---
layout: '@/layouts/Doc.astro'
title: Training Foundation Models on Supercomputers
date: '2025-10-24'
location: 'UIUC'
---

Sam Foreman
2025-10-24

- [🧑🏻‍💻 About Me](#adultcomputer-about-me)
- [Argonne Leadership Computing Facility
  (ALCF)](#argonne-leadership-computing-facility-alcf)
    - [🏗️ Aurora](#building_construction-aurora)
    - [🤖 ALCF AI Testbed](#robot-alcf-ai-testbed)
- [🌌 AuroraGPT (2024–)](#milky_way-auroragpt-2024)
    - [🧪 AuroraGPT: Open Science Foundation
      Model](#test_tube-auroragpt-open-science-foundation-model)
    - [🧰 AuroraGPT: Toolbox](#toolbox-auroragpt-toolbox)
    - [👥 Team Leads](#busts_in_silhouette-team-leads)
    - [🤝 Teams](#handshake-teams)
    - [🏋️ Challenges: In Practice](#weight_lifting-challenges-in-practice)
    - [💾 AuroraGPT: Training](#floppy_disk-auroragpt-training)
    - [🍹 AuroraGPT: Blending Data,
      Efficiently](#tropical_drink-auroragpt-blending-data-efficiently)
    - [📉 Training AuroraGPT-7B on 2T
      Tokens](#chart_with_downwards_trend-training-auroragpt-7b-on-2t-tokens)
    - [📉 Training AuroraGPT-2B on 7T
      Tokens](#chart_with_downwards_trend-training-auroragpt-2b-on-7t-tokens)
    - [✨ Features](#sparkles-features)
    - [✨ Features (even more!)](#sparkles-features-even-more)
- [🧬 MProt-DPO](#dna-mprot-dpo)
    - [🧬 Scaling Results (2024)](#dna-scaling-results-2024)
    - [🧬 MProt-DPO: Scaling Results](#dna-mprot-dpo-scaling-results)
    - [🚂 Loooooooooong Sequence
      Lengths](#steam_locomotive-loooooooooong-sequence-lengths)
- [🌎 AERIS (2025)](#earth_americas-aeris-2025)
    - [👀 High-Level Overview of
      AERIS](#eyes-high-level-overview-of-aeris)
    - [➕ Contributions](#heavy_plus_sign-contributions)
    - [⚠️ Issues with the Deterministic
      Approach](#warning-issues-with-the-deterministic-approach)
    - [🎲 Transitioning to a Probabilistic
      Model](#game_die-transitioning-to-a-probabilistic-model)
    - [🌀 Sequence-Window-Pipeline Parallelism
      `SWiPe`](#cyclone-sequence-window-pipeline-parallelism-swipe)
    - [🚀 AERIS: Scaling Results](#rocket-aeris-scaling-results)
    - [🌪️ Hurricane Laura](#tornado-hurricane-laura)
- [📓 References](#notebook-references)
- [❤️ Acknowledgements](#heart-acknowledgements)
- [Extras](#extras)

## 🧑🏻‍💻 About Me

<div class="flex-container">

<column style="width:50%;">

- 🏡 [samforeman.me](https://samforeman.me)
- UIUC (2015):
    - Engineering Physics + Applied Mathematics
- University of Iowa (2015–2019):
    - PhD. Physics[^1]
- ANL (2019–2022): Postdoctoral Researcher
- ANL (2022–Present): Assistant Computational Scientist
    - Member of the [AI/ML
      Group](https://www.alcf.anl.gov/about/people/group/506) at ALCF

</column>

<column style="width:50%;">

Current Research:

- [AuroraGPT](https://auroragpt.anl.gov): Foundation Models for Science
- [AERIS](https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.13523): Argonne’s Earth System
  Model
    - Finalist for the [2025 ACM Gordon Bell Prize in Climate
      Modeling](https://awards.acm.org/bell-climate)
- [MProt-DPO](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/387390653_MProt-DPO_Breaking_the_ExaFLOPS_Barrier_for_Multimodal_Protein_Design_Workflows_with_Direct_Preference_Optimization):
  Multimodal Protein Design
    - Finalist for the [ACM Gordon Bell Prize
      2024](https://sc24.supercomputing.org/2024/10/presenting-the-finalists-for-the-2024-gordon-bell-prize/)
- [GenSLMs](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511571v2):
  Genome Scale Language Models.
    - Winner of the [ACM Gordon Bell Special Prize for HPC-Based COVID-19
      Research](https://www.acm.org/media-center/2022/november/gordon-bell-special-prize-covid-research-2022)

</column>

</div>

## Argonne Leadership Computing Facility (ALCF)

<div class="flex-container" style="gap: 5pt; align-items: flex-end;">

<column style="width:50%;">

> The ALCF enables breakthroughs in science and engineering by providing
> supercomputing resources and expertise to the research community.
> –[_alcf.anl.gov_](https://alcf.anl.gov)

<img
    src="/assets/diffusion.gif"
    alt="Reverse Diffusion Process"
    loading="lazy"
/>

<img
    src="/assets/diffusion_forward.png"
    style="width:89.6%"
    alt="Forward Diffusion Process (\pi\rightarrow \mathcal{N})"
/>

</column>

</div>

### 🌀 Sequence-Window-Pipeline Parallelism `SWiPe`

<div class="flex-container">

<column style="width:33%;">

- `SWiPe` is a **novel parallelism strategy** for Swin-based
  Transformers
- Hybrid 3D Parallelism strategy, combining:
    - Sequence parallelism (`SP`)
    - Window parallelism (`WP`)
    - Pipeline parallelism (`PP`)

</column>

<div id="fig-swipe-layer">

<img src="/assets/wpsp.svg" />

Figure 17

</div>

</div>

<div id="fig-comms">

<img src="/assets/comms1.svg" />

Figure 18: `SWiPe` Communication Patterns

</div>

### 🚀 AERIS: Scaling Results

<div class="flex-container">

<div id="fig-aeris-scaling">

<img src="/assets/aeris-scaling.svg" />

Figure 19: AERIS: Scaling Results

</div>

<column style="width:30%;">

- <span class="highlight-blue">**10 EFLOPs**</span> (sustained) @ **120,960
  GPUs**
- See (Hatanpää et al. (2025)) for additional details
- [arXiv:2509.13523](https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.13523)

</column>

</div>

### 🌪️ Hurricane Laura

<div id="fig-hurricane-laura">

<img src="/assets/science/hurricane.png" />

Figure 20: Hurricane Laura tracks (top) and intensity (bottom).
Initialized 7(a), 5(b) and 3(c) days prior to 2020-08-28T00z.

</div>

## 📓 References

<div id="refs" class="references csl-bib-body hanging-indent">

<div id="ref-mprot-dpo2024" class="csl-entry">

Dharuman, Gautham, Kyle Hippe, Alexander Brace, et al. 2024. “MProt-DPO:
Breaking the ExaFLOPS Barrier for Multimodal Protein Design Workflows
with Direct Preference Optimization.” _Proceedings of the International
Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage, and
Analysis_ (Atlanta, GA, USA), SC ’24.
[https://doi.org/10.1109/SC41406.2024.00013](https://doi.org/10.1109/SC41406.2024.00013).

</div>

<div id="ref-stock2025aeris" class="csl-entry">

Hatanpää, Väinö, Eugene Ku, Jason Stock, et al. 2025. _AERIS: Argonne
Earth Systems Model for Reliable and Skillful Predictions_.
[https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.13523](https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.13523).

</div>

<div id="ref-price2024gencast" class="csl-entry">

Price, Ilan, Alvaro Sanchez-Gonzalez, Ferran Alet, et al. 2024.
_GenCast: Diffusion-Based Ensemble Forecasting for Medium-Range
Weather_. [https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.15796](https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.15796).

</div>

<div id="ref-song2023ds4sci" class="csl-entry">

Song, Shuaiwen Leon, Bonnie Kruft, Minjia Zhang, et al. 2023.
_DeepSpeed4Science Initiative: Enabling Large-Scale Scientific Discovery
Through Sophisticated AI System Technologies_.
[https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.04610](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.04610).

</div>

</div>

## ❤️ Acknowledgements

> This research used resources of the Argonne Leadership Computing
> Facility, which is a DOE Office of Science User Facility supported
> under Contract DE-AC02-06CH11357.

## Extras

[^1]:
    [A Machine Learning Approach to Lattice Gauge
    Theory](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337499051_Learning_better_physics_a_machine_learning_approach_to_lattice_gauge_theory)

[^2]:
    🏆 [Aurora Supercomputer Ranks Fastest for
    AI](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/newsroom/news/intel-powered-aurora-supercomputer-breaks-exascale-barrier.html)

[^3]:
    Each node has 6 Intel Data Center GPU Max 1550 (code-named “Ponte
    Vecchio”) tiles, with 2 XPUs per tile.

[^4]: Co-led by: Venkat Vishwanath, Sam Foreman

[^5]: Implemented by Marieme Ngom

[^6]:
    Relative to PDE-based models, e.g.:
    [GFS](https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/global-forcast-system-gfs)

[^7]:
    [GenCast: A Generative Model for Medium-Range Global Weather
    Forecasting](https://arxiv.org/html/2312.15796v1) (Price et al.
    (2024))

[^8]:
    Demonstrated on up to 120,960 GPUs on Aurora and 8,064 GPUs on
    LUMI.
