position.
A polymerisation process where the hydrophilic monomer is solubilised inside surfactant reverse micelle structures.
A type of NMR experiment in which excitation of the spin states of three different types of nuclei (usually 1H, 13C and 15N) is employed. The name of the experiment describes the path taken by the magnetisation during the experiment.
triple resonance nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
triple resonance nuclear magnetic spectroscopy
A triple resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon of the preceding residue. The name of the method describes the path taken by the magnetisation during the experiment.
A triple-resonance NMR experiment used in to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and the alpha carbons of the same and preceding residues.
A triple resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and the \alpha-carbon of the preceding residue. The name of the method describes the path taken by the magnetisation during the experiment.
A 3D NMR experiment in which the chemical shifts of protons are correlated with the chemical shifts of spatially proximate protons (<6\\A) and with the shifts of the heteronuclei bound to these proximate protons.
three-dimensional nuclear Overhauser spectroscopy-heteronuclear single quantum coherence
A triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and with both the alpha- and beta-carbons and protons of the preceding residue. The experiment name describes the path taken by the magnetisation during the experiment.
A 3D NMR experiment in which the chemical shifts of protons are correlated with the chemical shifts their covalently-bound heteronuclei and with the shifts of spatially proximate protons (<6\\A).
heteronuclear single quantum coherence-nuclear Overhauser spectroscopy
A 1D NMR experiment in which a 1D spectrum is subtracted from a spectrum acquired under steady-state NOE conditions.
nuclear Overhauser effect difference spectroscopy
A triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and with the alpha-carbon and proton of the preceding residue. The experiment name describes the path taken by the magnetisation during the experiment.
A triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and with the alpha-carbon and proton of the same residue. The experiment name describes the path taken by the magnetisation during the experiment.
A triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and the alpha-carbon and proton of the same residue. The experiment name describes the path taken by the magnetisation during the experiment.
A 4D triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shifts of the protons of a sidechain are correlated with their covalently bound 13C nuclei and with the other protons of the side-chain.
four-dimensional HCCH-total correlation spectroscopy
A 4D NMR experiment which correlates the chemical shifts of carbon-bound protons with those of their bonded 13C nuclei and with the chemical shifts of spatially proximate carbon-bound protons (<6\\A) and their associated 13C nuclei. Pulsed field gradients are employed to improve the appearance of the spectrum.
gradient 13C–13C 1H–1H nuclear Overhauser spectroscopy
A 4D NMR experiment which correlates the chemical shifts of carbon-bound protons with those of their bonded 13C nuclei and with the chemical shifts of spatially proximate carbon-bound protons (<6\\A) and their associated 13C nuclei.
13C–13C edited 1H–1H nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy
A 4D NMR experiment which correlates the chemical shifts of carbon-bound protons with those of their associated 13C nuclei and with the chemical shift of spatially proximate amide protons (<6\\A) and the 15N nuclei to which these are bound.
13C–15N edited 1H–1H nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy
A piece of apparatus, consisting of a gas manifold with a series of tubes and valves connecting the sample chamber to one or more pressure reservoirs of known volume, used for measuring the thermodynamics of hydrogen sorption onto metal samples.
volumetric hydrogen storage capacity apparatus
A piece of apparatus, consisting of an eluent supply system, an injection or sampling system, a column containing a swollen gel, a detector and a data acquisition/ processing system, that is used to carry out chromatographic separations.
A piece of apparatus used as a reaction vessel in air-sensitive chemistry. It is made of glass and has a side arm fitted with a PTFE or ground glass stopcock which allows the vessel to be evacuated or filled with gas (e.g. nitrogen or argon).
A plot of detector signal (e.g. ion count or absorbance) vs. retention time obtained from a chromatography experiment where the separation is caused by exclusion effects within the stationary phase and where the stationary phase is a swollen gel.
An image obtained by placing the specimen between two orthogonal polarising filters, illuminating it with visible light, and using a system of magnifying lenses.
A buffer solution in which the pH is maintained by an acetic acid–sodium acetate equilibrium.
The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the intensity/wavelength of radiation emitted by the sample.
The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light by the sample.
An ion source that consists of a syringe pump, a needle, a power source and a counter electrode (or 'cone') that is used to ionise samples for mass spectrometry.
A piece of apparatus, consisting of a rotating circular tray containing a number of sealed vials, that is used for the automatic injection of samples during a mass spectrometry experiment.
A test which produces colour change in the sample.
A colorimetric test which consists of coupling an Fmoc (9H-fluoren-9-yl-methoxycarbonyl )-protected amino acid and measuring the UV absorbance of the sample after deprotection using 20% piperidine in DMF.
A type of column chromatography where 0.1-10 g of sample mixture is separated in less than 15 min by using pressurised gas to drive the mobile phase through the column.
A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of an N2 which adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'), and the subsequent amount that desorbs at a constant temperature. Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm.
nitrogen sorption-desorption measurements
A piece of apparatus, consisting of a light source, a phototelectric cell, a diffraction grating or monochromator to separate the different wavelengths of light, which is used to detect the absorbance of ultraviolet (190–400 nm) light by molecules in a sample separated by chromatography.
A piece of apparatus, consisting of a light source, a hollow prism and a photoelectric cell that is used to detect non-ultraviolet-absorbing molecules in a sample separated by chromatography. Light from the sample passes through a flow cell with two channels towards the photoelectric cell. One channel holds the eluent from the column, whereas the other holds a control sample (solvent that has not passed through the column). Detection occurs when the light is bent due to molecules eluting from the column, and this is read as a disparity between the two channels.
A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a molten polymer through a die.
A synthesis method in which polymer spheres are assembled into a colloidal crystal on a substrate by evaporation induced self-assembly. The free spaces between the spheres are subsequently infiltrated with a metal by electrodeposition, and the colloidal particles are selectively removed by dissolution in a solvent (e.g. toluene) leaving behind a periodic arrangement of spherical voids embedded in a solid macroporous matrix.
A reference electrode where the electrochemical reaction is between mercury metal and mercury(II) sulfate.
mercury-mercurous sulfate reference electrode
mercury–mercurous sulfate reference electrode
Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV is scanned across an electron transparent specimen under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV is scanned across the specimen, which is cooled in liquid ethane to 180 °C, under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined.
low-temperature scanning electron microscopy
Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the visible region (380–800 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample.
A piece of apparatus that measures the size distribution of particles in an aerosol by neutralising the particles, passing them through a differential mobility analyser in order to control the size of the particles and then counting the particles of that size with a condensation particle counter.
An electrode that consists of a sample of granular carbon material that has been bound with pitch and has been fired at high temperature.
A carbon electrode that has been fired at a temperature around 2800 K, resulting in a largely graphitic composition.
A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture under reduced pressure. As a small quantity of the sample mixture is heated using several glass bulbs connected in line, its vapours rise a short distance into a vertical condenser where they are cooled by dry ice in acetone (-78°C).
A buffer solution in which the pH (6.4–7.4) is maintained by an cacodylic acid–cacodylate equilibrium.
A buffer solution in which the pH (6.4–7.4) is maintained by an cacodylic acid– sodium cacodylate [Na(CH3)2 AsO2] equilibrium.
Microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen, that has been stained with heavy metals salts (e.g. uranyl acetate), is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured.
negative staining transmission electron microscopy
negative-staining transmission electron microscopy
A synthesis method where an electrical discharge is passed under reduced pressure between two electrodes.
A synthesis method where an electrical discharge is passed under reduced pressure between two cathodes. One cathode is the source (or target) composed of the elements required to prepare the sample via sputtering, and the other cathode is the substrate material. When two different (negative) voltages are applied to the two cathodes, glow discharge occurs, causing a build up of the sample on the substrate cathode.
Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The tip oscillates, intermittently touching or tapping the surface. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between oscillation amplitude or phase of the tip and the surface during scanning, which is performed under ultra-high vacuum conditions.
amplitude modulation atomic force microscopy
amplitude-modulation atomic force microscopy
An image obtained by scanning a gas (Ar or Kr) laser spot of specific wavelength over the specimen and collecting the light emitted by chromophores in the specimen (fluorescence) using a system of magnifying lenses. The fluorescence passes through a pinhole before it reaches the lenses, allowing only light from the focal point to pass to the detector, reducing background interference.
confocal laser scanning fluorescence micrograph
confocal laser scanning fluorescence micrographs
fluorescence confocal scanning laser micrograph
scanning confocal fluorescence micrograph
scanning confocal fluorescence micrographs
scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy image
scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy images
Spectroscopy where light energy absorbed by the sample results in the production of a current (the 'photocurrent') which is measured at different spectral intervals.
Spectroscopy where light energy (from a fluctuating light source) absorbed by the sample results in the production of a current (the 'photocurrent') which is measured at different spectral intervals as a function of the modulation frequency of the light source.
intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where light energy absorbed by the sample results in the production of a potential difference (the 'photovoltage') which is measured at different spectral intervals.
Spectroscopy where light energy (from a fluctuating light source) absorbed by the sample results in the production of a potential difference (the 'photovoltage') which is measured at different spectral intervals as a function of the modulation frequency of the light source.
intensity-modulated photovoltage spectroscopy
Any experimental method used to prepare polymer samples where the monomer is suspended as liquid droplets in a continuous water phase by means of strong agitation and the presence of a suspending agent.
A piece of apparatus which is used to physically interact with a sample under a microscope.
A piece of apparatus which is used to physically interact with a sample under a microscope, and is driven by the application of an alternating current to a piezoelectric material.
The conversion of an organic material in an inert atmosphere at temperatures in excess of 1800 °C to produce a graphite crystal structure.
A thin film of micrometre thickness which is used as a support for specimens during transmission electron microscopy.
transmission electron microscope microgrid
Microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by thermionic emission heating (field emission) and with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured.
field emission gun transmission electron microscopy
field emission transmission electron microscopy
field-emission-gun transmission electron microscopy
field-emission transmission electron microscopy
A plot of ellipticity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised luminescence.
fluorescence-detected circular dichromism (FDCD) spectra
fluorescence-detected circular dichromism (FDCD) spectrum
fluorescence-detected circular dichrosim spectra
fluorescence-detected circular dichrosim spectrum
Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. The electron beam is focused using a set of magnetic lenses which removes spherical aberration (an effect where the electron beam is deflected too strongly, described by the spherical aberration coefficient 'Cs', which results in a blurred image).
spherical-aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy
aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy
Microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. A diffracted beam harmonic (a 'weak beam') is used rather than the diffracted beam itself, allowing μch higher resolution to be obtained.
weak beam dark field electron microscopy
weak-beam dark-field (WBDF) electron microscopy
weak-beam dark-field electron microscopy
Microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. A diffracted beam harmonic (a 'weak beam') is used rather than the diffracted beam itself, allowing μch higher resolution to be obtained.
weak beam dark field transmission electron microscopy
weak-beam dark-field (WBDF) transmission electron microscopy
weak-beam dark-field transmission electron microscopy
An image obtained by bombarding the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam under vacuum and measuring the intensities of the transmitted electrons. A diffracted beam harmonic (a 'weak beam') is used rather than the diffracted beam itself, allowing μch higher resolution to be obtained.
weak beam dark field electron micrograph
weak-beam dark-field (WBDF) transmission electron micrograph
weak-beam dark-field transmission electron micrograph
A method for determining the size distribution of a sample of small particles in solution by bombarding the sample with coherent X-rays and measuring the time-dependent fluctuations in the intensity of the scattered X-rays caused by Brownian motion.
An image obtained by bombarding the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam under vacuum and measuring the intensities of the transmitted electrons. The electron beam is focused using a set of magnetic lenses which removes spherical aberration (an effect where the electron beam is deflected too strongly, described by the spherical aberration coefficient 'Cs', which results in a blurred image).
spherical-aberration-corrected STEM image
spherical-aberration-corrected STEM images
spherical-aberration-corrected transmission electron micrograph
aberration-corrected transmission electron micrograph
An image obtained by scanning the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam under vacuum and measuring the intensities of the transmitted electrons. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted at high angles before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample. An annular aperture is used to select electrons that have passed through given symmetric zones within the objective lens of the microscope.
high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron micrograph
high angular annular dark-field scanning transmission electron micrograph
high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron micrograph
high-angular annular dark-field scanning transmission electron micrograph
An image obtained by scanning a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam across the specimen under vacuum. The specimen is tilted such that a low-order zone axis is closely parallel to the incident beam, and columns of atoms are viewed end-on by the beam.
high resolution scanning electron micrograph
high-resolution scanning electron micrograph
A plot of reflectance (%) vs. wavenumber obtained by measuring the amount of radiation reflected from an uneven surface at a number of angles by the sample.
Spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured. The microwave radiation used has an approximate frequency of 9 GHz, known as the 'X-band'.
X-band electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy
X-band electron spin resonance spectroscopy
A plot of intensity vs. magnetic field strength obtained by measuring the absorption of radiation due to spin-state transitions of unpaired electrons against a perturbing magnetic field, in the presence of fixed-frequency microwave radiation of approximate frequency 9 GHz (known as the 'X-band').
X-band electron paramagnetic resonance spectra
X-band electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas) is used to excite the sample. A nebuliser is used to generate a finely dispersed aerosol containing the sample, which is desolvated, and a momentum separator is used to inject dry particles of the analyte (the 'particle beam') into the plasma source (which consists of a hollow cylindrical metal cathode containing the metal for excitation, and an anode).
particle beam/hollow cathode atomic emission spectroscopy
particle beam/hollow cathode optical emission spectroscopy
particle beam/hollow-cathode atomic emission spectroscopy
particle beam/hollow-cathode optical emission spectroscopy
particle-beam/hollow-cathode optical emission spectroscopy
particle-beam/hollow-cathode atomic emission spectroscopy
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas) is used to excite the sample. The plasma source contains a hollow cylindrical metal cathode containing the metal for excitation, and an anode.
hollow cathode glow discharge atomic emission spectrometry
hollow cathode glow discharge atomic emission spectroscopy
hollow cathode glow discharge optical emission spectrometry
hollow cathode optical emission spectrometry
hollow-cathode glow discharge atomic emission spectrometry
hollow-cathode glow discharge atomic emission spectroscopy
hollow-cathode glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy
hollow-cathode optical emission spectrometry
hollow-cathode atomic emission spectroscopy
A method for generating surface-specific vibrational spectra by mixing two light beams (visible and IR) at a surface and detecting the output beam, which has frequency equal to the sum of the two input frequencies.
infrared-visible sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy
infrared-visible sum-frequency generation spectroscopy
infrared–visible sum-frequency generation spectroscopy
A plot of sum-frequency intensity vs. wavelength (or wavenumber) obtained by mixing two light beams at a surface and detecting the output beam, which has frequency equal to the sum of the two input frequencies.
A method for synthesising gold nanoparticles from HAuCl4 in non-aqueous solution (e.g. toluene) using tetraoctylammonium bromide as a phase-transfer catalyst and sodium borohydride to reduce Au(III) to Au(0).
A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at wide angles (>10°). The wavelength of the X-rays used is scanned over an absorption edge which changes the scattering in a known way (the 'anomalous dispersion effect').
An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The indicator electrode (e.g. a Pt disc of 1.0 mm diameter sealed in a Teflon carrier ) spins at high speed during the experiment, and the rotational motion sets up a well-defined flow of analyte towards its surface.
voltammetry with a rotating disk electrode
voltammetry with a rotating-disk electrode
A type of working electrode which usually consists of a Pt disc (diameter 1.0 mm) sealed in a Teflon carrier which rotates a high speed during the experiment. Rotating-disk electrodes are used to investigate reaction mechanisms.
A plot of cell current vs. the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes obtained from a voltammetry experiment during which convective mass transfer (the movement of material by the action of a fluid) occurs.
A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. An azeotrope (a mixture of two or more liquids which produces vapor with the same ratio of constituents as the original mixture) cannot be separated by normal distillation, therefore an additional third component (known as an 'entrainer') is added to the mixture. This has the effect of changing the volatility of one of liquids in the azeotrope to a greater extent than the other, allowing separation to occur.
A piece of apparatus used to measure the strength and/or direction of a magnetic field.
A piece of apparatus, consisting of superconducting loops containing Josephson junctions, which is used to measure the strength and/or direction of an extremely weak magnetic field (10-18 T).
superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer
superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer
superconducting quantum interference magnetometer
superconducting quantum interference device
An experimental method used to prepare polymer samples (e.g. polymer brushes) using a surface-imobilised monomer.
Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. A bias voltage is applied between the tip and sample, forming a capacitor with the sample surface, over which it is scanned laterally at a constant separation. The electrostatic force (measured as the change in resonant frequency of the cantilever) is probed as a function of position by changing the applied voltage.
A plot of intensity vs. Raman shift (cm-1) obtained by measuring the Raman scattering of monochromatic light from a micrometre-sized area of a sample, located using an optical microscope.
A method where a sample mixture is first adsorbed onto packed tubes (e.g. Tenax) then moved into a desorption oven and heated (100–280 °C for 5–20 min) to promote thermal desorption of the mixture into the headspace of the tube. The headspace is sampled and used for gas chromatography and the eluent is then ionised and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry
thermodesorption-gas chromatography mass spectrometry
thermal desorption-gas chromatography mass spectrometry
An image obtained by using a conducting sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen, line by line, and recording the drop in amplitude of the oscillating cantilever caused by the electrostatic force it experiences while the tip is biased with a voltage of a few volts, as a function of position.
The measurement and study of dimensional changes in polymers as a function of temperature, fluid absorption, mechanical stress or chemical reaction.
A plot of specific energy of an electrochemical cell vs. its specific power.
A polymer preparation technique in which an insoluble polymer is dispersed in a continuous organic phase.
A polymer preparation technique in which two different types of monomer are dissolved in an organic solvent and distilled until a precipitate of the corresponding copolymer is formed.
distillation precipitation copolymerization
distillation-precipitation copolymerisation
distillation-precipitation copolymerization
distillation precipitation copolymerisation
A log–log plot of molar conductivity vs. viscosity which indicates the degree of ionicity of an ionic liquid. Plots are compared to the 'ideal' case of 0.01M KCl which exists as dissociated ions.
A piece of apparatus used to measure the absorption or emission of X-rays.
A piece of apparatus, consisting of an X-ray source, an analyser and a detector, which is used to measure the photoelectron emission of samples bombarded with X-rays.
A transmission electron microscope where the electron beam is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured.
scanning transmission electron microscope
Mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a matrix (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. The positive sample ions are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion.
positive ion matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation time of flight mass spectrometry
positive ion matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation time of flight mass spectroscopy
positive ion matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry
positive ion matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry
positive ion matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectroscopy
positive ion matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation time of flight mass spectrometry
positive ion matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation time of flight mass spectroscopy
positive ion matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry
positive ion matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectroscopy
positive ion matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS)
positive ion matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry
positive ion matrix-associated laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry
positive ion matrix-assisted laser desorption–ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry
The measurement of the temperature difference between the sample and a reference material during the measurement of the mass of the sample as a function of temperature.
differential thermal analysis and thermal gravimetry analysis
differential thermalgravimetric analysis
thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses
thermogravimetry coupled to differential thermal analysis
thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis
A crystal growth method for metal dichalcogenides in which the starting materials (high purity metal and chalcogen) are placed in a quartz ampoule together with a transport agent (e.g. iodine) and heated in a furnace under a temperature gradient.
A crystal growth method for metal dichalcogenides in which the starting materials (high-purity metal and chalcogen powders) are placed in one half of a quartz ampoule together with a transport agent (e.g. iodine) and heated in a furnace under a temperature gradient. The product crystals are grown on the surface of a sheet of high-purity metal in the other half of the ampoule.
surface assisted chemical vapor transport
surface assisted chemical vapour transport
surface-assisted chemical vapor transport
surface-assisted chemical-vapor-transport
surface-assisted chemical-vapour-transport
surface-assisted chemical vapour transport
An image obtained by bombarding the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam under vacuum and measuring the intensities of the directly transmitted electrons.
bright field transmission electron micrograph
bright-field transmission electron micrograph
An image obtained by bombarding the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam under vacuum and measuring the intensities of the scattered transmitted electrons.
dark field transmission electron micrograph
dark-field transmission electron micrograph
A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of a specimen by scanning a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage of 50–150 kV across the specimen in a gaseous environment and measuring interaction of the electrons with the specimen.
environmental scanning electron microscope
A piece of apparatus that consists of an ion source, a mass-to-charge analyser, a detector and a vacuum system and is used to measure mass spectra. The detector is an ion trap mass-to-charge analyser, which holds the ions in a stable orbit by an electric field.
A piece of apparatus that consists of an ion source, a mass-to-charge analyser, a detector and a vacuum system and is used to measure mass spectra. The analyser consists of a linear quadrupole mass-to-charge analyser, which holds the ions in a stable orbit using an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes, and an ion cyclotron resonance cell (a piece of apparatus that measures the frequency at which ions precesses in a fixed magnetic field and subjects the frequency output to a Fourier transform).
linear quadrupole ion trap Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer
A mass spectrometer that uses an orthogonal-acceleration ion source. The detector is a quadrupole mass-to-charge analyser, which holds the ions in a stable orbit using an electric field generated by four linear parallel electrodes.
linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer
Microscopy which uses a chemically functionalised sharp spike (e.g. with thiols) mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the chemical interactions between the tip and surface (e.g. gold) as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning.
The simultaneous collection of AFM topography data and spatially-resolved IR spectra by measuring the IR absorption via transient deformation of the AFM cantilever induced by an infrared pulsed laser (tuned to a wavelength that corresponds to a vibrational absorbing wavelength in the specimen) as a function of AFM tip position.
atomic force microscopy infrared microscopy
Microscopy where a probe consisting of a laser transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen and focused to a diffraction-limited spot size. A vibrating metallic AFM cantilever tip periodically and locally modifies the electromagnetic field distribution of the excitation laser. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the scattered light from the tip as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning.
scattering-type near-field optical microscopy
scattering near-field optical microscopy
Microscopy where a probe consisting of an infrared laser transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen and focused to a diffraction-limited spot size. A vibrating metallic AFM cantilever tip periodically and locally modifies the electromagnetic field distribution of the excitation laser. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the scattered light from the tip as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning.
IR scattering near-field optical microscopy
IR scattering-type near-field optical microscopy
infrared scattering-type near-field optical microscopy
infrared scattering near-field optical microscopy
Microscopy where a laser is focused to a diffraction-limited spot size onto an oscillating AFM tip close to the surface of the specimen. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the backscattered light from the tip as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning.
back-scattering near-field optical microscopy
back-scattering-type near-field optical microscopy
backscattering near-field optical microscopy
backscattering-type near-field optical microscopy
The measurement of the photothermal response (temperature fluctuations) of a specimen exposed to the beam of a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, using an atomic force microscope tip as the thermal probe.
The simultaneous collection of AFM topography data and spatially-resolved infrared spectra by measuring the infrared absorption via transient deformation of the AFM cantilever induced by an infrared pulsed laser (tuned to a wavelength that corresponds to a vibrational absorbing wavelength in the specimen) as a function of AFM tip position. The specimen is deposited on an ATR-compatible ZnSe prism and infrared light is introduced into the prism at an angle exceeding the critical angle for internal reflection. This produces an evanescent wave at the reflecting surface.
standard atomic force microscopy infrared microscopy
standard atomic force infrared microscopy
The simultaneous collection of AFM topography data and spatially-resolved infrared spectra by measuring the infrared absorption via transient deformation of the AFM cantilever induced by an infrared pulsed laser (tuned to a wavelength that corresponds to a vibrational absorbing wavelength in the specimen) as a function of AFM tip position. Mid-IR radiation, generated using a periodically poled LiNbO3 crystal emitting tuneable laser is focussed directly on the specimen surface.
surface atomic force microscopy infrared microscopy
surface atomic force infrared microscopy
A data set derived from AFMIR consisting of a three-dimensional image where two axes describe the x and y spatial dimensions and the third dimension represents the infrared wavelength.
atomic force microscopy infrared chemical map
Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the deflection of the tip, which is in contact with the specimen surface, as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning.
Microscopy which uses a sharp conductive spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. A two-dimensional map of the carrier concentration profile (resistance) of the semiconducting specimen is obtained by applying a DC bias between the probe and specimen and mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan line-by-line, and recording the current as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning.
scanning spreading resistance microscopy
A surface characterisation technique in which a pulse or constant concentration of a known gas or vapour (probe molecule) is injected into a column packed with the solid sample at a fixed carrier gas flow rate. The retention time of the probe molecule is then measured using a traditional gas chromatography detector.
A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of an inert gasesous or liquid substance (the 'sorbent', usually H2 or N2) which desorbs from the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'). Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm.
A method of observing desorbed molecules from a surface when the surface temperature is increased. The sample is heated slowly in a vacuum and residual gas in the vacuum is detected as a change in pressure.
A plot of intensity or rate vs. temperature obtained by heating the sample slowly in a vacuum and measuring the change in pressure as molecules desorb from the surface of the sample.
TPD (temperature-programmed desorption) profile
temperature-programmed desorption profile
A method for generating surface-specific electronic spectra by mixing two light beams at a surface and detecting the output beam, which has frequency equal to the sum of the two input frequencies.
electronic sum frequency generation spectroscopy
electronic sum-frequency generation (ESFG) spectroscopy
electronic sum-frequency generation spectroscopy
Spectroscopy where an atomic force microscope is used to measure the force experienced by a sample. The method involves the application of a small sinusoidal oscillating force to the tip via a magnetic field created by a conducting coil which interacts with a magnetic particle glued on the backside of the cantilever and measuring the change in amplitude during the approach and retraction of the sample.
Any piece of apparatus used to measure electric charge.
The process of determining trace amounts of water in a sample by the titration of sulphur dioxide in water using iodine. In this method the I2 is generated electrochemically from I- and titrated with sulphur dioxide.
A piece of apparatus, consisting of an electrolytic cell with an anodic compartment containing sulfur dioxide (SO2), iodide (Iï¿½) and a cathodic compartment containing the sample, which is used to determine trace amounts of water in a sample by measuring the time and current flow required to reach the titration end-point.
A piece of apparatus, consisting of an electrolytic cell, that is used to determine electric charge by measuring the amount of an element deposited or released at the cathode during a specified time.
The process of determining trace amounts of water in a sample by the titration of sulphur dioxide in water using iodine. In this method the titrant is added directly to the sample using a burette.
A piece of apparatus, consisting of a laser, a polariser, a compensator (which elliptically polarises the light) and a detector, which is used to measure the intensity and change in polarisation of light reflected by a sample. This information in turn can be used to determine refractive index and thin film thickness.
A piece of apparatus, consisting of a light source, a polariser, a compensator (which elliptically polarises the light) and a detector, which is used to measure the intensity and change in polarisation of light reflected by a sample as a function of wavelength. This information in turn can be used to determine refractive index and thin film thickness.
An image obtained by using a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. The tip oscillates, intermittently touching or tapping the surface.
A plot of vertical displacement vs. distance obtained by using a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position.
Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a fixed-energy light source resulting in the detachment of electrons, the energies of which are measured.
photo-detachment photoelectron spectroscopy
photodetachment-photoelectron spectroscopy
photodetachment photoelectron spectroscopy
A plot of absorbance or emission vs. wavelength/wavenumber/frequency obtained through a Fourier transform of the times series of the absorption or emission of a sample that has been excited by an infrared-frequency pulse. The infrared light is introduced into a prism at an angle exceeding the critical angle for internal reflection. This produces an evanescent wave at the reflecting surface (a surface which is transparent to infrared such as thallium bromide) on which the sample is supported. The distortion of the evanescent wave by the sample is measured.
Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectra
Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectrum
Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance spectra
Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance spectrum
Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) spectra
Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) spectrum
attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infra-red spectra
attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infra-red spectrum
attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectra
attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectrum
attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra
attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrum
A plot of detector signal (e.g. ion count or absorbance) vs. retention time obtained from a column chromatography experiment where the mobile phase is a gas.
A plot of complex impedance vs. frequency that reflects the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of an electrochemical cell.
Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised synchrotron radiation (radiation produced by the movement of charged particles in a magnetic field).
synchrotron circular dichroism spectroscopy
A plot of ellipticity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised synchrotron radiation as a function of wavelength.
A photoluminescence spectrum where the excitation process involves two-photon absorption.
A fluorescence spectrum where the excitation process involves two-photon absorption.
two-photon excited fluorescence spectrum
A 2D image obtained by measuring fluorescence.
A fluorescence image obtained through a two-photon excitation process.
Spectroscopy where Xe atoms adsorbed on the surface of a sample are illuminated with photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected. The binding energy of the core or valence levels of Xe weakly bound to the surface, relative to the Fermi level of the substrate, depends on the local work function of its adsorption site.
photoelectron spectrometry of adsorbed xenon
photoemission spectrometry of adsorbed xenon
photoemission spectroscopy of adsorbed xenon
photoelectron spectroscopy of adsorbed xenon
A separation method where the components (in this case stereoisomers) are distributed between two chiral phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction (the 'mobile phase'). In this method the mobile phase is a fluid above and relatively close to its critical temperature and pressure.
chiral supercritical fluid chromatography
chiral supercritical-fluid chromatography
A separation method where the components (in this case stereoisomers) are distributed between two chiral phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction.
A heteronuclear NMR spectrum where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between 1H and 13C nuclei which are 2–3 bonds removed.
1H/13C heteronuclear multiple bond coherence spectra
1H/13C heteronuclear multiple bond coherence spectrum
1H–13C heteronuclear multiple bond coherence spectra
1H–13C heteronuclear multiple bond coherence spectrum
A heteronuclear NMR spectrum where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between 1H and 15N nuclei which are 2–3 bonds removed.
1H/15N heteronuclear multiple bond coherence spectra
1H/15N heteronuclear multiple bond coherence spectrum
1H–15N heteronuclear multiple bond coherence spectra
1H–15N heteronuclear multiple bond coherence spectrum
Far-infrared spectroscopy where the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform.
Fourier transform far infrared spectroscopy
Fourier transform far-infra-red spectrometry
Fourier transform far-infrared spectrometry
Fourier transform far-infrared spectroscopy
A plot of absorbance or emission vs. wavelength/wavenumber/frequency obtained through a Fourier transform of the times series of the absorption of a sample that has been excited by an far-infrared-frequency pulse.
Fourier transform far-infra-red spectrum
Microscopy where a very low concentration of fluorescent subunits in a polymer or peptide reveals the assembly dynamics, movement and turnover of assemblies throughout the image.
The measurement of spatially resolved force–distance curves using an atomic force microscope to produce a chemical profile image.
A method for producing metal nanoparticles by the reduction of metal salts with tetraalkylammonium hydrotriorganoborates. The resulting colloids are highly active hydrogenation catalysts.
Spectroscopy in the liquid phase where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation.
liquid phase nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
liquid-phase nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Spectroscopy in the gas phase where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation.
gas phase nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
gas-phase nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before the energy states of spin-active nuclei in the sample, placed in a static magnetic field, are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation.
liquid chromatography nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before the energy states of spin-active nuclei in the sample, placed in a static magnetic field, are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. The sample is then converted into ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
liquid chromatography nuclear magnetic resonance mass spectrometry
liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance-mass spectrometry
Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 \μm) over two frequency axes. Cross peaks in the spectrum encode the couplings and orientation between vibrations.
two-dimensional infrared (2D-IR) spectroscopy
A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 13C and 15N nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information.
13C–15N rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy
A technique that operates by mechanically vibrating a probe at a fixed amplitude, frequency and height over an electrochemically active sample in solution measuring and mapping the electric field generated by the sample. This technique is used to probe the nature of corrosion processes.
Microscopy which uses a cantilever tipped with a ferromagnetic (iron cobalt) particle to directly detect a modulated spin gradient force between sample spins and the tip to scan the surface of a magnetic specimen. As the ferromagnetic tip moves close to the sample, the nuclear spins become attracted to it and generate a small force on the cantilever. The spins are then repeatedly flipped, causing the cantilever to gently sway back and forth in a synchronous motion. That displacement is measured with an interferometer to create a series of 2D images of the sample.
Spectroscopy where the intensity of the fluorescence emitted by molecules excited by constant illumination of ultraviolet light is detected as a function of wavelength.
A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 31P and 13C nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information.
31P–13C rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy
A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 31P and 15N nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information.
31P–15N rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy
A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 31P and 19F nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information.
31P–19F rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy
A method where the sample mixture is first separated by size-exclusion chromatography and then aspirated, aerosolised, and mixed with combustible gases, such as acetylene and air or acetylene and nitrous oxide. The mixture is then ignited and atomised in a flame whose temperature ranges from 2100–2800 \degC. During combustion, atoms of the element of interest in the sample absorb light at characteristic wavelengths.
size-exclusion chromatography flame atomic absorption spectrometry
size-exclusion chromatography flame atomic absorption spectroscopy
size-exclusion chromatography-flame atomic absorption spectrometry
Mass spectrometry that uses a system with a quadrupole mass-to-charge analyser connected to a time-of-flight mass-to-charge analyser.
quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry
A detection method that is sensitive to individual elements. The sample is both atomised and excited by a microwave-induced plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons and radicals). The characteristic radiation emitted by the atoms in the sample is then detected using a photodiode array.
microwave-induced plasma atomic emission detection
microwave induced plasma atomic emission detection
A gas chromatography method that is sensitive to individual elements. The eluent is both atomised and excited by a microwave-induced plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons and radicals). The characteristic radiation emitted by the atoms in the sample is then detected using a photodiode array.
gas chromatography microwave-induced plasma atomic emission detection
gas chromatography-microwave-induced plasma atomic emission detection
Spectroscopy where luminesence (the emission of visible light) from molecules as a result of a chemical reaction) is detected as a function of wavelength.
Spectroscopy where thermoluminescence (visible light emitted by certain crystalline materials when previously absorbed energy from electromagnetic radiation or other ionizing radiation is re-emitted as light upon heating of the material) is detected as a function of wavelength.
A method for providing phasing necessary for X-ray crystallography information by introducing heavy atoms into isomorphous crystals.
A method for providing phasing necessary for X-ray crystallography information by growing a crystal of the sample substituted with heavy metal atoms and analysing the X-ray data for both the original crystal and the isomorph.
single isomorphous replacement (SIR) phasing
A method for providing phasing necessary for X-ray crystallography information by growing a number of crystals of the sample substituted with different heavy metal atoms and analysing the X-ray data for each crystal.
multiple isomorphous replacement (MIR) phasing
A method for providing phasing necessary for X-ray crystallography information by growing a number of crystals of the sample substituted with different heavy metal atoms and analysing the X-ray data for each crystal. When the absorption edge of an atom in the crystals is close to the wavelength of the incident radiation the atom becomes an anomalous scatterer. Anomalous scattering can be used for phase determination and also for determining the absolute configuration.
multiple isomorphous replacement with anomalous scattering
A method for providing phasing necessary for X-ray crystallography information by growing a crystal of the sample substituted with heavy metal atoms and analysing the X-ray data for both the original crystal and the isomorph. When the absorption edge of an atom in the crystals is close to the wavelength of the incident radiation the atom becomes an anomalous scatterer. Anomalous scattering can be used for phase determination and also for determining the absolute configuration.
single isomorphous replacement with anomalous scattering
Spectrometry where the sample spotted onto paper then solvent is applied and an electrically charged solvent is generated upon application of a high voltage. The ions are then characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
A method for analysing cells suspended in a stream of fluid. Cells are loaded with fluorescent substrates (reporters) followed by laser-based lysis of a single cell and loading of its contents into an overlying capillary where chemical separation is accomplished via capillary electrophoresis.
The process of determining the quantity of a sample by monitoring a redox process until the endpoint, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached.
The process of determining the quantity of a sample by monitoring a redox process until the endpoint, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by monitoring the amplitude of an EPR signal (the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to a perturbing magnetic field) from one of the reactants.
EPR-monitored oxidation–reduction titration
ESR-monitored oxidation–reduction titration
electron paramagnetic resonance monitored redox titration
electron spin resonance monitored oxidation–reduction titration
electron spin resonance monitored redox titration
electron paramagnetic resonance monitored oxidation–reduction titration
A method for NMR spectra acquisition of paramagnetic proteins, based on the use of homonuclear broadband decoupling of the diamagnetic region.
A type of homonuclear three-dimensional NMR experiment in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (\leq 6 \AA apart). These signals are then correlated with those protons to which they are J-coupled (usually \leq 3 bonds apart).
nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy-correlation spectroscopy
A type of homonuclear three-dimensional NMR experiment in which a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are J-coupled (usually \leq 3 bonds apart). These signals are then correlated to nuclei that are spatially proximate within the molecule (\leq 6 \AA apart).
correlation spectroscopy-nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy
A type of homonuclear three-dimensional NMR experiment spectroscopy which reveals correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. These signals are then correlated to nuclei that are spatially proximate within the molecule (\leq 6 \AA apart).
total correlation spectroscopy-nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy which reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. These signals are then correlated to nuclei that are spatially proximate within the molecule (\leq 6 \AA apart).
nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy-total correlation spectroscopy
A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (\leq 6 \AA apart). Spectra recorded with suppression of the diamagnetic window by the PASE pulse sequence.
nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy with paramagnetic signals enhancement
A measurement method which obtains the concentration or quantity of a specified substance in an analyte.
The role inhering in that portion of a sample which is measured by an experiment.
A function which is realized as elution.
A process wherein one material is extracted from another by interaction with a solvent.
Those components of a sample that are not measured by an experiment.
The role inhering in that portion of a sample which is not measured by an experiment.
The function inhering in a portion of material that is the subject of an experiment.
A portion of material that is the subject of an experiment.
A quantitative determination method where the analyte is copper.
An experimental method output that consists of a number relating the adjusted retention volume or retention factor of the sample component to the adjusted retention volumes or retention factors of standards eluted before and after the peak of the sample component.
The operating temperature to which an ion source is set.
The volume of carrier gas passing through a chromatography column in unit time.
The length specified for a chromatography column.
The inner diameter specified for a chromatography column.
The plan specification for the temperatures in different places and times in a chromatography experiment.
High performance liquid chromatography where initial separation proceeds in a primary column and parts of the eleuent from this column are into a secondary column.
two-dimensional high performance liquid chromatography
Affinity chromatography where a cell membrane has been immobilized on a silica carrier.
Derivatisation of a metabolite by addition of pyridinic methoxyamine to stabilise carbonyl moieties.
this typically happens prior to GC-MS, but not LC-MS
Derivatisation of a metabolite by addition of a trimethylsilyl reagent to protect functional groups such as hydroxy, carboxylic acid, thio and amine groups.
Extraction of plant metabolites using a 2:1 v/v mixture of water and chloroform.
Extraction of plant metabolites using a 1:3:1 v/v mixture of water, methanol and chloroform.
water:methanol:chloroform 1:3:1 extraction
A data item that describes a non-adjustable specification of a piece of equipment.
Example: the length of a chromatography column as ordered from a supplier or indeed a glassblower. To be distinguished from a 'setting datum', IAO:0000140, which I take to be an adjustable parameter. Placeholder for now.
Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by interaction with negative ions.
negative mode atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry
Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by interaction with positive ions.
positive mode atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry
A mass spectrum obtained from positive mode atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry.
A mass spectrum obtained from negative mode atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry.
A spectrum obtained from a heteronuclear correlation experiment.
A chromatography column where the stationary phase is an octadecyl-bonded silica.
A piece of apparatus connecting a gas chromatograph to a mass spectrometer.
gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer transfer line
The specified temperature for a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer transfer line.
gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer transfer line temperature setting
A sample preparation step involving the increase in temperature of a sample.
ought to be in OBI. Will put here pro tem.
A preparative step where the concentration of one component is increased.
A preparative step involving the removal of dissolved gases from a sample.
A mixing step where a soluble component is mixed with a liquid component.
Mixing involving the agitation of a solution through circular motion.
Stirring achieved by rotating a magnetic stir bar in a solution.
A short-path vacuum distillation apparatus consisting of an electric heater and two or more glass bulbs. The compound to be distilled is placed in the last bulb.
An X-ray source where copper atoms emit X-rays through a 1s from 2p transition.
An X-ray source where molybdenum atoms emit X-rays through a 1s from 2p transition.
An X-ray source where cobalt atoms emit X-rays through a 1s from 2p transition.
An X-ray source where aluminium atoms emit X-rays through a 1s from 2p transition.
Vitreous silica in granular form for experimental purposes.
A gaseous environment in which an experiment takes place. This may be unreactive in order to prevent unintended reactions or reactive (for example gaseous hydrogen) to promote reactions.
Not to be confused with OBI's "atmosphere", OBI:0001498, which is biological.
A laboratory atmosphere consisting of argon.
A laboratory atmosphere consisting of gaseous diatomic nitrogen.
The material left behind in the filter as a result of filtration.
A syringe which has the function of pumping material into an experiment.
A laboratory atmosphere consisting of gaseous diatomic hydrogen.
A piece of apparatus for carrying out hydrogenation reactions, usually under high pressure.
See for example http://www.parrinst.com/products/hydrogenation/3926-hydrogenator/
A setting datum that specifies the potential difference in a mass spectrometer where labile ions may dissociate.
A setting datum that specifies the potential difference across a skimmer.
A setting datum that specifies the potential difference across the tip of the capillary in electrospray ionisation.
A piece of apparatus that is used to measure a physical quantity.
A sensor that recognises the analyte under study by interaction with a given chemical motif.
A sensor that recognises the analyte under study by interaction with a given biological system.
Measurement of the dose of a substance taken up by an object.
A sensor that is used to measure the dose of a substance taken by up an object.
Measurement of the dose of ions or small molecules taken up by an object.
A sensor that is used to measure the dose of ions or small molecules taken by up an object.
A device for heating substances to high temperatures where the material is kept separate from the fuel.
The smallest measure that can be detected with reasonable certainty for a given analytical procedure.
xL = <x> + ks where <x> is the mean of the blank measures, s is the standard deviation and k is a numerical factor chosen according to the desired confidence level.
The smallest measure that can be quantified with reasonable certainty for a given analytical procedure.
A data item that describes a non-adjustable specification of a method.
Example: limit of detection of a technique.
An experimental method output originating from the matrix, reagents and any residual bias in the measurement device or process, which contributes to the value obtained for the quantity in the analytical procedure.
The range of measures which can be quantified with reasonable certainty for a given analytical procedure.
The transfer of a microlitre amount of solute from a liquid phase to another immiscible or partially-miscible liquid phase in contact with it.
The working range over which the response is linearly proportional to the measure.
A piece of heating apparatus used to convert the sample into a gaseous mobile phase.
A piece of apparatus that is used to raise the temperature of a sample.
A piece of apparatus that consists of an oven, and apparatus to mix carrier gas containing the sample with hydrogen and air, then ignite it and collect the resulting positively-charged radicals at a cathode.
An X-ray source where magnesium atoms emit X-rays through a 1s from 2p transition.
An electrode consisting of agranular non-graphitizable carbon with high isotropy and low permeability for liquids and gases.
Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy of a sample that is carried out in the environment where the sample might be used.
For example, the sample might be a catalyst, so during those catalytic processes.
in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy
A measurement method that determines the concentration of a constituent in some solution.
The concentration of a solute in a saturated solution.
We will probably need to add solubility expressed as a mass concentration and so forth for the different cases.
Measurement of concentration of a solute in water.
The disposition of a sample to rotate the plane of polarization of a beam of transmitted plane-polarized light.
An experimental method output that consists of the angle through which plane polarized light is rotated clockwise, as seen when facing the light source, in passing through an optically active medium.
A sample preparation method where a sample is heated slowly in a gas.
Experimental method output expressing the contribution of one constituent to the composition of a mixture.
based heavily on https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01222
Experimental method output expressing a concentration in terms of the mass of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture.
based heavily on https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03713
Experimental method output expressing a concentration in terms of the amount of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture.
based heavily on https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00295
Experimental method output expressing a concentration in terms of the volume of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture.
Experimental method output expressing a concentration in terms of the number of entities of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture.
based heavily on https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.N04260
The concentration of a solute in a saturated solution of water and the solute.
A process that contributes to producing a plan for an experiment.
Storage of a sample that has been dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide.
CHEBI:28262 here is a placeholder - really there should be a portion of material descendant like 'buffer solution'
An experimental planning process in which a plan specification is modified, resulting in a new plan specification.
A planned process in which materials for an experiment are acquired from an external supplier.
A planned process in which materials are removed permanently from the laboratory or repository.
makes no judgement about whether this is a good way to do it, or a bad way such as tipping down the sink.
An experimental planning process in which a plan specification is created de novo.
An assay to determine the propagation rate coefficient of a polymerisation process.
polymerisation propagation rate coefficient determination
A material processing process that produces monodisperse particles of silica by adding tetraethyl silicate to an excess of water containing a low-molar-mass alcohol and stirring.
A material processing process that is intended to produce nanoparticles.
A material processing process that is intended to produce nanostructures.
A planned process involving setting up the equipment for another planned process.
Part of a planned process where the equipment has been set up and human intervention is required to set the subprocesses going.
A process that involves adjusting a planned process in some respect. This may either be to adjust a parameter not fully specified in the plan or to adjust a parameter that was already specified in the plan.
A planned process adjustment that takes place when the subprocesses of the planned process have been suspended.
A planned process adjustment that takes place while at least one subprocess is taking place.
needs a bit of tweakage, I expect. What about "waiting"?
An experimental plan revision that involves creating a new experimental plan that has a lessened hazard compared to its predecessor.
A planned process that involves all aspects of dealing with the waste produced in experiments.
A material processing step that involves heating apparatus in an autoclave.
does every autoclaving happen as part of waste management?
The largest measure at which the sensitivity of the detector is constant to within a specified variation.
The working range over which an incremental change in concentration or mass flow rate produces an incremental change in response.
The dynamic range is greater than the linear range.
The standard deviation of independent measurements obtained with the same method on identical test material under the same conditions.
Same operator, same apparatus, same laboratory, after short intervals of time.
The standard deviation of independent measurements obtained with the same method on identical test material under different conditions.
different operator, different apparatus, different laboratory, and/or after different intervals of time.
An experimental sample that is produced by spiking test material that is essentially free of a given analyte.
A material processing step that involves taking a test material with an adequately low background level of the intended analyte and mixing it with a known amount of analyte.
The fraction of the total quantity of a substance extracted in a separation experiment under specified conditions.
The quantity of gas, in pressure-volume units, at a specified temperature, flowing per unit time across a specified open cross section.
The mass of the product of a synthesis expressed as a percentage of the theoretical maxiμm mass given the masses of the reactants.
The absolute value of the mole fraction for one enantiomer in a mixture minus the mole fraction for the other enantiomer.
most people quote percentage enantiomer excess, CHMO:0002857
The absolute value of the mole fraction for one enantiomer in a mixture minus the mole fraction for the other enantiomer multiplied by 100%.
The ratio of the percentage of one diastereomer in a mixture to that of the other.
The ratio of the percentage of one enantiomer in a mixture to that of the other.
The absolute value of the mole fraction for one diastereomer in a mixture minus the mole fraction for the other.
The absolute value of the mole fraction for one diastereomer in a mixture minus the mole fraction for the other multiplied by 100%.
gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction
ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-phase microextraction
high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
A reference material that has been certified by an appropriate authority.
For example NIST in the USA or the Comμnity Bureau of Reference.
A chromatography column that is small enough to use in a 96-plate microarray.
high-performance thin-layer chromatography
An objective to minimize line broadening in solid state NMR that is caused by anisotropic interactions between nuclei.
anisotropic nucleus-nucleus interaction line broadening minimization objective
This is used in photoacoustic spectroscopy to break a continuous laser beam into a pulsed one.
Chromatography where the mobile phase is a gas, initial separation proceeds in a primary column and parts of the eluent from this column are directed into a secondary column.
Microextraction using an antibody where the specificity is related to the specificity of the antibody to the compound of interest.
Affinity chromatography where the separation is caused by differing antibody-ligand interactions.
Function of a laser realized by it exciting some internal state of a sample.
Function of a laser realized by its interactions with internal state of a sample being measured.
A laser that has the function of exciting some internal state of a sample.
A laser that has the function of probing some internal state of a sample.
A device that uses electrical and magnetic fields to generate heat.
A device that measures the angle of optical rotation of a sample.
Polarimetry of a sample that has been dissolved in chloroform.
polarimetry of sample dissolved in chloroform
Polarimetry of a sample that has been dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide.
polarimetry of sample dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide
Angle of optical rotation of a substance that has been obtained with it dissolved in chloroform.
Angle of optical rotation of a substance that has been obtained with it dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide.
angle of optical rotation in dimethyl sulfoxide
A measure of the efficiency by which charge is transferred in a chemical reaction.
A measure of how the discharge capacity of a battery is maintained over a given number of cycles.
Hydrothermal synthesis that uses cetyltrimethylammonium bromide to guide the morphology of the product.
cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-assisted hydrothermal synthesis
Hydrothermal synthesis that makes use of microwave radiation to affect the course of reaction.
microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis
Thermal analysis of a system where the consumption of dioxygen in moles per second per gram of material is measured against temperature.
Thermal analysis of a system where the consumption of reducing agent in moles per second per gram of material is measured against temperature.
A plot of the consumption of dioxygen in moles per second per gram of material against temperature obtained from a temperature-programmed oxidation experiment.
temperature-programmed oxidation profile
A plot of the consumption of a reducing agent in moles per second per gram of material against temperature obtained from a temperature-programmed reduction experiment.
temperature-programmed reduction profile
Spinning a sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74 deg with respect to the direction of the magnetic field) in order to average anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, to zero.
An assay that determines a figure of merit for a given technique, analyte and matrix. This will consist of multiple assays of a reference material.
A substance or mixture of substances, the composition of which is known within specified limits, and one or more of the properties of which is sufficiently well established to be used for the calibration of an apparatus, the assessment of a measuring method or for assigning values to materials.
The process of one material (absorbate) being retained by another (absorption).
Gold Book, somewhat modified. It goes on "The process of one material (absorbate) being retained by another (absorbent); this may be the physical solution of a gas, liquid, or solid in a liquid, attachment of molecules of a gas, vapour, liquid, or dissolved substance to a solid surface by physical forces, etc."
A phenomenon in which radiation transfers to matter which it traverses some or all of its energy.
Material processing in which a liquid or gas transitions into a solid.
Material processing in which a sample is cooled by immersion in a fluid.
Selective degradation of polysaccharides by periodate oxidation.
Treatment of a sample with hydrazine. This can be used to prepare samples for glycomics.
An enzymatic removal of N-linked glycans from a peptide or protein using the enzyme PNGase A (N-glycosidase A), including those with core α1-3 fucosylation.
An enzymatic removal of N-linked glycans from a peptide or protein using the enzyme PNGase F (N-glycosidase F).
A high-performance liquid chromatography method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary and retains anions by positively charged functional groups.
high-performance anion-exchange chromatography
A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary and made from graphitized carbon and the other moves in a definite direction.
graphitized carbon liquid chromatography
Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is determined by Fourier transform of a recorded time-domain transient.
Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured by their oscillations along the centre electrode in an Orbitrap mass analyzer.
A sample preparation for assay process that includes a series of operations applied to a starting material to prepare an NMR sample for an NMR assay.
Spectroscopy that uses thermal analysis to probe the surface chemistry of heterogeneous catalysts.
temperature programmed surface reaction spectroscopy
temperature-programmed surface reaction spectroscopy
An electrochemical cell where the anode and cathode are placed in different vessels requiring the use of a salt bridge, frit or membrane to complete the circuit.
An electrochemical cell where the anode and cathode are placed in the same vessel.
Electrode at which reduction takes place.
Electrode at which oxidation takes place.
As an electrochemical technique for measuring and characterizing batteries and E-chem cells.
A potentiometry where the potential difference between two electrodes (typically a working and a reference electrode) is measured under open circuit conditions, ensuring that no significant current flows and the system remains in thermodynamic equilibrium. The measured characteristic is the Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) also called Open Circuit Potential (OCP).
OCP measurement
OCV measurement
OCV potentiometry
open circuit voltage potentiometry
A measurement datum that is a specified output of an open circuit voltage potentiometry. It represents the potential difference (voltage) measured between two electrodes in a circuit where no current is allowed to flow and is typically used to determine the electromotive force (EMF) of an electrochemical cell.
open circuit voltage
An electrochemical analysis in which a constant current is applied to an electrochemical system while monitoring the resulting potential changes over time. This method is used to study charge storage, reaction kinetics, and material stability by maintaining a fixed current flow and observing the system’s electrochemical response.
galvanostatic analysis
A galvanostatic analysis in which the constant current is reversed or stopped when predefined upper or lower potential limits are reached. This method is commonly used to evaluate charge storage capacity, cycling stability, and electrochemical performance of batteries, supercapacitors, and other energy storage devices.
galvanostatic cycling with potential limitation
A potentiometry where the change in impedance of an electrochemical cell is measured while maintaining a constant applied potential and the impedance is determined over a range of frequencies by analyzing the voltage-to-current ratio and the phase shift of the AC response.
impedance spectroscopy with constant applied potential
potentiostatic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
Equipment that is used in a laboratory context to prevent or mitigate adverse laboratory events.
Equipment that is used in a laboratory context to mitigate adverse laboratory events.
An event that takes place in a laboratory that may unintentionally harm an organism or piece of apparatus.
An explosion that takes place in a laboratory and is not controlled by the experimenter.
A controlled explosion might be, for example, in a bomb calorimeter.
Laboratory safety equipment that prevents or mitigates adverse laboratory events happening to an experimenter.
An event where a poisonous substance penetrates personal protective equipment, endangering the experimenter.
penetration of personal protective equipment
The function ascribed to laboratory equipment to prevent or mitigate adverse laboratory events.
A screen that blocks debris from an explosion.
An adverse laboratory event where an experimenter inhales poisonous fumes.
An adverse laboratory event where a reacting species gives off a gas poisonous to the experimenter.
A hood in which to conduct experiments that give off poisonous fumes that vents them to a non-enclosed environment.
An adverse laboratory event in which an organism comes into contact with the debris from an explosion at high speed.
PMID:18089833.Cancer Res. 2007 Dec 15;67(24):12018-25. "...Epithelial cells were harvested from histologically confirmed adenocarcinomas .."
A material entity of anatomical origin (part of or deriving from an organism) that has as its parts a maximally connected cell compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane.
A protein complex that in its canonical form is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds and sometimes complexed with additional proteins. An immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.
An immunoglobulin complex that is present in the plasma membrane of B cells and that in its canonical form is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains and two identical immunoglobulin light chains and a signaling subunit, a heterodimer of the Ig-alpha and Ig-beta proteins.
A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together.
A protein complex that contains a disulfide-linked heterodimer of T cell receptor (TCR) chains, which are members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, and mediates antigen recognition, ultimately resulting in T cell activation. The TCR heterodimer is associated with the CD3 complex, which consists of the nonpolymorphic polypeptides gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and, in some cases, eta (an RNA splice variant of zeta) or Fc epsilon chains.
An immunoglobulin complex that is secreted into extracellular space and found in mucosal areas or other tissues or circulating in the blood or lymph. In its canonical form, a circulating immunoglobulin complex is composed of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. Some forms of are polymers of the basic structure and contain additional components such as J-chain and the secretory component.
measurement unit label
A measurement unit label is as a label that is part of a scalar measurement datum and denotes a unit of measure.
objective specification
In the protocol of a ChIP assay the objective specification says to identify protein and DNA interaction.
A directive information entity that describes an intended process endpoint. When part of a plan specification the concretization is realized in a planned process in which the bearer tries to effect the world so that the process endpoint is achieved.
2009-03-16: original definition when imported from OBI read: "objective is an non realizable information entity which can serve as that proper part of a plan towards which the realization of the plan is directed."
2014-03-31: In the example of usage ("In the protocol of a ChIP assay the objective specification says to identify protein and DNA interaction") there is a protocol which is the ChIP assay protocol. In addition to being concretized on paper, the protocol can be concretized as a realizable entity, such as a plan that inheres in a person. The objective specification is the part that says that some protein and DNA interactions are identified. This is a specification of a process endpoint: the boundary in the process before which they are not identified and after which they are. During the realization of the plan, the goal is to get to the point of having the interactions, and participants in the realization of the plan try to do that.
Answers the question, why did you do this experiment?
PERSON: Barry Smith
PERSON: Bjoern Peters
PERSON: Jennifer Fostel
goal specification
OBI Plan and Planned Process/Roles Branch
Pour the contents of flask 1 into flask 2
A directive information entity that describes an action the bearer will take.
OBI Plan and Planned Process branch
action specification
datum label
A label is a symbol that is part of some other datum and is used to either partially define the denotation of that datum or to provide a means for identifying the datum as a member of the set of data with the same label
software
Software is a plan specification composed of a series of instructions that can be interpreted by or directly executed by a processing unit.
data item
Data items include counts of things, analyte concentrations, and statistical summaries.
An information content entity that is intended to be a truthful statement about something (modulo, e.g., measurement precision or other systematic errors) and is constructed/acquired by a method which reliably tends to produce (approximately) truthful statements.
2/2/2009 Alan and Bjoern discussing FACS run output data. This is a data item because it is about the cell population. Each element records an event and is typically further composed a set of measurment data items that record the fluorescent intensity stimulated by one of the lasers.
2009-03-16: data item deliberatly ambiguous: we merged data set and datum to be one entity, not knowing how to define singular versus plural. So data item is more general than datum.
2009-03-16: removed datum as alternative term as datum specifically refers to singular form, and is thus not an exact synonym.
2014-03-31: See discussion at http://odontomachus.wordpress.com/2014/03/30/aboutness-objects-propositions/
JAR: datum -- well, this will be very tricky to define, but maybe some information-like stuff that might be put into a computer and that is meant, by someone, to denote and/or to be interpreted by some process... I would include lists, tables, sentences... I think I might defer to Barry, or to Brian Cantwell Smith JAR: A data item is an approximately justified approximately true approximate belief
PERSON: Chris Stoeckert
PERSON: Jonathan Rees
data
information content entity
Examples of information content entites include journal articles, data, graphical layouts, and graphs.
A generically dependent continuant that is about some thing.
2014-03-10: The use of "thing" is intended to be general enough to include universals and configurations (see https://groups.google.com/d/msg/information-ontology/GBxvYZCk1oc/-L6B5fSBBTQJ).
information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some digital_entity in obi before split (040907). information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some physical_document in obi before split (040907). Previous. An information content entity is a non-realizable information entity that 'is encoded in' some digital or physical entity.
directive information entity
An information content entity whose concretizations indicate to their bearer how to realize them in a process.
2009-03-16: provenance: a term realizable information entity was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000337) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was "is the specification of a process that can be concretized and realized by an actor" with alternative term "instruction".It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term.
2013-05-30 Alan Ruttenberg: What differentiates a directive information entity from an information concretization is that it can have concretizations that are either qualities or realizable entities. The concretizations that are realizable entities are created when an individual chooses to take up the direction, i.e. has the intention to (try to) realize it.
8/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg: Changed label from "information entity about a realizable" after discussions at ICBO
Werner pushed back on calling it realizable information entity as it isn't realizable. However this name isn't right either. An example would be a recipe. The realizable entity would be a plan, but the information entity isn't about the plan, it, once concretized, *is* the plan. -Alan
dot plot
A dot plot is a report graph which is a graphical representation of data where each data point is represented by a single dot placed on coordinates corresponding to data point values in particular dimensions.
graph
A diagram that presents one or more tuples of information by mapping those tuples in to a two dimensional space in a non arbitrary way.
algorithm
A plan specification which describes the inputs and output of mathematical functions as well as workflow of execution for achieving an predefined objective. Algorithms are realized usually by means of implementation as computer programs for execution by automata.
curation status specification
The curation status of the term. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value.
Better to represent curation as a process with parts and then relate labels to that process (in IAO meeting)
data format specification
A data format specification is the information content borne by the document published defining the specification. Example: The ISO document specifying what encompasses an XML document; The instructions in a XSD file
data set
A data item that is an aggregate of other data items of the same type that have something in common. Averages and distributions can be determined for data sets.
image
An image is an affine projection to a two dimensional surface, of measurements of some quality of an entity or entities repeated at regular intervals across a spatial range, where the measurements are represented as color and luminosity on the projected on surface.
data about an ontology part
Data about an ontology part is a data item about a part of an ontology, for example a term
plan specification
PMID: 18323827.Nat Med. 2008 Mar;14(3):226.New plan proposed to help resolve conflicting medical advice.
A directive information entity with action specifications and objective specifications as parts, and that may be concretized as a realizable entity that, if realized, is realized in a process in which the bearer tries to achieve the objectives by taking the actions specified.
2009-03-16: provenance: a term a plan was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000344) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was " a plan is a specification of a process that is realized by an actor to achieve the objective specified as part of the plan". It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term.
2014-03-31: A plan specification can have other parts, such as conditional specifications.
2022-01-16 Updated definition to that proposed by Clint Dowloand, IAO Issue 231.
Alternative previous definition: a plan is a set of instructions that specify how an objective should be achieved
Clint Dowland
2/3/2009 Comment from OBI review. Action specification not well enough specified. Conditional specification not well enough specified. Question whether all plan specifications have objective specifications. Request that IAO either clarify these or change definitions not to use them
measurement datum
Examples of measurement data are the recoding of the weight of a mouse as {40,mass,"grams"}, the recording of an observation of the behavior of the mouse {,process,"agitated"}, the recording of the expression level of a gene as measured through the process of microarray experiment {3.4,luminosity,}.
A measurement datum is an information content entity that is a recording of the output of a measurement such as produced by a device.
2/2/2009 is_specified_output of some assay?
person:Chris Stoeckert
A settings datum is a datum that denotes some configuration of an instrument.
2/3/2009 Feedback from OBI This should be a "setting specification". There is a question of whether it is information about a realizable or not. Pro other specification are about realizables. Cons sometimes specifies a quality which is not a realizable.
Alan grouped these in placeholder for the moment. Name by analogy to measurement datum.
setting datum
histogram
A histogram is a report graph which is a statistical description of a distribution in terms of occurrence frequencies of different event classes.
heatmap
A heatmap is a report graph which is a graphical representation of data where the values taken by a variable(s) are shown as colors in a two-dimensional map.
dendrogram
A dendrogram is a report graph which is a tree diagram frequently used to illustrate the arrangement of the clusters produced by a clustering algorithm.
scatter plot
A scatterplot is a graph which uses Cartesian coordinates to display values for two variables for a set of data. The data is displayed as a collection of points, each having the value of one variable determining the position on the horizontal axis and the value of the other variable determining the position on the vertical axis.
obsolescence reason specification
The reason for which a term has been deprecated. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value.
The creation of this class has been inspired in part by Werner Ceusters' paper, Applying evolutionary terminology auditing to the Gene Ontology.
PERSON: Melanie Courtot
figure
An information content entity consisting of a two dimensional arrangement of information content entities such that the arrangement itself is about something.
document
A collection of information content entities intended to be understood together as a whole
denotator type
The Basic Formal Ontology ontology makes a distinction between Universals and defined classes, where the formal are "natural kinds" and the latter arbitrary collections of entities.
A denotator type indicates how a term should be interpreted from an ontological perspective.
Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters
ontology module
I have placed this under 'data about an ontology part', but this can be discussed. I think this is OK if 'part' is interpreted reflexively, as an ontology module is the whole ontology rather than part of it.
ontology file
This class and it's subclasses are applied to OWL ontologies. Using an rdf:type triple will result in problems with OWL-DL. I propose that dcterms:type is instead used to connect an ontology URI with a class from this hierarchy. The class hierarchy is not disjoint, so multiple assertions can be made about a single ontology.
base ontology module
An ontology module that comprises only of asserted axioms local to the ontology, excludes import directives, and excludes axioms or declarations from external ontologies.
editors ontology module
An ontology module that is intended to be directly edited, typically managed in source control, and typically not intended for direct consumption by end-users.
source ontology module
main release ontology module
An ontology module that is intended to be the primary release product and the one consumed by the majority of tools.
TODO: Add logical axioms that state that a main release ontology module is derived from (directly or indirectly) an editors module
bridge ontology module
An ontology module that consists entirely of axioms that connect or bridge two distinct ontology modules. For example, the Uberon-to-ZFA bridge module.
import ontology module
A subset ontology module that is intended to be imported from another ontology.
TODO: add axioms that indicate this is the output of a module extraction process.
import file
subset ontology module
An ontology module that is extracted from a main ontology module and includes only a subset of entities or axioms.
ontology slim
subset ontology
curation subset ontology module
A subset ontology that is intended as a whitelist for curators using the ontology. Such a subset will exclude classes that curators should not use for curation.
analysis ontology module
An ontology module that is intended for usage in analysis or discovery applications.
analysis subset ontology module
single layer ontology module
A subset ontology that is largely comprised of a single layer or strata in an ontology class hierarchy. The purpose is typically for rolling up for visualization. The classes in the layer need not be disjoint.
ribbon subset
single layer subset ontology module
exclusion subset ontology module
A subset of an ontology that is intended to be excluded for some purpose. For example, a blacklist of classes.
antislim
external import ontology module
An imported ontology module that is derived from an external ontology. Derivation methods include the OWLAPI SLME approach.
external import
species subset ontology module
A subset ontology that is crafted to either include or exclude a taxonomic grouping of species.
taxon subset
reasoned ontology module
An ontology module that contains axioms generated by a reasoner. The generated axioms are typically direct SubClassOf axioms, but other possibilities are available.
generated ontology module
An ontology module that is automatically generated, for example via a SPARQL query or via template and a CSV.
TODO: Add axioms (using PROV-O?) that indicate this is the output-of some reasoning process
template generated ontology module
An ontology module that is automatically generated from a template specification and fillers for slots in that template.
taxonomic bridge ontology module
ontology module subsetted by expressivity
obo basic subset ontology module
A subset ontology that is designed for basic applications to continue to make certain simplifying assumptions; many of these simplifying assumptions were based on the initial version of the Gene Ontology, and have become enshrined in many popular and useful tools such as term enrichment tools. Examples of such assumptions include: traversing the ontology graph ignoring relationship types using a naive algorithm will not lead to cycles (i.e. the ontology is a DAG); every referenced term is declared in the ontology (i.e. there are no dangling clauses). An ontology is OBO Basic if and only if it has the following characteristics: DAG Unidirectional No Dangling Clauses Fully Asserted Fully Labeled No equivalence axioms Singly labeled edges No qualifier lists No disjointness axioms No owl-axioms header No imports
ontology module subsetted by OWL profile
EL++ ontology module
A process in which ionized species in the gas phase are produced from an analyte-containing solution via highly charged fine droplets, by means of spraying the solution from a narrow-bore needle tip at atmospheric pressure in the presence of a high electric field. When a pressurized gas is used to aid in the formation of a stable spray, the term pneumatically assisted electrospray ionization is used. The term ion spray is not recommended.
A data transformation that has input of mulitple data and report overall trend of the data.
WEB: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics
statistical data analysis
A data item that measures the proportion of actual positives which are correctly identified as such (e.g. the percentage of sick people who are correctly identified as having the condition).
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity
A data item that refers to the proportion of negatives in a binary classification test which are correctly identified
A quantitative confidence value that refers to an interval give values within which there is a high probability (95 percent by convention) that the true population value can be found. The calculation of a confidence interval considers the standard deviation of the data and the number of observations. Thus, a confidence interval narrows as the number of observations increases, or its variance (dispersion) decreases.
WEB: http://www.uptodate.com/contents/glossary-of-common-biostatistical-and-epidemiological-terms
A data item that is more specifically a rectangular array of numbers, symbols, or expressions, arranged in rows and columns.
set of data sets
WEB: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_(mathematics)
A statistical data analysis that uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented, accounting for randomness.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics
inferential statistical data analysis
A data item that consists of two or more data sets that are produced as the output of a data transformation.
set of transformed data sets
A data set that is produced as the output of a data transformation.
transformed data set
A statistical data analysis objective where the aim is to make inference using population sample data.
inferential statistical data analysis objective
A disposition that inheres in a population of continuant and is realized in a test process (e.g., disease diagnosis).
This term is generated in OBCS based on BIPO: https://github.com/OpenLHS/BIPO. See more from OBCS track issue: https://github.com/obcs/obcs/issues/9
Traditionally, sensitivity inheres in a population of material entity like human. However, it raises a concern in the existance of such sensitivity disposition in the context of machine learning using syntheti data generated with mathematical formula. In this case, the population of disposition bearer are not population of organisms or material entities. Here the bearer of the disposition is not independent continuant.
sensitivity disposition
A data item that is derived from a statistical data analysis.
Jie Zheng, Yongqun He, Marcy Harris, Asiyah Yu Lin
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistic
WEB: http://www.ask.com/question/what-is-numerical-data
derived data from statistical analysis
A data item that is derived from an inferential statistical data analysis.
WEB: http://psc.dss.ucdavis.edu/sommerb/sommerdemo/stat_inf/intro.htm
derived data from inferential statistical analysis
A data item that is produced as the output of a data transformation.
transformed data item
Injecting mice with a vaccine in order to test its efficacy
A process that realizes a plan which is the concretization of a plan specification.
'Plan' includes a future direction sense. That can be problematic if plans are changed during their execution. There are however implicit contingencies for protocols that an agent has in his mind that can be considered part of the plan, even if the agent didn't have them in mind before. Therefore, a planned process can diverge from what the agent would have said the plan was before executing it, by adjusting to problems encountered during execution (e.g. choosing another reagent with equivalent properties, if the originally planned one has run out.)
We are only considering successfully completed planned processes. A plan may be modified, and details added during execution. For a given planned process, the associated realized plan specification is the one encompassing all changes made during execution. This means that all processes in which an agent acts towards achieving some objectives is a planned process.
6/11/9: Edited at workshop. Used to include: is initiated by an agent
This class merges the previously separated objective driven process and planned process, as they the separation proved hard to maintain. (1/22/09, branch call)
planned process
Fact sheet - Regulating the companies The role of the regulator. Ofwat is the economic regulator of the water and sewerage industry in England and Wales. http://www.ofwat.gov.uk/aptrix/ofwat/publish.nsf/Content/roleofregulator_factsheet170805
a regulatory role involved with making and/or enforcing relevant legislation and governmental orders
Person:Jennifer Fostel
OBI
regulator role
regulatory role
Regulatory agency, Ethics committee, Approval letter; example: Browse these EPA Regulatory Role subtopics http://www.epa.gov/ebtpages/enviregulatoryrole.html Feb 29, 2008
a role which inheres in material entities and is realized in the processes of making, enforcing or being defined by legislation or orders issued by a governmental body.
GROUP: Role branch
OBI, CDISC
govt agents responsible for creating regulations; proxies for enforcing regulations. CDISC definition: regulatory authorities. Bodies having the power to regulate. NOTE: In the ICH GCP guideline the term includes the authorities that review submitted clinical data and those that conduct inspections. These bodies are sometimes referred to as competent
Jackson Labs is an organization which provide mice as experimental material
a role realized through the process of supplying materials such as animal subjects, reagents or other materials used in an investigation.
Supplier role is a special kind of service, e.g. biobank
PERSON:Jennifer Fostel
material supplier role
Chromatography column in chemistry is a tube and contents (typically glass) used to purify individual chemical compounds from mixtures of compounds. It is often used for preparative applications on scales from micrograms up to kilograms.
open tracker https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=2881353&group_id=177891&atid=886178
processed material
Examples include gel matrices, filter paper, parafilm and buffer solutions, mass spectrometer, tissue samples
Is a material entity that is created or changed during material processing.
A device that facilitates the separation of mixtures. The function of a chromatography device involves passing a mixture dissolved in a "mobile phase" through a stationary phase, which separates the analyte to be measured from other molecules in the mixture and allows it to be isolated.
LCQ Fleet Ion Trap MSn manufactured by thermo fisher scientific
A mass spectrometer is an instrument which is used to measure the mass to charge ratio of ions. All mass spectrometers consist of three basic parts: an ion source, a mass analyzer, and a detector system. The stages within the mass spectrometer are: 1. Production of ions from the sample 2. Separation of ions with different masses 3. Detection of the number of ions of each mass produced 4.Collection of data to generate the mass spectrum
evaluant role
When a specimen of blood is assayed for glucose concentration, the blood has the evaluant role. When measuring the mass of a mouse, the evaluant is the mouse. When measuring the time of DNA replication, the evaluant is the DNA. When measuring the intensity of light on a surface, the evaluant is the light source.
a role that inheres in a material entity that is realized in an assay in which data is generated about the bearer of the evaluant role
Role call - 17nov-08: JF and MC think an evaluant role is always specified input of a process. Even in the case where we have an assay taking blood as evaluant and outputting blood, the blood is not the specified output at the end of the assay (the concentration of glucose in the blood is)
examples of features that could be described in an evaluant: quality.... e.g. "contains 10 pg/ml IL2", or "no glucose detected")
Feb 10, 2009. changes after discussion at OBI Consortium Workshop Feb 2-6, 2009. accepted as core term.
assay
Assay the wavelength of light emitted by excited Neon atoms. Count of geese flying over a house.
A planned process that has the objective to produce information about a material entity (the evaluant) by examining it.
12/3/12: BP: the reference to the 'physical examination' is included to point out that a prediction is not an assay, as that does not require physical examiniation.
Discussion on OBI call 2023-05-01 resulted in an agreement to revise the textual definition of 'assay'. https://github.com/obi-ontology/obi/issues/1683.
PlanAndPlannedProcess Branch
measuring
scientific observation
OBI branch derived
quantitative confidence value
A data item which is used to indicate the degree of uncertainty about a measurement.
sample preparation for assay
A sample_preparation_for_assay is a protocol_application including material_enrollments and biomaterial_transformations. definition_source: OBI.
study
Buffer, dye, a catalyst, a solvating agent.
A role inhering in a biological or chemical entity that is intended to be applied in a scientific technique to participate (or have molecular components that participate) in a chemical reaction that facilitates the generation of data about some entity distinct from the bearer, or the generation of some specified material output distinct from the bearer.
PERSON:Matthew Brush
Feb 10, 2009. changes after discussion at OBI Consortium Workshop Feb 2-6, 2009. accepted as core term. May 28 2013. Updated definition taken from ReO based on discussions initiated in Philly 2011 workshop. Former defnition described a narrower view of reagents in chemistry that restricts bearers of the role to be chemical entities ("a role played by a molecular entity used to produce a chemical reaction to detect, measure, or produce other substances"). Updated definition allows for broader view of reagents in the domain of biomedical research to include larger materials that have parts that participate chemically in a molecular reaction or interaction.
(copied from ReO) Reagents are distinguished from instruments or devices that also participate in scientific techniques by the fact that reagents are chemical or biological in nature and necessarily participate in or have parts that participate in some chemical interaction or reaction during their intended participation in some technique. By contrast, instruments do not participate in a chemical reaction/interaction during the technique. Reagents are distinguished from study subjects/evaluants in that study subjects and evaluants are that about which conclusions are drawn and knowledge is sought in an investigation - while reagents, by definition, are not. It should be noted, however, that reagent and study subject/evaluant roles can be borne by instances of the same type of material entity - but a given instance will realize only one of these roles in the execution of a given assay or technique. For example, taq polymerase can bear a reagent role or an evaluant role. In a DNA sequencing assay aimed at generating sequence data about some plasmid, the reagent role of the taq polymerase is realized. In an assay to evaluate the quality of the taq polymerase itself, the evaluant/study subject role of the taq is realized, but not the reagent role since the taq is the subject about which data is generated. In regard to the statement that reagents are 'distinct' from the specified outputs of a technique, note that a reagent may be incorporated into a material output of a technique, as long as the IDENTITY of this output is distinct from that of the bearer of the reagent role. For example, dNTPs input into a PCR are reagents that become part of the material output of this technique, but this output has a new identity (ie that of a 'nucleic acid molecule') that is distinct from the identity of the dNTPs that comprise it. Similarly, a biotin molecule input into a cell labeling technique are reagents that become part of the specified output, but the identity of the output is that of some modified cell specimen which shares identity with the input unmodified cell specimen, and not with the biotin label. Thus, we see that an important criteria of 'reagent-ness' is that it is a facilitator, and not the primary focus of an investigation or material processing technique (ie not the specified subject/evaluant about which knowledge is sought, or the specified output material of the technique).
reagent role
A cell lysis, production of a cloning vector, creating a buffer.
A planned process which results in physical changes in a specified input material
material transformation
material processing
liver section; a portion of a culture of cells; a nemotode or other animal once no longer a subject (generally killed); portion of blood from a patient.
A role borne by a material entity that is obtained during a specimen collection process and that can be realized by performing measurements or observations on the specimen.
22Jun09. The definition includes whole organisms, and can include a human. The link between specimen role and study subject role has been removed. A specimen taken as part of a case study is not considered to be a population representative, while a specimen taken as representing a population, e.g. person taken from a cohort, blood specimen taken from an animal) would be considered a population representative and would also bear material sample role.
Note: definition is in specimen creation objective which is defined as an objective to obtain and store a material entity for potential use as an input during an investigation.
blood taken from animal: animal continues in study, whereas blood has role specimen. something taken from study subject, leaves the study and becomes the specimen.
parasite example - when parasite in people we study people, people are subjects and parasites are specimen - when parasite extracted, they become subject in the following study specimen can later be subject.
specimen role
An assay that produces a picture of an entity.
organization
PMID: 16353909.AAPS J. 2005 Sep 22;7(2):E274-80. Review. The joint food and agriculture organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives and its role in the evaluation of the safety of veterinary drug residues in foods.
An entity that can bear roles, has members, and has a set of organization rules. Members of organizations are either organizations themselves or individual people. Members can bear specific organization member roles that are determined in the organization rules. The organization rules also determine how decisions are made on behalf of the organization by the organization members.
BP: The definition summarizes long email discussions on the OBI developer, roles, biomaterial and denrie branches. It leaves open if an organization is a material entity or a dependent continuant, as no consensus was reached on that. The current placement as material is therefore temporary, in order to move forward with development. Here is the entire email summary, on which the definition is based: 1) there are organization_member_roles (president, treasurer, branch editor), with individual persons as bearers 2) there are organization_roles (employer, owner, vendor, patent holder) 3) an organization has a charter / rules / bylaws, which specify what roles there are, how they should be realized, and how to modify the charter/rules/bylaws themselves. It is debatable what the organization itself is (some kind of dependent continuant or an aggregate of people). This also determines who/what the bearer of organization_roles' are. My personal favorite is still to define organization as a kind of 'legal entity', but thinking it through leads to all kinds of questions that are clearly outside the scope of OBI. Interestingly enough, it does not seem to matter much where we place organization itself, as long as we can subclass it (University, Corporation, Government Agency, Hospital), instantiate it (Affymetrix, NCBI, NIH, ISO, W3C, University of Oklahoma), and have it play roles. This leads to my proposal: We define organization through the statements 1 - 3 above, but without an 'is a' statement for now. We can leave it in its current place in the is_a hierarchy (material entity) or move it up to 'continuant'. We leave further clarifications to BFO, and close this issue for now.
eluate
Raman spectroscopic detection of haemoproteins in the eluate from high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr. 1983 Jan 7;254:285-8. PMID: 6298263
a eluate is a material entity which results from an elution, e.g. from a chromatography column. it has as part a material entity with role mobile phase
need to add restriction to indicate: has_part some (material entity has_role mobile phase) need to add mobile phase as role
eluted material
The mass analyzer of the Voyager-DE(tm) STR Biospectrometry Workstation
A Mass analyzer is a device that separates ions according to their mass-to-charge ratio. All mass spectrometers are based on dynamics of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields in vacuum where the two laws of Lorentz force law and Newton's second law of motion apply.
The ion source of a Voyager-DE??? STR Biospectrometry Workstation
An ion source is a device that is part of a mass spectrometer that ionizes the material under analysis. The ions are then transported by magnetic or electric fields to the mass analyzer. Techniques for ionization have been key to determining what types of samples can be analyzed by mass spectrometry. Electron ionization and chemical ionization are used for gases and vapors. In chemical ionization sources, the material is ionized by chemical ion-molecule reactions during collisions in the source. Two techniques often used with liquid and solid biological samples include electrospray ionization (due to John Fenn PMID 2675315.) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI, due to M. Karas and F. Hillenkamp (Measuring Mass: From Positive Rays to Proteins by Michael A. Grayson (Editor) (ISBN 0-941901-31-9))).
The ion detector of the Voyager-DE(tm) STR Biospectrometry Workstation
An ion detector is a device that measures and records the charge induced or current produced when an ion passes by or hits a surface. Example: In a scanning instrument the signal produced in the detector during the course of the scan versus where the instrument is in the scan (at what m/Q) will produce a mass spectrum, a record of ions as a function of m/Q.
light emission function
A light emission function is an excitation function to excite a material to a specific excitation state that it emits light.
magnify function
A magnify function is a function to increase the size of a transmitted object image through the precise arrangement of energy diffraction elements along an imaging path.
contain function
A contain function is a function to constrain a material entities location in space
heat function
A heat function is a function that increases the internal kinetic energy of a material
material separation function
A material separation function is a function that increases the resolution between two or more material entities. The to distinction between the entities is usually based on some associated physical quality.
excitation function
A excitation function is a function to inject energy by bombarding a material with energetic particles (e.g., photons) thereby imbuing internal material components such as electrons with additional energy. These internal, 'excited' particles may lead to the rupturing of covalent chemical bonds or may quickly relax back to there unexcited state with an exponential time course thereby locally emitting energy in the form of photons.
synthesizing function
A synthesizing function is a function to assemble new output materials from distinct input materials. The output materials typically consist of chemically distinct monomeric objects or object aggregate polymers.
transfer function
A transfer function is a function to displace a material from one location to another.
electricity supply function
the function of supplying current during a neuroscience experiment.
An electricity supply function is an energy supply function to transfer electricity from one source to another, typically a consumer of the electricity or as a stimulus during a neuroscience experiment.
power supply
ionization function
An ionization function is a function to physically convert an atom or molecule into an ion by adding or removing charged particles such as electrons or other ions.
cool function
A cool function is a function to decrease the internal kinetic energy of a material below the initial kinetic energy of that type of material.
energy supply function
An energy supply function is a function to supply or transfer energy from an energy source to a consumer of the energy
image acquisition function
An image acquisition function is a function to acquire an image of a material
An image creation device is a device which captures a digitized image of an object
environment control function
An environmental control function is a function that regulates a contained environment within specified parameter ranges. For example the control of light exposure, humidity and temperature.
The objective to measure the concentration of glucose in a blood sample
an assay objective to determine the presence or concentration of an analyte in the evaluant
analyte measurement objective
the objective to determine the weight of a mouse.
an objective specification to determine a specified type of information about an evaluated entity (the material entity bearing evaluant role)
assay objective
example of usage: In lab test for blood glucose, the test is the assay, the blood bears evaluant_role and glucose bears the analyte role. The evaluant is considered an input to the assay and the information entity that records the measurement of glucose concentration the output
An assay with the objective to capture information about the presence, concentration, or amount of an analyte in an evaluant.
regulatory agency
A regulatory agency is a organization that has responsibility over or for the legislation (acts and regulations) for a given sector of the government.
measure function
A glucometer measures blood glucose concentration, the glucometer has a measure function.
Measure function is a function that is borne by a processed material and realized in a process in which information about some entity is expressed relative to some reference.
The objective to create a mouse infected with LCM virus. The objective to create a defined solution of PBS.
an objective specifiction that creates an specific output object from input materials.
artifact creation objective
material transformation objective
A planned process with the objective to produce a processed material which will have a function for future use.
A person or organization (having manufacturer role) is a participant in this process
Manufacturing implies reproducibility and responsibility AR
This includes a single scientist making a processed material for personal use.
manufacturing
is the objective to manufacture a material of a certain function (device)
manufacturing objective
Identification of a proteins cut out from a 2D gel by cleaving it into peptides using trypsin digestion using electrospray ionizatino to ensure the peptides are charged, and accelerating them with an electro magnetic field in which the flight path is determined by the mass / charge ratio of the peptides. Comparing the mass/charge ratio of peptides in the proteins with databases of protein sequences allows to identify which protein gave rise to the peptides.
An assay that identifies the amount and type of material entities present in a sample by fragmenting the sample and measuring the mass-to-charge ratio of the resulting particles.
With respect to The Accuri C6 Flow Cytometer System, the organization Accuri bears the role manufacturer role. With respect to a transformed line of tissue culture cells derived by a specific lab, the lab whose personnel isolated the cll line bears the role manufacturer role. With respect to a specific antibody produced by an individual scientist, the scientist who purifies, characterizes and distributes the anitbody bears the role manufacturer role.
Manufacturer role is a role which inheres in a person or organization and which is realized by a manufacturing process.
the sodium and chloride ions in a glass of salt water
a material entity that consists of all the molecules of a specific type that are located in some bounded region and which is part of a more massive material entity that has parts that are other such aggregates
Collective
Discussion in Karslruhe with, among others, Alan Rector, Stefan Schulz, Marijke Keet, Melanie Courtot, and Alan Ruttenberg. With inspiration from the paper Granularity, scale and collectivity: When size does and does not matter, Alan Recto, Jeremy Rogers, Thomas Bittner, Journal of Biomedical Informatics 39 (2006) 333-349
scattered molecular aggregate
The objective to obtain multiple aliquots of an enzyme preparation. The objective to obtain cells contained in a sample of blood.
is an objective to transform a material entity into spatially separated components.
A clustered data set is the output of a K means clustering data transformation
A data set that is produced as the output of a class discovery data transformation and consists of a data set with assigned discovered class labels.
data set with assigned discovered class labels
clustered data set
A data set that is produced as the output of a descriptive statistical calculation data transformation and consists of producing a data set that represents one or more features of interest about the input data set.
data set of features
Mixing two fluids. Adding salt into water. Injecting a mouse with PBS.
is a material processing with the objective to combine two or more material entities as input into a single material entity as output.
created at workshop as parent class for 'adding material into target', which is asymmetric, while combination encompasses all addition processes.
drawing blood from a patient for analysis, collecting a piece of a plant for depositing in a herbarium, buying meat from a butcher in order to measure its protein content in an investigation, collecting a stone from a site
A planned process with the objective to obtain a material entity for potential use as an input upon which measurements or observations are performed.
Definition updated following discussion on 2024-10-07 OBI dev call.
Philly2013: A specimen collection can have as part a material entity acquisition, such as ordering from a bank. The distinction is that specimen collection necessarily involves the creation of a specimen role. However ordering cell lines cells from ATCC for use in an investigation is NOT a specimen collection, because the cell lines already have a specimen role.
Philly2013: The specimen_role for the specimen is created during the specimen collection process.
label changed to 'specimen collection process' on 10/27/2014, details see tracker: http://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/716/
5/31/2012: This process is not necessarily an acquisition, as specimens may be collected from materials already in posession
1) Detection of IL-2 (analyte) in a cell supernatant (evaluant), using plate bound anti IL-2 antibodies, and a reporter enzyme-linked reporter antibody. 2) Measurement of IgG antibody (analyte) titer in a serum sample (evaluant) using plate bound antigen and a reporter anti-IgG antibody.
An analyte assay where binding of an enzyme linked antibody to a material entity that is immobilized on solid support is detected utilizing a chemiluminescent reaction. Depending on the setup, the enzyme-linked antibody could be binding directly to the analyte, or it serves as a secondary antibody detecting binding of the primary antibody to the analyte.
The objective to obtain multiple aliquots of an enzyme preparation.
A material separation objective aiming to separate material into multiple portions, each of which contains a similar composition of the input material.
separation into different composition objective
The objective to obtain cells contained in a sample of blood.
A material separation objective aiming to separate a material entity that has parts of different types, and end with at least one output that is a material with parts of fewer types (modulo impurities).
We should be using has the grain relations or concentrations to distinguish the portioning and other sub-objectives
The objective to collect bits of excrement in the rainforest. The objective to obtain a blood sample from a patient.
A objective specification that is fulfilled by obtaining a material entity for potential use as an input upon which measurements or observations are performed.
OBI recommends against subclassing this term in order to avoid further parallel hierarchies between this term and specimen collection process.
creating a mixture of molecules in solution
is a process with the objective to prepare a liquid solution of one or more chemicals at desired concentrations.
is an objective to obtain an output material that contains several input materials.
the objective to obtain a pure fraction of a specific peptide when running an HPLC on a crude synthesis of peptides.
The objective to separate a material entity into different compositions of which one or more have are purified fractions that contain higher concentration of a desired component, while others contain impurities and are not of interest
10/14/09, BP: This should be linked to the 'purified' 'currently conferred quality
An objective specification maintains some or all of the qualities of a material over time.
A ruler, a microarray scanner, a Geiger counter.
A device in which a measure function inheres.
A person or organization that has a manufacturer role.
A planned process with the objective to maintain some or all of the characteristics of an input material over time.
A device with a separation function realized in a planed process
Jackson Lab provides experimental animals, EBI provides training on databases, a core facility provides access to a DNA sequencer.
is a role which inheres in a person or organization and is realized in in a planned process which provides access to training, materials or execution of protocols for an organization or person
A specimen that has been intentionally physically modified.
A tissue sample that has been sliced and stained for a histology study.
The labels 'positive' vs. 'negative', or 'left handed', 'right handed', 'ambidexterous', or 'strongly binding', 'weakly binding' , 'not binding', or '+++', '++', '+', '-' etc. form scales of categorical labels.
A label that is part of a categorical datum and that indicates the value of the data item on the categorical scale.
A device that can be used to restrict the location of material entities over time
03/21/2010: Added to allow classification of children (similar to what we want to do for 'measurement device'. Lookint at what classifies here, we may want to reconsider a contain function assigned to a part of an entity is necessarily also a function of the whole (e.g. is a centrifuge a container because it has test tubes as parts?)
A voltmeter is a measurement device which is intended to perform some measure function.
An autoclave is a device that sterlizes instruments or contaminated waste by applying high temperature and pressure.
A material entity that is designed to perform a function in a scientific investigation, but is not a reagent.
2012-12-17 JAO: In common lab usage, there is a distinction made between devices and reagents that is difficult to model. Therefore we have chosen to specifically exclude reagents from the definition of "device", and are enumerating the types of roles that a reagent can perform. 2013-6-5 MHB: The following clarifications are outcomes of the May 2013 Philly Workshop. Reagents are distinguished from devices that also participate in scientific techniques by the fact that reagents are chemical or biological in nature and necessarily participate in some chemical interaction or reaction during the realization of their experimental role. By contrast, devices do not participate in such chemical reactions/interactions. Note that there are cases where devices use reagent components during their operation, where the reagent-device distinction is less clear. For example: (1) An HPLC machine is considered a device, but has a column that holds a stationary phase resin as an operational component. This resin qualifies as a device if it participates purely in size exclusion, but bears a reagent role that is realized in the running of a column if it interacts electrostatically or chemically with the evaluant. The container the resin is in (“the column”) considered alone is a device. So the entire column as well as the entire HPLC machine are devices that have a reagent as an operating part. (2) A pH meter is a device, but its electrode component bears a reagent role in virtue of its interacting directly with the evaluant in execution of an assay. (3) A gel running box is a device that has a metallic lead as a component that participates in a chemical reaction with the running buffer when a charge is passed through it. This metallic lead is considered to have a reagent role as a component of this device realized in the running of a gel. In the examples above, a reagent is an operational component of a device, but the device itself does not realize a reagent role (as bearing a reagent role is not transitive across the part_of relation). In this way, the asserted disjointness between a reagent and device holds, as both roles are never realized in the same bearer during execution of an assay.
a specimen that is output of a specimen creation process used for an investigation without storage.
Taking a polaroid picture of a patients skin lesion; Using a digital camera to take a picture of a gel
A planned process that captures an image of an object.
A light source is an optical subsystem that provides light for use in a distant area using a delivery system (e.g., fiber optics)
A device which has a function to emit light.
A growth chamber is an environmental control device.
An environmental control device is a device which has the function to control some aspect of the environment such as temperature, or humidity.
a transfer unction where the transfer requires work to move the entity, often against a gradient.
A device that is used to apply microwave irradiation to chemical reactions.
A device that is used to generate X-rays.
A specimen primarily composed of a cell or cells collected from a multicellular organism or a cell culture.
Discussed on obi call Jan 23, 2017. To improve cell specimen that include single cell specimen. Details see tracker: https://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/828
PERSON: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng, Alexander Diehl
A specimen for which it is known whether it has been subjected to storage of a specified type.
A specimen that derives from an anatomical part or substance arising from an organism. Examples of tissue specimen include tissue, organ, physiological system, blood, or body location (arm).
Using a laser to stimulate a cell culture that was previously labeled with fluorescent antibodies to detect light emmission at a different wavelength in order to determine the presence of surface markers the antibodies are specific for.
An assay in which a material's fluorescence is determined.
purification
A planned process to separate a material entity into different compositions of which one or more have are purified fractions that contain higher concentration of a desired component, while others contain impurities and are not of interest
A mixture of peptide molecules that has been run through an HPLC column to remove 65
A material entity that is generated by a purification process in which an input material is separated to obtain a fraction with a higher concentration of a desired component
reagent
A biological or chemical entity that bears a reagent role in virtue of it being intended for application in a scientific technique to participate in (or have molecular parts that participate in) a chemical reaction that facilitates the generation of data about some distinct entity, or the generation of some distinct material specified output.
2013-6-5 MHB: Clarifications regarding the distinction between reagetns and devices were made at the May 2013 Philly Workshop. Reagents are distinguished from devices that also participate in scientific techniques by the fact that reagents are chemical or biological in nature and necessarily participate in some chemical interaction or reaction during the realization of their experimental role. By contrast, devices do not participate in such chemical reactions/interactions. Note that there are cases where devices use reagent components during their operation, where the reagent-device distinction is less clear. For examples, see editor note on OBI:device.
(copied from ReO) Reagents are distinguished from devices/instruments that also serve as facilitators in scientific techniques by the fact that reagents are chemical or biological in nature and necessarily participate in or have parts that participate in some chemical interaction or reaction during their intended participation in some technique. By contrast, devices do not participate in a chemical reaction/interaction during the technique. Reagents are distinguished from study subjects/evaluants in that study subjects and evaluants are that about which conclusions are drawn and knowledge is sought in an investigation - while reagents, by definition, are not. It should be noted, however, that reagent and study subject/evaluant roles can be borne by instances of the same type of material entity - but a given instance can only realize one of these roles in the execution of a given assay. For example, taq polymerase can bear a reagent role or an evaluant role. In a DNA sequencing assay aimed at generating sequence data about some plasmid, the reagent role of the taq polymerase is realized. In an assay to evaluate the quality of the taq polymerase itself, the evaluant/study subject role of the taq is realized, but not the reagent role since the taq is the subject about which data is generated. In regard to the statement that reagents are 'distinct' from the specified outputs of a technique: note that a reagent may be incorporated into a material output of a technique, as long as the IDENTITY of this output is distinct from that of the bearer of the reagent role. For example, dNTPs input into a PCR are reagents that become part of the material output of this technique, but this output has a new identity (ie that of a 'nucleic acid molecule') that is distinct from the identity of the dNTPs that comprise it. Similarly, a biotin molecule input into a cell labeling technique are reagents that become part of the specified output, but the identity of the output is that of some modified cell specimen which shares identity with the input unmodified cell specimen, and not with the biotin label. Thus, we see that an important criteria of 'reagent-ness' is that it is a facilitator, and not the primary focus of an investigation or material processing technique (ie not the specified subject/evaluant about which knowledge is sought, or the specified output material of the technique).
A value specification that is specifies one category out of a fixed number of nominal categories
The value of 'positive' in a classification scheme of "positive or negative"; the value of '20g' on the quantitative scale of mass.
An information content entity that specifies a value within a classification scheme or on a quantitative scale.
This term is currently a descendant of 'information content entity', which requires that it 'is about' something. A value specification of '20g' for a measurement data item of the mass of a particular mouse 'is about' the mass of that mouse. However there are cases where a value specification is not clearly about any particular. In the future we may change 'value specification' to remove the 'is about' requirement.
collection of specimens
Blood cells collected from multiple donors over the course of a study.
A material entity that has two or more specimens as its parts.
Details see tracker: https://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/778/
Person: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng
A container with an environmental control function.
For details see tracker item: http://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/793/
Lung, liver, and spleen tissue samples were collected from female BALB/c mice and fixed in 100% formalin solution, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The stained samples were examined for signs of pathological changes under light microscopy.
An imaging assay that utilizes a microscope to magnify features of the visualized material of interest that are not visible to naked eye.
A person or organization that provides material supplies to other people or organizations.
liquid chromatography mass spectrometry assay
A mass spectrometry assay where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being converted into ions which are characterized by using mass spectrometry based on their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.
A precursor ion is selected in the first stage, allowed to fragment and then all resultant masses are scanned in the second mass analyzer and detected in the detector that is positioned after the second mass analyzer. This experiment is commonly performed to identify transitions used for quantification by tandem MS.
A mass spectrometry assay that uses two or more analyzers separated by a region in which ions can be induced to fragment by transfer of energy (frequently by collision with other molecules).
Discussed on the OBI developer call 2022-03-07: 'tandem mass spectrometry' OBI:0200198 is under 'data transformation' but is actually defined like an assay. Moving OBI:0200198 from 'data transformation' to 'assay' is a major logical change, so the OBI development team supports obsoleting 'tandem mass spectrometry' OBI:0200198 and replacing it with ‘tandem mass spectrometry assay’ OBI:0003540.
Hector Guzman-Orozco, ORCID:0000-0003-3430-8997
A preparative chromatography in which material components are separated in a liquid solution.
reactant role
A role borne by a biological or chemical entity that participates or has molecular components that participate in a chemical reaction.
animal
fungus
plant
virus
A material entity that is an individual living system, such as animal, plant, bacteria or virus, that is capable of replicating or reproducing, growth and maintenance in the right environment. An organism may be unicellular or made up, like humans, of many billions of cells divided into specialized tissues and organs.
10/21/09: This is a placeholder term, that should ideally be imported from the NCBI taxonomy, but the high level hierarchy there does not suit our needs (includes plasmids and 'other organisms')
13-02-2009: OBI doesn't take position as to when an organism starts or ends being an organism - e.g. sperm, foetus. This issue is outside the scope of OBI.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism
specimen
Biobanking of blood taken and stored in a freezer for potential future investigations stores specimen; collecting a stone from a site.
A material entity that is collected for potential use as an input upon which measurements or observations are performed.
GROUP: OBI Biomaterial Branch
data transformation
The application of a clustering protocol to microarray data or the application of a statistical testing method on a primary data set to determine a p-value.
A planned process that produces output data from input data.
Elisabetta Manduchi
Helen Parkinson
James Malone
Melanie Courtot
Richard Scheuermann
Ryan Brinkman
Tina Hernandez-Boussard
data analysis
data processing
Branch editors
dimensionality reduction
A dimensionality reduction is data partitioning which transforms each input m-dimensional vector (x_1, x_2, ..., x_m) into an output n-dimensional vector (y_1, y_2, ..., y_n), where n is smaller than m.
PERSON: Elisabetta Manduchi
PERSON: James Malone
principal components analysis dimensionality reduction
A principal components analysis dimensionality reduction is a dimensionality reduction achieved by applying principal components analysis and by keeping low-order principal components and excluding higher-order ones.
pca data reduction
descriptive statistical calculation objective
A descriptive statistical calculation objective is a data transformation objective which concerns any calculation intended to describe a feature of a data set, for example, its center or its variability.
Monnie McGee
PERSON: Monnie McGee
Generation of a heatmap from a microarray dataset
A planned process with the objective to graphically represent some data by inputing the data and outputting images, diagrams or animations.
Tina Boussard
visualization
PERSON: Tina Boussard
Possible future hierarchy might include this: information_encoding >data_encoding >>image_encoding
data visualization
data transformation objective
normalize objective
An objective specification to transformation input data into output data
Modified definition in 2013 Philly OBI workshop
class discovery data transformation
A class discovery data transformation (sometimes called unsupervised classification) is a data transformation that has objective class discovery.
unsupervised classification data transformation
class discovery objective
A class discovery objective (sometimes called unsupervised classification) is a data transformation objective where the aim is to organize input data (typically vectors of attributes) into classes, where the number of classes and their specifications are not known a priori. Depending on usage, the class assignment can be definite or probabilistic.
discriminant analysis objective
unsupervised classification objective
descriptive statistical calculation data transformation
A descriptive statistical calculation data transformation is a data transformation that has objective descriptive statistical calculation and which concerns any calculation intended to describe a feature of a data set, for example, its center or its variability.
A data visualization which has input of a clustered data set and produces an output of a report graph which is capable of rendering data of this type.
A pool of specimens is a mixture of a population of samples which have been gathered from one or more sample populations, obtained by the physical process of mixing individual specimens, e.g. mixing the DNA collected from the individual fish.
check with advisors as to how to represent multiple instances of any class? a set of specimens which have been gathered from one or more sample_populations, obtained by the physical process of mixing individual specimens, e.g. mixing the DNA collected from the individual fish
chemical solution
PMID: 18289311.Anesth Analg. 2008 Apr;106(4):1078-86.Less impairment of hemostasis and reduced blood loss in pigs after resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock using the small-volume concept with hypertonic saline/hydroxyethyl starch as compared to administration of 4% gelatin or 6% hydroxyethyl starch solution.
A material entity that is made up of at least 2 scattered molecular aggregates, one playing the role of solvent and the other one playing the role of solute.
liquid chemical solution
PMID: 18373502.Transfusion. 2008 Mar 25. Solvent/detergent treatment of platelet concentrates enhances the release of growth factors.
solvent role is a role which inheres in a molecular entity capable of ensuring the dissolution of another chemical entity and realized by the process of solvation
The class CHEBI:solvent is logically equivalent to this class, iff it is properly subsumed under the BFO:role branch. The label and textual definition of this CHEBI class are however misleadingly denoting the material entity that bears this role and not the role itself. The OBI modeling was needed as what is considered a solvent in a mixture can depend on the intent of the person creating the mixture. It would be great if this could be dealt with in CHEBI itself. See also https://github.com/obi-ontology/obi/issues/1771.
adpated from wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvatation)
solvent role
PMID: 18380397.Pharmazie. 2008 Feb;63(2):113-21.Deviations of drug solubility in water-cosolvent mixtures from the Jouyban-Acree model--effect of solute structure.
solute role is a role played by a chemical entity which is dissolved by another chemical entity (the solvent) when creating a solution
adapted from wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solute)
solute role
Salt molecules that have been mixed into water
A material entity that has been going through a process of being put into solution
dissolved material entity
PMID: 18428461.Purification of oligodendrocytes and their progenitors using immunomagnetic separation and Percoll gradient centrifugation. Curr Protoc Neurosci. 2001 May;Chapter 3:Unit 3.12.
centrifugation is a process separating molecules by size or density using centrifugal forces generated by a spinning rotor. G-forces of several hundred thousand times gravity are generated in ultracentrifugation
adapted from http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X3910E/X3910E06.htm
centrifugation
PMID: 6874122. Dialysis leucopenia--no correction after prolonged washing of the membrane. Int J Artif Organs. 1983 May;6(3):113-4.
washing is a process by which a material entity acting as contaminant (e.g. excess staining reagent) is removed by application of one or more cycles of solution in flow.
washing
PMID: 18550121.Total Prostate Specific Antigen Stability Confirmed After Long-Term Storage of Serum at -80C. J Urol. 2008 Jun 10.
A planned process with the objective to preserve and protect material entities by placing them in an identified location which may have a controlled environment.
storage
PMID: 18549238.Theory and Application of the Two-Mode Gradient Elution in Liquid Chromatography Involving Simultaneous Changes in Temperature and Mobile-Phase Composition.Anal Chem. 2008 Jun 13.
the process of extracting one material from another by washing with a solvent to remove adsorbed material from an adsorbent (as in washing of loaded ion-exchange resins to remove captured ions)
elution
PMID: 18551712. Microfluidic electroporation for selective release of intracellular molecules at the single-cell level. Electrophoresis. 2008 Jun 13.
a process in which a significant increase in the electrical conductivity and permeability of the cell plasma membrane caused by an externally applied electrical field. It is usually used in molecular biology as a way of introducing some substance into a cell, such as loading it with a molecular probe, a drug that can change the cell's function, or a piece of coding DNA
electroporation
A laser is the most common way to irradiate a cell in a flow cytometer.
A laser (acronym for light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation) is a light source that emits photons of the same characteristics in a coherent beam. A laser uses a solid, liquid or gaseous lasing medium, that contains molecules, of which some atoms have electrons that emit photons of the same frequency when falling back to their normal orbital after excitation (pumping) by external means A laser is the most common way to irradiate a cell in a flow cytometer.
light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation
A light source is an optical subsystem that provides light for use in a distant area using a delivery system (e.g., fiber optics). Light sources may include one of a variety of lamps (e.g., xenon, halogen, mercury). Most light sources are operated from line power, but some may be powered from batteries. They are mostly used in endoscopic, microscopic, and other examination and/or in surgical procedures. The light source is part of the optical subsystem. In a flow cytometer the light source directs high intensity light at particles at the interrogation point. The light source in a flow cytometer is usually a laser.
Practical Flow Cytometry 4th Edition, Howard Shapiro, ISBN-10: 0471411256, ISBN-13: 978-0471411253
A device with a rapidly rotating container that applies centrifugal force to its contents
A AC/DC transformer that generates the reqired power for an electrophoresis apparatus
A power supply is an device or part of a device that permits the required application of a defined electrical charge to an instrument. The power supply may permit the defined application of a given amount of current for a defined length of time.
was power_pack, maps to SEP electrical_power_supply
PMID:18466942. A light and transmission electron microscope study of hepatic portal tracts in the rhesus monkey (Macacus rhesus). Tissue Cell. 2008 May 6
A microscope is an instrument which magnifies the view on objects (too small to be viewed by the naked eye) under increased resolution. A microscope can be an optical instrument but also and electronic instrument. There are various kind of optical microscopes, e.g confocal microscope, epifluoresence microscope)
material component separation
Using a cell sorter to separate a mixture of T cells into two fractions; one with surface receptor CD8 and the other lacking the receptor, or purification
a material processing in which components of an input material become segregated in space
Bjoern Peters
IEDB
cell permeabilization
Electroporation of HeLa cells to allow transfection with pUC19.
A protocol application to permeabilize cell membranes, allowing molecules to more easily pass through the membrane than was possible prior to the protocol application
need to add output cell has_quality permeable
definition blessed by Jay, Alan, Randi
preparative chromatography
The use of gas chromatography in order separate out from an input sample of eggs a fraction that would be enriched for pesticides.
the use of a biomaterial's preferential affinity for either the mobile phase or the stationary phase to separate it from other materials of differing affinity
PERSON:Kevin Clancy; Bjoern Peters
is a receptor produced by cells of the adaptive immune system with the purpose of binding epitopes.
adaptive immune receptor
A dependent entity that inheres in a bearer by virtue of how the bearer is related to other entities
A luminous flux quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's emitting longer wavelength light following the absorption of shorter wavelength radiation; fluorescence is common with aromatic compounds with several rings joined together.
A quality of a physical entity that exists through action of continuants at the physical level of organisation in relation to other entities.
A quality which inheres in a continuant.
multiply inhering quality of a physical entity
Relational qualities are qualities that hold between multiple entities. Normal (monadic) qualities such as the shape of a eyeball exist purely as a quality of that eyeball. A relational quality such as sensitivity to light is a quality of that eyeball (and connecting nervous system) as it relates to incoming light waves/particles.
A scalar optical quality which obtains by the magnitude of the light emitted by the bearer.
An EM radiation quality in which the EM radiation is within the fiat range of the spectrum visible deemed to be light.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its constitution.
quality of interaction of a substance with electromagnetic radiation
A quality of a substance on which or through which electromagnetic radiation impinges or traverses with respect to radiation. This substance quality changes the quality of the incident radiation with respect to any of: intensity, direction, scatter and wavelength.
An amino acid chain that is canonically produced de novo by ribosome-mediated translation of a genetically-encoded mRNA, and any derivatives thereof.
Anatomical group whose component anatomical structures lie in close proximity to each other.
example to be eventually removed
failed exploratory term
The term was initially used in an attempt to structure part of the ontology, but in retrospect failed to do a good job.
The term was used in an attempt to structure part of the ontology but in retrospect failed to do a good job
Terms created as placeholders with the expectation of being permanent should instead be deprecated using the "placeholder removed" (obo:IAO_0000226) justification.
metadata complete
Class has all its metadata, but is either not guaranteed to be in its final location in the asserted IS_A hierarchy or refers to another class that is not complete.
organizational term
Term created to ease viewing/sort terms for development purpose, and will not be included in a release
The term was created to ease viewing/sorting terms for development purposes, but will not be included in a release.
ready for release
Class has undergone final review, is ready for use, and will be included in the next release. Any class lacking "ready_for_release" should be considered likely to change place in hierarchy, have its definition refined, or be obsoleted in the next release. Those classes deemed "ready_for_release" will also derived from a chain of ancestor classes that are also "ready_for_release."
metadata incomplete
Class is being worked on; however, the metadata (including definition) are not complete or sufficiently clear to the branch editors.
uncurated
Nothing done yet beyond assigning a unique class ID and proposing a preferred term.
pending final vetting
All definitions, placement in the asserted IS_A hierarchy and required minimal metadata are complete. The class is awaiting a final review by someone other than the term editor.
Core is an instance of a grouping of terms from an ontology or ontologies. It is used by the ontology to identify main classes.
obsolete_core
placeholder removed
The term was created to temporarily stand in for a semantic purpose, but is no longer needed, typically due to another permanent term being defined.
This reason is appropriate for a temporary term even if no permanent term is defined; for example if the need for the term no longer exists. If a permanent (replacement) term is defined, the deprecated term should reference the replacement with IAO:0100001. If no replacement is defined, it may be appropriate to reference alternative terms with oboInOwl:consider.
terms merged
The term has been combined with one or more other terms to create a more encompassing (merged) term.
An editor note should explain what were the merged terms and the reason for the merge.
The deprecated term should reference the merged term with obo:IAO_0100001. The replacement term should reference the original terms as sources using obo:RO_0001000 (derives_from). An editor note should explain what were the merged terms and the reason for the merge.
term imported
The term has been replaced by a term imported from another ontology.
This is to be used when the original term has been replaced by a term imported from an other ontology. An editor note should indicate what is the URI of the new term to use.
This is to be used when the original term has been replaced by a term imported from an other ontology. The deprecated term should reference the imported term with obo:IAO_0100001.
term split
The term has been split into two or more new terms.
This is to be used when a term has been split in two or more new terms. An editor note should indicate the reason for the split and indicate the URIs of the new terms created.
This is to be used when a term has been split in two or more new terms. An editor note should indicate the reason for the split. The deprecated term should reference the replacement terms with obo:IAO_0100001.
universal
Hard to give a definition for. Intuitively a "natural kind" rather than a collection of any old things, which a class is able to be, formally. At the meta level, universals are defined as positives, are disjoint with their siblings, have single asserted parents.
A Formal Theory of Substances, Qualities, and Universals, http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bfo/SQU.pdf
defined class
A defined class is a class that is defined by a set of logically necessary and sufficient conditions but is not a universal
"definitions", in some readings, always are given by necessary and sufficient conditions. So one must be careful (and this is difficult sometimes) to distinguish between defined classes and universal.
named class expression
A named class expression is a logical expression that is given a name. The name can be used in place of the expression.
named class expressions are used in order to have more concise logical definition but their extensions may not be interesting classes on their own. In languages such as OWL, with no provisions for macros, these show up as actuall classes. Tools may with to not show them as such, and to replace uses of the macros with their expansions
to be replaced with external ontology term
Terms with this status should eventually replaced with a term from another ontology.
requires discussion
A term that is metadata complete, has been reviewed, and problems have been identified that require discussion before release. Such a term requires editor note(s) to identify the outstanding issues.
An confidence interval with 95 percent probability that the true population value can be found.
95% confidence interval
Transformation-ML
Transformation-ML file describing parameter transformations used in a GvHD experiment.
Transformation-ML is a format standard of a digital entity that is conformant with the Transformation-ML standard.(http://wiki.ficcs.org/ficcs/Transformation-ML?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=Transformation-ML_v1.0.26.pdf)
person:Jennifer Fostel
ACS
d06.acs, ACS1.0 data file of well D06 of plate 2 of part 1 of a GvHD experiment.
ACS is a format standard of a digital entity that is conformant with the Analytical Cytometry Standard. (http://www.isac-net.org/content/view/607/150/)
XML
RDF/XML file, OWL file, Compensation-ML file, WSDL document, SVG document
XML is a format standard of a digital entity that is conformant with the W3C Extensible Markup Language Recommendation.(http://www.w3.org/XML/)
RDF
A FOAF file, a SKOS file, an OWL file.
RDF is a format standard of a digital entity that is conformant with the W3C Resource Description Framework RDF/XML Syntax specification.(http://www.w3.org/RDF/)
zip
MagicDraw MDZIP archive, Java JAR file.
zip is a format standard of a digital entity that is conformant with the PKWARE .ZIP file format specification (http://www.pkware.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=59&Itemid=103/)
tar
Example.tar file.
tar is a format standard of a digital entity that is conformant with the tape archive file format as standardized by POSIX.1-1998, POSIX.1-2001, or any other tar format compliant with the GNU tar specification. (http://www.gnu.org/software/tar/manual/)
FCS
d01.fcs, FCS3 data file of well D06 of plate 2 of part 1 of a GvHD experiment.
FCS is a format standard of a digital entity that is conformant with the Flow Cytometry Data File Standard.(http://www.fcspress.com/)
Compensation-ML
compfoo.xml, Compensation-ML file describing compensation used in a GvHD experiment
Compensation-ML is a format standard of a digital entity that is conformant with the Compensation-ML standard. (http://wiki.ficcs.org/ficcs/Compensation-ML?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=Compensation-ML_v1.0.24.pdf)
Gating-ML
foogate.xml, Gating-ML file describing gates used in a GvHD experiment.
Gating-ML is a format standard of a digital entity that is conformant with the Gating-ML standard. (http://www.flowcyt.org/gating/)
OWL
OBI ontology file, Basic Formal Ontology file, BIRNLex file, BioPAX file.
OWL is a format standard of a digital entity that is conformant with the W3C Web Ontology Language specification.(http://www.w3.org/2004/OWL/)
An organization which supplies technology, tools and protocols for use in high throughput applications
GenePattern HeatMapViewer data visualization
The GenePattern process of generating Heat Maps from clustered data.
GenePattern HierarchicalClusteringViewer data visualization
The GenePattern process of generating hierarchical clustering visualization from clustered data.
Advanced Instruments Inc. (AI Companies)
An organization that focuses on manufacturing target enrichment probe pools for DNA sequencing.
An organization that supplies tools for studying the synthesis and regulation of DNA, RNA and protein. It developed a powerful technology platform called single molecule real-time (SMRT) technology which enables real-time analysis of biomolecules with single molecule resolution.
An organization that supplies life science tools for translational research and molecular diagnostics based on a novel digital molecular barcoding technology. The NanoString platform can provide simple, multiplexed digital profiling of single molecules.
An organization that is an American multinational, biotechnology product development company, created in 2006 by the merger of Thermo Electron and Fisher Scientific.
An organization that is developing and selling nanopore sequencing products and is based in the UK.
An organization that manufactures mosquito traps and other mosquito control products.
A manufacturer of rapid point-of-care assay devices.
A manufacturer of in vitro diagnostic assay kits in India.
A manufacturer that specializes in in vitro diagnostic devices designed to test for infectious diseases.
The term was added to the ontology on the assumption it was in scope, but it turned out later that it was not.
This obsolesence reason should be used conservatively. Typical valid examples are: un-necessary grouping classes in disease ontologies, a phenotype term added on the assumption it was a disease.
This obsolesence reason should be used conservatively. Typical valid examples in disease ontologies are: unnecessary class grouping; mistaked creation of a disease associated to a phenotype.
The term was added to the ontology on the assumption it was a valid domain entity, but it turns out the entity does not exist in reality.
This obsolesence reason should be used conservatively. For example: Obsoleting class that describes a breed of cow based on a record in an existing database, that was later retracted as faulty (breed does not exist). Do not use this term to obsolete a historic concept (that was once valid, but not anymore).
A length unit which is equal to the length of the path traveled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second.
A mass unit which is equal to the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram kept by the BIPM at Svres, France.
A time unit which is equal to the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom.
A length unit which is equal to one hundredth of a meter or 10^[-2] m.
A length unit which is equal to one thousandth of a meter or 10^[-3] m.
A length unit which is equal to one millionth of a meter or 10^[-6] m.
A length unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a meter or 10^[-9] m.
A length unit which is equal to 10 [-10] m.
A mass unit which is equal to one thousandth of a kilogram or 10^[-3] kg.
A mass unit which is equal to one thousandth of a gram or 10^[-3] g.
A mass unit which is equal to one millionth of a gram or 10^[-6] g.
A mass unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a gram or 10^[-9] g.
A mass unit which is equal to 10^[-12] g.
A temperature unit which is equal to one kelvin degree. However, they have their zeros at different points. The centigrade scale has its zero at 273.15 K.
A time unit which is equal to 60 seconds.
A time unit which is equal to 3600 seconds or 60 minutes.
A time unit which is approximately equal to the length of time of one of cycle of the moon's phases which in science is taken to be equal to 30 days.
A time unit which is equal to 12 months which is science is taken to be equal to 365.25 days.
A substance unit equal to a millionth of a mol or 10^[-6] mol.
A substance unit equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a mole or 10^[-9] mol.
A unit of concentration which expresses a concentration of 1 mole of solute per liter of solution (mol/L).
A unit of molarity which is equal to one thousandth of a molar or 10^[-3] M.
A unit of molarity which is equal to one millionth of a molar or 10^[-6] M.
A unit of molarity which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a molar or 10^[-9] M.
A unit of molarity which is equal to 10^[-12] M.
A volume unit which is equal to one millionth of a cubic meter or 10^[-9] m^[3], or to 1 ml.
A volume unit which is equal to one thousandth of a liter or 10^[-3] L, or to 1 cubic centimeter.
A volume unit which is equal to one thousandth of a cubic meter or 10^[-3] m^[3], or to 1 decimeter.
A volume unit which is equal to one thousand of a cubic meter or 10^[-3] m^[3], or to 1 L.
A volume unit which is equal to one millionth of a liter or 10^[-6] L.
A volume unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a liter or 10^[-9] L.
A volume unit which is equal to 10^[-12] L.
A frequency unit which is equal to 1 complete cycle of a recurring phenomenon in 1 second.
A dimensionless concentration unit which denotes the mass of a substance in a mixture as a percentage of the mass of the entire mixture.
A dimensionless concentration unit which denotes the mass of the substance in a mixture as a percentage of the volume of the entire mixture.
A dimensionless concentration unit which denotes the volume of the solute in mL per 100 mL of the resulting solution.
A mass unit density which is equal to mass of an object in grams divided by the volume in liters.
A mass unit density which is equal to mass of an object in milligrams divided by the volume in milliliters.
A temperature unit which is equal to 5/9ths of a kelvin. Negative 40 degrees Fahrenheit is equal to negative 40 degrees Celsius.
A dimensionless concentration notation which denotes the acidity of a solution in terms of activity of hydrogen ions (H+).
A volume per unit volume unit which is equal to one millionth of a liter of solute in one liter of solution.
A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in grams divided by the volume in deciliters.
A concentration unit which a measure of viable bacterial numbers in a given volume.
A volumetric flow rate unit which is equal to one microliter volume through a given surface in one minute.
A rate unit which is equal to one over one nanomolar second.
A rate unit which is equal to one over one molar second.
A rate unit which is equal to one over one nanomolar.
A rate unit which is equal to one over one molar.
A mass unit density which is equal to mass of an object in micrograms divided by the volume in liters.