CHMO, the chemical methods ontology, describes methods used to collect data in chemical experiments, such as mass spectrometry and electron microscopy prepare and separate material for further analysis, such as sample ionisation, chromatography, and electrophoresis synthesise materials, such as epitaxy and continuous vapour deposition It also describes the instruments used in these experiments, such as mass spectrometers and chromatography columns. It is intended to be complementary to the Ontology for Biomedical Investigations (OBI). Chemical Methods Ontology 1.2 batchelorc definition Non-mining synonym synonym_type_property has_alternative_id database_cross_reference has_exact_synonym has_narrow_synonym has_obo_format_version has_related_synonym has_scope has_synonym_type in_subset BFO:0000052 inheres_in BFO:0000054 realized in BFO:0000056 participates in at some time BFO:0000057 has participant BFO:0000068 begins to exist during BFO:0000069 ceases to exist during BFO:0000085 has function at some time BFO:0000087 has role BFO:0000110 has continuant part at all times BFO:0000118 has proper occurrent part BFO:0000137 proper part of continuant at all times BFO:0000174 has proper continuant part at some time BFO:0000175 proper part of continuant at some time BFO:0000178 has continuant part at some time CHMO:0002748 p has_participant e o e has_role analyte_role. Don't know how to do this in OBO format. has analyte CHMO:0002883 p has_participant e o e has_role matrix_role. Don't know how to do this in OBO format. has matrix A process p probes_atom n if it has_participant n and its objective o is to determine the energy levels of n. CHMO:0002922 should really be probes_nucleus but ChEBI doesn't have the nuclei. Will use atoms for now. probes_atom A process p probes_atom n if it has_participant n and its objective o is to determine the energy levels of n. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 CHMO:0010016 the range of 'prevents' is an adverse laboratory event (process). The object that prevents the ALE blocks a disposition that is manifested as the ALE. Example: water blocks flammability. From a safety officer pov, this is about planning. prevents CHMO:0010017 the range of 'mitigates' is an adverse laboratory event (process). The object that mitigates the ALE has the capability (disposition) to take part in the process and prevent downstream adverse events. From a safety officer pov, this is about responding. mitigates IAO:0000136 is_about OBI:0000293 has_specified_input OBI:0000299 has_specified_output OBI:0000312 is_specified_output_of This relation obtains between a planned process and a objective specification when the criteria specified in the objective specification are met at the end of the planned process. OBI:0000417 achieves_planned_objective This relation obtains between a planned process and a objective specification when the criteria specified in the objective specification are met at the end of the planned process. obi:ar obi:bp p is causally upstream of q if and only if p precedes q and p and q are linked in a causal chain Chris Mungall RO:0002411 causally upstream of BFO:0000002 continuant ic IndependentContinuant a chair a heart a leg a molecule a spatial region an atom an orchestra. an organism the bottom right portion of a human torso the interior of your mouth b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002]) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/2019-08-26/bfo.owl For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001]) For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002]) (forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001] (forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002] (iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002] BFO:0000004 independent continuant BFO:0000015 process BFO:0000016 disposition BFO:0000017 realizable_entity BFO:0000019 quality BFO:0000020 specifically dependent continuant BFO:0000023 role BFO:0000031 generically dependent continuant BFO:0000034 function BFO:0000040 material entity BFO:0000140 continuant fiat boundary Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity. CHEBI:23367 molecular entity CHEBI:23377 copper molecular entity CHEBI:28262 dimethyl sulfoxide CHEBI:28694 copper atom CHEBI:33418 graphite CHEBI:33819 oxygen-17 atom CHEBI:35255 chloroform CHEBI:36928 carbon-13 atom CHEBI:36940 fluorine-19 atom CHEBI:46729 vitreous silica CHEBI:50594 carbon nanotube CHEBI:50795 nanostructure CHEBI:50796 nanotube CHEBI:50803 nanoparticle CHEBI:50825 gold nanoparticle CHEBI:52230 tin-119 atom CHEBI:52455 lead-207 CHEBI:52456 vanadium-51 atom CHEBI:52458 lithium-7 atom CHEBI:52462 tungsten-183 CHEBI:60004 mixture CHEBI:60027 polymer true The determination of the spectral absorbance of a solution. This method is often used to determine the concentration of a chemical in a solution. colorimetric method colourimetry CHMO:0000001 colorimetry The determination of the spectral absorbance of a solution. This method is often used to determine the concentration of a chemical in a solution. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The determination of the mass of a gas or vapour adsorbed to a surface. gravimetric sorption gravimetric sorption-desorption gravimetric sorption-desorption analysis gravimetric sorption/desorption gravimetric sorption/desorption analysis CHMO:0000002 gravimetric sorption analysis The determination of the mass of a gas or vapour adsorbed to a surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The use of an electrochemical cell to measure a qualitative or quantitative response. FIX:0000764 electroanalytical method electrochemical assay electrochemical method CHMO:0000003 electrochemical analysis The use of an electrochemical cell to measure a qualitative or quantitative response. FIX:0000764 OrangeBook:8.1 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. amperometric method CHMO:0000004 amperometry An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. FIX:0000783 OrangeBook:8.5.2 An electrochemical technique where the time dependence of the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. chronoamperometry CHMO:0000005 chrono-amperometry An electrochemical technique where the time dependence of the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. FIX:0000785 OrangeBook:8.5.2 An electrochemical technique where the time dependence of the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. Measurements are taken every 1 to 5 s. high-speed chronoamperometry CHMO:0000006 high-speed chrono-amperometry An electrochemical technique where the time dependence of the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. Measurements are taken every 1 to 5 s. https://doi.org/10.1373/49.10.1763 An electrochemical technique where the time dependence of the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is varied as a step function. potential step chronoamperometry CHMO:0000007 potential step chrono-amperometry An electrochemical technique where the time dependence of the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is varied as a step function. https://doi.org/10.1039/b816223a An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is held at a constant value (sufficient to oxidize or reduce the sample). CPA constant-potential amperometry CHMO:0000008 constant potential amperometry An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is held at a constant value (sufficient to oxidize or reduce the sample). https://doi.org/10.1373/49.10.1763 An electrochemical technique where the cell direct current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. DC amperometry dc amperometry direct-current amperometry CHMO:0000009 direct current amperometry An electrochemical technique where the cell direct current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. https://doi.org/10.1039/b816289a The measurement of the conductance of a solution as a function of concentration. Measurements are made indirectly across the resistance of the solution with alternating current. FIX:0000768 FIX:0000770 conductimetry CHMO:0000010 conductometry The measurement of the conductance of a solution as a function of concentration. Measurements are made indirectly across the resistance of the solution with alternating current. Orange:8.5.4 The measurement of the conductance of a solution as a function of concentration. Measurements are made indirectly across the resistance of the solution with high-frequency alternating current (>0.1 MHz). FIX:0000773 high frequency conductimetry high frequency conductometry CHMO:0000011 high-frequency conductometry The measurement of the conductance of a solution as a function of concentration. Measurements are made indirectly across the resistance of the solution with high-frequency alternating current (>0.1 MHz). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An electrochemical technique where the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured. CHMO:0000012 coulometry An electrochemical technique where the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured. Orange:8.5.1 An electrochemical technique where the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured whilst the current is held at a constant value. controlled current coulometry controlled-current coulometry CHMO:0000013 amperostatic coulometry An electrochemical technique where the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured whilst the current is held at a constant value. OrangeBook:8.5.1 An electrochemical technique where the time-dependence of the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured whilst the current is held at a constant value. chronocoulometry CHMO:0000014 chrono-coulometry An electrochemical technique where the time-dependence of the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured whilst the current is held at a constant value. FIX:0000786 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An electrochemical technique where the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured whilst the potential of the working electrode is held at a constant value. bulk electrolysis controlled potential coulometry controlled-potential coulometry CHMO:0000015 potentiostatic coulometry An electrochemical technique where the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured whilst the potential of the working electrode is held at a constant value. FIX:0000787 OrangeBook:8.5.2 An electrochemical technique where the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. potentiometric method CHMO:0000016 potentiometry An electrochemical technique where the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. FIX:0000775 OrangeBook:8.5.1 An electrochemical technique where the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. chronopotentiometry CHMO:0000017 chrono-potentiometry An electrochemical technique where the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. FIX:0000780 OrangeBook:8.5.1 An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped'. During removal the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. chronopotentiometric stripping SP CHMO:0000018 stripping potentiometry An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped'. During removal the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2004.07.034 SP An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by re-oxidation using either oxidants in the sample or by applying a small constant current, or a combination of both. During removal the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. ASP anodic-stripping voltammetry CHMO:0000019 anodic stripping potentiometry An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by re-oxidation using either oxidants in the sample or by applying a small constant current, or a combination of both. During removal the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2004.07.034 An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by re-reduction. During removal the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. CSP cathodic-stripping voltammetry CHMO:0000020 cathodic stripping potentiometry An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by re-reduction. During removal the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2004.07.034 An electrochemical technique where the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium and held at a constant (non-zero) value. controlled current potentiometry CHMO:0000021 controlled-current potentiometry An electrochemical technique where the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium and held at a constant (non-zero) value. FIX:0000778 OrangeBook:8.5.1 An electrochemical technique where the potential difference between an ion-selective indicator electrode and the reference electrode is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. CHMO:0000022 ion-selective potentiometry An electrochemical technique where the potential difference between an ion-selective indicator electrode and the reference electrode is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An *obsolete* electrochemical technique where the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured using an oscillograph under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. oscillo potentiometry CHMO:0000023 oscillographic potentiometry An *obsolete* electrochemical technique where the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured using an oscillograph under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. voltammetric method CHMO:0000024 voltammetry An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. FIX:0000765 OrangeBook:8.5.3 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied linearly and inverts at the end point resulting in a cycle. cyclic triangular wave voltammetry cyclovoltammetry CV CHMO:0000025 cyclic voltammetry An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied linearly and inverts at the end point resulting in a cycle. FIX:0000099 OrangeBook:8.5.3 CV An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied linearly and inverts at the end point resulting in a cycle which repeats approximately every 100 ms. FCV FSCV fast cyclic voltammetry fast scan cyclic voltammetry CHMO:0000026 fast-scan cyclic voltammetry An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied linearly and inverts at the end point resulting in a cycle which repeats approximately every 100 ms. FIX:0000761 https://doi.org/10.1373/49.10.1763 An electrochemical technique where the cell current flowing during convective mass transfer (the movement of material by the action of a fluid) is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied linearly and inverts at the end point resulting in a cycle. linear scan hydrodynamic voltammetry linear-scan hydrodynamic voltammetry CHMO:0000027 hydrodynamic voltammetry An electrochemical technique where the cell current flowing during convective mass transfer (the movement of material by the action of a fluid) is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied linearly and inverts at the end point resulting in a cycle. FIX:0000792 Orange: 8.5.3 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied linearly and stops at an end point. LSV chrono amperometry with linear potenial sweep chronoamperometry with linear sweep electrode voltammetry linear sweep voltammetry stationary electrode voltammetry CHMO:0000028 linear-sweep voltammetry An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied linearly and stops at an end point. FIX:0000791 OrangeBook:8.5.3 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied using pulses of increasing amplitude. CHMO:0000029 pulse voltammetry An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied using pulses of increasing amplitude. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied using pulses of increasing amplitude and the current is sampled before and after each voltage pulse. DPV differential-pulse voltammetry CHMO:0000030 differential pulse voltammetry An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied using pulses of increasing amplitude and the current is sampled before and after each voltage pulse. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied using pulses of increasing amplitude and the current is sampled after each voltage pulse. NPV normal-pulse voltammetry CHMO:0000031 normal pulse voltammetry An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied using pulses of increasing amplitude and the current is sampled after each voltage pulse. ISBN:978-3-540-74597-6 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. CHMO:0000032 polarography An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. FIX:0000794 OrangeBook:8.5.3 An electrochemical technique where the alternating current (ac) component of the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the ac potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. AC polarography AC-polarography alternating-current polarography CHMO:0000033 alternating current polarography An electrochemical technique where the alternating current (ac) component of the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the ac potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. FIX:0000814 OrangeBook:8.5.3 An electrochemical technique where the ac component of the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the ac potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The cell current is sampled on alternate half cycles and the potential is applied as a small amplitude square wave superimposed on a linear sweep. CHMO:0000034 Kalousek polarography An electrochemical technique where the ac component of the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the ac potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The cell current is sampled on alternate half cycles and the potential is applied as a small amplitude square wave superimposed on a linear sweep. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408348508542784 An electrochemical technique where the ac component of the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the ac potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The cell current is sampled (only once per drop lifetime) on alternate half cycles and the potential is applied as a large amplitude square wave superimposed on a linear sweep. square wave polarography CHMO:0000035 square-wave polarography An electrochemical technique where the ac component of the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the ac potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The cell current is sampled (only once per drop lifetime) on alternate half cycles and the potential is applied as a large amplitude square wave superimposed on a linear sweep. FIX:0000816 OrangeBook:8.5.3 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The potential is varied using pulses of linearly increasing amplitude (one pulse during each drop lifetime) and the current is sampled before and after each voltage pulse. CHMO:0000036 differential pulse polarography An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The potential is varied using pulses of linearly increasing amplitude (one pulse during each drop lifetime) and the current is sampled before and after each voltage pulse. FIX:0000813 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The potential is varied using pulses of linearly increasing amplitude (one pulse during each drop lifetime) and the current is sampled after each voltage pulse. CHMO:0000037 normal pulse polarography An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The potential is varied using pulses of linearly increasing amplitude (one pulse during each drop lifetime) and the current is sampled after each voltage pulse. FIX:0000812 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An *obsolete* electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes using an oscillograph. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. oscillo-polography oscillopolography CHMO:0000038 oscillo polarography An *obsolete* electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes using an oscillograph. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. ISBN:978-3-540-74597-6 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The current is sampled only during a specific time interval of the life of each drop of the droppping mercury electrode. CHMO:0000039 tast polarography An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The current is sampled only during a specific time interval of the life of each drop of the droppping mercury electrode. FIX:0000795 OrangeBook:8.5.3 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied as a square wave and the current is measured at the end of each half-wave, just prior to potential change. SWV square wave voltammetry CHMO:0000040 square-wave voltammetry An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied as a square wave and the current is measured at the end of each half-wave, just prior to potential change. FIX:0000816 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first deposited (usually by electroplating) onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped'. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. SV CHMO:0000041 stripping voltammetry An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first deposited (usually by electroplating) onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped'. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying an oxidising potential. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. ASV CHMO:0000042 anodic stripping voltammetry An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying an oxidising potential. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying an oxidising potential (as a series of voltage pulses of increasing amplitude). During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The current is sampled before and after each voltage pulse. DPASV CHMO:0000043 differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying an oxidising potential (as a series of voltage pulses of increasing amplitude). During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The current is sampled before and after each voltage pulse. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying an oxidising potential. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. A plot of stripping peak current versus deposition potential resembles a polarogram. pseudo-polarography pseudopolarography CHMO:0000044 pseudo polarography An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying an oxidising potential. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. A plot of stripping peak current versus deposition potential resembles a polarogram. ISBN:978-3-540-74597-6 An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying an oxidising potential. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied as a square wave superimposed on a linear sweep. SWASV square wave anodic stripping voltammetry square-wave ASV CHMO:0000045 square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying an oxidising potential. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied as a square wave superimposed on a linear sweep. https://doi.org/10.1039/b806470k An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first adsorbed onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped'. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. AdSV adsorptive-stripping voltammetry CHMO:0000046 adsorptive stripping voltammetry An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first adsorbed onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped'. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying a reducing potential. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. CSV CHMO:0000047 cathodic stripping voltammetry An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying a reducing potential. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 true The simultaneous measurement of spectra and images. A radiation source illuminates the sample and a series of spatially resolved spectra are collected. CIS chemical imaging spectrometry chemical imaging spectroscopy hyperspectral imaging imaging spectrometry imaging spectroscopy multispectral imaging spectral imaging spectroscopic imaging CHMO:0000049 chemical imaging The simultaneous measurement of spectra and images. A radiation source illuminates the sample and a series of spatially resolved spectra are collected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The collection of spatially resolved infrared spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. CHMO:0000583 IR microscopy IR spectromicroscopy IR-MSP IRI infra-red chemical imaging spectrometry infra-red microscopy infrared chemical imaging spectrometry infrared chemical imaging spectroscopy infrared mapping infrared microspectrophotometry infrared microspectroscopy infrared spectromicroscopy CHMO:0000050 infrared microscopy The collection of spatially resolved infrared spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. FIX:0000696 ISBN:2884490736 The collection of spatially resolved infrared spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. The infrared spectra are obtained by single pulse of infrared radiation, and are subject to a Fourier transform. CHMO:0000584 FT-IR imaging FT-IR microscopy FTIR imaging FTIR microscopy FTIR microspectroscopy FTIR spectromicroscopy FTIR-MSP Fourier transform infra-red microspectrometry Fourier transform infra-red microspectroscopy Fourier transform infrared microspectrometry Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy Fourier transform infrared spectromicroscopy Fourier-transform infrared microscopy CHMO:0000051 Fourier transform infrared microscopy The collection of spatially resolved infrared spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. The infrared spectra are obtained by single pulse of infrared radiation, and are subject to a Fourier transform. https://doi.org/10.1039/b805223a The collection of spatially resolved near-infrared spectra (0.8 to 2 micrometres) of a sample during microscopy. NIR chemical imaging spectrometry NIR chemical imaging spectroscopy NOIM near infra red chemical imaging spectrometry near infra red chemical imaging spectroscopy near infra-red chemical imaging spectrometry near infra-red chemical imaging spectroscopy near infra-red microscopy near infrared microscopy spectroscopy near infrared optical microscopy near-IR spectromicroscopy near-infra-red microscopy near-infrared microscopy near-infrared spectromicroscopy CHMO:0000052 near-infrared microscopy The collection of spatially resolved near-infrared spectra (0.8 to 2 micrometres) of a sample during microscopy. FIX:0000699 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The collection of spatially resolved mass spectra of a sample during microscopy which are used to visualise the spatial distribution of compounds by their molecular masses. I-MS IMS imaging MS CHMO:0000053 imaging mass spectrometry The collection of spatially resolved mass spectra of a sample during microscopy which are used to visualise the spatial distribution of compounds by their molecular masses. https://doi.org/10.1039/b812533c The collection of spatially resolved mass spectra of a sample during microscopy where a pulse laser is used to produce both ionisation and vapourisation and the sample is held in a matrix (such as dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. The spectra are used to visualise the spatial distribution of (typically) biomolecules by their molecular masses. MALDI-IMS MALDI-MS imaging matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000054 matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation imaging mass spectrometry The collection of spatially resolved mass spectra of a sample during microscopy where a pulse laser is used to produce both ionisation and vapourisation and the sample is held in a matrix (such as dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. The spectra are used to visualise the spatial distribution of (typically) biomolecules by their molecular masses. https://doi.org/10.1039/b812533c The collection of spatially resolved mass spectra of a sample during microscopy where the sample is bombarded with a stream of primary mass-selected particles and the secondary ions ejected from the sample are detected. The spectra are used to visualise the spatial distribution of compounds by their molecular masses. FIX:0000960 SIMS imaging SIMS microscopy secondary ion mass spectroscopy imaging CHMO:0000055 secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging The collection of spatially resolved mass spectra of a sample during microscopy where the sample is bombarded with a stream of primary mass-selected particles and the secondary ions ejected from the sample are detected. The spectra are used to visualise the spatial distribution of compounds by their molecular masses. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The collection of spatially resolved Raman spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. CHMO:0000673 FIX:0000697 LRMA MRS RCIS Raman chemical imaging spectrometry Raman chemical imaging spectroscopy Raman imaging Raman mapping Raman micro spectrometry Raman micro spectroscopy Raman microprobe spectroscopy Raman microspectrometry Raman microspectroscopy Raman spectral imaging laser Raman microanalysis micro Raman spectrometry micro Raman spectroscopy micro-Raman spectrometry micro-Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000056 Raman microscopy The collection of spatially resolved Raman spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. https://doi.org/10.1039/b815117b The detection of luminescence from a sample. FIX:0000427 CHMO:0000057 luminescence detection The detection of luminescence from a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The detection of luminescence emitted from a sample as a result of a chemical reaction. CL detection CHMO:0000058 chemiluminescence detection The detection of luminescence emitted from a sample as a result of a chemical reaction. https://doi.org/10.1039/b812750f The detection of chemiluminescence caused the emission of light by tiny bubbles in a liquid excited by sound. SCL detection sono chemiluminescence detection sono-chemiluminescence detection sonodynamic chemiluminescence detection CHMO:0000059 sonochemiluminescence detection The detection of chemiluminescence caused the emission of light by tiny bubbles in a liquid excited by sound. https://doi.org/10.1039/b813330a The measurement or detection of luminescence which results from the molecular absorption of a photon which triggers the emission of a photon with a longer wavelength. fluorescence (FL) detection CHMO:0000060 fluorescence detection The measurement or detection of luminescence which results from the molecular absorption of a photon which triggers the emission of a photon with a longer wavelength. FIX:0000421 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for analysing microscopic particles suspended in a stream of fluid. The particles are individually passed through a laser beam and the resulting fluorescence and scattered light is detected. flow cytometric analysis flow cytometric studies CHMO:0000061 flow cytometry A method for analysing microscopic particles suspended in a stream of fluid. The particles are individually passed through a laser beam and the resulting fluorescence and scattered light is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining the distance between molecules using an energy transfer between two chromophores (a donor and an acceptor) in close proximity (typically <10 nm) via a nonradiative, long-range dipole-dipole coupling mechanism. Forster resonant energy transfer Förster resonance energy transfer FRET CHMO:0000062 Forster resonance energy transfer A method for determining the distance between molecules using an energy transfer between two chromophores (a donor and an acceptor) in close proximity (typically <10 nm) via a nonradiative, long-range dipole-dipole coupling mechanism. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 FRET Forster resonance energy transfer in a bioluminescent system, usually between a luciferase (donor) and a green fluorescent protein (acceptor). BRET CHMO:0000063 The luciferase is bioluminescent therefore external illumination is not required. bioluminescence resonance energy transfer Forster resonance energy transfer in a bioluminescent system, usually between a luciferase (donor) and a green fluorescent protein (acceptor). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining the distance between molecules using an energy transfer between two fluorescent chromophores (a donor and an acceptor) in close proximity (typically <10 nm) via a nonradiative, long-range dipole-dipole coupling mechanism. Energy transfer usually occurs between a cyan fluorescent protein (donor) and a yellow fluorescent protein (acceptor). FIX:0000472 FIX:0000473 fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy fluorescent resonance energy transfer FRET CHMO:0000064 fluorescence resonance energy transfer A method for determining the distance between molecules using an energy transfer between two fluorescent chromophores (a donor and an acceptor) in close proximity (typically <10 nm) via a nonradiative, long-range dipole-dipole coupling mechanism. Energy transfer usually occurs between a cyan fluorescent protein (donor) and a yellow fluorescent protein (acceptor). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 FRET A method for determining the mobility of fluorescent molecules by photobleaching a sub-set of the sample during fluorescence microscopy and monitoring the movement of the remaining fluorescent molecules. FRAP CHMO:0000065 fluorescence recovery after photobleaching A method for determining the mobility of fluorescent molecules by photobleaching a sub-set of the sample during fluorescence microscopy and monitoring the movement of the remaining fluorescent molecules. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of the fluorescence decay time of probes solubilised in micellar surfactant solutions in the presence of quenchers. TRFQ TRFQ analysis TRFQ measurements TRFQ spectrometry TRFQ spectroscopy time resolved fluorescence quenching time resolved fluorescence quenching spectrometry time-resolved fluorescence quenching spectrometry time-resolved fluorescence quenching spectroscopy CHMO:0000066 time-resolved fluorescence quenching The measurement of the fluorescence decay time of probes solubilised in micellar surfactant solutions in the presence of quenchers. https://doi.org/10.1039/b813498g Any technique where a microscope is used to view a small object (or specimen) by producing a magnified image. FIX:0000005 CHMO:0000067 microscopy Any technique where a microscope is used to view a small object (or specimen) by producing a magnified image. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. FIX:0000051 EM CHMO:0000068 electron microscopy Microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05484 Microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by field emission with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. FEM field electron microscopy field emission electron microscopy field emission microscopy field-emission microscopy CHMO:0000069 field-emission electron microscopy Microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by field emission with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. Orange:17.2.7 Microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) low energy (1-100 eV) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. LE EM LEEM low energy EM low energy electron microscopy low-energy EM CHMO:0000070 low-energy electron microscopy Microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) low energy (1-100 eV) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Low-energy electron microscopy where a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the sample surface. SPLEEM spin polarised LEEM spin polarised low energy electron microscopy spin polarized LEEM spin-polarised LEEM spin-polarised low-energy electron microscopy spin-polarized LEEM spin-polarized low-energy electron microscopy CHMO:0000071 spin-polarised low energy electron microscopy Low-energy electron microscopy where a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the sample surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The electrons elastically scattered by the specimen are detected. REM reflection EM CHMO:0000072 reflection electron microscopy Microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The electrons elastically scattered by the specimen are detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. FIX:0000124 SEM scanning electronic microscopy CHMO:0000073 scanning electron microscopy Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05484 Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by thermionic emission heating (field emission) and with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. FE SEM FE-SEM FE/SEM FEG-SEM FEGSEM FESEM FSEM field emission gun scanning electron microscopy field emission scanning electron microscopy field-emission gun scanning electron microscopy CHMO:0000074 field-emission scanning electron microscopy Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by thermionic emission heating (field emission) and with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. https://doi.org/10.1039/b818058j Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by applying a high voltage to a tungsten crystal (cold-field emission) and with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. CFE SEM CFE-SEM CFE/SEM CFEG-SEM CFEGSEM CFSEM cold field emission gun scanning electron microscopy cold field emission scanning electron microscopy cold-field-emission gun scanning electron microscopy cold-field-emission scanning electron microscopy cold-field-gun scanning electron microscopy CHMO:0000075 cold-field-emission scanning electron microscopy Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by applying a high voltage to a tungsten crystal (cold-field emission) and with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. ISBN:0763701920 Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen in a gaseous environment and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. E-SEM ESEM environmental SEM CHMO:0000076 environmental scanning electron microscopy Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen in a gaseous environment and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen under vacuum. The interaction of electrons with the specimen produces X-rays (with energies characteristic of atomic number) which are detected as a function of wavelength. SEM EDX SEM-EDX SEM-EDXA SEM/EDX SEM/EDXA scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray analysis scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy CHMO:0000077 scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen under vacuum. The interaction of electrons with the specimen produces X-rays (with energies characteristic of atomic number) which are detected as a function of wavelength. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where a pulsed electron beam is scanned over the surface of the specimen in order to generate elastic waves which are reflected and detected. SEAM CHMO:0000078 scanning electron acoustic microscopy Microscopy where a pulsed electron beam is scanned over the surface of the specimen in order to generate elastic waves which are reflected and detected. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-005-7244-2 Microscopy where a focused electron beam of small diameter is used to produce Auger electrons which are detected. scanning Auger electron microscopy SAM CHMO:0000079 scanning Auger microscopy Microscopy where a focused electron beam of small diameter is used to produce Auger electrons which are detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 SAM Electron microscopy where the intensities of the electrons through an electron-transparent specimen are measured. FIX:0000126 TEM CHMO:0000080 transmission electron microscopy Electron microscopy where the intensities of the electrons through an electron-transparent specimen are measured. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06481 Transmission electron microscopy where the specimen is cooled in liquid ethane to 180 °C. LT-TEM cryo TEM cryo-TEM cryogenic TEM low-temperature transmission electron microscopy CHMO:0000081 cryogenic transmission electron microscopy Transmission electron microscopy where the specimen is cooled in liquid ethane to 180 °C. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp013639d Transmission electron microscopy where the intensities of transmitted electrons of particular kinetic energies are measured. EF-TEM EF/TEM EFTEM electron spectroscopic imaging energy filtered TEM energy filtered transmission electron microscopy energy-filtered TEM ESI CHMO:0000082 energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy Transmission electron microscopy where the intensities of transmitted electrons of particular kinetic energies are measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 ESI Transmission electron microscopy where the electron-transparent specimen (normally a fresh tissue or cell suspension) is prepared by rapid freezing using liquid nitrogen, then fractured, and the cold fractured surface is coated with Pt or Au by evaporation. FF-TEM FF/TEM FFTEM freeze fracture TEM freeze fracture transmission electron microscopy freeze-fracture TEM CHMO:0000083 freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopy Transmission electron microscopy where the electron-transparent specimen (normally a fresh tissue or cell suspension) is prepared by rapid freezing using liquid nitrogen, then fractured, and the cold fractured surface is coated with Pt or Au by evaporation. https://doi.org/10.1039/b813498g Transmission electron microscopy where the phase contrast between the transmitted interfering electron waves is used to produce an image. HR TEM HR-TEM HR/TEM HRTEM high resolution (HR) TEM high resolution TEM high resolution transmission electron microscopy high-resolution TEM phase contrast TEM phase contrast transmission electron microscopy phase-contrast TEM phase-contrast transmission electron microscopy CHMO:0000084 high-resolution transmission electron microscopy Transmission electron microscopy where the phase contrast between the transmitted interfering electron waves is used to produce an image. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 700–3000 kV under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. HV TEM HV-TEM HV/TEM HVTEM high voltage TEM high voltage transmission electron microscopy high-voltage TEM CHMO:0000085 high-voltage transmission electron microscopy Microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 700–3000 kV under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. STEM scanning TEM CHMO:0000086 scanning transmission electron microscopy Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with light of specific wavelengths. These specimens are called fluorophores. FIX:0000123 FM fluorescence imaging fluorescence microscopic imaging CHMO:0000087 fluorescence microscopy Any type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with light of specific wavelengths. These specimens are called fluorophores. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface. FLSM LSM laser scanning fluorescence microscopy laser scanning microscopy CHMO:0000088 fluorescence laser scanning microscopy Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface. FIX:0000380 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a gas (Ar or Kr) laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface and using a spatial pinhole to eliminate out-of-focus fluorescence. CLSM LSCM confocal fluorescence imaging confocal fluorescence microscopy confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy confocal-laser scanning microscopy fluorescence confocal microscopy fluorescence confocal scanning laser microscopy scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy CHMO:0000089 confocal laser scanning microscopy Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a gas (Ar or Kr) laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface and using a spatial pinhole to eliminate out-of-focus fluorescence. https://doi.org/10.1039/b807581f Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a solid-state (Ti sapphire) laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface to produce multi-photon fluorescence (i.e. the fluorophore simultaneously absorbs multiple photons of typically one half to one third of the energy required for single-photon excitation). FIX:0000383 MPLSM multi photon laser scanning microscopy multiphoton laser scanning microscopy CHMO:0000090 multi-photon laser scanning microscopy Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a solid-state (Ti sapphire) laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface to produce multi-photon fluorescence (i.e. the fluorophore simultaneously absorbs multiple photons of typically one half to one third of the energy required for single-photon excitation). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with light of specific wavelengths and the spatial distribution of mean fluorescence lifetimes (usually on the ns scale) is mapped within the microscopic images. FLIM fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy CHMO:0000091 fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with light of specific wavelengths and the spatial distribution of mean fluorescence lifetimes (usually on the ns scale) is mapped within the microscopic images. https://doi.org/10.1007/b102213 Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with radiation in the infra-red region (2.5–16 &#x3bc;m). IR fluorescence microscopy infra-red fluorescence microscopy CHMO:0000092 infrared fluorescence microscopy Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with radiation in the infra-red region (2.5–16 &#x3bc;m). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with radiation in the near infra-red region (0.8–2.5 &#x3bc;m). NIRF microscopy NIRFM near infra-red fluorescence microscopy near-infrared fluorescence microscopy CHMO:0000093 near-infrared fluorescence microscopy Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with radiation in the near infra-red region (0.8–2.5 &#x3bc;m). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where the specimen (a fluorophore) can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with light of specific wavelength. The light is totally internally reflected to generate an evanescent wave at the glass microscope slide-water interface. The evanescent wave selectively illuminates and excites fluorophores in a restricted region of the specimen allowing fluorophores on the surface to be imaged (normally the fluorescence of surface fluorophores is overwhelmed by background fluorescence). TIRF microscopy TIRFM CHMO:0000094 total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy Microscopy where the specimen (a fluorophore) can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with light of specific wavelength. The light is totally internally reflected to generate an evanescent wave at the glass microscope slide-water interface. The evanescent wave selectively illuminates and excites fluorophores in a restricted region of the specimen allowing fluorophores on the surface to be imaged (normally the fluorescence of surface fluorophores is overwhelmed by background fluorescence). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with radiation in the ultra-violet region (4–380 nm). UV fluorescence microscopy UVF microscopy UVFM ultra-violet fluorescence microscopy ultraviolet fluorescence microscopy CHMO:0000095 ultraviolet fluorescence microscopy Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with radiation in the ultra-violet region (4–380 nm). ISBN:0632034335 Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with radiation in the visible region (380–750 nm). CHMO:0000096 visible fluorescence microscopy Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with radiation in the visible region (380–750 nm). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where ions are used to produce an image. FIX:0000962 IM CHMO:0000097 ion microscopy Microscopy where ions are used to produce an image. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where atoms of an inert gas in the vicinty of the specimen (which is in the form of a very sharp tip <10 m diameter) are ionised by the application of a strong electric field to the tip and an image is produced by the projection of the ions onto a fluorescent screen. The image consists of a pattern of spots of light which correspond to individual atoms on the specimen surface. FIM field ionisation microscopy field ionization microscopy field-ion microscopy field-ionisation microscopy field-ionization microscopy CHMO:0000098 field ion microscopy Microscopy where atoms of an inert gas in the vicinty of the specimen (which is in the form of a very sharp tip <10 m diameter) are ionised by the application of a strong electric field to the tip and an image is produced by the projection of the ions onto a fluorescent screen. The image consists of a pattern of spots of light which correspond to individual atoms on the specimen surface. Orange:17.2.7 Microscopy where atoms in the vicinty of the specimen (which is in the form of a very sharp tip <10 m diameter) are ionised by the application of a strong electric field to the tip and an image is produced by the projection of the ions onto a fluorescent screen. The image consists of a pattern of spots of light which correspond to individual atoms on the specimen surface. When a sudden voltage pulse is applied to the tip, atoms from the surface of the specimen itself are be ejected and travel down a drift tube where their arrival time (a measure of the mass of the atom) can be determined. This allows the atomic composition of the specimen to be determined. AP FIM AP field ionisation microscopy AP field ionization microscopy AP field-ion microscopy AP field-ionisation microscopy AP field-ionization microscopy AP-FIM AP/FIM APFIM atom probe field ionisation microscopy atom probe field ionization microscopy atom probe field-ion microscopy atom probe field-ionisation microscopy atom probe field-ionization microscopy atom-probe field-ion microscopy CHMO:0000099 atom probe field ion microscopy Microscopy where atoms in the vicinty of the specimen (which is in the form of a very sharp tip <10 m diameter) are ionised by the application of a strong electric field to the tip and an image is produced by the projection of the ions onto a fluorescent screen. The image consists of a pattern of spots of light which correspond to individual atoms on the specimen surface. When a sudden voltage pulse is applied to the tip, atoms from the surface of the specimen itself are be ejected and travel down a drift tube where their arrival time (a measure of the mass of the atom) can be determined. This allows the atomic composition of the specimen to be determined. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where atoms of He gas in the vicinty of the specimen are ionised and an image is produced by the projection of the ions onto a fluorescent screen. The image consists of a pattern of spots of light which correspond to individual atoms on the specimen surface. CHMO:0000100 helium-ion microscopy Microscopy where atoms of He gas in the vicinty of the specimen are ionised and an image is produced by the projection of the ions onto a fluorescent screen. The image consists of a pattern of spots of light which correspond to individual atoms on the specimen surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where an ion beam is scanned over the specimen surface and the secondary electrons emitted are detected. FIX:0000963 SIM CHMO:0000101 scanning ion microscopy Microscopy where an ion beam is scanned over the specimen surface and the secondary electrons emitted are detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 SIM Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with visible light and a system of lenses is used to produce an image. FIX:0000113 OM light microscopy CHMO:0000102 optical microscopy Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with visible light and a system of lenses is used to produce an image. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where visible light coming from the specimen is collected and guided through a pinhole before it is detected. The pinhole allows only light from the focal point to pass to the detector, reducing background interference. CHMO:0000103 confocal microscopy Microscopy where visible light coming from the specimen is collected and guided through a pinhole before it is detected. The pinhole allows only light from the focal point to pass to the detector, reducing background interference. ISBN:978-3-540-74597-6 Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with light transmitted from a source on the opposite side of the specimen from the objective. bright field microscopy bright-field optical microscopy transmitted light microscopy transmitted-light microscopy CHMO:0000104 bright-field microscopy Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with light transmitted from a source on the opposite side of the specimen from the objective. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where two specimens can be compared by illuminating them with visible light using two identical sets of microscope lenses which are linked by an optical bridge. CHMO:0000105 comparison light microscopy Microscopy where two specimens can be compared by illuminating them with visible light using two identical sets of microscope lenses which are linked by an optical bridge. ISBN:0-85404-539-2 Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with visible light split into two beams, which then interfere to produce fringes whose spacing is proportional to the height of the specimen. IOM OIM interference optical microscopy CHMO:0000106 optical interference microscopy Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with visible light split into two beams, which then interfere to produce fringes whose spacing is proportional to the height of the specimen. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with polarised visible light split into two beams, which then interfere to produce fringes whose spacing is proportional to the height of the specimen. DIC DIC microscopy NIC NIC microscopy Nomarski interference contrast microscopy Nomarski microscopy CHMO:0000107 differential interference contrast microscopy Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with polarised visible light split into two beams, which then interfere to produce fringes whose spacing is proportional to the height of the specimen. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with short-coherence length visible light split into two beams, which then interfere to produce fringes whose spacing is proportional to the height of the specimen. CHMO:0000108 low coherence interference microscopy Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with short-coherence length visible light split into two beams, which then interfere to produce fringes whose spacing is proportional to the height of the specimen. ISBN:0824742524 Microscopy where the surface of the specimen is illuminated with short-coherence length visible light split into two beams, which then interfere to produce fringes whose spacing is proportional to the profile of the specimen. CPM coherence-probe microscopy phase correlation microscopy CHMO:0000109 coherence probe microscopy Microscopy where the surface of the specimen is illuminated with short-coherence length visible light split into two beams, which then interfere to produce fringes whose spacing is proportional to the profile of the specimen. ISBN:0824742524 Microscopy where a transparent specimen is illuminated with visible light and small phase shifts in the light passing through the specimen are used to produce an image. PCM phase-contrast microscopy CHMO:0000110 phase contrast microscopy Microscopy where a transparent specimen is illuminated with visible light and small phase shifts in the light passing through the specimen are used to produce an image. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where the specimen placed between two orthogonal polarising filters and illuminated with visible light. PLM POM optical polarisation microscopy optical polarising microscopy optical polarization microscopy polarised light microscopy polarised optical microscopy polarized light microscopy polarized light optical microscopy polarized optical microscopy polarizing light microscopy polarizing optical microscopy CHMO:0000111 polarising light microscopy Microscopy where the specimen placed between two orthogonal polarising filters and illuminated with visible light. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy which uses a probe to scan the surface of the specimen and measure some form of interaction between surface and probe. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the probe-surface interaction as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. SPM scanning-probe microscopy CHMO:0000112 scanning probe microscopy Microscopy which uses a probe to scan the surface of the specimen and measure some form of interaction between surface and probe. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the probe-surface interaction as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. FIX:0000121 ISBN:1-86094-199-0 Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. AFM SFM atomic force imaging atomic-force microscopy scanning force microscopy CHMO:0000113 atomic force microscopy Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. FIX:0000114 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where an electric field is applied to a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') which is mounted on the end of a cantilever. The tip scans the surface of a piezoelectric specimen and the distortion of the electric field by the specimen is measured as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. piezo-force microscopy PFM CHMO:0000114 piezoresponse force microscopy Microscopy where an electric field is applied to a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') which is mounted on the end of a cantilever. The tip scans the surface of a piezoelectric specimen and the distortion of the electric field by the specimen is measured as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-005-7244-2 PFM Microscopy which uses a sharp magnetic spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of a magnetic specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the tip in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the magnetic force experienced by it as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. MFM magnetic-force microscopy CHMO:0000115 magnetic force microscopy Microscopy which uses a sharp magnetic spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of a magnetic specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the tip in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the magnetic force experienced by it as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. FIX:0000118 ISBN:1-86094-199-0 Microscopy where optical tweezers are used to trap a small fluorescent latex bead which is then scanned across biological specimens in aqueous solution. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the bead in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the fluorescence intensity as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the bead and surface during scanning. PFM photonic-force microscopy CHMO:0000116 photonic force microscopy Microscopy where optical tweezers are used to trap a small fluorescent latex bead which is then scanned across biological specimens in aqueous solution. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the bead in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the fluorescence intensity as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the bead and surface during scanning. https://doi.org/10.1006/jsbi.1997.3881 Microscopy which uses a small electrode to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the electrostatic capacitance of the surface as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the electrode and surface during scanning. SCAM scanning-capacitance microscopy CHMO:0000117 scanning capacitance microscopy Microscopy which uses a small electrode to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the electrostatic capacitance of the surface as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the electrode and surface during scanning. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any type of microscopy where a probe is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field). An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the probe-surface interaction as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. near-field scanning microscopy CHMO:0000118 scanning near-field microscopy Any type of microscopy where a probe is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field). An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the probe-surface interaction as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with a near-field of photons. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving an optical fibre probe in a raster scan over the specimen, line by line, and detecting any photons which tunnel from the specimen to the probe as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the optical fibre probe and surface during scanning. PSTM photon scanning tunneling microscopy photon-scanning tunneling microscopy photon-scanning tunnelling microscopy CHMO:0000119 photon scanning tunnelling microscopy Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with a near-field of photons. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving an optical fibre probe in a raster scan over the specimen, line by line, and detecting any photons which tunnel from the specimen to the probe as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the optical fibre probe and surface during scanning. USPatent:5018865 Microscopy where a probe consisting of a laser transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The tip is coated with metal (to prevent light from escaping from the sides) and near-field (or evanescent field) light is emitted through a small opening or 'aperture' (50–100 nm in diameter) at the apex of the probe. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the disturbance of the near-field as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. NSOM SNOM aperture NSOM aperture SNOM aperture scanning near-field optical microscopy aperture-NSOM aperture-SNOM near-field scanning optical microscopy CHMO:0000120 scanning near-field optical microscopy Microscopy where a probe consisting of a laser transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The tip is coated with metal (to prevent light from escaping from the sides) and near-field (or evanescent field) light is emitted through a small opening or 'aperture' (50–100 nm in diameter) at the apex of the probe. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the disturbance of the near-field as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. FIX:0000385 ISBN:1-86094-199-0 Microscopy where a probe consisting of a laser of a specific wavelength transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The tip is coated with metal (to prevent light from escaping from the sides) and near-field (or evanescent field) light is emitted through a small opening or 'aperture' (50–100 nm in diameter) at the apex of the probe. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the fluorescence intensity from fluorophores on the surface of the specimen as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. CHMO:0000121 fluorescence scanning near-field optical microscopy Microscopy where a probe consisting of a laser of a specific wavelength transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The tip is coated with metal (to prevent light from escaping from the sides) and near-field (or evanescent field) light is emitted through a small opening or 'aperture' (50–100 nm in diameter) at the apex of the probe. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the fluorescence intensity from fluorophores on the surface of the specimen as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where a probe consisting of an infrared laser transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The tip is coated with metal (to prevent light from escaping from the sides) and near-field (or evanescent field) infrared radiation is emitted through a small opening or 'aperture' (50–100 nm in diameter) at the apex of the probe. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the disturbance of the infrared near-field as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. IR-NSOM IR-SNOM SNFIM SNIM SNIM imaging infra-red near-field scanning optical microscopy infra-red scanning near-field optical microscopy infrared near-field scanning optical microscopy CHMO:0000122 infrared scanning near-field optical microscopy Microscopy where a probe consisting of an infrared laser transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The tip is coated with metal (to prevent light from escaping from the sides) and near-field (or evanescent field) infrared radiation is emitted through a small opening or 'aperture' (50–100 nm in diameter) at the apex of the probe. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the disturbance of the infrared near-field as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2005.02.057 Microscopy where a probe consisting of a microwave radiation source transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The tip is coated with metal (to prevent light from escaping from the sides) and near-field (or evanescent field) microwave radiation is emitted through a small opening or 'aperture' (50-100 nm in diameter) at the apex of the probe. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the disturbance of the microwave near-field as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. NSMM SNMM microwave near-field scanning microscopy near-field scanning microwave microscopy CHMO:0000123 microwave scanning near-field microscopy Microscopy where a probe consisting of a microwave radiation source transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The tip is coated with metal (to prevent light from escaping from the sides) and near-field (or evanescent field) microwave radiation is emitted through a small opening or 'aperture' (50-100 nm in diameter) at the apex of the probe. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the disturbance of the microwave near-field as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where a laser spot is focused on a solid sharp metallic probe producing a confined light field very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the scattering of the incident light by the probe as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. aNSOM aSNOM apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy scattering type apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy scattering type apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy scattering type near-field scanning optical microscopy scattering type scanning near-field optical microscopy CHMO:0000124 apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy Microscopy where a laser spot is focused on a solid sharp metallic probe producing a confined light field very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the scattering of the incident light by the probe as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. https://doi.org/10.1039/b815925d Microscopy where a laser spot is focused on a solid sharp noble metal probe very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The laser spot excites plasmons at the probe-surface interface and an image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the electromagnetic field as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. SPNM scanning-plasmon near-field microscopy CHMO:0000125 scanning plasmon near-field microscopy Microscopy where a laser spot is focused on a solid sharp noble metal probe very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The laser spot excites plasmons at the probe-surface interface and an image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the electromagnetic field as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. https://doi.org/10.1039/b109955h Microscopy where a thermocouple probe is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field). An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the thermocouple probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the surface–probe heat transfer as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. NSThM SNThM near-field scanning thermal microscopy CHMO:0000126 scanning near-field thermal microscopy Microscopy where a thermocouple probe is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field). An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the thermocouple probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the surface–probe heat transfer as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where an electrode probe is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field). The surface is mechanically scanned by the electrode in a raster scan and the height required by a feedback loop in order to maintain a constant electrical conductance between the electrode and the specimen is recorded as a function of position. SECM scanning-electrochemical microscopy CHMO:0000127 scanning electrochemical microscopy Microscopy where an electrode probe is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field). The surface is mechanically scanned by the electrode in a raster scan and the height required by a feedback loop in order to maintain a constant electrical conductance between the electrode and the specimen is recorded as a function of position. ISBN:1-86094-199-0 Microscopy where a probe consisting of a glass nano- or micro- pipette filled with electrolyte is positioned very close to (in the near-field of) a specimen which is held in an oppositely charge electrolyte. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the pipette in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the ion conductance as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. SICM scanning-ion conductance microscopy CHMO:0000128 scanning ion conductance microscopy Microscopy where a probe consisting of a glass nano- or micro- pipette filled with electrolyte is positioned very close to (in the near-field of) a specimen which is held in an oppositely charge electrolyte. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the pipette in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the ion conductance as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. ISBN:1-86094-199-0 Microscopy where a probe vibrating at its resonant frequency is scanned over the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the resonant frequency (or the amplitude of vibration) of the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. SPAM scanning acoustic microscopy SAM CHMO:0000129 scanning probe acoustic microscopy Microscopy where a probe vibrating at its resonant frequency is scanned over the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the resonant frequency (or the amplitude of vibration) of the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-005-7244-2 SAM Microscopy where a probe vibrating at its resonant frequency is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field). An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the resonant frequency (or amplitude of vibration) of the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. NSAM SNAM near-field scanning acoustic microscopy CHMO:0000130 scanning near-field acoustic microscopy Microscopy where a probe vibrating at its resonant frequency is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field). An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the resonant frequency (or amplitude of vibration) of the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00694423 Microscopy where an Wollaston wire probe is scanned over the surface of the specimen and the height required by a feedback loop in order to maintain a constant temperature between the probe and the specimen is recorded as a function of position. SThM scanning-thermal microscopy CHMO:0000131 scanning thermal microscopy Microscopy where an Wollaston wire probe is scanned over the surface of the specimen and the height required by a feedback loop in order to maintain a constant temperature between the probe and the specimen is recorded as a function of position. ISBN:1-86094-199-0 Microscopy which uses a sharp conducting probe (or 'tip') held very close (1 nm) to the surface of the specimen. A bias voltage is applied between the tip and specimen which causes a tunnelling current to flow. An image is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the tunnelling current as a function of position. FIX:0000112 STM scanning tunneling electron microscopy scanning tunnelling electron microscopy scanning-tunneling electron microscopy scanning-tunnelling microscopy CHMO:0000132 scanning tunnelling microscopy Microscopy which uses a sharp conducting probe (or 'tip') held very close (1 nm) to the surface of the specimen. A bias voltage is applied between the tip and specimen which causes a tunnelling current to flow. An image is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the tunnelling current as a function of position. ISBN:1-86094-199-0 Microscopy where an excitation laser and a probe laser are focused onto a specimen forming a refractive index distribution which results in a concave excitation beam. The strength of this lens is proportional to the sample concentration and is detected by a change in transmittance in the probe beam. TLM thermal-lens microscopy CHMO:0000133 thermal lens microscopy Microscopy where an excitation laser and a probe laser are focused onto a specimen forming a refractive index distribution which results in a concave excitation beam. The strength of this lens is proportional to the sample concentration and is detected by a change in transmittance in the probe beam. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac05196u Thermal lens microscopy where the excitation laser is an ultraviolet laser. UV-TLM ultra-violet thermal-lens microscopy ultraviolet thermal lens microscopy ultraviolet thermal-lens microscopy CHMO:0000134 ultra-violet thermal lens microscopy Thermal lens microscopy where the excitation laser is an ultraviolet laser. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac05196u The measurement of the profile of a surface in order to quantify its roughness. surface profilometry SP CHMO:0000135 profilometry The measurement of the profile of a surface in order to quantify its roughness. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 SP A method where the profile of a surface is determined by moving a diamond stylus laterally across it at a specified contact force and measuring its vertical displacement. CHMO:0000136 contact profilometry A method where the profile of a surface is determined by moving a diamond stylus laterally across it at a specified contact force and measuring its vertical displacement. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where the profile of a surface is determined by illuminating the sample with a beam of light which has been split into two paths, one of which is directed at the sample and the other at a reference mirror. When the reflections are recombined any interference contains information about the contours of the surface. non-contact profilometry CHMO:0000137 optical profilometry A method where the profile of a surface is determined by illuminating the sample with a beam of light which has been split into two paths, one of which is directed at the sample and the other at a reference mirror. When the reflections are recombined any interference contains information about the contours of the surface. https://doi.org/10.1039/b807820c A method where the profile of a surface is determined by illuminating the sample with a beam of light which has been split into two paths, one of which is directed at the sample and the other at a reference mirror. When the reflections are recombined a Fourier transform is applied to the phase of the interference pattern which contains information about the contours of the surface. Fourier transform profilometry FP FTP CHMO:0000138 Fourier profilometry A method where the profile of a surface is determined by illuminating the sample with a beam of light which has been split into two paths, one of which is directed at the sample and the other at a reference mirror. When the reflections are recombined a Fourier transform is applied to the phase of the interference pattern which contains information about the contours of the surface. ISBN:9051993080 FP FTP A method where the profile of a surface is determined by illuminating the sample with a beam of light which has been split into two paths, one of which is directed at the sample and the other at a reference mirror. When the reflections are recombined any distortions of periodic shadows due to interference contain information about the contours of the surface. PP CHMO:0000139 phase profilometry A method where the profile of a surface is determined by illuminating the sample with a beam of light which has been split into two paths, one of which is directed at the sample and the other at a reference mirror. When the reflections are recombined any distortions of periodic shadows due to interference contain information about the contours of the surface. https://doi.org/10.1061/40604(273)28 PP Any detection or measurement method for a set of points in reciprocal space. CHMO:0000140 reciprocal-space method Any detection or measurement method for a set of points in reciprocal space. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any detection or measurement method where the structure of a crystal or molecule can be determined by directing a beam of particles or radiation at a sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. crystallography diffraction analysis CHMO:0000141 diffraction method Any detection or measurement method where the structure of a crystal or molecule can be determined by directing a beam of particles or radiation at a sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. FIX:0000004 FIX:0000217 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of electrons (the energies of which are controlled by their acceleration voltage) and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. ED electron crystallography electron diffraction analysis electron diffractometry CHMO:0000142 electron diffraction A method for determining structure by directing a beam of electrons (the energies of which are controlled by their acceleration voltage) and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. FIX:0000009 ISBN:90190280031-0 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of electrons at the sample (the energies of which are controlled by their acceleration voltage) and recording the resulting diffraction pattern of any backscattered electrons. BKD EBSD backscatter Kikuchi diffraction CHMO:0000143 electron backscatter diffraction A method for determining structure by directing a beam of electrons at the sample (the energies of which are controlled by their acceleration voltage) and recording the resulting diffraction pattern of any backscattered electrons. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10–200 keV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. HEED high-energy electron diffraction CHMO:0000144 high energy electron diffraction A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10–200 keV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. Orange:17.3 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10–200 keV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any electrons transmitted through the sample. SADP SAED THEED selected area electron diffraction selected-area electron diffraction transmission high-energy electron diffraction CHMO:0000145 transmission high energy electron diffraction A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10–200 keV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any electrons transmitted through the sample. Orange:17.3 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10–200 keV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any reflected or elastically scattered electrons. RHEED reflection high-energy electron diffraction CHMO:0000146 reflection high energy electron diffraction A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10–200 keV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any reflected or elastically scattered electrons. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06483 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. LEED CHMO:0000147 low energy electron diffraction A method for determining structure by directing a beam of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. ISBN:90190280031-0 Orange:17.3 A method for determining structure by directing a highly convergent beam (nm diameter) of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. CBLEED convergent beam low-energy electron diffraction convergent-beam low-energy electron diffraction CHMO:0000148 convergent beam low energy electron diffraction A method for determining structure by directing a highly convergent beam (nm diameter) of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927604040346 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any elastically scattered (scattering where kinetic energy is conserved) electrons. ELEED elastic low-energy electron diffraction low-energy electron diffraction CHMO:0000149 elastic low energy electron diffraction A method for determining structure by directing a beam of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any elastically scattered (scattering where kinetic energy is conserved) electrons. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any inelastically scattered (scattering where kinetic energy is not conserved) electrons. ILEED inelastic low-energy electron diffraction CHMO:0000150 inelastic low energy electron diffraction A method for determining structure by directing a beam of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any inelastically scattered (scattering where kinetic energy is not conserved) electrons. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any electrons transmitted through the sample. TLEED transmission low-energy electron diffraction CHMO:0000151 transmission low energy electron diffraction A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any electrons transmitted through the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure during photoelectron spectroscopy. Photons are directed at the sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons are recorded. PD PED PhD CHMO:0000152 photoelectron diffraction A method for determining structure during photoelectron spectroscopy. Photons are directed at the sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons are recorded. Orange:17.2.1.6 PD PhD A method for determining structure during photoelectron spectroscopy. Photons are directed at a sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons are determined as a function of emission angle. APD APED aziμthal-photoelectron diffraction CHMO:0000153 aziμthal photoelectron diffraction A method for determining structure during photoelectron spectroscopy. Photons are directed at a sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons are determined as a function of emission angle. OrangeBook:17.2.1.6 A method for determining structure during photoelectron spectroscopy. Photons are directed at a sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons at 90° from the surface are recorded. NPED normal-photoelectron diffraction NPD CHMO:0000154 normal photoelectron diffraction A method for determining structure during photoelectron spectroscopy. Photons are directed at a sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons at 90° from the surface are recorded. Orange:17.2.1.6 NPD A method for determining structure during X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. X-rays are directed at a sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons are recorded. XPD XPED XPhD CHMO:0000155 X-ray photoelectron diffraction A method for determining structure during X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. X-rays are directed at a sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons are recorded. Orange:17.2.1.6 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. X-Ray crystallographic analysis X-ray analysis X-ray crystallography X-ray diffraction analysis X-ray diffractometry X-ray structure determination XRD CHMO:0000156 X-ray diffraction A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. FIX:0000007 ISBN:90190280031-0 A method for determining structure by detecting the positions and intensities of X-rays, that have been generated in microstructural domain, as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. Kossel technique Kossel-technique MXRD micro X-ray diffraction micro XRD micro in situ XRD CHMO:0000157 in situ micro-X-ray diffraction A method for determining structure by detecting the positions and intensities of X-rays, that have been generated in microstructural domain, as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. Orange:17.3 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a powdered solid sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. PXD PXRD X-ray powder diffraction XRPD powder XRD CHMO:0000158 powder X-ray diffraction A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a powdered solid sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a single crystal sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. Single crystal X-ray diffraction is used for protein crystallography. single crystal X-ray crystallography single-crystal X-ray diffraction CHMO:0000159 single crystal X-ray diffraction A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a single crystal sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. Single crystal X-ray diffraction is used for protein crystallography. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any detection or measurement method where reciprocal space structure can be determined by measuring the change in direction or energy of incident particles or radiation scattered by a sample. CHMO:0000160 scattering method Any detection or measurement method where reciprocal space structure can be determined by measuring the change in direction or energy of incident particles or radiation scattered by a sample. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05487 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered alpha-particles. alpha scattering alpha-scattering CHMO:0000161 alpha-particle scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered alpha-particles. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered atoms. CHMO:0000162 atom scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered atoms. OrangeBook:17.7.5 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction and energy of scattered He atoms. The He atoms suffer energy loss upon scattering by colliding inelastically with surfaces leading to the absorption or emission of surface phonons. CHMO:0000163 inelastic atom scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction and energy of scattered He atoms. The He atoms suffer energy loss upon scattering by colliding inelastically with surfaces leading to the absorption or emission of surface phonons. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is scattered by a surface and the energy and position of the scattered electrons is measured. ESS electron scattering spectrometry electron scattering spectroscopy CHMO:0000164 electron scattering Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is scattered by a surface and the energy and position of the scattered electrons is measured. FIX:0000401 FIX:0000666 OrangeBook:17.2.2.1 Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is scattered by a sample supported on a nano-sized wire (such as a carbon nanotube) and the energy loss the electrons suffer upon scattering is measured. NESS nanowire electron scattering spectrometry nanowire electron scattering spectroscopy CHMO:0000165 nanowire electron scattering Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is scattered by a sample supported on a nano-sized wire (such as a carbon nanotube) and the energy loss the electrons suffer upon scattering is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered visible light. Light is scattered by the electrons surrounding the atomic nuclei in the sample. LS LSS LiSSP light scattering spectrometry light scattering spectroscopy CHMO:0000166 light scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered visible light. Light is scattered by the electrons surrounding the atomic nuclei in the sample. FIX:0000402 https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03525 LS EXACT A method for determining the size distribution of a sample of small particles in solution by illuminating the sample with a light source (usually a laser) and measuring the time-dependent fluctuations in the intensity of the scattered light caused by Brownian motion. DLS PCS QELS dynamic laser scattering dynamic light scattering dynamic light scattering spectrometry dynamic light scattering spectroscopy photocorrelation spectroscopy photon correlation spectrometry photon correlation spectroscopy quasi-elastic light scattering quasi-elastic light scattering spectrometry quasi-elastic light scattering spectroscopy CHMO:0000167 dynamic light scattering A method for determining the size distribution of a sample of small particles in solution by illuminating the sample with a light source (usually a laser) and measuring the time-dependent fluctuations in the intensity of the scattered light caused by Brownian motion. ISBN:0471705160 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered visible light at a number of different angles, none of which are close to the angle of incidence of the light. MALLS MALS multi angle light scattering multi-angle laser light scattering multi-angle light scattering spectrometry multi-angle light scattering spectroscopy multiangle light scattering multiple angle laser light scattering multiple angle laser light scattering spectrometry multiple angle laser light scattering spectroscopy multiple angle light scattering multiple angle light scattering spectroscopy multiple light scattering spectrometry CHMO:0000168 multi-angle light scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered visible light at a number of different angles, none of which are close to the angle of incidence of the light. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light. Rayleigh scattering method elastic light scattering laser Rayleigh scattering laser Rayleigh scattering spectrometry laser Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy laser-Rayleigh scattering CHMO:0000169 Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light. FIX:0000059 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72865-8 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light which has been passed through an inferometer. interferometric Rayleigh scattering interferometric Rayleigh scattering method interferometric Rayleigh scattering spectrometry CHMO:0000170 interferometric Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light which has been passed through an inferometer. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining the structure of a liquid sample by measuring the change in direction or energy of hyper-Rayleigh scattered visible light (scattering where photons from the incident laser–-with frequency –-are scattered into photons of the second harmonic–-photons with frequency 2). HRLS SHLS hyper Rayleigh light scattering hyper Rayleigh scattering hyper Rayleigh scattering spectrometry hyper-Rayleigh light scattering hyper-Rayleigh scattering hyper-Rayleigh scattering spectrometry hyper-Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy second harmonic Rayleigh scattering HRS CHMO:0000171 hyper Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy A method for determining the structure of a liquid sample by measuring the change in direction or energy of hyper-Rayleigh scattered visible light (scattering where photons from the incident laser–-with frequency –-are scattered into photons of the second harmonic–-photons with frequency 2). ISBN:0849389097 HRS A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, where the wavelength of the incident light does not correspond to any absorption bands in the scattering molecules. non-resonance Rayleigh scattering non-resonance Rayleigh scattering spectrometry non-resonant Rayleigh scattering off-resonance Rayleigh scattering CHMO:0000172 non-resonance Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, where the wavelength of the incident light does not correspond to any absorption bands in the scattering molecules. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, where the wavelength of the incident light corresponds to an energy which is near to an absorption band in the scattering molecules. NRRLS NRRS near-Rayleigh resonance scattering near-Rayleigh resonant scattering near-resonance Rayleigh light scattering near-resonance Rayleigh scattering near-resonance Rayleigh scattering spectrometry near-resonant Rayleigh light scattering near-resonant Rayleigh scattering CHMO:0000173 near-resonance Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, where the wavelength of the incident light corresponds to an energy which is near to an absorption band in the scattering molecules. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, where the wavelength of the incident light corresponds to an absorption band in the scattering molecules. RRLS RRS RRS detection RRSD resonance Rayleigh light scattering resonance Rayleigh scattering resonance Rayleigh scattering spectrometry CHMO:0000174 resonance Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, where the wavelength of the incident light corresponds to an absorption band in the scattering molecules. https://doi.org/10.1039/b101827m A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, as a function of time, where the wavelength of the incident light corresponds to an absorption band in the scattering molecules. time resolved resonance Rayleigh scattering spectrometry time resolved resonance Rayleigh spectroscopy time resolved resonant Rayleigh scattering spectrometry time resolved resonant Rayleigh spectroscopy time-resolved resonant Rayleigh scattering time-resolved resonant Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy CHMO:0000175 time-resolved resonance Rayleigh scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, as a function of time, where the wavelength of the incident light corresponds to an absorption band in the scattering molecules. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure where a grating created by the interference of two laser beams is written into a sample and a further laser beam is Rayleigh scattered by the grating. The change in direction or energy of the light and the temporal evolution of the scattered beam are measured. FRLS FRS forced Rayleigh light scattering forced Rayleigh light scattering spectrometry forced Rayleigh light scattering spectroscopy forced Rayleigh scattering forced Rayleigh scattering spectrometry CHMO:0000176 forced Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy A method for determining structure where a grating created by the interference of two laser beams is written into a sample and a further laser beam is Rayleigh scattered by the grating. The change in direction or energy of the light and the temporal evolution of the scattered beam are measured. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00694201 A method for determining structure where a grating created by the interference of two laser beams is written into a sample which contains a small amount of dye. The intensity grating is converted into a temperature grating which, in turn, causes a concentration grating by thermal diffusion. A further laser beam is Rayleigh scattered by the grating and the change in direction or energy of the light and the temporal evolution of the scattered beam are measured. S-FRS S-FRSM SFRS SFRSM Soret forced Rayleigh scattering method TDFRS TDFRS analysis TDFRS method thermal diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering thermal-diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering CHMO:0000177 thermal diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering A method for determining structure where a grating created by the interference of two laser beams is written into a sample which contains a small amount of dye. The intensity grating is converted into a temperature grating which, in turn, causes a concentration grating by thermal diffusion. A further laser beam is Rayleigh scattered by the grating and the change in direction or energy of the light and the temporal evolution of the scattered beam are measured. https://doi.org/10.1039/b810860a A method for determining structure where a grating created by the interference of infrared laser beams is written into a sample which contains a small amount of dye. The intensity grating is converted into a temperature grating which, in turn, causes a concentration grating by thermal diffusion. A further infrared laser beam is Rayleigh scattered by the grating and the change in direction or energy of the light and the temporal evolution of the scattered beam are measured. IR-TDFRS IR-TDFRS analysis IR-TDFRS method infrared thermal diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering CHMO:0000178 infrared thermal diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering A method for determining structure where a grating created by the interference of infrared laser beams is written into a sample which contains a small amount of dye. The intensity grating is converted into a temperature grating which, in turn, causes a concentration grating by thermal diffusion. A further infrared laser beam is Rayleigh scattered by the grating and the change in direction or energy of the light and the temporal evolution of the scattered beam are measured. https://doi.org/10.1039/b810860a A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of visible light scattered at a small angle (0.1–10°) to the incident light. LALLS LALLSS LALS LALSS SALS SALSS low angle laser light scattering low angle laser light scattering spectroscopy low angle light scattering low angle light scattering spectrometry low angle light scattering spectroscopy small angle light scattering CHMO:0000179 small-angle light scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of visible light scattered at a small angle (0.1–10°) to the incident light. FIX:0000254 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the total or time-averaged scattering intensity of scattered visible light as a function of angle. DLSS TILS classical light scattering differential light scattering differential light-scattering spectroscopy differential static light scattering integrated light scattering static light scattering static light scattering spectrometry static light scattering spectroscopy total intensity light scattering traditional light scattering SLS CHMO:0000180 static light scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the total or time-averaged scattering intensity of scattered visible light as a function of angle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and the intensity of the scattering is given by the scattering vector Q = (4/)sin(pi/2). FIX:0000400 neutron scattering spectrometry neutron scattering spectroscopy CHMO:0000181 neutron scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and the intensity of the scattering is given by the scattering vector Q = (4/)sin(pi/2). ISBN:0824719948 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and phase is conserved. CHMO:0000182 coherent neutron scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and phase is conserved. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and retain all of their kinetic energy during collisions. elastic neutron scattering CHMO:0000183 elastic neutron scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and retain all of their kinetic energy during collisions. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons at small angles (corresponding to a scattering vector Q = (4/)sin(\pi/2) = 0.005–0.2 inverse degrees). FIX:0000253 SANS low-Q neutron scattering small angle neutron scattering CHMO:0000184 small-angle neutron scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons at small angles (corresponding to a scattering vector Q = (4/)sin(\pi/2) = 0.005–0.2 inverse degrees). ISBN:9056993003 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of neutrons scattered at low angles. The incident neutron beam strikes the sample under a small angle close to the critical angle of total external neutron reflection. GISANS CHMO:0000185 grazing incidence small-angle neutron scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of neutrons scattered at low angles. The incident neutron beam strikes the sample under a small angle close to the critical angle of total external neutron reflection. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons at ultra-small angles (corresponding to Q = 0.000003–0.01 inverse degrees). USANS ultra-high resolution small-angle neutron scattering CHMO:0000186 ultra small angle neutron scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons at ultra-small angles (corresponding to Q = 0.000003–0.01 inverse degrees). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons at wide angles (corresponding to Q >1 inverse degrees). WANS wide angle neutron scattering CHMO:0000187 wide angle neutron scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons at wide angles (corresponding to Q >1 inverse degrees). FIX:0001130 https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1982.180200207 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and phase is not conserved. INS CHMO:0000188 incoherent neutron scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and phase is not conserved. https://doi.org/10.1039/b811090e INS A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, phase is not conserved and the neutrons retain all of their kinetic energy during collisions. EINS CHMO:0000189 elastic incoherent neutron scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, phase is not conserved and the neutrons retain all of their kinetic energy during collisions. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in a liquid sample which is in thermal motion. Phase is not conserved and although the neutrons retain all of their kinetic energy during collisions, the thermal motion of the sample causes a broadening of the energy range of the scattered neutrons. QENS QINS quasi elastic neutron scattering quasi elastic neutron scattering spectrometry quasi elastic neutron scattering spectroscopy quasi-elastic neutron scattering spectrometry quasi-elastic neutron scattering spectroscopy CHMO:0000190 quasi-elastic neutron scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in a liquid sample which is in thermal motion. Phase is not conserved and although the neutrons retain all of their kinetic energy during collisions, the thermal motion of the sample causes a broadening of the energy range of the scattered neutrons. ISBN:082475056X A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, phase is not conserved and the neutrons suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. IINS incoherent inelastic neutron scattering CHMO:0000191 inelastic incoherent neutron scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, phase is not conserved and the neutrons suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. inelastic coherent neutron scattering inelastic neutron scattering spectrometry inelastic neutron scattering spectroscopy INS CHMO:0000192 inelastic neutron scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. Orange:17.7.5 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of backscattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. neutron backscattering neutron backscattering spectrometry neutron backscattering spectroscopy CHMO:0000193 neutron backscattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of backscattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons and the time since the indicent pulse ('time-of-flight') for each neutron. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. CHMO:0000194 neutron time-of-flight scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons and the time since the indicent pulse ('time-of-flight') for each neutron. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction, energy and momentum of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. TAS triple-axis neutron scattering triple-axis neutron scattering spectrometry triple-axis neutron spectrometry triple-axis neutron spectroscopy CHMO:0000195 triple-axis neutron scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction, energy and momentum of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering by the sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). neutron spin echo spectrometry neutron spin echo spectroscopy neutron spin-echo spectrometry neutron spin-echo spectroscopy spin-echo neutrons scattering CHMO:0000196 spin-echo neutron scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering by the sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering at small angles by the sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). SEANS non-magnetic SEANS non-magnetic spin-echo SANS non-magnetic spin-echo small angle neutron scattering spin-echo SANS spin-echo small angle neutron scattering CHMO:0000197 spin-echo small angle neutron scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering at small angles by the sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889808026770 A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering at small angles by a magnetic sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). magnetic SEANS CHMO:0000198 magnetic spin-echo small angle neutron scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering at small angles by a magnetic sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering at wide angles by the sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). CHMO:0000199 spin-echo wide angle neutron scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering at wide angles by the sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample. XRS XS CHMO:0000200 X-ray scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample. FIX:0000073 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the energy loss of X-rays scattered by a sample. IXS IXSS X-ray Raman spectrometry X-ray Raman spectroscopy XSS inelastic X-ray scattering inelastic X-ray scattering spectrometry inelastic X-ray scattering spectroscopy non-resonant inelastic X-ray emission spectrometry non-resonant inelastic X-ray emission spectroscopy non-resonant inelastic X-ray scattering CHMO:0000201 inelastic X-ray scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the energy loss of X-rays scattered by a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the energy loss of X-rays scattered by a sample where the incident X-ray energy is chosen to coincide with an electronic transition in the sample. RIXES RIXS resonant inelastic X-ray emission spectrometry resonant inelastic X-ray emission spectroscopy resonant inelastic X-ray scattering spectrometry resonant inelastic X-ray scattering spectroscopy CHMO:0000202 resonant inelastic X-ray scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the energy loss of X-rays scattered by a sample where the incident X-ray energy is chosen to coincide with an electronic transition in the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the energy loss of X-rays scattered by a sample as a function of emission angle, where the incident X-ray energy is chosen to coincide with an electronic transition in the sample. angle-resolved resonant X-ray emission spectrometry angle-resolved resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy angular-resolved resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000203 angle-resolved resonant X-ray scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the energy loss of X-rays scattered by a sample as a function of emission angle, where the incident X-ray energy is chosen to coincide with an electronic transition in the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at low angles (0–10°). SAXS small angle X-ray scattering CHMO:0000204 small-angle X-ray scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at low angles (0–10°). FIX:0000223 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample under a small angle close to the critical angle of total external X-ray reflection. GISAXS GIXS grazing incidence X-ray scattering grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering CHMO:0000205 grazing-incidence X-ray scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample under a small angle close to the critical angle of total external X-ray reflection. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at ultra-low angles (corresponding to Q = 0.00005–0.005 inverse°). USAXS ultra small angle X-ray scattering ultra small-angle X-ray scattering ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering CHMO:0000206 ultra-small angle X-ray scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at ultra-low angles (corresponding to Q = 0.00005–0.005 inverse°). https://doi.org/10.1021/la9803171 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at wide angles (>10°). Wide-angle X-ray scattering is used for determining the structure of polymers. WAXS wide angle X-ray scattering CHMO:0000207 wide-angle X-ray scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at wide angles (>10°). Wide-angle X-ray scattering is used for determining the structure of polymers. FIX:0001128 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any method for determining structure where the change in direction or intensity of reflected radiation or particles is detected. CHMO:0000208 reflection method Any method for determining structure where the change in direction or intensity of reflected radiation or particles is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any method for determining structure by directing a beam of particles or X-rays onto an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected radiation as a function of angle. reflectivity CHMO:0000209 reflectometry Any method for determining structure by directing a beam of particles or X-rays onto an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected radiation as a function of angle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of neutrons onto an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected neutrons as a function of angle and neutron wavelength. neutron reflection neutron reflectivity specular neutron reflectivity specular neutron reflectrometry CHMO:0000210 neutron reflectometry A method for determining structure by directing a beam of neutrons onto an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected neutrons as a function of angle and neutron wavelength. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and measuring the intensity of the reflected light as a function of angle. The reflected light has two polarised components, s (perpendicular) and p (parallel). The reflectivity of s-polarised light depends on the angle of incidence, but the reflectivity of p-polarised light vanishes at the Brewster angle. OR light laser reflectivity light laser reflectometry light reflectivity light reflectometry optical laser reflectivity optical reflectivity CHMO:0000211 optical reflectometry A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and measuring the intensity of the reflected light as a function of angle. The reflected light has two polarised components, s (perpendicular) and p (parallel). The reflectivity of s-polarised light depends on the angle of incidence, but the reflectivity of p-polarised light vanishes at the Brewster angle. https://doi.org/10.1039/b716178f A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and measuring the intensity of the light reflected at the Brewster angle. fixed angle reflectivity fixed-angle reflectivity fixed-angle reflectometry optical fixed angle reflectivity optical fixed angle reflectometry optical fixed-angle reflectivity optical fixed-angle reflectometry CHMO:0000212 fixed angle reflectometry A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and measuring the intensity of the light reflected at the Brewster angle. ISBN:0824700007 A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and interfering the light reflected from the sample at the Brewster angle with light reflected from a reference mirror. Intereference only occurs when the difference in the optical path lengths between the two mirrors is within the coherence length of the optical source. OCDR OLCR optical coherence-domain reflectivity optical low-coherence domain reflectivity optical low-coherence domain reflectometry CHMO:0000213 optical coherence-domain reflectometry A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and interfering the light reflected from the sample at the Brewster angle with light reflected from a reference mirror. Intereference only occurs when the difference in the optical path lengths between the two mirrors is within the coherence length of the optical source. ISBN:089603-574-3 A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with light from a pulsed laser and interfering the light reflected from the sample at the Brewster angle with light reflected from a reference mirror. Intereference only occurs when the difference in the optical path lengths between the two mirrors is within the coherence length of the optical source. The frequency of the laser pulse is proportional to the time delay between each of the signals returning. OFDR optical frequency domain reflectivity optical frequency domain reflectometry optical frequency-domain reflectivity CHMO:0000214 optical frequency-domain reflectometry A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with light from a pulsed laser and interfering the light reflected from the sample at the Brewster angle with light reflected from a reference mirror. Intereference only occurs when the difference in the optical path lengths between the two mirrors is within the coherence length of the optical source. The frequency of the laser pulse is proportional to the time delay between each of the signals returning. ISBN:3540231048 A method for determining structure by directing an optical pulse through an optical fibre and measuring the intensity of light reflected at the Brewster angle as a function of time. OTDR optical time domain reflectivity optical time domain reflectometry optical time-domain reflectivity optical time-domain reflectometry CHMO:0000215 optical time-domain reflectometry A method for determining structure by directing an optical pulse through an optical fibre and measuring the intensity of light reflected at the Brewster angle as a function of time. ISBN:0471820539 A method for determining structure by directing an optical pulse through an optical fibre and measuring the polarisation state of light reflected at the Brewster angle as a function of time. PODTR polarisation OTDR polarisation optical time domain reflectivity polarisation optical time domain reflectometry polarisation optical time-domain reflectivity polarization OTDR polarization optical time domain reflectivity polarization optical time domain reflectometry polarization optical time-domain reflectivity CHMO:0000216 polarisation optical time-domain reflectometry A method for determining structure by directing an optical pulse through an optical fibre and measuring the polarisation state of light reflected at the Brewster angle as a function of time. ISBN:0471820539 A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and monitoring the intensity of light reflected at the Brewster angle during the adsorption of particles on the surface. SPAR stagnation point adsorption reflectivity CHMO:0000217 stagnation point adsorption reflectometry A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and monitoring the intensity of light reflected at the Brewster angle during the adsorption of particles on the surface. https://doi.org/10.1039/b716178f A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and measuring the intensity of light reflected at different angles around the Brewster angle. scanning angle reflectivity scanning-angle reflectivity scanning-angle reflectometry CHMO:0000218 scanning angle reflectometry A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and measuring the intensity of light reflected at different angles around the Brewster angle. ISBN:0824700007 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected X-rays as a function of angle. X-ray reflectometry is used to determine the structure of thin films. X-ray reflectivity XRR CHMO:0000219 X-ray reflectometry A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected X-rays as a function of angle. X-ray reflectometry is used to determine the structure of thin films. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at an extremely flat surface (at angle theta minus omega to the surface) and measuring the intensity of the X-rays which undergo diffuse reflection (and are emitted at angle theta plus omega from the surface). diffuse X-ray reflectance diffuse XRR off-specular X-ray reflectivity off-specular X-ray reflectometry off-specular XRR CHMO:0000220 diffuse X-ray reflectometry A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at an extremely flat surface (at angle theta minus omega to the surface) and measuring the intensity of the X-rays which undergo diffuse reflection (and are emitted at angle theta plus omega from the surface). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at an extremely flat surface (at a grazing angle) and measuring the intensity of the reflected X-rays as a function of angle. RXR RXRR relative X-ray reflectivity CHMO:0000221 relative X-ray reflectometry A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at an extremely flat surface (at a grazing angle) and measuring the intensity of the reflected X-rays as a function of angle. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063785007030121 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at an extremely flat surface (at angle theta to the surface) and measuring the intensity of the X-rays which undergo specular reflection (and are emitted at angle theta from the surface). specular X-ray reflectivity specular XRR CHMO:0000222 specular X-ray reflectometry A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at an extremely flat surface (at angle theta to the surface) and measuring the intensity of the X-rays which undergo specular reflection (and are emitted at angle theta from the surface). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any method for determining structure where the sample is illuminated with light and the intensity and change in polarisation of the reflected light are measured. optical ellipsometry CHMO:0000223 ellipsometry Any method for determining structure where the sample is illuminated with light and the intensity and change in polarisation of the reflected light are measured. ISBN:0412581604 A method for determining structure by illuminating a sample with a monochromatic light source and measuring the intensity and change in polarisation of the reflected light. CHMO:0000224 single-wavelength ellipsometry A method for determining structure by illuminating a sample with a monochromatic light source and measuring the intensity and change in polarisation of the reflected light. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by illuminating a sample with a continuous-wavelength light source and measuring the intensity and change in polarisation of the reflected light as a function of wavelength. SE spectral ellipsometry CHMO:0000225 spectroscopic ellipsometry A method for determining structure by illuminating a sample with a continuous-wavelength light source and measuring the intensity and change in polarisation of the reflected light as a function of wavelength. ISBN:978-3-540-74597-6 A method for determining structure by illuminating a sample with a continuous infrared wavelength light source and measuring the intensity and change in polarisation of the reflected light as a function of wavelength. IRSE infra-red spectroscopic ellipsometry infrared ellipsometric spectroscopy CHMO:0000226 infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry A method for determining structure by illuminating a sample with a continuous infrared wavelength light source and measuring the intensity and change in polarisation of the reflected light as a function of wavelength. FIX:0000662 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by illuminating an anisotropic sample with a continous infrared wavelength light source in a magnetic field and measuring the intensity and change in polarisation of the reflected light as a function of wavelength. MOGE CHMO:0000227 magneto-optic generalised ellipsometry A method for determining structure by illuminating an anisotropic sample with a continous infrared wavelength light source in a magnetic field and measuring the intensity and change in polarisation of the reflected light as a function of wavelength. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The study of the interaction of a sample with radiation or particles for measurement or detection. spectrometry CHMO:0000228 spectroscopy The study of the interaction of a sample with radiation or particles for measurement or detection. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05848 Spectrometry where the noise generated by the movement of bubbles or particles is detected. acoustic emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000229 acoustic emission spectrometry Spectrometry where the noise generated by the movement of bubbles or particles is detected. ISBN:3527605029 Spectrometry where the alpha-particles (or 4He nuclei) spontaneously emitted from radioisotopes are detected. alpha spectroscopy alpha-particle spectrometry CHMO:0000230 alpha-particle spectroscopy Spectrometry where the alpha-particles (or 4He nuclei) spontaneously emitted from radioisotopes are detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 true Any spectroscopic method which probes the electronic degrees of freedom of an atom or molecule. FIX:0000032 CHMO:0000232 electronic spectroscopy Any spectroscopic method which probes the electronic degrees of freedom of an atom or molecule. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Any spectroscopic technique which is based upon the ability of atoms to absorb or emit electromagnetic radiation. In atomic spectroscopy the sample is vaporised and then atomised. FIX:0000054 atomic spectrometry CHMO:0000233 atomic spectroscopy Any spectroscopic technique which is based upon the ability of atoms to absorb or emit electromagnetic radiation. In atomic spectroscopy the sample is vaporised and then atomised. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with ultraviolet or visible light which is absorbed by the non-excited atoms at characteristic wavelengths. FIX:0000926 AAS atomic absorption spectrometry atomic-absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000234 atomic absorption spectroscopy A type of atomic spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with ultraviolet or visible light which is absorbed by the non-excited atoms at characteristic wavelengths. ISBN:0-19-280031-0 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas) is used to atomise the sample before it absorbs ultra-violet or visible light atoms at characteristic wavelengths. GD-AAS GDAAS atomic absorption glow-discharge spectrometry glow discharge atomic absorption spectrometry glow discharge atomic absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000235 atomic absorption glow-discharge spectroscopy A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas) is used to atomise the sample before it absorbs ultra-violet or visible light atoms at characteristic wavelengths. https://doi.org/10.1366/0003702953964822 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where no vaporisation step is required because the sample is a volatile heavy metal such as mercury, which is a vapour at room temperature. CV-AAS CVAAS cold vapor AAS cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy cold vapour AAS CHMO:0000236 cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where no vaporisation step is required because the sample is a volatile heavy metal such as mercury, which is a vapour at room temperature. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. ET-AAS ETAAS electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000237 electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. ISSN:1430-4171 A method where a liquid sample is first separated by capillary electrophoresis, then vaporised and atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. The sample is then analysed by illuminating it with ultraviolet or visible light which is absorbed by the non-excited atoms at characteristic wavelengths. CE-ETAAS capillary electrophoresis electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000238 capillary electrophoresis-electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry A method where a liquid sample is first separated by capillary electrophoresis, then vaporised and atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. The sample is then analysed by illuminating it with ultraviolet or visible light which is absorbed by the non-excited atoms at characteristic wavelengths. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. GF-AAS GFAAS graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy graphite-furnace atomic-absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000239 graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. FIX:0000951 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where a solid sample is ground into a fine powder and suspensed in a diluent such as 0.1% HNO3 to form a 'slurry'. The sample is then atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. slurry sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000240 slurry sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where a solid sample is ground into a fine powder and suspensed in a diluent such as 0.1% HNO3 to form a 'slurry'. The sample is then atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. ISBN:1566701554 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where a solid sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. SS-GF-AAS SS-GFAAS direct solid samples graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry direct solid samples graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy direct solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry direct solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy solid samples graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry solid samples graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000241 solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where a solid sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where a solid sample is atomised by placing it in a small quartz tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. QT-AAS QTAAS quartz tube atomic absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000242 quartz tube atomic absorption spectroscopy A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where a solid sample is atomised by placing it in a small quartz tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. https://doi.org/JA9900500225 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is aspirated, aerosolised, and mixed with combustible gases, such as acetylene and air or acetylene and nitrous oxide. The mixture is then ignited and atomised in a flame whose temperature ranges from 2100–2800 \degC. During combustion, atoms of the element of interest in the sample absorb light at characteristic wavelengths. F-AAS FAAS flame atomic absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000243 flame atomic absorption spectrometry A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is aspirated, aerosolised, and mixed with combustible gases, such as acetylene and air or acetylene and nitrous oxide. The mixture is then ignited and atomised in a flame whose temperature ranges from 2100–2800 \degC. During combustion, atoms of the element of interest in the sample absorb light at characteristic wavelengths. FIX:0000929 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where sample is forced through a heated metal capillary tip before atomisation in a flame. (TS-FF)-AAS TS-FF-AAS thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000244 thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where sample is forced through a heated metal capillary tip before atomisation in a flame. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0584-8547(00)00183-X A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is carried to the spectrometer by flow injection and forced through a heated metal capillary tip before atomisation in a flame furnace. FI-TS-FF-AAS flow injection thermospray flame furnace absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000245 flow injection thermospray flame furnace absorption spectrometry A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is carried to the spectrometer by flow injection and forced through a heated metal capillary tip before atomisation in a flame furnace. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where flow injection is used to transfer a sample to the spectrometer. FI-AAS FIAAS flow injection atomic absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000246 flow injection atomic absorption spectrometry A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where flow injection is used to transfer a sample to the spectrometer. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where flow injection is used to carry a sample to an electrothermal atomiser where it is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. FI-ETAAS FIETAAS flow injection electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry flow injection electrothermal atomisation atomic absorption spectrometry flow injection electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry flow injection electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000247 flow injection electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where flow injection is used to carry a sample to an electrothermal atomiser where it is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where flow injection is used to carry a gas phase sample to flame where it is atomised. FI-FAAS FIFAAS flow injection flame atomic absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000248 flow injection flame atomic absorption spectrometry A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where flow injection is used to carry a gas phase sample to flame where it is atomised. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where metal samples such as As, Sb and Se are vaporised by converting them into volatile hydrides. HG-AAS HGAAS hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry hydride-generation atomic absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000249 hydride generation atomic absorption spectroscopy A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where metal samples such as As, Sb and Se are vaporised by converting them into volatile hydrides. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry using a line source of radiation. LS-AAS LSAAS line source atomic absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000250 line-source atomic absorption spectroscopy A type of atomic absorption spectrometry using a line source of radiation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic spectroscopy where the atoms in the sample are excited and the emission of electromagnetic radiation at characteristic wavelengths is detected. FIX:0000927 AES OES atomic emission spectrometry atomic-emission spectrometry optical emission spectrometry optical emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000251 atomic emission spectroscopy A type of atomic spectroscopy where the atoms in the sample are excited and the emission of electromagnetic radiation at characteristic wavelengths is detected. ISBN:0-19-280031-0 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. ETAES electrothermal atomic emission spectrometry CHMO:0000252 electrothermal atomic emission spectroscopy A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. GF-AES GF-OES GFAES GFOES graphite furnace atomic emission spectrometry graphite furnace optical emission spectrometry graphite furnace optical emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000253 graphite furnace atomic emission spectrometry A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it, then excited using a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas). FANES furnace atomic non thermal excitation spectrometry furnace atomic non-thermal excitation spectrometry furnace atomic non-thermal excitation spectroscopy furnace atomic nonthermal excitation spectroscopy CHMO:0000254 furnace atomic nonthermal excitation spectrometry A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it, then excited using a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas). ISBN:0471974188 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is excited using an N2/oxide–acetylene flame. F-AES FAES flame atomic emission spectroscopy flame emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000255 flame atomic emission spectroscopy A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is excited using an N2/oxide–acetylene flame. FIX:0000928 FIX:0000935 https://doi.org/10.1039/ja9870200573 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas) is used to excite the sample. GD-AES GD-OES glow discharge optical emission spectrometry glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000256 glow discharge atomic emission spectroscopy A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas) is used to excite the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a laser pulse is used as the excitation source. LIP AES LIP-AES laser-induced atomic emission spectrometry CHMO:0000257 laser-induced atomic emission spectroscopy A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a laser pulse is used as the excitation source. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a high energy laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. LIBS LIPS laser induced plasma spectrometry laser induced plasma spectroscopy laser-induced breakdown atomic emission spectrometry laser-induced breakdown atomic-emission spectrometry laser-induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry laser-induced plasma atomic emission spectroscopy laser-induced plasma spectrometry laser-induced plasma spectroscopy CHMO:0000258 laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a high energy laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a high energy femtosecond laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. fs-LIBS CHMO:0000259 femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a high energy femtosecond laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a high energy laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. A second laser pulse then illuminates the sample resulting in a reheating of the laser plasma produced by the first pulse, leading to signal enhancement. LISPS double-pulse LIBS double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectrometry double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy laser-induced shock wave spectrometry CHMO:0000260 laser-induced shock wave plasma spectroscopy A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a high energy laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. A second laser pulse then illuminates the sample resulting in a reheating of the laser plasma produced by the first pulse, leading to signal enhancement. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a finely focused (<10 m diameter) high energy laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. micro LIBS CHMO:0000261 micro laser-induced breakdown atomic emission spectroscopy A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a finely focused (<10 m diameter) high energy laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a high energy nanosecond laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. nanosecond LIBS nanosecond laser induced breakdown spectrometry ns-LIBS CHMO:0000262 nanosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a high energy nanosecond laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma is used as the excitation source. plasma AES CHMO:0000263 plasma atomic emission spectroscopy Any type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma is used as the excitation source. ISSN:1430-4171 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma generated by a potential difference between two electrodes, one of which is grounded and one of which is live. CCP AES CCP-AES capacitively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry CHMO:0000264 capacitively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma generated by a potential difference between two electrodes, one of which is grounded and one of which is live. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma generated by passing an electrical discharge between two electrodes is used as the excitation source. DCP-AES DCPAES d.c. AES d.c. plasma atomic emission spectrometry d.c. plasma atomic emission spectroscopy direct current plasma atomic emission spectrometry CHMO:0000265 direct current plasma atomic emission spectroscopy A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma generated by passing an electrical discharge between two electrodes is used as the excitation source. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a furnace is used to atomise the sample and a plasma is used as the excitation source. FAPES furnace atomisation plasma emission spectrometry furnace atomization plasma emission spectrometry CHMO:0000266 furnace atomisation plasma emission spectroscopy A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a furnace is used to atomise the sample and a plasma is used as the excitation source. ISBN:0471974188 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma generated by electromagnetic induction is used as the excitation source. ICP AES ICP OES ICP-AES ICP-OES inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy inductively coupled plasma atomic-emission spectrometry inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000267 inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma generated by electromagnetic induction is used as the excitation source. ISSN:1430-4171 Atomic emission spectrometry of metal samples such as As, Sb and Se that are vaporised by converting them into volatile hydrides and excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic induction. HG-ICP-AES HG-ICP-OES hydride generation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry hydride generation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry hydride generation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000268 hydride generation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy Atomic emission spectrometry of metal samples such as As, Sb and Se that are vaporised by converting them into volatile hydrides and excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic induction. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Inductively coupled atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is vaporised by laser ablation. LA ICP AES LA ICP-AES laser ablation ICP AES laser ablation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry CHMO:0000269 laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy Inductively coupled atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is vaporised by laser ablation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Inductively coupled atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is vaporised by laser ablation with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) laser. LM-ICP-AES laser microprobe ICP-AES CHMO:0000270 laser microprobe inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy Inductively coupled atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is vaporised by laser ablation with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) laser. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy where the sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography. LC-ICP-AES LC-ICP-OES liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000271 liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy where the sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Inductively-coupled atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first passed through a nebuliser to form a mist of finely dispersed droplets using compressed air. nebulisation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry nebulization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry nebulization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000272 nebulisation inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy Inductively-coupled atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first passed through a nebuliser to form a mist of finely dispersed droplets using compressed air. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first passed through a nebuliser to form a mist of finely dispersed droplets (using high frequency vibrations) and then excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic inductance. USN-ICP-AES USN-ICP-OES ultrasonic nebulisation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry ultrasonic nebulisation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry ultrasonic nebulisation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy ultrasonic nebulization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry ultrasonic nebulization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy ultrasonic nebulization inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry ultrasonic nebulization inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000273 ultrasonic nebulisation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first passed through a nebuliser to form a mist of finely dispersed droplets (using high frequency vibrations) and then excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic inductance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first separated by solid phase extraction and then excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic inductance. SPE-ICP-AES CHMO:0000274 solid phase extraction inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first separated by solid phase extraction and then excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic inductance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first separated by solid phase extraction, carried to the spectrometer by flow injection and then excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic inductance. FI-SPE-ICP-AES CHMO:0000275 flow injection solid phase extraction inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first separated by solid phase extraction, carried to the spectrometer by flow injection and then excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic inductance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where atoms are excited by energy transfer from metastable N2 species in a nitrogen plasma. MTES metastable transfer emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000276 metastable transfer emission spectrometry A type of atomic emission spectrometry where atoms are excited by energy transfer from metastable N2 species in a nitrogen plasma. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00248a042 Atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma generated by microwave bombardment is used as the excitation source. FIX:0000931 MIP AES MIP-AES microwave-induced plasma atomic emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000277 microwave induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry Atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma generated by microwave bombardment is used as the excitation source. ISSN:1430-4171 Atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is excited by an arc or spark between two electrodes. spark AES spark OES spark atomic emission spectroscopy spark optical emission spectrometry spark optical emission spectroscopy spark-AES spark-OES spark-atomic emission spectrometry spark-excitation atomic emission spectrometry spark-excitation atomic emission spectroscopy spark-optical emission spectrometry spark-optical emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000278 spark atomic emission spectrometry Atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is excited by an arc or spark between two electrodes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Atomic spectroscopy where an atom absorbs then spontaneously emits a photon. FIX:0000290 AFS atomic fluorescence spectrometry atomic-fluorescence spectrometry CHMO:0000279 atomic fluorescence spectroscopy Atomic spectroscopy where an atom absorbs then spontaneously emits a photon. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where no vaporisation step is required because the sample is a volatile heavy metal such as mercury, which is a vapour at room temperature. CV-AFS CVAFS cold vapor AFS cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectroscopy cold vapour AFS cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectrometry CHMO:0000280 cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectroscopy Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where no vaporisation step is required because the sample is a volatile heavy metal such as mercury, which is a vapour at room temperature. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where the sample is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. ETAFS electrothermal atomic fluorescence spectrometry CHMO:0000281 electrothermal atomic fluorescence spectroscopy Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where the sample is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where the sample is atomised using a flame. FAFS FFS flame atomic fluorescence spectrometry flame fluorescence spectrometry flame fluorescence spectroscopy CHMO:0000282 flame atomic fluorescence spectroscopy A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where the sample is atomised using a flame. FIX:0000930 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy of metal samples such as As, Sb and Se which are vaporised by converting them into volatile hydrides. HG-AFS HGAFS hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry CHMO:0000283 hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectroscopy A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy of metal samples such as As, Sb and Se which are vaporised by converting them into volatile hydrides. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where a laser is used to excite the atoms in the sample. LEAF LEAFS laser-enhanced atomic fluorescence spectrometry laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectroscopy CHMO:0000284 laser-enhanced atomic fluorescence spectroscopy A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where a laser is used to excite the atoms in the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where a plasma is used to excite the atoms in the sample. plasma AFS plasma atomic fluorescence spectrometry CHMO:0000285 plasma atomic fluorescence spectroscopy A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where a plasma is used to excite the atoms in the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where a plasma generated by electromagnetic induction is used to excite the atoms in the sample. ICP AFS inductively coupled plasma atomic fluorescence spectroscopy CHMO:0000286 inductively coupled plasma atomic fluorescence spectrometry A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where a plasma generated by electromagnetic induction is used to excite the atoms in the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the intensity of the fluorescence emitted by molecules excited by ultraviolet light is detected as a function of wavelength or time. fluorescence emission spectroscopy fluorescence spectrometry fluorescence spectrophotometry fluorimetry fluorometry spectrofluorimetry spectrofluorometry CHMO:0000287 fluorescence spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the intensity of the fluorescence emitted by molecules excited by ultraviolet light is detected as a function of wavelength or time. FIX:0000028 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume. Ultraviolet light is used to stimulate fluorescence. FCS fluroescence correlation spectrometry CHMO:0000288 fluorescence correlation spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume. Ultraviolet light is used to stimulate fluorescence. FIX:0000352 https://doi.org/10.1039/b718132a Spectroscopy where spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured at two distinct wavelengths and correlated within a very small detection volume. Ultra-violet light is used to stimulate fluorescence. FCCS fluorescence cross-correlation spectrometry CHMO:0000289 fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy Spectroscopy where spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured at two distinct wavelengths and correlated within a very small detection volume. Ultra-violet light is used to stimulate fluorescence. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for measuring the binding interaction between two labelled molecules. The sample is excited with vertically polarised light and the polarization of the fluorescence is measured. FIX:0000128 FA fluorescence anisotropy measurement fluorescence polarisation spectroscopy fluorescence polarization spectroscopy CHMO:0000290 fluorescence anisotropy A method for measuring the binding interaction between two labelled molecules. The sample is excited with vertically polarised light and the polarization of the fluorescence is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the range ultraviolet to near-infrared (0.1–2.5 μm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. FIX:0000011 FIX:0000943 molecular absorption spectrophotometry molecular electronic absorption spectroscopy MAS CHMO:0000291 spectrophotometry Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the range ultraviolet to near-infrared (0.1–2.5 μm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. ISBN:1566701783 MAS Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the range ultraviolet to visible (190-800 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. FIX:0000016 UV spectrometry UV-VIS UV-VIS absorption spectrophotometry UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy UV-VIS spectrophotometry UV-VIS spectroscopy UV-Vis molecular absorption spectrometry UV-Vis molecular absorption spectroscopy UV-Vis spectroscopy UV-vis UV-vis absorption spectrometry UV-vis absorption spectrophotometry UV-vis absorption spectroscopy UV-vis spectrometry UV-vis spectrophotometry UV-vis spectroscopy UV-visible UV-visible spectroscopy UV/VIS UV/VIS absorption spectrophotometry UV/VIS spectrometry UV/VIS spectrophotometry UV/VIS spectroscopy UV/Vis absorption spectrophotometry UV/Vis spectrometry UV/Vis spectrophotometry UV/Vis spectroscopy UV/vis absorption spectrophotometry electronic absorption spectroscopy ultra-violet-visible absorption spectrophotometry ultra-violet-visible spectrometry ultra-violet-visible spectroscopy ultraviolet-visible ultraviolet-visible spectrometry ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy CHMO:0000292 ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the range ultraviolet to visible (190-800 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy where the difference between incident and transmitted radiation is measured for a gaseous sample. DOAS differential optical absorbance spectrometry differential optical absorbance spectroscopy differential optical absorption spectrometry differential optical absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000293 differential optical absorption spectrophotometry Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy where the difference between incident and transmitted radiation is measured for a gaseous sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy where the reflection or scattering of radiation from the sample surface is detected. reflectance UV-VIS spectrometry reflectance UV-VIS spectroscopy reflectance UV/VIS spectrometry reflectance UV/VIS spectroscopy reflectance ultra-violet-visible spectrometry reflectance ultra-violet-visible spectroscopy reflectance ultra-violet–visible spectrophotometry reflectance ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy reflection UV-VIS spectrometry reflection UV-VIS spectroscopy reflection UV/VIS spectrometry reflection UV/VIS spectroscopy reflection ultra-violet-visible spectrometry reflection ultra-violet-visible spectroscopy reflection ultraviolet-visible spectrometry reflection ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy ultra-violet-visible reflectance spectrometry CHMO:0000294 reflectance ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy where the reflection or scattering of radiation from the sample surface is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where the absorption of radiation in the ultraviolet to near-infrared (0.1-2.5 &#x3bc;m) is used to calculate stability constants by equimolar dilution. CHMO:0000295 equimolar spectrophotometry A method where the absorption of radiation in the ultraviolet to near-infrared (0.1-2.5 &#x3bc;m) is used to calculate stability constants by equimolar dilution. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60353a044 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the vacuum ultraviolet region (0.1-200 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. VUV spectrometry VUV spectrophotometry VUV spectroscopy vacuum ultra-violet absorption spectrometry vacuum ultra-violet absorption spectroscopy vacuum ultra-violet spectrophotometry vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectrometry vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy vacuum ultraviolet spectrophotometry CHMO:0000296 vacuum ultraviolet spectrophotometry Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the vacuum ultraviolet region (0.1-200 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the absorption or emission of X-rays is detected. X-ray spectrometry CHMO:0000297 X-ray spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the absorption or emission of X-rays is detected. FIX:0000019 https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.X06718 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays and the X-ray absorption coefficient of the sample is measured. When the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron in an atom there is a decrease in the intensity of transmitted X-rays resulting in an absorption edge. X-ray absorption spectrometry XAS CHMO:0000298 X-ray absorption spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays and the X-ray absorption coefficient of the sample is measured. When the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron in an atom there is a decrease in the intensity of transmitted X-rays resulting in an absorption edge. FIX:0000107 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient around the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are measured as a function of incident X-ray energy. X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry XAFS CHMO:0000299 X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient around the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are measured as a function of incident X-ray energy. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured 500–1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. EXAFS EXAFS spectrometry EXAFS spectroscopy EXAFSS extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry CHMO:0000300 extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured 500–1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. FIX:0000106 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured 500–1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. A monochromator is scanned continuously and rapidly around the absorption edge resulting in measurement times of seconds (normal EXAFS measurements take minutes). QEXAFS spectrometry QEXAFS spectroscopy QEXAFSS quick extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry quick-scanning EXAFS quick-scanning EXAFSS quick-scanning extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry quick-scanning extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy CHMO:0000301 quick extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured 500–1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. A monochromator is scanned continuously and rapidly around the absorption edge resulting in measurement times of seconds (normal EXAFS measurements take minutes). https://doi.org/10.1107/S0909049508023327 X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured 500–1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. Measurements are taken under total reflection conditions. REFLEXAFS REFLEXAFS spectrometry REFLEXAFS spectroscopy reflEXAFS reflEXAFSS reflection extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry CHMO:0000302 reflection extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured 500–1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. Measurements are taken under total reflection conditions. https://doi.org/10.1021/la025564q X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient and the Auger emission of the sample are measured 500–1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) as a function of incident X-ray energy. SEXAFS SEXAFS spectrometry SEXAFS spectroscopy SEXAFSS CHMO:0000303 surface extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient and the Auger emission of the sample are measured 500–1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) as a function of incident X-ray energy. FIX:0000686 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient around the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are measured as a function of incident X-ray energy. Measurements are taken under total reflection conditions. TR-XAFS TR-XAFSS TRXAFS TRXAFSS total-reflection X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry CHMO:0000304 total-reflection X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient around the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are measured as a function of incident X-ray energy. Measurements are taken under total reflection conditions. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured within 40 eV of the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. NEXAF spectroscopy NEXAFS NEXAFS spectrometry NEXAFSS X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy X-ray absorption near edge structure spectrometry X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy X-ray absorption near-edge structure XANES XANES spectrometry XANES spectroscopy near edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry CHMO:0000305 near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured within 40 eV of the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. FIX:0000025 FIX:0000376 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with a finely focused X-ray beam (<10 m diameter) and the X-ray absorption coefficient of the sample is measured. X-ray micro-probe spectrometry X-ray microanalysis X-ray microprobe spectrometry X-ray microprobe spectroscopy XMPS CHMO:0000306 X-ray microprobe spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with a finely focused X-ray beam (<10 m diameter) and the X-ray absorption coefficient of the sample is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays or particles and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected. X-ray emission spectrometry X-ray fluorescence spectrometry X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy XES XRES XRF XRF spectrometry XRF spectroscopy CHMO:0000307 X-ray emission spectroscopy X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays or particles and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected. FIX:0000100 FIX:0000673 ISBN:90190280031-0 X-ray emission spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated with alpha-particles and the energies of the backscattered alpha-particles and X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions are measured. APXS alpha X-ray spectrometry alpha X-ray spectroscopy alpha-X-ray emission spectrometry alpha-X-ray emission spectroscopy alpha-X-ray fluorescence spectrometry alpha-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy alpha-X-ray spectrometry alpha-X-ray spectroscopy alpha-particle X-ray emission spectrometry alpha-particle X-ray emission spectroscopy alpha-particle X-ray fluorescence spectrometry alpha-particle X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy alpha-particle X-ray spectrometry CHMO:0000308 alpha-particle X-ray spectroscopy X-ray emission spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated with alpha-particles and the energies of the backscattered alpha-particles and X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions are measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 X-ray emission spectroscopy where the energy spectrum of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions is measured using a semiconductor detector. FIX:0000104 FIX:0000677 EDAX EDCS EDS EDS analysis EDX EDX analysis EDXA EDXRF X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis energy dispersive X-ray analysis energy dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy energy dispersive spectroscopy energy distribution curve spectroscopy energy distribution spectroscopy energy-dispersive X-ray emission analysis energy-dispersive spectrometry CHMO:0000309 energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy X-ray emission spectroscopy where the energy spectrum of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions is measured using a semiconductor detector. OrangeBook:16.2 X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with incident X-rays of a wavelength which does not correspond to a specific electronic transition within the atoms of the sample, and the energies and intensities of the emitted X-rays are measured. NRIXS NRXES NXES non-resonant X-ray emission spectrometry CHMO:0000310 non-resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with incident X-rays of a wavelength which does not correspond to a specific electronic transition within the atoms of the sample, and the energies and intensities of the emitted X-rays are measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of high-energy particles. PIXE PIXES particle-induced X-ray emission spectrometry CHMO:0000311 particle-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of high-energy particles. FIX:0000101 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) beam of high-energy particles. PIXE microanalysis microbeam PIXE CHMO:0000312 microbeam particle-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) beam of high-energy particles. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding a flat polished sample with a finely focused (<10 μm diameter) beam of electrons which results in the ionisation of the inner shells of sample atoms. The decay of the ionised states results in the emission of characteristic X-rays. FIX:0000105 FIX:0000674 EMPA EPMA EPXMA electron micro-probe analysis electron microprobe analysis electron probe microanalysis CHMO:0000313 electron probe X-ray microanalysis X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding a flat polished sample with a finely focused (<10 μm diameter) beam of electrons which results in the ionisation of the inner shells of sample atoms. The decay of the ionised states results in the emission of characteristic X-rays. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 X-ray emission spectroscopy where the energy spectrum of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions is measured using a diffraction grating or crystal. WD-XRF WDS WDX WDXRF wavelength dispersive X-ray emission spectrometry wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy wavelength dispersive X-ray spectrometry wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy CHMO:0000314 wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy X-ray emission spectroscopy where the energy spectrum of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions is measured using a diffraction grating or crystal. Orange:16.2 X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) X-ray beam and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected. X-ray microemission X-ray microemission spectrometry X-ray microemission spectroscopy X-ray microfluorescence X-ray microfluorescence spectrometry X-ray microfluorescence spectroscopy XRME XRME spectrometry XRME spectroscopy XRMF XRMF spectrometry XRMF spectroscopy CHMO:0000315 X-ray microemission spectroscopy X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) X-ray beam and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with low energy X-rays and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to valence-to-core transitions are detected. FIX:0000672 SXES VBXES soft X-ray emission spectrometry soft X-ray fluorescence spectrometry soft X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy valence band X-ray emission spectrometry valence band X-ray emission spectroscopy valence band X-ray fluorescence spectrometry valence band X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy valence to core X-ray emission spectrometry valence to core X-ray emission spectroscopy valence to core X-ray fluorescence spectrometry valence to core X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy valence to core XES valence to core XFS valence-to-core X-ray emission spectrometry valence-to-core X-ray emission spectroscopy valence-to-core X-ray fluorescence spectrometry valence-to-core X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy valence-to-core XES valence-to-core XFS CHMO:0000316 soft X-ray emission spectroscopy X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with low energy X-rays and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to valence-to-core transitions are detected. OrangeBook:17.2.2.2 X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with ultra-low energy (<1 keV) X-rays and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to valence-to-core transitions are detected. USX USX spectrometry USX spectroscopy USXES USXS ultra soft X-ray emission spectrometry ultra soft X-ray fluorescence spectrometry ultra soft X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy ultra-soft X-ray emission spectrometry ultra-soft X-ray fluorescence spectrometry ultra-soft X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy CHMO:0000317 ultra soft X-ray emission spectroscopy X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with ultra-low energy (<1 keV) X-rays and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to valence-to-core transitions are detected. 10.1051/jphyscol:19879119 X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with radiation is generated in a synchrotron and the energies and intensities of the emitted X-rays are detected. synchrotron radiation excited X-ray spectrometry CHMO:0000318 synchrotron radiation excited X-ray spectroscopy X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with radiation is generated in a synchrotron and the energies and intensities of the emitted X-rays are detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays and the energies of reflected X-rays are measured. X-ray reflection spectrometry X-ray reflectivity spectrometry X-ray reflectivity spectroscopy CHMO:0000319 X-ray reflection spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays and the energies of reflected X-rays are measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays and the energies of totally reflected X-rays are measured. TXRF total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry CHMO:0000320 total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays and the energies of totally reflected X-rays are measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the beta-particles spontaneously emitted from radioisotopes are detected. beta spectrometry beta spectroscopy beta-particle spectrometry CHMO:0000321 beta-particle spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the beta-particles spontaneously emitted from radioisotopes are detected. ISBN:0-19-280031-0 Spectroscopy where the spontaneous emission of a beta-particle produces a flash of light (known as a 'scintillation') which is detected. CHMO:0000322 liquid scintillation counting Spectroscopy where the spontaneous emission of a beta-particle produces a flash of light (known as a 'scintillation') which is detected. ISBN:0-19-280102-3 Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light by a sample. CD spectrometry CD spectroscopy circular dichrosim spectrometry direct transmittance circular dichroism CHMO:0000323 circular dichroism spectroscopy Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light by a sample. FIX:0000043 ISBN:0-19-280031-0 Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised luminescence. FDCD FDCD spectrometry FDCD spectroscopy fluorescence detected circular dichroism spectrometry CHMO:0000324 fluorescence detected circular dichroism spectroscopy Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised luminescence. https://doi.org/10.1039/b504421a Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised photon radiation in the presence of a magnetic field. MCD MCD spectrometry MCD spectroscopy magnetic circular dichroism spectrometry CHMO:0000325 magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised photon radiation in the presence of a magnetic field. FIX:0000044 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised X-ray radiation in the presence of a magnetic field. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectrometry XMCD XMCD spectrometry XMCD spectroscopy CHMO:0000326 X-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised X-ray radiation in the presence of a magnetic field. FIX:0001136 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised infrared radiation during a vibrational transition. VCD VCD spectrometry VCD spectroscopy vibrating circular dichroism spectrometry vibrational CD vibrational circular dichroism CHMO:0000327 vibrational circular dichroism spectroscopy Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised infrared radiation during a vibrational transition. FIX:0000231 ISBN:0471330035 Spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to a perturbing magnetic field is measured. EPR EPR spectroscopy ESR ESR spectroscopy electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy electron spin resonance spectrometry CHMO:0000328 electron spin resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to a perturbing magnetic field is measured. FIX:0000023 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to a perturbing magnetic field is measured as a function of the frequency of a periodic perturbation. FIX:0000033 c.w. EPR c.w. ESR continuous wave EPR continuous wave ESR continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy continuous wave electron spin resonance spectrometry continuous wave electron spin resonance spectroscopy cw-EPR cw-ESR CHMO:0000329 continuous-wave electron spin resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to a perturbing magnetic field is measured as a function of the frequency of a periodic perturbation. ISBN:9780137217625 Spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured. FIX:0000034 pulse EPR pulse ESR pulse electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy pulse electron spin resonance spectrometry pulsed EPR pulsed ESR pulsed electron spin resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000330 pulsed electron spin resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the absorption or emission of electrons is detected. ES electron spectrometry CHMO:0000331 electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the absorption or emission of electrons is detected. FIX:0000064 OrangeBook:17.2 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the appearance of relaxation products (Auger electrons or X-rays) or by a change in the electron beam current. APS appearance potential spectrometry CHMO:0000332 appearance potential spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the appearance of relaxation products (Auger electrons or X-rays) or by a change in the electron beam current. OrangeBook:17.2.3 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by a sudden increase in secondary electron current. AEAPS Auger electron appearance potential spectrometry EAAPS IEMM electron-excited Auger electron appearance potential spectrometry electron-excited Auger electron appearance potential spectroscopy incident energy modulation method spectrometry incident energy modulation method spectroscopy CHMO:0000333 Auger electron appearance potential spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by a sudden increase in secondary electron current. OrangeBook:17.2.3 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the sudden disappearance of electrons from the beam. DAPS disappearance potential spectrometry CHMO:0000334 disappearance potential spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the sudden disappearance of electrons from the beam. Orange:17.2.3 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by a sudden change in the electron beam current. The fine structure close to the threshold is analysed by measuring the change in electron beam current. EAPFS EAPFSS electron appearance potential fine structure spectrometry electron appearance potential fine structure spectroscopy extended appearance potential fine structure analysis extended appearance potential fine structure spectrometry extended appearance potential fine structure spectroscopy CHMO:0000335 electron appearance potential fine structure analysis Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by a sudden change in the electron beam current. The fine structure close to the threshold is analysed by measuring the change in electron beam current. Orange:17.2.3 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is determined by measuring the total electron current incident on the sample target. TCS target current spectrometry target current spectroscopy total current spectrometry CHMO:0000336 total current spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is determined by measuring the total electron current incident on the sample target. Orange:17.2.3 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the sudden appearance of soft X-ray fluorescence. EEXAPS EXAPS SXAPS X-ray appearance potential spectrometry XAPS electron-excited X-ray appearance potential spectrometry electron-excited X-ray appearance potential spectroscopy soft X-ray appearance potential spectrometry soft X-ray appearance potential spectroscopy CHMO:0000337 X-ray appearance potential spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the sudden appearance of soft X-ray fluorescence. Orange:17.2.3 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the sudden appearance of peaks in the photoelectron spectrum. X-ray excited electron appearance potential spectrometry XEAPS CHMO:0000338 X-ray excited electron appearance potential spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the sudden appearance of peaks in the photoelectron spectrum. Orange:17.2.3 Spectroscopy where a high energy photon ionises a core electron and an electron from a higher energy level descends to take its place, releasing sufficient energy to eject a second so-called 'Auger' electron and the energy of the Auger electron is detected as a function of incident photon energy. AEES Auger electron emission spectroscopy Auger electron spectrometry Auger spectrometry Auger spectroscopy AES CHMO:0000339 Auger electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a high energy photon ionises a core electron and an electron from a higher energy level descends to take its place, releasing sufficient energy to eject a second so-called 'Auger' electron and the energy of the Auger electron is detected as a function of incident photon energy. ISBN:0-471-96523-5 AES Spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of emission angle. ADAS ARAES angle-resolved Auger electron spectrometry angle-resolved Auger electron spectroscopy angular dependent Auger spectrometry CHMO:0000340 angular dependent Auger electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of emission angle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The wavelength of the incident photons is scanned over an absorption edge in the sample and the Auger electrons emitted are detected as a function of energy. RAES resonance AES resonance Auger electron spectrometry resonance Auger electron spectroscopy resonance Auger spectrometry resonance Auger spectroscopy resonant AES resonant Auger electron spectrometry resonant Auger spectrometry resonant Auger spectroscopy CHMO:0000341 resonant Auger electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The wavelength of the incident photons is scanned over an absorption edge in the sample and the Auger electrons emitted are detected as a function of energy. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.243001 Spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The wavelength of the incident photons is scanned over an absorption edge in the sample and the Auger electrons emitted are detected as a function of emission angle. angle-resolved resonance Auger electron spectrometry angle-resolved resonance Auger electron spectroscopy angle-resolved resonant Auger electron spectrometry CHMO:0000342 angle-resolved resonant Auger electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The wavelength of the incident photons is scanned over an absorption edge in the sample and the Auger electrons emitted are detected as a function of emission angle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. Only the Auger electrons emitted at a particular photon energy are detected. APYS Auger electron partial yield spectrometry CHMO:0000343 Auger electron partial yield spectroscopy Spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. Only the Auger electrons emitted at a particular photon energy are detected. OrangeBook:17.2.1.4 Spectroscopy where electron bombardment of a sample results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electron and the energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of incident electron energy. EAES EEAES EIAES electron-excited Auger electron spectrometry electron-induced Auger electron spectrometry electron-induced Auger electron spectroscopy CHMO:0000344 electron-excited Auger electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where electron bombardment of a sample results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electron and the energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of incident electron energy. Orange:17.2.4 Spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) beam of electrons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of incident electron energy. Auger electron microanalysis EMAS electron microprobe Auger electron spectrometry CHMO:0000345 electron microprobe Auger spectroscopy Spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) beam of electrons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of incident electron energy. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where ion bombardment of a sample results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of incident ion energy. IAES IEAES IIAES ion neutralisation spectrometry ion neutralisation spectroscopy ion neutralization spectrometry ion neutralization spectroscopy ion-electron spectroscopy ion-excited Auger spectrometry ion-induced Auger electron spectrometry ion-induced Auger electron spectroscopy ionelectron spectroscopy INS CHMO:0000346 ion-excited Auger electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where ion bombardment of a sample results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of incident ion energy. Orange:17.2.4 Spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with He+ ions results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of incident He+ ion energy. HAES He+-excited Auger electron spectrometry CHMO:0000347 He+-excited Auger electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with He+ ions results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of incident He+ ion energy. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with protons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of incident proton energy. PAES proton-induced Auger electron spectrometry CHMO:0000348 proton-induced Auger electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with protons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of incident proton energy. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where ion bombardment of a sample results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of emission angle. AIRES angle-resolved ion-electron spectrometry angle-resolved ion-electron spectroscopy CHMO:0000349 angle-resolved ion-excited Auger electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where ion bombardment of a sample results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of emission angle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where a high-energy photon beam is scanned over the surface of a sample resulting in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of incident photon energy. SAES scanning Auger electron spectrometry scanning Auger spectrometry scanning Auger spectroscopy CHMO:0000350 scanning Auger electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a high-energy photon beam is scanned over the surface of a sample resulting in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of incident photon energy. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of incident photon energy and a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the emitting surface. SPAES spin-polarized Auger electron spectrometry CHMO:0000351 spin-polarised Auger electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of incident photon energy and a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the emitting surface. OrangeBook:17.2.4 Spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of emission angle and a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the emitting surface. SPARPES spin-polarized angle-resolved Auger electron spectrometry CHMO:0000352 spin-polarised angle-resolved Auger electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of emission angle and a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the emitting surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where X-ray bombardment of a sample results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of incident X-ray energy. X-ray excited Auger electron spectrometry X-ray induced Auger electron spectrometry X-ray induced Auger electron spectroscopy XAES XEAES XIAES CHMO:0000353 X-ray excited Auger electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where X-ray bombardment of a sample results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of incident X-ray energy. Orange:17.2.4 Spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with a continuous X-ray source (X-rays generated when electrons, or other high energy charged particles such as protons or alpha-particles, lose energy whilst passing through the Coulomb field of a nucleus) results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected. CX-AES CXAES bremsstrahlung Auger electron spectrometry bremsstrahlung Auger electron spectroscopy bremsstrahlung Auger spectrometry bremsstrahlung Auger spectroscopy continuous X-ray-induced Auger electron spectrometry continuous X-ray-induced Auger spectrometry continuous X-ray-induced Auger spectroscopy CHMO:0000354 continuous X-ray-induced Auger electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with a continuous X-ray source (X-rays generated when electrons, or other high energy charged particles such as protons or alpha-particles, lose energy whilst passing through the Coulomb field of a nucleus) results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected. ISBN:0824706005 Spectroscopy where two or more particles (electrons, photons or ions) originating from a single event, such as an ionisation, are detected as a function of energy. ECS electron coincidence spectrometry CHMO:0000355 electron coincidence spectroscopy Spectroscopy where two or more particles (electrons, photons or ions) originating from a single event, such as an ionisation, are detected as a function of energy. Orange:17.2.5 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays resulting in the emission of photoelectrons and 'Auger' electrons which are detected as a function of energy. AEPECS APECS Auger electron photoelectron coincidence spectrometry Auger electron-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy Auger-photoelectron electron coincidence spectrometry CHMO:0000356 Auger-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays resulting in the emission of photoelectrons and 'Auger' electrons which are detected as a function of energy. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of energy. E2E electron-electron coincidence spectrometry CHMO:0000357 electron-electron coincidence spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of energy. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. ARE2E angle-resolved E2E angle-resolved electron-electron coincidence spectrometry CHMO:0000358 angle-resolved electron-electron coincidence spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of an ion and a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of energy. EEICO electron-electron ion coincidence spectrometry CHMO:0000359 electron-electron-ion coincidence spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of an ion and a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of energy. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of an ion and a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. AREEICO angle-resolved electron-electron ion coincidence spectrometry CHMO:0000360 angle-resolved electron-electron ion coincidence spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of an ion and a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of an ion and an electron which are detected as a function of energy. EICO electron-ion coincidence spectrometry CHMO:0000361 electron-ion coincidence spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of an ion and an electron which are detected as a function of energy. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with metastable atoms resulting in the emission of two or more particles (electrons, photons or ions) which are detected as a function of energy. MQES metastable-quenched electron spectrometry CHMO:0000362 metastable-quenched electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with metastable atoms resulting in the emission of two or more particles (electrons, photons or ions) which are detected as a function of energy. Orange:17.2.6 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with metastable atoms resulting in the emission of an electron (by resonant ionisation) and an Auger electron. RIS resonance-ionisation spectrometry resonance-ionization spectrometry resonance-ionization spectroscopy CHMO:0000363 resonance-ionisation spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with metastable atoms resulting in the emission of an electron (by resonant ionisation) and an Auger electron. Orange:17.2.6 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with metastable atoms resulting in the emission of an electron (by Penning ionisation) and an Auger electron. SPIES surface Penning-ionisation electron spectrometry surface Penning-ionization electron spectrometry surface Penning-ionization electron spectroscopy CHMO:0000364 surface Penning-ionisation electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with metastable atoms resulting in the emission of an electron (by Penning ionisation) and an Auger electron. Orange:17.2.6 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of a photoelectron and its corresponding ion which are detected as a function of energy. PIPECO photoion photoelectron coincidence spectrometry photoion photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy photoion-photoelectron coincidence spectrometry photoionphotoelectron coincidence spectrometry photoionphotoelectron coincidence spectroscopy CHMO:0000365 photoion-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of a photoelectron and its corresponding ion which are detected as a function of energy. https://doi.org/a909621c Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies (50–200 eV) interacts with a surface and the energy loss (0.005–100 eV) the electrons suffer as a result of the interaction is measured. EELS IESS REELS electron energy loss spectrometry electron impact spectroscopy inelastic electron scattering spectrometry inelastic electron scattering spectroscopy reflection electron energy loss spectrometry reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy EIS ELS CHMO:0000366 electron energy loss spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies (50–200 eV) interacts with a surface and the energy loss (0.005–100 eV) the electrons suffer as a result of the interaction is measured. FIX:0000663 FIX:0000664 ISBN:0-19-280031-0 https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05236 Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the number of electrons with a given characteristic energy loss is measured. CELS characteristic energy loss spectrometry characteristic energy loss spectroscopy characteristic energy-loss spectrometry CHMO:0000367 characteristic energy-loss spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the number of electrons with a given characteristic energy loss is measured. ISBN:0387258000 Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the energy loss the electrons suffer upon reflection is measured. Measurements are taken from the absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. EELFS ELFS spectrometry ELFS spectroscopy EXEELFS EXELFS spectrometry EXELFS spectroscopy extended electron energy loss fine structure spectrometry extended energy loss fine structure spectrometry extended energy loss fine structure spectroscopy CHMO:0000368 extended electron energy loss fine structure spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the energy loss the electrons suffer upon reflection is measured. Measurements are taken from the absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. FIX:0000668 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the Auger emission is measured. Measurements are taken from the absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. EXFAS SEELFS extended fine Auger structures CHMO:0000369 surface extended electron energy loss fine structure spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the Auger emission is measured. Measurements are taken from the absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the small energy loss (0.02–1 eV) the electrons suffer upon reflection is measured. HEELS HR-EELS HREELS HRELS VELS high resolution energy loss spectrometry high resolution energy loss spectroscopy high-resolution energy loss spectroscopy vibrational ELS vibrational energy loss spectroscopy CHMO:0000370 high-resolution energy loss spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the small energy loss (0.02–1 eV) the electrons suffer upon reflection is measured. FIX:0000646 https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02826 Spectroscopy where the loss in energy of electrons produced by ionisation is measured. CLS core level characteristic loss spectroscopy core-level characteristic loss spectroscopy ionisation loss spectrometry ionisation loss spectroscopy ionisation spectrometry ionization loss spectrometry ionization loss spectroscopy ionization spectrometry ionization spectroscopy ILS IS CHMO:0000371 ionisation spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the loss in energy of electrons produced by ionisation is measured. FIX:0000670 OrangeBook:17.2.2.1 Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of low kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the energy loss the electrons suffer upon reflection is measured. LEELS low energy electron energy loss spectrometry low-energy electron energy loss spectrometry low-energy electron energy loss spectroscopy CHMO:0000372 low-energy electron loss spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of low kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the energy loss the electrons suffer upon reflection is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is transmitted through a sample and the energy distribution of the transmitted electrons is measured. CHMO:0002296 ETS TEELS electron transmission spectrometry electron transmission spectroscopy CHMO:0000373 transmission electron energy loss spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is transmitted through a sample and the energy distribution of the transmitted electrons is measured. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06480 Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and energy loss the electrons suffer (corresponding to vibrational modes in the sample) is measured. VEELS vibrational electron energy loss spectrometry CHMO:0000374 vibrational electron energy loss spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and energy loss the electrons suffer (corresponding to vibrational modes in the sample) is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any type of electron spectroscopy where electrons are emitted from a cathode by application of an intense electric field. FEED spectrometry FEED spectroscopy FES field emission electron spectroscopy field emission energy distribution spectrometry field emission energy distribution spectroscopy FEEDS CHMO:0000375 field-emission electron spectroscopy Any type of electron spectroscopy where electrons are emitted from a cathode by application of an intense electric field. Orange:17.2.7 Any type of electron spectroscopy where electrons are emitted from a cathode by application of an intense electric field and a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the sample surface. FEESP field emission electron spin-polarization spectroscopy field-emitted electron spin-polarization spectrometry CHMO:0000376 field-emission electron spin-polarization spectroscopy Any type of electron spectroscopy where electrons are emitted from a cathode by application of an intense electric field and a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the sample surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons and the photons emitted are detected. IPES IPS inverse photoelectron spectrometry inverse photoemission spectrometry inverse photoemission spectroscopy CHMO:0000377 inverse photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons and the photons emitted are detected. FIX:0000687 OrangeBook:17.2.2.2 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation. BIS bremsstrahlung isochromat spectrometry bremsstrahlung spectrometry bremsstrahlung spectroscopy CHMO:0000378 bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation. Orange:17.2.2.2 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation which is detected as a function of emission angle. CHMO:0000379 angle-resolved bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation which is detected as a function of emission angle. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.29.3015 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation which is detected as a function of photon momentum. FIX:0000688 BS momentum-resolved bremsstrahlung spectrometry CHMO:0000380 momentum-resolved bremsstrahlung spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation which is detected as a function of photon momentum. OrangeBook:17.2.2.2 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation in the ultraviolet region. UVBIS ultra-violet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectrometry ultra-violet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy ultra-violet bremsstrahlung spectrometry ultraviolet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectrometry ultraviolet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy ultraviolet bremsstrahlung spectrometry ultraviolet bremsstrahlung spectroscopy CHMO:0000381 ultraviolet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation in the ultraviolet region. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation in the X-ray region. X-ray bremsstrahlung spectrometry XBIS CHMO:0000382 X-ray bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation in the X-ray region. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation which is detected as a function of the vector k (where k is the difference between the wave vectors of the incident and scattered radiation). KRIPES KRIPS k-resolved IPE spectrometry k-resolved IPE spectroscopy k-resolved inverse photoelectron spectrometry k-resolved inverse photoemission spectrometry k-resolved inverse photoemission spectroscopy CHMO:0000383 k-resolved inverse photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation which is detected as a function of the vector k (where k is the difference between the wave vectors of the incident and scattered radiation). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where a magnetised ferromagnetic sample is bombarded with electrons of a specific spin polarisation which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation. SPIPES spin-polarized inverse photoelectron spectrometry CHMO:0000384 spin-polarised inverse photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a magnetised ferromagnetic sample is bombarded with electrons of a specific spin polarisation which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation. Orange:17.2.1.4 Spectroscopy where energy transfer from a metastable atom in close proximity to (~5 ) the sample gives rise to a characteristic ejected electron energy spectrum. MDS metastable de-excitation spectrometry metastable deexcitation spectrometry metastable deexcitation spectroscopy CHMO:0000385 metastable de-excitation spectroscopy Spectroscopy where energy transfer from a metastable atom in close proximity to (~5 ) the sample gives rise to a characteristic ejected electron energy spectrum. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where energy transfer from a metastable atom in close proximity to (~5 ) the sample gives rise to a characteristic ejected electron energy spectrum. A magnet is used to align all the electron spins parallel to the surface. SP-MDS SPMDS spin-polarized metastable de-excitation spectrometry spin-polarized metastable de-excitation spectroscopy spin-polarized metastable deexcitation spectrometry spin-polarized metastable deexcitation spectroscopy CHMO:0000386 spin-polarized metastable de-excitation spectroscopy Spectroscopy where energy transfer from a metastable atom in close proximity to (~5 ) the sample gives rise to a characteristic ejected electron energy spectrum. A magnet is used to align all the electron spins parallel to the surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. The energy of the incident photons is usually greater than the ionisation energy of the sample and the photoelectrons are emitted with the excess in the form of kinetic energy. PES photo emission spectrometry photo emission spectroscopy photoelectron emission spectroscopy photoelectron spectrometry photoemission spectrometry photoemission spectroscopy PS CHMO:0000387 photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. The energy of the incident photons is usually greater than the ionisation energy of the sample and the photoelectrons are emitted with the excess in the form of kinetic energy. FIX:0000040 https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04609 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. ARP ARPES ARPS angle-resolved photoelectron spectrometry angle-resolved photoemission spectrometry angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy CHMO:0000388 angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. FIX:0000665 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with gamma-rays causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. DSPES depth-selective photoelectron spectrometry depth-selective photoemission spectrometry gamma-ray photoelectron spectrometry gamma-ray photoelectron spectroscopy gamma-ray photoemission spectrometry gamma-ray photoemission spectroscopy CHMO:0000389 depth-selective photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with gamma-rays causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. FIX:0000675 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of energy. The spectrum is recorded over an extended energy range, from the photon absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. PEFS PEFS spectrometry PEFS spectroscopy PEFSS CHMO:0000390 photoelectron extended fine structure spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of energy. The spectrum is recorded over an extended energy range, from the photon absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. The spectrum is recorded over an extended energy range, from the photon absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. ARPEFS ARPEFSS ARPES spectrometry ARPES spectroscopy angle-resolved photoelectron extended fine structure spectrometry angle-resolved photoemission extended fine structure spectrometry angle-resolved photoemission extended fine structure spectroscopy CHMO:0000391 angle-resolved photoelectron extended fine structure spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. The spectrum is recorded over an extended energy range, from the photon absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a finely focused (<10 m) photon beam causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. PEMS PESM photoelectron micro-spectrometry photoelectron micro-spectroscopy photoelectron microspectrometry CHMO:0000392 photoelectron microspectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a finely focused (<10 m) photon beam causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. https://doi.org/10.1116/1.581237 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a finely focused (<10 m) extreme ultraviolet (10–121 nm) photon beam causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. EUV photoelectron micro-spectroscopy EUV photoelectron microspectroscopy extreme ultra-violet photoelectron microspectroscopy CHMO:0000393 extreme ultraviolet photoelectron microspectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a finely focused (<10 m) extreme ultraviolet (10–121 nm) photon beam causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. ISBN:1-55752-706-7 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. SRPES SRPS synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectrometry CHMO:0000394 synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. FIX:0000676 OrangeBook:17.2.1.4 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. angle-resolved synchotron radiation photoelectron spectrometry CHMO:0000395 angle-resolved synchotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. Orange:17.2.1.4 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons. The energy distribution of electrons which have been promoted to a specific conduction band is measured. CFSS constant final state spectroscopy constant-final-state spectrometry CHMO:0000396 constant-final-state spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons. The energy distribution of electrons which have been promoted to a specific conduction band is measured. FIX:0000681 OrangeBook:17.2.1.4 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons. The energy distribution of electrons which have been promoted from a specific valence band is measured. CISS constant initial state spectroscopy constant-initial-state spectrometry CHMO:0000397 constant-initial-state spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons. The energy distribution of electrons which have been promoted from a specific valence band is measured. Orange:17.2.1.4 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons. All photoelectrons emitted at a particular photon energy are detected. PEYS photoelectron yield spectrometry total yield spectroscopy CHMO:0000398 photoelectron yield spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons. All photoelectrons emitted at a particular photon energy are detected. FIX:0000678 OrangeBook:17.2.1.4 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons. All of the photoelectrons emitted within a certain energy interval are detected. PYS partial photoyield spectroscopy partial yield spectrometry partial yield spectroscopy CHMO:0000399 partial-yield spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons. All of the photoelectrons emitted within a certain energy interval are detected. FIX:0000679 OrangeBook:17.2.1.4 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons. The energy of the incoming photons is adjusted such that it coincides with an electronic transition of the molecule. REPS resonance-enhanced photoelectron spectrometry CHMO:0000400 resonance-enhanced photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons. The energy of the incoming photons is adjusted such that it coincides with an electronic transition of the molecule. FIX:0000685 OrangeBook:17.2.1.4 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with ultraviolet (10–400 nm) photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. UPES UPS UVPES UVPS ultra-violet photoelectron spectrometry ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy ultra-violet photoemission spectroscopy ultra-violet photoemission spectrometry ultraviolet photoelectron spectrometry ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy ultraviolet photoemission spectrometry ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy CHMO:0000401 ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with ultraviolet (10–400 nm) photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. FIX:0000042 https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.U06583 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with ultraviolet (10–400 nm) photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, which are detected as a function of emission angle. UVAIUPES UVAIUPS UVARUPES UVARUPS angle-integrated ultra-violet photoelectron spectrometry angle-integrated ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy angle-integrated ultra-violet photoemission spectrometry angle-integrated ultraviolet photoelectron spectrometry angle-integrated ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy angle-integrated ultraviolet photoemission spectrometry angle-integrated ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy angle-resolved ultra-violet photoelectron spectrometry angle-resolved ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy angle-resolved ultra-violet photoemission spectrometry angle-resolved ultra-violet photoemission spectroscopy angle-resolved ultraviolet photoelectron spectrometry angle-resolved ultraviolet photoemission spectrometry angle-resolved ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy CHMO:0000402 angle-resolved ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with ultraviolet (10–400 nm) photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, which are detected as a function of emission angle. FIX:0000683 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with vacuum ultraviolet (10–20 nm) photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. VUVPES VUVPS vacuum ultra-violet photoelectron spectrometry vacuum ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy vacuum ultra-violet photoemission spectrometry vacuum ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy vacuum ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy CHMO:0000403 vacuum ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with vacuum ultraviolet (10–20 nm) photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with X-rays causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. FIX:0000041 ESCA PESIS X-ray photoelectron emission spectroscopy X-ray photoelectron scattering (XPS) spectroscopy X-ray photoelectron scattering spectroscopy X-ray photoelectron spectrometry X-ray photoemission spectroscopy XPES XPS electron spectrometry for chemical analysis electron spectrometry for chemical applications electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis electron spectroscopy for chemical applications photoelectron spectroscopy of the inner shell CHMO:0000404 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with X-rays causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.X06716 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with X-rays causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, which are detected as a function of emission angle. ARXPS angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectrometry CHMO:0000405 angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with X-rays causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, which are detected as a function of emission angle. FIX:0000684 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with monochromatic X-rays causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. HR-XPS HRXPS high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectrometry high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy high resolution X-ray photoemission spectrometry high resolution X-ray photoemission spectroscopy high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectrometry high-resolution X-ray photoemission spectrometry CHMO:0000406 high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with monochromatic X-rays causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with 'soft' (<300 eV) X-rays causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. SXPS soft X-ray photoelectron spectrometry CHMO:0000407 soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with 'soft' (<300 eV) X-rays causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. Orange:17.2.1.2 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with monochromatic 'soft' (<300 eV) X-rays causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. HR-SXPS HRSXPS high resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectrometry high resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy high resolution soft X-ray photoemission spectrometry high resolution soft X-ray photoemission spectroscopy high-resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectrometry high-resolution soft X-ray photoemission spectrometry CHMO:0000408 high-resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with monochromatic 'soft' (<300 eV) X-rays causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0909049502009214 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionisation of the valence shell and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. valence-shell photoionisation spectrometry valence-shell photoionization spectrometry CHMO:0000409 valence-shell photoionisation spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionisation of the valence shell and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. The energy of the incident photons matches the ionisation energy of the sample so emitted electrons have zero kinetic energy. ZEKE spectrometry zero kinetic energy electron spectrometry CHMO:0000410 zero kinetic energy electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. The energy of the incident photons matches the ionisation energy of the sample so emitted electrons have zero kinetic energy. ISBN:0-19-855785-X Spectroscopy where primary electrons interact with a sample and the electrons emitted as a result of the interaction (secondary electrons) are detected. SES CHMO:0000411 secondary electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where primary electrons interact with a sample and the electrons emitted as a result of the interaction (secondary electrons) are detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where primary electrons interact with a sample and the electrons emitted as a result of the interaction (secondary electrons) are detected as a function of emission angle. ARSES angle-resolved secondary electron spectrometry angular resolved secondary electron spectrometry angular resolved secondary electron spectroscopy CHMO:0000412 angle-resolved secondary electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where primary electrons interact with a sample and the electrons emitted as a result of the interaction (secondary electrons) are detected as a function of emission angle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where primary electrons interact with a sample and the electrons emitted as a result of the interaction (secondary electrons) are detected. A magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the surface of the sample. polarised secondary electron spectrometry polarized secondary electron spectrometry polarized secondary electron spectroscopy spin-polarised secondary electron spectrometry spin-polarised secondary electron spectroscopy spin-polarized secondary electron spectrometry spin-polarized secondary electron spectroscopy spin-resolved secondary electron spectrometry spin-resolved secondary electron spectroscopy CHMO:0000413 spin-polarised secondary electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where primary electrons interact with a sample and the electrons emitted as a result of the interaction (secondary electrons) are detected. A magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the surface of the sample. https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-6028(83)90701-X Spectroscopy where the energies of gamma-rays emitted or absorbed by a sample is measured. FIX:0000049 gamma ray spectrometry gamma spectrometry gamma spectroscopy gamma-ray emission spectroscopy gamma-ray spectrometry gamma-ray spectroscopy CHMO:0000414 gamma-ray spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energies of gamma-rays emitted or absorbed by a sample is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of gamma-ray emission spectroscopy where the gamma-rays are produced by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of ions. PIGE PIGE spectrometry PIGE spectroscopy particle induced gamma-ray emission spectroscopy particle-induced gamma-ray emission spectrometry particle-induced prompt-photon spectrometry particle-induced prompt-photon spectroscopy CHMO:0000415 particle-induced gamma-ray emission spectroscopy A type of gamma-ray emission spectroscopy where the gamma-rays are produced by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of ions. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where gamma-rays are absorbed by a sample resulting in the ejection of an electron and the emission of light which is detected. gamma-ray scattering spectrometry CHMO:0000416 gamma-ray scattering spectroscopy Spectroscopy where gamma-rays are absorbed by a sample resulting in the ejection of an electron and the emission of light which is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample is detected. FIX:0000050 Moessbauer spectroscopy Mossbauer spectroscopy Mössbauer spectroscopy Mößbauer spectroscopy recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000417 Mossbauer spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where gamma-rays are absorbed by a sample resulting in the ejection of conversion electrons, the energy distribution of which is measured. DC EMS DCEMS DS EMS DS MS DSEMS DSMS depth-selective Mossbauer spectrometry depth-selective Moßbauer spectrometry depth-selective Moßbauer spectroscopy depth-selective Mössbauer spectrometry depth-selective Mößbauer spectrometry depth-selective Mößbauer spectroscopy depth-selective conversion electron Mossbauer spectrometry depth-selective conversion electron Moßbauer spectrometry depth-selective conversion electron Moßbauer spectroscopy depth-selective conversion electron Mössbauer spectrometry depth-selective conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy depth-selective conversion electron Mößbauer spectrometry depth-selective conversion electron Mößbauer spectroscopy depth-selective electron Mossbauer spectrometry depth-selective electron Mossbauer spectroscopy depth-selective electron Moßbauer spectrometry depth-selective electron Moßbauer spectroscopy depth-selective electron Mössbauer spectrometry depth-selective electron Mössbauer spectroscopy depth-selective electron Mößbauer spectrometry depth-selective electron Mößbauer spectroscopy CHMO:0000418 depth-selective Mossbauer spectroscopy Spectroscopy where gamma-rays are absorbed by a sample resulting in the ejection of conversion electrons, the energy distribution of which is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of gamma-ray emission spectroscopy where atomic nuclei are excited (by a heavy ion beam or by collision with another nucleus) and their decaying gamma-ray emissions are measured. nuclear spectrometry CHMO:0000419 nuclear spectroscopy A type of gamma-ray emission spectroscopy where atomic nuclei are excited (by a heavy ion beam or by collision with another nucleus) and their decaying gamma-ray emissions are measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of activation analysis where atomic nuclei are excited (by a heavy ion beam or by collision with another nucleus) and their decaying gamma-ray emissions are measured and compared to reference spectra. NAA CHMO:0000420 nuclear activation analysis A type of activation analysis where atomic nuclei are excited (by a heavy ion beam or by collision with another nucleus) and their decaying gamma-ray emissions are measured and compared to reference spectra. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of a sample during excitation is measured as a function of frequency. dielectric spectroscopy impedance spectrometry IS CHMO:0000421 impedance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of a sample during excitation is measured as a function of frequency. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of a sample during excitation with an alternating-current voltage is measured. AC-IS AC-impedance spectrometry AC-impedance spectroscopy ACIS Ac-impedance spectrometry Ac-impedance spectroscopy ac-impedance spectroscopy CHMO:0000422 alternating current impedance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of a sample during excitation with an alternating-current voltage is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of an electrochemical cell is measured. electrical impedance spectrometry electrical-impedance spectrometry electrical-impedance spectroscopy electrochemical impedance spectroscopy electrochemical-induced impedance spectrometry EIS CHMO:0000423 electrochemical-induced impedance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of an electrochemical cell is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of a sample during laser excitation is measured. impedance laser spectroscopy laser induced impedance spectrometry laser induced impedance spectroscopy laser-induced impedance spectrometry CHMO:0000424 laser-induced impedance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of a sample during laser excitation is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the absorption of emission of ions is detected. ion spectrometry CHMO:0000425 ion spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the absorption of emission of ions is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where a focused beam of ions is directed at a sample and the secondary ions emitted are detected. IBS ion-beam spectrometry CHMO:0000426 ion-beam spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a focused beam of ions is directed at a sample and the secondary ions emitted are detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where a focused beam of ions is directed at a sample causes binary collisions with surface molecules which result in molecular decomposition and the emission of atoms. DRS direct recoil spectroscopy CHMO:0000427 direct recoil spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a focused beam of ions is directed at a sample causes binary collisions with surface molecules which result in molecular decomposition and the emission of atoms. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectrocsopy where a finely focused (<10 m diameter) beam of ions is directed at a sample and the secondary ions emitted are detected. ion micro-probe spectrometry ion microprobe spectrometry ion microprobe spectroscopy CHMO:0000428 ion microprobe spectroscopy Spectrocsopy where a finely focused (<10 m diameter) beam of ions is directed at a sample and the secondary ions emitted are detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where a focused beam of proton is directed at a uranium sample and the secondary ions emitted are detected. LeRIBS low-energy radioactive ion beam spectrometry low-energy radioactive ion beam spectroscopy low-energy radioactive ion-beam spectrometry CHMO:0000429 low-energy radioactive ion-beam spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a focused beam of proton is directed at a uranium sample and the secondary ions emitted are detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the velocity of gas phase ions in an electric field is measured. ion mobility spectrometry ion-mobility spectrometry IMS CHMO:0000430 ion mobility spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the velocity of gas phase ions in an electric field is measured. ISBN:0849322472 IMS Spectroscopy where the velocity of gas phase ions in an electric field is measured. A radio frequency voltage forces the ions to oscillate between two electrodes causing some ions to be transmitted while others collide with the walls of the electrodes. FAIMS high field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry high field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectroscopy high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectroscopy DMS CHMO:0000431 differential mobility spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the velocity of gas phase ions in an electric field is measured. A radio frequency voltage forces the ions to oscillate between two electrodes causing some ions to be transmitted while others collide with the walls of the electrodes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the velocity of gas phase ions in an electric field is measured. The ions are gated into a region of constant electric field strength and the ions with highest mobility arrive at the detector first. DTIMS drift tube ion mobility spectrometry CHMO:0000432 drift tube ion mobility spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the velocity of gas phase ions in an electric field is measured. The ions are gated into a region of constant electric field strength and the ions with highest mobility arrive at the detector first. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure where the sample is bombarded with ions (100–1000 eV) and the energies and positions of the scattered ions are detected. ISS ion scattering spectrometry ion scattering spectroscopy CHMO:0000433 ion scattering A method for determining structure where the sample is bombarded with ions (100–1000 eV) and the energies and positions of the scattered ions are detected. ISBN:3527296344 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with He+ or H+ ions (500–1500 eV) and the energies and positions of any backscattered ions are detected. HE IS HE ISS HE-IS HE-ISS HEIS HEISS RBS Rutherford backscattering spectrometry Rutherford scattering spectrometry Rutherford scattering spectroscopy backscattering spectroscopy heavy ion scattering spectrometry heavy ion scattering spectroscopy heavy-ion scattering spectrometry heavy-ion scattering spectroscopy high-energy ion scattering spectrometry high-energy ion scattering spectroscopy CHMO:0000434 Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with He+ or H+ ions (500–1500 eV) and the energies and positions of any backscattered ions are detected. ISBN:3527296344 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured. laser spectrometry CHMO:0000435 laser spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and the absorption of light by the sample is measured. LAS laser absorbance spectrometry laser absorbance spectroscopy laser absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000436 laser absorption spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and the absorption of light by the sample is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and light absorption is measured. DLAS direct laser absorption spectrometry direct laser absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000437 direct laser absorption spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and light absorption is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of an accelerated beam of particles (atoms or ions) which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. CHMO:0000438 collinear laser spectroscopy Any type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of an accelerated beam of particles (atoms or ions) which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of a high-speed accelerated beam of atoms which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. CLABS collinear fast atom beam spectrometry collinear fast atom beam spectroscopy CHMO:0000439 collinear fast atom-beam spectroscopy A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of a high-speed accelerated beam of atoms which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02394872 A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of an accelerated beam of ions which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. CLIBS collinear laser beam spectrometry collinear laser beam spectroscopy collinear laser ion beam spectroscopy collinear laser ion-beam spectrometry collinear laser ion-beam spectroscopy CHMO:0000440 collinear laser ion-beam spectroscopy A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of an accelerated beam of ions which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of a high-speed accelerated beam of ions which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. CFIBLS collinear fast ion beam laser spectrometry CHMO:0000441 collinear fast ion-beam laser spectroscopy A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of a high-speed accelerated beam of ions which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of laser spectroscopy where a diode laser is tuned to a specific absorption line of interest in the sample and the intensity of the transmitted radiation is measured. TDLAS tunable diode laser absorbance spectrometry tunable diode laser absorbance spectroscopy tunable diode laser absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000442 tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy A type of laser spectroscopy where a diode laser is tuned to a specific absorption line of interest in the sample and the intensity of the transmitted radiation is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of laser spectroscopy where a fixed-wavelength infrared or ultraviolet laser is used to excite the sample which is placed in an electric field. By varying the strength of the applied electric field some vibrational–rotational transitions can be made to coincide with the laser wavelength and the absorption of the laser light is measured. Stark spectroscopy laser Stark spectrometry laser Stark spectroscopy laser electric resonance spectrometry CHMO:0000443 laser electric resonance spectroscopy A type of laser spectroscopy where a fixed-wavelength infrared or ultraviolet laser is used to excite the sample which is placed in an electric field. By varying the strength of the applied electric field some vibrational–rotational transitions can be made to coincide with the laser wavelength and the absorption of the laser light is measured. FIX:0000074 ISBN:0-471-96523-5 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser which is tuned to match an absorption frequency of the molecules in the sample. FMS frequency modulation spectrometry CHMO:0000444 frequency modulation spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser which is tuned to match an absorption frequency of the molecules in the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any type of laser spectroscopy where an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. ILAS CHMO:0000445 indirect laser absorption spectroscopy Any type of laser spectroscopy where an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside the laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. ICAS ICL spectrometry ICL spectroscopy ICLAS ICLS intra cavity laser absorption spectroscopy intra-cavity laser absorption spectrometry intra-cavity laser spectrometry intra-cavity laser spectroscopy intracavity laser absorption spectrometry intracavity laser absorption spectroscopy intracavity laser spectroscopy intracavity spectrometry ILS CHMO:0000446 intracavity laser absorption spectroscopy Any type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside the laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a highly reflective laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. The laser light is tuned to match the frequency of the cavity bandwidth. CEAS cavity enhanced absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000447 cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a highly reflective laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. The laser light is tuned to match the frequency of the cavity bandwidth. https://doi.org/10.1039/b811793d A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a v-shaped optical cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. The laser light is allowed to feed back to the laser diode. OF-CEAS optical feedback cavity enhanced absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000448 optical feedback cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a v-shaped optical cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. The laser light is allowed to feed back to the laser diode. https://doi.org/10.1039/b811793d A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a highly reflective laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of a supercontinuum light source is detected. The light source is tuned to match the frequency of the cavity bandwidth. SC-CEAS super continuum cavity enhanced absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000449 super continuum cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a highly reflective laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of a supercontinuum light source is detected. The light source is tuned to match the frequency of the cavity bandwidth. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a highly reflective laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. The decay time for light exiting the cavity is determined as a function of pulsed laser wavelength. CRDS CRLAS cavity ring-down laser absorption spectrometry cavity ringdown spectroscopy cavity ring-down laser absorption spectroscopy cavity ring-down spectrometry cavity ringdown spectrometry CHMO:0000450 cavity ring-down spectroscopy A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a highly reflective laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. The decay time for light exiting the cavity is determined as a function of pulsed laser wavelength. ISBN:0-534-98144-5 Spectroscopy where a pump laser is used to excite a chromophore and the transmitted power of a probe laser is used to determine the state concentration (excited vs. non-excited) of the sample. COMAS CHMO:0000451 concentration modulated absorption spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a pump laser is used to excite a chromophore and the transmitted power of a probe laser is used to determine the state concentration (excited vs. non-excited) of the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of one or more high-energy photons. laser dissociation spectrometry laser photo-fragmentation spectrometry laser photo-fragmentation spectroscopy laser photodissociation spectrometry laser photodissociation spectroscopy laser photofragmentation spectrometry laser photofragmentation spectroscopy laser-induced fragmentation spectrometry laser-induced fragmentation spectroscopy CHMO:0000452 laser dissociation spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of one or more high-energy photons. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(97)00994-9 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of two or more high-energy photons. CHMO:0000453 multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of two or more high-energy photons. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a resonant laser (a laser which is tuned to match a transition within the sample) and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of two or more high-energy photons. REMPD spectrometry REMPD spectroscopy resonance enhanced multiphoton dissociation spectrometry CHMO:0000454 resonance enhanced multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a resonant laser (a laser which is tuned to match a transition within the sample) and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of two or more high-energy photons. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where a sample in the form of ions is illuminated with a resonant laser (a laser which is tuned to match a transition within the sample) and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of one or more high-energy photons. RID spectrometry RID spectroscopy resonance ion dissociation spectrometry CHMO:0000455 resonance ion dissociation spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a sample in the form of ions is illuminated with a resonant laser (a laser which is tuned to match a transition within the sample) and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of one or more high-energy photons. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser causing molecules in the sample to be electronically excited. The photons emitted as a result of the decay of the molecules back down to the ground state are measured. LIF spectrometry LIF spectroscopy laser induced fluorescence spectrometry laser-induced fluorescence spectrometry laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy CHMO:0000456 laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser causing molecules in the sample to be electronically excited. The photons emitted as a result of the decay of the molecules back down to the ground state are measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the energy generated by nonradiative thermal relaxation after laser light absorption is measured. TLS thermal lens spectrometry CHMO:0000457 thermal lens spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy generated by nonradiative thermal relaxation after laser light absorption is measured. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac05196u Spectroscopy where the energy generated by nonradiative thermal relaxation after visible laser light absorption is measured. visible TLS visible-TLS CHMO:0000458 visible thermal lens spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy generated by nonradiative thermal relaxation after visible laser light absorption is measured. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac05196u Spectroscopy where the energy generated by nonradiative thermal relaxation after ultraviolet laser light absorption is measured. UV TLS UV-TLS ultra-violet thermal lens spectrometry ultra-violet thermal lens spectroscopy ultraviolet thermal lens spectrometry ultraviolet thermal lens spectroscopy CHMO:0000459 ultraviolet thermal lens spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy generated by nonradiative thermal relaxation after ultraviolet laser light absorption is measured. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac05196u Spectroscopy where a thermally-excited vapour sample is illuminated with an ultraviolet or visible laser and the photon emission spectrum of the sample is observed. laser emission spectrometry LES CHMO:0000460 laser emission spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a thermally-excited vapour sample is illuminated with an ultraviolet or visible laser and the photon emission spectrum of the sample is observed. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where a thermally-excited vapour sample is illuminated with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) ultraviolet or visible laser and the photon emission spectrum of the sample is observed. LAMES laser micro emission spectrometry CHMO:0000461 laser micro emission spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a thermally-excited vapour sample is illuminated with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) ultraviolet or visible laser and the photon emission spectrum of the sample is observed. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03473 Spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with a laser and photoexcitation is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionisation potential to create an ion. laser ionisation spectrometry laser ionization spectrometry LIS CHMO:0000462 laser ionisation spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with a laser and photoexcitation is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionisation potential to create an ion. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with resonant laser light (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) and photoexcitation is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionisation potential to create an ion. reonance enhanced ionization spectrometry resonance enhanced ionisation spectrometry resonance enhanced ionisation spectroscopy resonance enhanced ionization spectrometry resonance enhanced ionization spectroscopy resonance ionisation spectrometry resonance ionization spectrometry resonance ionization spectroscopy RIS CHMO:0000463 resonance ionisation spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with resonant laser light (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) and photoexcitation is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionisation potential to create an ion. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where resonant laser illumination (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) is used to ehanced the collisional ionisation of atoms (or molecules) occurring in a flame. LEI spectrometry LEI spectroscopy LEIS laser enhanced ionisation mass spectrometry laser enhanced ionisation spectroscopy laser enhanced ionization mass spectrometry laser enhanced ionization spectroscopy laser-enhanced ionisation spectrometry laser-enhanced ionization spectrometry r resonance-enhanced laser ionisation spectroscopy r resonance-enhanced laser ionization spectroscopy resonance-enhanced ionisation spectrometry resonance-enhanced ionization spectrometry CHMO:0000464 laser-enhanced ionisation spectroscopy Spectroscopy where resonant laser illumination (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) is used to ehanced the collisional ionisation of atoms (or molecules) occurring in a flame. https://doi.org/ja9870200573 Spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with a laser and photoexcitation (by the absorption of two or more photons) is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionisation potential to create an ion. laser multiphoton ionisation spectrometry laser multiphoton ionization spectrometry CHMO:0000465 laser multiphoton ionisation spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with a laser and photoexcitation (by the absorption of two or more photons) is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionisation potential to create an ion. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with resonant laser light (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transitions within the sample) and photoexcitation (by the absorption of two or more photons) is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionisation potential to create an ion. REMPI REMPI spectrometry REMPI spectroscopy resonance enhanced multiphoton ionisation spectrometry resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization spectrometry resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionisation spectrometry resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionisation spectroscopy resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization spectrometry resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization spectroscopy CHMO:0000466 resonance enhanced multiphoton ionisation spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with resonant laser light (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transitions within the sample) and photoexcitation (by the absorption of two or more photons) is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionisation potential to create an ion. https://doi.org/10.1039/b814133a Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more finely focused (<10 m diameter) laser beams and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured. laser micro-probe spectrometry laser microanalysis laser microprobe spectrometry laser microprobe spectroscopy CHMO:0000467 laser microprobe spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more finely focused (<10 m diameter) laser beams and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more finely focused (<10 m diameter) resonant laser beams (lasers which have been tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured. resonance enhanced laser microanalysis resonance-enchanced laser micro-probe spectrometry resonance-enhanced laser microprobe spectrometry resonance-enhanced laser microprobe spectroscopy CHMO:0000468 resonance-enhanced laser microprobe spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more finely focused (<10 m diameter) resonant laser beams (lasers which have been tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the current passing through a gas discharge is monitored as a laser light source is tuned through the frequencies of allowed transitions for excited atoms in the discharge. optogalvanic spectrometry CHMO:0000469 optogalvanic spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the current passing through a gas discharge is monitored as a laser light source is tuned through the frequencies of allowed transitions for excited atoms in the discharge. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectrometry where the sample is converted into gaseous ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. MS mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000470 mass spectrometry Spectrometry where the sample is converted into gaseous ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. FIX:0000047 https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03746 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised and the ions are accelerated to very high kinetic energies. AMS accelerator MS accelerator mass spectrometry accelerator mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000471 acceleration mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised and the ions are accelerated to very high kinetic energies. FIX:0000707 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at low pressure. Reagent ions are produced by electron ionisation. CI-MS LCPIMS LP-CI-MS LPCI-MS chemical ionisation mass spectroscopy chemical ionization mass spectrometry chemical ionization mass spectroscopy low pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry low pressure chemical ionisation mass spectroscopy low pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry low pressure chemical ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000472 chemical ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at low pressure. Reagent ions are produced by electron ionisation. FIX:0000088 https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01026 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at atmospheric pressure. Reagent ions are produced by electron ionisation with electrons from a radioactive beta-source or a corona discharge. APCI MS APCI-MS atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectroscopy atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000473 atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at atmospheric pressure. Reagent ions are produced by electron ionisation with electrons from a radioactive beta-source or a corona discharge. FIX:0000866 ISBN:978-0-470-51634-8 Mass spectrometry where the sample is dissolved in a volatile solvent and dropped onto a heated filament before being ionised by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at low pressure. Reagent ions are produced by electron ionisation. DCI MS DCI-MS desorption chemical ionisation mass spectroscopy desorption chemical ionization mass spectroscopy direct chemical ionisation mass spectrometry direct chemical ionisation mass spectroscopy direct chemical ionization mass spectrometry direct chemical ionization mass spectroscopy in-beam ionisation mass spectrometry in-beam ionisation mass spectroscopy in-beam ionization mass spectrometry in-beam ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000474 desorption chemical ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is dissolved in a volatile solvent and dropped onto a heated filament before being ionised by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at low pressure. Reagent ions are produced by electron ionisation. ISBN:978-0-470-51634-8 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction with reagent gaseous anions at low pressure. negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectroscopy negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry negative ion chemical ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000475 negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction with reagent gaseous anions at low pressure. ISBN:0-534-98144-5 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction with reagent gaseous cations at low pressure. positive ion chemical ionisation mass spectroscopy positive ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry positive ion chemical ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000476 positive ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction with reagent gaseous cations at low pressure. ISBN:0-534-98144-5 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised and selected ions are allowed to collide with neutral gas molecules resulting in fragmentation. MS-CAD MS-CID collision induced dissociation mass spectrometry collision induced dissociation mass spectroscopy collisionally activated dissociation mass spectrometry collisionally-activated dissociation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000477 collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised and selected ions are allowed to collide with neutral gas molecules resulting in fragmentation. ISBN:978-0-470-51634-8 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction with thermal electrons (electrons with energy 0.1 eV or less). ECNI electron capture negative ionisation mass spectroscopy electron capture negative ionization mass spectroscopy resonant electron capture negative ionisation mass spectrometry resonant electron capture negative ionisation mass spectroscopy resonant electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry resonant electron capture negative ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000478 electron capture negative ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction with thermal electrons (electrons with energy 0.1 eV or less). ISBN:9780470516348 true Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by electrons (energy 70 eV) which have been emitted from a glowing filament and accelerated through an electric field. CHMO:0000479 FIX:0000089 EI-MS electron impact mass spectrometry electron ionisation mass spectroscopy electron ionization mass spectrometry electron ionization mass spectroscopy electron impact ionisation mass spectrometry electron-impact ionisation mass spectrosopy electron-impact ionization mass spectrosopy CHMO:0000480 electron ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by electrons (energy 70 eV) which have been emitted from a glowing filament and accelerated through an electric field. ISBN:9780534981445 Mass spectrometry where the sample is atomised using an electrothermal (resistively-heated) furnace and then ionised by electrons (energy 70 eV) which have been emitted from a glowing filament and accelerated through an electric field. furnace atomization electron ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000481 furnace atomisation electron ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is atomised using an electrothermal (resistively-heated) furnace and then ionised by electrons (energy 70 eV) which have been emitted from a glowing filament and accelerated through an electric field. USPat:5316955 Spectrometry where the sample is ionised by electrospray ionization. The ions are then characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. FIX:0000079 ES-MS ESI MS ESI-MS ESI-mass spectrometry ESIMS ESMS MS (EI) electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy electrospray ionization mass spectrometry electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy electrospray mass spectrometry CHMO:0000482 electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Spectrometry where the sample is ionised by electrospray ionization. The ions are then characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. ISBN:9780470516348 Electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small cold (10-80 C) capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min1). CSI-MS cold-spray ionisation mass spectroscopy cold-spray ionization mass spectrometry cold-spray ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000483 cold-spray ionisation mass spectrometry Electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small cold (10-80 C) capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min1). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by directing charged solvent droplets (which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary into an electric field) at the sample surface. The droplets form a thin film on the sample surface, dissolving the analyte of interest. DESI MS DESI-MS DESIMS desorption electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy desorption electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000484 desorption electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by directing charged solvent droplets (which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary into an electric field) at the sample surface. The droplets form a thin film on the sample surface, dissolving the analyte of interest. ISBN:978-0-470-51634-8 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. When the ions are analysed using their mass-to-charge ratios the exact mass is determined as opposed to the nominal mass (the number of protons and neutrons). HR ESI-MS HR-ESI-MS HRESIMS high resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry high resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000485 high-resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. When the ions are analysed using their mass-to-charge ratios the exact mass is determined as opposed to the nominal mass (the number of protons and neutrons). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing an aqueous solution of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. FIX:0000862 ISI-MS ISI/MS ISMS ion spray ionisation mass spectrometry ion spray ionization mass spectrometry ionspray MS ionspray mass spectroscopy pneumatically-assisted electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry pneumatically-assisted electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy pneumatically-assisted electrospray ionization mass spectrometry pneumatically-assisted electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy turbo ion-spray mass spectrometry turbo ion-spray mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000486 ionspray mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing an aqueous solution of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. micro-ESI-MS microESI-MS microelectrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy microelectrospray ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000487 microelectrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. ISBN:0824740823 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of nL min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. nano-ESI-MS nano-electrospray mass spectrometry nanoESI-MS nanoelectrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000488 nanoelectrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of nL min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. ISBN:0824740823 A method where the sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before being ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of nL min1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. The ions are then characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. HPLC-nano-HPLC HPLC-nanoESI high performance liquid chromatography-nanoelectrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy high performance liquid chromatography-nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry high performance liquid chromatography-nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000489 high-performance liquid chromatography-nanoelectrospray ionisation mass spectrometry A method where the sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before being ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of nL min1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. The ions are then characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. ISBN:0824740823 Mass spectrometry where the sample ionised by spraying it with a very fine mist of charged droplets which was produced by forcing a solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field. SESI secondary electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy secondary electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000490 secondary electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample ionised by spraying it with a very fine mist of charged droplets which was produced by forcing a solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field. ISBN:978-0-470-51634-8 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction with a high electric field. FIX:0000913 FI-MS FI/MS FIMS field ionisation mass spectroscopy field ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000491 field ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction with a high electric field. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02360 Mass spectrometry where the sample is deposited on a solid surface known as an 'emitter' and ionised by interaction with a high electric field. FD mass spectrometry FD-MS FDMS field desorption mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000492 field desorption mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is deposited on a solid surface known as an 'emitter' and ionised by interaction with a high electric field. FIX:0000087 https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02357 Mass spectrometry where the sample is pyrolysed then deposited on a solid surface known as an 'emitter' and ionised by interaction with a high electric field. Py-FDMS PyFDMS py-FDMS pyFDMS pyrolysis field desorption mass spectroscopy pyrolysis-field desorption mass spectrometry pyrolysis-field desorption mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000493 pyrolysis field desorption mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is pyrolysed then deposited on a solid surface known as an 'emitter' and ionised by interaction with a high electric field. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction with a high electric field. When the ions are analysed using their mass-to-charge ratios the 'exact' mass is determined as opposed to the 'nominal' mass (the number of protons and neutrons). HR-FIMS HRFIMS high resolution field ionisation mass spectroscopy high resolution field ionization mass spectrometry high resolution field ionization mass spectroscopy high-resolution field ionisation mass spectrometry high-resolution field ionisation mass spectroscopy high-resolution field ionization mass spectrometry high-resolution field ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000494 high resolution field ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction with a high electric field. When the ions are analysed using their mass-to-charge ratios the 'exact' mass is determined as opposed to the 'nominal' mass (the number of protons and neutrons). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is pyrolysed then ionised by interaction with a high electric field. Py-FIMS PyFIMS py-FIMS pyFIMS pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectroscopy pyrolysis field ionization mass spectrometry pyrolysis field ionization mass spectroscopy pyrolysis-field ionisation mass spectrometry pyrolysis-field ionisation mass spectroscopy pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000495 pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is pyrolysed then ionised by interaction with a high electric field. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is pyrolysed then ionised by interaction with a high electric field. The ions are analysed using their mass-to-charge ratios as a function of temperature during pyrolysis. temperature programmed pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectrometry temperature programmed pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectroscopy temperature programmed pyrolysis field ionization mass spectrometry temperature programmed pyrolysis field ionization mass spectroscopy temperature resolved pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectrometry temperature resolved pyrolysis field ionization mass spectrometry temperature-programmed pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectrometry temperature-programmed pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectroscopy temperature-programmed pyrolysis field ionization mass spectrometry temperature-programmed pyrolysis field ionization mass spectroscopy temperature-resolved pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectrometry temperature-resolved pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectroscopy temperature-resolved pyrolysis field ionization mass spectrometry temperature-resolved pyrolysis field ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000496 temperature-resolved pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is pyrolysed then ionised by interaction with a high electric field. The ions are analysed using their mass-to-charge ratios as a function of temperature during pyrolysis. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any method where a sample mixture is first separated by gas chromatography then ionised and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. FIX:0000921 GC MS GC-MS GC/MS GCMS gas chromatography mass spectrometry gas chromatography mass spectroscopy gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy gas chromatography/mass spectrometry CHMO:0000497 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry Any method where a sample mixture is first separated by gas chromatography then ionised and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the 'exact' mass of the molecular ions in the sample is determined as opposed to the 'nominal' mass (the number of protons and neutrons). HR-MS HRMS high resolution mass spectroscopy high-resolution mass spectrometry CHMO:0000498 high-resolution mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the 'exact' mass of the molecular ions in the sample is determined as opposed to the 'nominal' mass (the number of protons and neutrons). https://doi.org/10.1039/b815384c Spectrometry where the ionic species associated with the peaks in an ion mobility spectrum are identified by a mass spectrometer. IMS MS IMS-MS IMS/MS IMSMS ion mobility spectrometry mass spectrometry ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry ion mobility spectroscopy mass spectroscopy ion mobility spectroscopy-mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000499 ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry Spectrometry where the ionic species associated with the peaks in an ion mobility spectrum are identified by a mass spectrometer. https://doi.org/10.1039/b815384c Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric or magnetic field. IT MS IT-MS ITMS ion trap MS ion trap mass spectroscopy ion-trap mass spectrometry ion-trap mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000500 ion trap mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric or magnetic field. FIX:0000917 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is determined by measuring their cyclotron frequency (the frequency at which they precesses in a fixed magnetic field). ICR MS ICR mass spectrometry ICR mass spectroscopy ICR-MS ICRMS ion cyclotron resonance mass spectroscopy ion-cyclotron-resonance mass spectrometry ion-cyclotron-resonance mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000501 ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is determined by measuring their cyclotron frequency (the frequency at which they precesses in a fixed magnetic field). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is determined by measuring their cyclotron frequency (the frequency at which they precesses in a fixed magnetic field) and subjecting it to a Fourier transform. FT ICR MS FT-ICR MS FT-ICR mass spectrometry FT-ICR mass spectroscopy FT-ICR-MS FT-ICRMS FT/ICR mass spectrometry FT/ICR mass spectroscopy FTICRMS FTMS Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectroscopy Fourier transform mass spectrometry Fourier transform mass spectroscopy ICR-FT-MS in-beam Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance ion cyclotron resonance Fourier transform mass spectrometry CHMO:0000502 Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is determined by measuring their cyclotron frequency (the frequency at which they precesses in a fixed magnetic field) and subjecting it to a Fourier transform. FIX:0000083 https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02492 Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is determined by measuring their cyclotron frequency (the frequency at which they precesses in a fixed magnetic field). The 'exact' mass of the sample ions is determined as opposed to the 'nominal' mass (the number of protons and neutrons). HR FT/ICR MS HR-FT-ICR MS HR-FT-ICR-MS HR-FT-ICRMS HR-FTICRMS high resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry high resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000503 high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is determined by measuring their cyclotron frequency (the frequency at which they precesses in a fixed magnetic field). The 'exact' mass of the sample ions is determined as opposed to the 'nominal' mass (the number of protons and neutrons). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes. QMS quadrapole mass spectrometry quadrupolar mass spectrometry quadrupolar mass spectroscopy quadrupole MS quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry quadrupole ion trap mass spectroscopy quadrupole ion-trap mass spectrometry quadrupole ion-trap mass spectroscopy quadrupole mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000504 quadrupole mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes. FIX:0000094 FIX:0000095 https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1176(90)85042-Z Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by three electrodes. 3D Q-MS 3D QMS 3D quadrupole MS 3D-Q-MS 3D-QMS three-dimensional quadrupole mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000505 three-dimensional quadrupole mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by three electrodes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the relative abundance of isotopes in a sample is determined. IR MS IR-MS IRMS isotope ratio mass spectroscopy isotope-ratio mass spectrometry isotopic ratios mass spectrometry isotopic ratios mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000506 isotope ratio mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the relative abundance of isotopes in a sample is determined. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is first subject to elemental analysis (dropped onto a heated reactor which contains an oxidant–-such as copper and chromium oxide–-and combusted at 900 C to produce N2, NOx, H2O and CO2 which are reduced in a stream of helium) before the relative abundance of isotopes in the sample is determined. EA-IR-MS EA-IRMS elemental analyser isotope ratio mass spectrometry elemental analyser isotope ratio mass spectroscopy elemental analysis isotope ratio mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000507 elemental analysis isotope ratio mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is first subject to elemental analysis (dropped onto a heated reactor which contains an oxidant–-such as copper and chromium oxide–-and combusted at 900 C to produce N2, NOx, H2O and CO2 which are reduced in a stream of helium) before the relative abundance of isotopes in the sample is determined. https://doi.org/10.1039/b808232d A method where a sample mixture is first separated by gas chromatography before being characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance of isotopes. GC IRMS GC-IR-MS GC-IRMS gas chromatography isotope ratio mass spectrometry gas chromatography isotope ratio mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000508 gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by gas chromatography before being characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance of isotopes. https://doi.org/10.1039/b808232d A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before it is ionised and the relative abundance of isotopes in the sample is determined. LC IR MS LC-IR-MS LC-IRMS liquid chromatography isotope ratio mass spectrometry liquid chromatography isotope ratio mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000509 liquid chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before it is ionised and the relative abundance of isotopes in the sample is determined. https://doi.org/10.1039/b808232d Mass spectrometry where the relative abundance of isotopes in a sample is determined by using an isotope dilution standard (the sample labelled with a rare isotope). ID-MS IDMS isotope dilution mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000510 isotope dilution mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the relative abundance of isotopes in a sample is determined by using an isotope dilution standard (the sample labelled with a rare isotope). https://doi.org/10.1039/b614612k Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by a plasma which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The relative abundance of isotopes in the sample is then determined by using an isotope dilution standard (the sample labelled with a rare isotope). ID-ICP-MS ID-ICPMS isotope dilution-inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000511 isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by a plasma which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The relative abundance of isotopes in the sample is then determined by using an isotope dilution standard (the sample labelled with a rare isotope). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before being ionised by a plasma which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The ions are then characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and the relative abundance of isotopes in the sample is determined using an isotope dilution standard (the sample labelled with a rare isotope). HPLC-ID-ICP-MS HPLC-ID-ICPMS high performance liquid chromatography isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry high performance liquid chromatography isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000512 high-performance liquid chromatography-isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before being ionised by a plasma which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The ions are then characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and the relative abundance of isotopes in the sample is determined using an isotope dilution standard (the sample labelled with a rare isotope). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by a plasma which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The mass-to-charge ratios of the ions in the sample are then measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes. The relative abundance of isotopes in the sample is determined by using an isotope dilution standard (the sample labelled with a rare isotope). ID-ICP-Q-MS ID-ICP-QMS isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000513 isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by a plasma which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The mass-to-charge ratios of the ions in the sample are then measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes. The relative abundance of isotopes in the sample is determined by using an isotope dilution standard (the sample labelled with a rare isotope). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the relative abundance of non-radioactive isotopes in a sample is determined. S-IRMS SIRMS stable isotope ratio mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000514 stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the relative abundance of non-radioactive isotopes in a sample is determined. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. FIX:0000080 LDI MS LDI mass spectrometry LDI-MS LDIMS LDMS LIMA LIMS laser desorption mass spectrometry laser desorption mass spectroscopy laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy laser ionisation MS laser ionisation mass analysis laser ionisation mass spectrometry laser ionisation mass spectroscopy laser ionization MS laser ionization mass analysis laser ionization mass spectrometry laser ionization mass spectroscopy laser-ionisation mass analysis laser-ionization mass analysis CHMO:0000515 laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is vaporised and ionised using a finely focused (<10 um diameter) high-energy pulsed laser. LAMMA LAMMS LMMS laser micro mass spectrometry laser micro-probe mass analysis laser micro-probe mass spectrometry laser microprobe mass spectrometry laser microprobe mass spectroscopy laser-assisted mass microanalysis CHMO:0000516 laser microprobe mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is vaporised and ionised using a finely focused (<10 um diameter) high-energy pulsed laser. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry using negative ionisation where a high-energy pulsed laser is used for sample vaporisation. negative ion laser desorption mass spectroscopy negative ion laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry negative ion laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy negative ion laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry negative ion laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000517 negative ion laser desorption mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry using negative ionisation where a high-energy pulsed laser is used for sample vaporisation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry using positive ionisation where a high-energy pulsed laser is used for sample vaporisation. positive ion laser desorption mass spectroscopy positive ion laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry positive ion laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy positive ion laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry positive ion laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000518 positive ion laser desorption mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry using positive ionisation where a high-energy pulsed laser is used for sample vaporisation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a matrix (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. FIX:0000001 MALDI MS MALDI-MS MALDIMS matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) MS matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000519 matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a matrix (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. ISBN:978-0-470-51634-8 Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry where the sample ions are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. FIX:0000920 MADI-TOF MS MALDI-TOF MS MALDI-TOF-MS MALDI-TOF/MS matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation time of flight mass spectrometry matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation time of flight mass spectroscopy matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectroscopy matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation time of flight mass spectrometry matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation time of flight mass spectroscopy matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectroscopy matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry matrix-associated laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry CHMO:0000520 matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry where the sample ions are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a sol-gel matrix to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. SGALDI MS SGALDI-MS sol-gel-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry sol-gel-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy sol-gel-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000521 sol-gel-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a sol-gel matrix to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is mixed with a matrix compound (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) and deposited on a surface, with some chemical functionality, to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. SALDI MS SELDI MS SELDI-MS surface-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry surface-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy surface-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry surface-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000522 surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is mixed with a matrix compound (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) and deposited on a surface, with some chemical functionality, to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. The sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is held in a matrix (such as dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. LC-MALDI-MS liquid chromatography matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry liquid chromatography matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy liquid chromatography matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000523 liquid chromatography-matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. The sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is held in a matrix (such as dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. https://doi.org/10.1039/b812533c A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being converted into ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. FIX:0000924 LC MS LC-MS LC/MS LCMS iquid chromatography/mass spectrometry liquid chromatography mass spectrometry CHMO:0000524 liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being converted into ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with an ultraviolet laser. The sample absorbs one or more photons resulting in ionisation. FIX:0000906 PI-MS PI/MS PIMS photoionisation mass spectroscopy photoionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000525 photoionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with an ultraviolet laser. The sample absorbs one or more photons resulting in ionisation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with an ultraviolet laser at atmospheric pressure. The sample absorbs one or more photons resulting in ionisation. FIX:0000907 APPI MS APPI-MS APPIMS atmospheric pressure photoionisation mass spectroscopy atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000526 atmospheric pressure photoionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with an ultraviolet laser at atmospheric pressure. The sample absorbs one or more photons resulting in ionisation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with an ultraviolet laser. The sample absorbs two or more photons resulting in ionisation. MPI-MS MPIMS multi photon ionisation mass spectroscopy multi photon ionization mass spectroscopy multiphoton ionisation mass spectrometry multiphoton ionisation mass spectroscopy multiphoton ionization mass spectrometry multiphoton ionization mass spectroscopy μPI-MS CHMO:0000527 multiphoton ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with an ultraviolet laser. The sample absorbs two or more photons resulting in ionisation. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.198804473 Mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with a resonant laser (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample). The sample absorbs one or more photons resulting in ionisation. REMPI MS resonance-enhanced mass spectrometry CHMO:0000528 resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with a resonant laser (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample). The sample absorbs one or more photons resulting in ionisation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with a resonant laser (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample). The sample absorbs two or more photons resulting in ionisation. RIMS resonance ionisation mass spectroscopy resonance ionization mass spectrometry resonance ionization mass spectroscopy resonance-ionization mass spectrometry resonance-ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000529 resonance ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with a resonant laser (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample). The sample absorbs two or more photons resulting in ionisation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where ionisation is achieved using a pneumatic nebuliser which turns the sample solution into a supersonic spray of small droplets. Ions are formed when the solvent evaporates and the statistically unbalanced charge distribution on the droplets leads to a net charge. SSI-MS SSI/MS SSIMS sonic spray ionisation mass spectrometry sonic spray ionization mass spectrometry sonic spray mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000530 sonic spray mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where ionisation is achieved using a pneumatic nebuliser which turns the sample solution into a supersonic spray of small droplets. Ions are formed when the solvent evaporates and the statistically unbalanced charge distribution on the droplets leads to a net charge. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where a pressurised solution of the sample is forced through a heated metal capillary tip. Ions are formed when the solvent evaporates and the statistically unbalanced charge distribution on the droplets leads to a net charge. TMS TSP MS TSP-MS thermospray mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000531 thermospray mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where a pressurised solution of the sample is forced through a heated metal capillary tip. Ions are formed when the solvent evaporates and the statistically unbalanced charge distribution on the droplets leads to a net charge. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where ionisation is achieved by loading the sample onto a heated filament. TIMS suface ionisation mass spetroscopy suface ionization mass spetroscopy surface ionisation mass spectrometry surface ionization mass spectrometry surface ionization mass spectroscopy thermal ionisation mass spectroscopy thermal ionization mass spectroscopy thermal-ionization mass spectrometry thermal-ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000532 thermal ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where ionisation is achieved by loading the sample onto a heated filament. FIX:0000912 ISBN:0-534-98144-5 Mass spectrometry where a liquid sample passes through a desolvation chamber producing a beam of microscopic solid particles. PB MS PB-MS particle beam mass spectroscopy particle-beam mass spectrometry particle-beam mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000533 particle beam mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where a liquid sample passes through a desolvation chamber producing a beam of microscopic solid particles. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas, such as Ar, containing free electrons). plasma source mass spectroscopy PS-MS CHMO:0000534 plasma mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas, such as Ar, containing free electrons). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Plasma mass spectrometry where the plasma has been generated by a potential difference between two electrodes, one of which is grounded and one of which is live. CCP MS capacitively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000535 capacitively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Plasma mass spectrometry where the plasma has been generated by a potential difference between two electrodes, one of which is grounded and one of which is live. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Plasma mass spectrometry where the plasma has been generated by superimposing a static magnetic field and a high-frequency electromagnetic field at the electron cyclotron resonance frequency (the frequency at which an electron precesses in a magnetic field). ECR-MS ECR/MS electron cyclotron resonance mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000536 electron cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry Plasma mass spectrometry where the plasma has been generated by superimposing a static magnetic field and a high-frequency electromagnetic field at the electron cyclotron resonance frequency (the frequency at which an electron precesses in a magnetic field). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Plasma mass spectrometry where the plasma has been generated by passing an electrical discharge between two electrodes under reduced pressure. The ions are then characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. GD-MS GD/MS glow discharge ionisation mass spectrometry glow discharge ionisation mass spectroscopy glow discharge ionization mass spectrometry glow discharge ionization mass spectroscopy glow-discharge mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000537 glow-discharge mass spectrometry Plasma mass spectrometry where the plasma has been generated by passing an electrical discharge between two electrodes under reduced pressure. The ions are then characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Plasma mass spectrometry where the plasma has been generated by electromagnetic induction. FIX:0000863 ICP-MS ICPMS inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000538 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Plasma mass spectrometry where the plasma has been generated by electromagnetic induction. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Plasma mass spectrometry where the sample is vaporised by depositing it on a probe which is rapidly heated (to >1000 deg C) by passing a current through it. FIX:0000864 ETV-ICP-MS ETV-ICPMS electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000539 electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Plasma mass spectrometry where the sample is vaporised by depositing it on a probe which is rapidly heated (to >1000 deg C) by passing a current through it. ISBN:978-0-470-51634-8 ETV-ICP-MS where the solid sample is prepared by grinding into a fine powder and suspension in a diluent such as 0.1% HNO3. slurry electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy slurry electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry slurry electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy slurry sampling electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry slurry sampling electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy slurry sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry slurry sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000540 slurry electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ETV-ICP-MS where the solid sample is prepared by grinding into a fine powder and suspension in a diluent such as 0.1% HNO3. ISBN:1566701554 Mass spectrometry where a solid sample is ground to a fine powder and suspended in a diluent (such as 0.1% HNO3) before being vaporised by a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. The vaporised sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. SN-ETV-ICP-MS SN-ETV-ICPMS slurry nebulisation electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy slurry nebulization electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry slurry nebulization electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000541 slurry nebulisation electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where a solid sample is ground to a fine powder and suspended in a diluent (such as 0.1% HNO3) before being vaporised by a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. The vaporised sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where a solid sample is vaporised by depositing it on a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. The vaporised sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. SS-ETV-ICP-MS SS-ETV-ICPMS direct solid sampling electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy direct solid sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry direct solid sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy direct solid-sampling electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry direct solid-sampling electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy direct solid-sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry direct solid-sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy solid sampling electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy solid sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry solid sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy solid-sampling electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry solid-sampling electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy solid-sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry solid-sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000542 solid sampling electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where a solid sample is vaporised by depositing it on a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. The vaporised sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. HPLC ICP MS HPLC-ICP-MS HPLC-ICPMS HPLC/ICP-MS high performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry high performance liquid chromatography-ICPMS high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry high pressure liquid chromatography inductively coupled mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000543 high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://doi.org/10.1039/b813118j A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. HPLC-FD-ICP-MS high performance liquid chromatography fluorescence detection inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry high performance liquid chromatography fluorescence detection inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000544 high-performance liquid chromatography fluorescence detection-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. HPLC-PDA-ICP-MS high performance liquid chromatography photodiode array inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry high performance liquid chromatography photodiode array inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000545 high-performance liquid chromatography photodiode array-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The 'exact' mass of the sample ions is then determined as opposed to the 'nominal' mass (the number of protons and neutrons). HR-ICP-MS HR-ICPMS high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000546 high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The 'exact' mass of the sample ions is then determined as opposed to the 'nominal' mass (the number of protons and neutrons). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The beam of ions is then directed into magnetic field, the orientation of which is perpendicular to the beam. The magnetic field forces the charged particles into different circular trajectories, the radii of which depend on the strength of the magnetic field, the accelerating voltage, and the mass of the ion. ICP-SF-MS inductively coupled plasma field sector mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000547 inductively coupled plasma field sector mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The beam of ions is then directed into magnetic field, the orientation of which is perpendicular to the beam. The magnetic field forces the charged particles into different circular trajectories, the radii of which depend on the strength of the magnetic field, the accelerating voltage, and the mass of the ion. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is then measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by three electrodes. ICP-three dimensional-Q-MS ICP-three dimensional-QMS inductively coupled plasma three dimensional quadrupole mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000548 inductively coupled plasma three dimensional quadrupole mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is then measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by three electrodes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The sample ions with different masses are then accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. ICP-TOF-MS ICP-TOFMS ICP-ToF-MS inductively coupled plasma time of flight mass spectrometry inductively coupled plasma time of flight mass spectroscopy inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000549 inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The sample ions with different masses are then accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is vaporised using a laser pulse then ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. LA ICP-MS LA-ICP-MS LA-ICPMS laser ablation ICP-MS laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy laser ablation-ICPMS CHMO:0000550 laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is vaporised using a laser pulse then ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. ISBN:978-0-470-51634-8 Mass spectrometry where the sample is vaporised using a laser pulse then ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The sample ions with different masses are then accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. LA-ICP-TOF-MS LA-ICP-ToF-MS laser ablation inductively coupled plasma time of flight mass spectrometry laser ablation inductively coupled plasma time of flight mass spectroscopy laser ablation inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000551 laser ablation inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is vaporised using a laser pulse then ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The sample ions with different masses are then accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. LC-ICP-MS LC-ICPMS LC/ICP-MS liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0000552 liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. FIX:0000865 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. A series of collectors ised used to detect several ion beams simultaneously. MC-ICP-MS MC-ICPMS multi collector-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000553 multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. A series of collectors ised used to detect several ion beams simultaneously. https://doi.org/10.1039/b808232d A method where a sample mixture is first separated by size-exclusion chromatography before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. CHMO:0000755 SEC-ICP-MS SEC-ICPMS SEC/ICPMS size-exclusion chromatography inductively coupled mass spectrometry size-exclusion chromatography inductively coupled mass spectroscopy size-exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000554 size-exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by size-exclusion chromatography before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by size-exclusion and high-performance liquid chromatographies before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. SEC-HPLC-ICP-MS size-exclusion chromatography-high performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry size-exclusion chromatography-high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000555 size-exclusion chromatography-high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by size-exclusion and high-performance liquid chromatographies before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where a sample mixture (a solution in dilute HNO3) is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. solution ICP-MS solution ICPMS solution inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy solution-ICP-MS CHMO:0000556 solution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where a sample mixture (a solution in dilute HNO3) is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where a sample mixture (a solution in dilute HNO3) is passed through a nebuliser to form a mist of finely dispersed droplets before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. SN-ICP-MS solution nebulisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy solution nebulization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry solution nebulization inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000557 solution nebulisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where a sample mixture (a solution in dilute HNO3) is passed through a nebuliser to form a mist of finely dispersed droplets before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by microwave radiation. MIP MS MIP-MS MIPMS microwave induced plasma mass spectrometry microwave induced plasma mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000558 microwave-induced plasma mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by microwave radiation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by bombarding the sample (mounted on a thin foil) with a highly energietic fission fragment from 252Cf. PD-MS PD/MS plasma desorption ionisation mass spectrometry plasma desorption ionization mass spectrometry plasma desorption mass spectroscopy PDMS CHMO:0000559 plasma desorption mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by bombarding the sample (mounted on a thin foil) with a highly energietic fission fragment from 252Cf. ISBN:0-534-98144-5 PDMS Mass spectrometry where the sample is bombarded with a stream of primary mass-selected particles and the secondary ions ejected from the sample are detected. SIMS secondary ion mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000560 secondary ion mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is bombarded with a stream of primary mass-selected particles and the secondary ions ejected from the sample are detected. FIX:0000122 OrangeBook:17.3 Mass spectrometry where the sample is bombarded with a continuous focused beam of primary mass-selected ions which remove material from the surface of the sample by sputtering. The secondary ions ejected from the sample are then detected. DSIMS dynamic mass spectrometry dynamic mass spectroscopy dynamic secondary ion mass spectroscopy sputtered mass spectrometry sputtered mass spectroscopy DMS CHMO:0000561 dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is bombarded with a continuous focused beam of primary mass-selected ions which remove material from the surface of the sample by sputtering. The secondary ions ejected from the sample are then detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is bombarded with a continuous focused beam of primary mass-selected ions which remove material from the surface of the sample by sputtering. The neutral atoms ejected from the sample are ionised and detected. SNMS dynamic neutral atom mass spectrometry dynamic neutral atom mass spectroscopy dynamic neutral particle mass spectrometry dynamic neutral particle mass spectroscopy secondary neutral atom mass spectrometry secondary neutral atom mass spectroscopy secondary neutral particle mass spectrometry secondary neutral particle mass spectroscopy sputtered neutral atom mass spectroscopy sputtered neutral particle mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000562 sputtered neutral atom mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is bombarded with a continuous focused beam of primary mass-selected ions which remove material from the surface of the sample by sputtering. The neutral atoms ejected from the sample are ionised and detected. ISBN:3527296344 Mass spectrometry where the sample (which is held in a liquid matrix) is bombarded with a stream of primary noble gas atoms and the secondary ions ejected from the sample are detected. FIX:0000086 FAB-MS FABMS LSI-MS LSIMS MS (FAB) fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry fast atom bombardment mass spectroscopy fast-atom bombardment mass spectroscopy liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry liquid secondary ion mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000563 fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample (which is held in a liquid matrix) is bombarded with a stream of primary noble gas atoms and the secondary ions ejected from the sample are detected. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02328 Mass spectrometry where the sample is bombarded with a stream of primary mass-selected particles and the secondary elemental ions (usually H+, D+ or He+) ejected from the sample are detected. MSRI mass spectroscopy of recoiled ions CHMO:0000564 mass spectrometry of recoiled ions Mass spectrometry where the sample is bombarded with a stream of primary mass-selected particles and the secondary elemental ions (usually H+, D+ or He+) ejected from the sample are detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is bombarded with a stream of primary mass-selected particles and the secondary ions ejected from the sample are detected by accelerating them to the same (known) kinetic energy and measuring the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. TOF-SIMS ToF-SIMS time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000565 time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is bombarded with a stream of primary mass-selected particles and the secondary ions ejected from the sample are detected by accelerating them to the same (known) kinetic energy and measuring the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. FIX:0000959 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where a surface is bombarded with sample ions and the secondary electrons emitted are detected. SEEM-MS SEEM/MS secondary electron emission mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000566 secondary electron emission mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where a surface is bombarded with sample ions and the secondary electrons emitted are detected. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1176(89)83028-9 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 15N nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. 15N NMR 15N NMR spectrometry 15N NMR spectroscopy 15N nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 15N-NMR CHMO:0000567 15N nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 15N nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:36934 FIX:0000136 rsc:pr Mass spectrometry where the sample ions are directed into magnetic field, the orientation of which is perpendicular to the beam. The magnetic field forces the charged particles into different circular trajectories, the radii of which depend on the strength of the magnetic field, the accelerating voltage, and the mass of the ion. SF-MS SFMS magnetic sector mass spectrometry sector field mass spectroscopy sector-field mass spectrometry sector-field mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000568 sector field mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample ions are directed into magnetic field, the orientation of which is perpendicular to the beam. The magnetic field forces the charged particles into different circular trajectories, the radii of which depend on the strength of the magnetic field, the accelerating voltage, and the mass of the ion. FIX:0000093 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by introducing it into a tube containing fast flowing He gas and ions such as H3O+, NO+ and O2+. SIFT-MS selected ion flow tube mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000569 selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by introducing it into a tube containing fast flowing He gas and ions such as H3O+, NO+ and O2+. ISBN:978-0-470-51634-8 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by introducing it into a tube containing fast flowing He gas and H3O+ ions. PTR-MS PTR/MS PTRMS proton transfer reaction mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000570 proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by introducing it into a tube containing fast flowing He gas and H3O+ ions. FIX:0000919 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the intensities of one or more specific ion beams are recorded rather than the entire mass spectrum. selected ion monitoring selected-ion monitoring selective-ion monitoring SIM CHMO:0000571 selective ion monitoring Mass spectrometry where the intensities of one or more specific ion beams are recorded rather than the entire mass spectrum. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.SO5547 SIM Mass spectrometry where the intensity of a specific ion beam is recorded rather than the entire mass spectrum. single ion monitoring CHMO:0000572 single-ion monitoring Mass spectrometry where the intensity of a specific ion beam is recorded rather than the entire mass spectrum. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the intensities of multiple specific ion beams are recorded rather than the entire mass spectrum. multiple ion monitoring CHMO:0000573 multiple-ion monitoring Mass spectrometry where the intensities of multiple specific ion beams are recorded rather than the entire mass spectrum. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by a vacuum spark discharge, which is generated by a pulsed high (25–100 kV) potential difference between two electrodes. SSMS spark ionisation mass spectrometry spark ionization mass spectrometry spark source mass spectroscopy spark-source mass spectrometry spark-source mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000574 spark source mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by a vacuum spark discharge, which is generated by a pulsed high (25–100 kV) potential difference between two electrodes. FIX:0000903 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00488596 Mass spectrometry involving multiple mass-selection steps, with some form of fragmentation occurring between each stage. MS-MS MS/MS MS2 double mass spectrometry tandem MS tandem mass spectroscopy tandem-MS CHMO:0000575 tandem mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry involving multiple mass-selection steps, with some form of fragmentation occurring between each stage. FIX:0000084 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry involving multiple mass-selection steps, where the sample ions are allowed to collide with neutral gas molecules (resulting in fragmentation) between each mass-selection stage. CAD-MS/MS CAD-MS2 CID-MS-MS CID-MS/MS CID-MS2 collision induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry collision induced dissociation tandem mass spectroscopy collision-induced dissociation-tandem mass spectrometry collision-induced dissociation-tandem mass spectroscopy collisionally activated dissociation tandem mass spectrometry CHMO:0000576 collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry involving multiple mass-selection steps, where the sample ions are allowed to collide with neutral gas molecules (resulting in fragmentation) between each mass-selection stage. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry involving multiple mass-selection steps, with some form of fragmentation occurring between each stage. Sample ionisation is achieved by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 uL min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. ESI-MS/MS ESI-MS2 electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectroscopy electrospray ionization tandem mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000577 electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry involving multiple mass-selection steps, with some form of fragmentation occurring between each stage. Sample ionisation is achieved by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 uL min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where the sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before being ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of it through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 uL min1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. The ions are then characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance by two mass spectrometers in series. HPLC ESI MS-MS HPLC ESI MS/MS HPLC-ESI-MS-MS HPLC-ESI-MS/MS HPLC-ESI-MS2 high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectroscopy high pressure liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectroscopy high pressure liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000578 high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry A method where the sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before being ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of it through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 uL min1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. The ions are then characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance by two mass spectrometers in series. https://doi.org/10.1039/b813118j Mass spectrometry involving multiple mass-selection steps, with some form of fragmentation occurring between each stage. The mass-to-charge ratios of the sample ions are measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes. TQ-MS TQMS tandem quadrupole mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000579 tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry involving multiple mass-selection steps, with some form of fragmentation occurring between each stage. The mass-to-charge ratios of the sample ions are measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where sample ions with different masses are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. TOF-MS TOFMS ToF-MS time-of-flight mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000580 time-of-flight mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where sample ions with different masses are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. FIX:0000082 https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06382 Any type of chemical imaging spectroscopy where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis. microspectrometry CHMO:0000581 microspectroscopy Any type of chemical imaging spectroscopy where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis with radiation in the ultraviolet to near infrared range. MSP CHMO:0000582 microspectrophotometry Spectroscopy where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis with radiation in the ultraviolet to near infrared range. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 true true Spectroscopy which probes the rotational degrees of freedom of a molecule. FIX:0000031 CHMO:0000585 rotational spectroscopy Spectroscopy which probes the rotational degrees of freedom of a molecule. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with radiation in the microwave region (1–1000 mm). FIX:0000018 microwave spectrometry CHMO:0000586 microwave spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with radiation in the microwave region (1–1000 mm). ISBN:048661798X Spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated with a single pulse of radiation in the microwave region (1–1000 mm) and the spectrum is subject to a Fourier transform. FT-MW spectrometry FT-MW spectroscopy FTMW spectrometry FTMW spectroscopy Fourier transform microwave spectrometry CHMO:0000587 Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated with a single pulse of radiation in the microwave region (1–1000 mm) and the spectrum is subject to a Fourier transform. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample (in the form of a molecular beam) is irradiated with a single pulse of radiation in the microwave region (1–1000 mm) and the spectrum is subject to a Fourier transform. MB-FTMW spectrometry MB-FTMW spectroscopy molecular beam Fourier transform microwave spectrometry CHMO:0000588 molecular beam Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample (in the form of a molecular beam) is irradiated with a single pulse of radiation in the microwave region (1–1000 mm) and the spectrum is subject to a Fourier transform. https://doi.org/10.1039/b810940k Spectroscopy where the sample (in the form of a molecular beam) is vaporised by laser ablation before being irradiated with a single pulse of radiation in the microwave region (1–1000 mm) and the spectrum is subject to a Fourier transform. LA-MB-FTMW spectrometry LA-MB-FTMW spectroscopy laser ablation molecular beam FT microwave spectroscopy laser ablation molecular beam Fourier transform microwave (LA-MB-FTMW) spectroscopy laser ablation molecular beam Fourier transform microwave spectrometry CHMO:0000589 laser ablation molecular beam Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample (in the form of a molecular beam) is vaporised by laser ablation before being irradiated with a single pulse of radiation in the microwave region (1–1000 mm) and the spectrum is subject to a Fourier transform. https://doi.org/10.1039/b810940k Spectroscopy where a beam of neutrons is used to probe atomic and magnetic dynamics. inelastic neutron scattering neutron absorption spectrometry neutron absorption spectroscopy neutron spectrometry slow neutron spectrometry slow neutron spectroscopy CHMO:0000590 neutron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a beam of neutrons is used to probe atomic and magnetic dynamics. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. FIX:0000022 NMR NMR spectrometry NMR spectroscopy nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry CHMO:0000591 NMR in practice usually refers to pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, CHMO:0000613 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them, and the spectrum is obtained by plotting chemical shift vs. frequency. 1-D NMR 1D NMR 1D NMR spectrometry 1D NMR spectroscopy 1D nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 1D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000592 one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them, and the spectrum is obtained by plotting chemical shift vs. frequency. FIX:0000055 https://doi.org/10.1039/b808986h Spectroscopy where the energy states of 1H nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. FIX:0000134 1H NMR 1H NMR spectroscopy 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 1H-NMR 1H-NMR spectrometry 1H-NMR spectroscopy proton NMR proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000593 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 1H nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 11B nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. 11B NMR 11B NMR spectrometry 11B NMR spectroscopy 11B nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 11B-NMR CHMO:0000594 11B nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 11B nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:52451 FIX:0001106 rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 13C nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. FIX:0000135 13C NMR 13C NMR spectroscopy 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 13C-NMR spectrometry 13C-NMR spectroscopy C-NMR carbon NMR CHMO:0000595 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 13C nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 13C nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.The 13C NMR signals are enhanced by transferring 1H magnetisation to 13C nuclei and the phase of the signals reflects the multiplicity i.e. CH, CH2 or CH3). Separate methyl, methylene and methine spectra may be obtained. DEPT DEPT NMR distortionless enhancement by polarisation transfer distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer distortionless enhancement with polarisation transfer distortionless enhancement with polarization transfer CHMO:0000596 distortionless enhancement with polarization transfer Spectroscopy where the energy states of 13C nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.The 13C NMR signals are enhanced by transferring 1H magnetisation to 13C nuclei and the phase of the signals reflects the multiplicity i.e. CH, CH2 or CH3). Separate methyl, methylene and methine spectra may be obtained. FIX:0000459 rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 19F nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. FIX:0000137 19F NMR 19F NMR spectrometry 19F NMR spectroscopy 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 19F-NMR CHMO:0000597 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 19F nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. rsc:pr An NMR experiment in which a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between interacting nuclei. 2-D NMR 2D NMR 2D NMR spectrometry 2D NMR spectroscopy 2D nuclear magnetic resonance 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry two-dimensional NMR two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000598 two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy An NMR experiment in which a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between interacting nuclei. FIX:0000056 rsc:pr A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are J-coupled (usually <=3 bonds apart). COSY correlated spectrometry correlated spectroscopy correlation spectrometry CHMO:0000599 correlation spectroscopy A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are J-coupled (usually <=3 bonds apart). FIX:0000543 rsc:pr A type of NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and heteronuclei. FIX:0001025 2D heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy HETCOR HETCORR HETCOSY HETEROCOR hetCOSY heteronuclear COSY two-dimensional heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0000600 heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy A type of NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and heteronuclei. rsc:pr A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and nuclei which are 2–3 bonds removed. FIX:0000180 HMBC HMBC NMR CHMO:0000601 heteronuclear multiple bond coherence A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and nuclei which are 2–3 bonds removed. rsc:pr A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where pulsed-field gradients are used and a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and nuclei which are 2–3 bonds removed. GHMBC gHMBC gradient heteronuclear multiple bond coherence gradient-selected HMBC CHMO:0000602 gradient-selected heteronuclear multiple bond coherence A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where pulsed-field gradients are used and a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and nuclei which are 2–3 bonds removed. rsc:pr A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the nuclei to which they are covalently bound. In HMQC the magnetisation of both nuclei is allowed to evolve over time. FIX:0000149 HMQC HMQC NMR CHMO:0000603 heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the nuclei to which they are covalently bound. In HMQC the magnetisation of both nuclei is allowed to evolve over time. rsc:pr A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the nuclei to which they are covalently bound. In HSQC only the magnetisation of one nucleus is allowed to evolve over time. FIX:0000148 HSQC CHMO:0000604 heteronuclear single quantum coherence A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the nuclei to which they are covalently bound. In HSQC only the magnetisation of one nucleus is allowed to evolve over time. rsc:pr A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy which reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. FIX:0000133 FIX:0000556 HOHAHA spectrometry HOHAHA spectroscopy