{ "cells": [ { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "# Vector calculus with SageMath\n", "\n", "## Part 2: Using spherical coordinates\n", "\n", "This notebook illustrates some vector calculus capabilities of SageMath within the 3-dimensional Euclidean space. The corresponding tools have been developed within\n", "the [SageManifolds](https://sagemanifolds.obspm.fr) project.\n", "\n", "Click [here](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sagemanifolds/SageManifolds/master/Notebooks/SM_vector_calc_spherical.ipynb) to download the notebook file (ipynb format). To run it, you must start SageMath with the Jupyter interface, via the command `sage -n jupyter`" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "*NB:* a version of SageMath at least equal to 8.3 is required to run this notebook:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 1, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "'SageMath version 8.8.beta2, Release Date: 2019-04-14'" ] }, "execution_count": 1, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "version()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "First we set up the notebook to display math formulas using LaTeX formatting:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 2, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "%display latex" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## The 3-dimensional Euclidean space\n", "\n", "We start by declaring the 3-dimensional Euclidean space $\\mathbb{E}^3$, with $(r,\\theta,\\phi)$ as spherical coordinates:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 3, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Euclidean space E^3\n" ] }, { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\mathbb{E}^{3}$ " ], "text/plain": [ "Euclidean space E^3" ] }, "execution_count": 3, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "E. = EuclideanSpace(coordinates='spherical')\n", "print(E)\n", "E" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "$\\mathbb{E}^3$ is endowed with the chart of spherical coordinates:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 4, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\left[\\left(\\mathbb{E}^{3},(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi})\\right)\\right]$ " ], "text/plain": [ "[Chart (E^3, (r, th, ph))]" ] }, "execution_count": 4, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "E.atlas()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "as well as with the associated orthonormal vector frame $(e_r, e_\\theta, e_\\phi)$:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 5, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\left[\\left(\\mathbb{E}^{3}, \\left(\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial r },\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial {\\theta} },\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial {\\phi} }\\right)\\right), \\left(\\mathbb{E}^{3}, \\left(e_{ r },e_{ {\\theta} },e_{ {\\phi} }\\right)\\right)\\right]$ " ], "text/plain": [ "[Coordinate frame (E^3, (d/dr,d/dth,d/dph)),\n", " Vector frame (E^3, (e_r,e_th,e_ph))]" ] }, "execution_count": 5, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "E.frames()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "In the above output, $\\left(\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial r}, \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial\\theta}, \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial \\phi}\\right)$ is the coordinate frame associated with $(r,\\theta,\\phi)$; it is not an orthonormal frame and will not be used below." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Vector fields" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "We define a vector field on $\\mathbb{E}^3$ from its components in the orthonormal vector frame $(e_r,e_\\theta,e_\\phi)$:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 6, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}v = \\left( r \\sin\\left(2 \\, {\\phi}\\right) \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2} + r \\right) e_{ r } + r \\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\sin\\left(2 \\, {\\phi}\\right) \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right) e_{ {\\theta} } + 2 \\, r \\cos\\left({\\phi}\\right)^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right) e_{ {\\phi} }$ " ], "text/plain": [ "v = (r*sin(2*ph)*sin(th)^2 + r) e_r + r*cos(th)*sin(2*ph)*sin(th) e_th + 2*r*cos(ph)^2*sin(th) e_ph" ] }, "execution_count": 6, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "v = E.vector_field(r*sin(2*ph)*sin(th)^2 + r, \n", " r*sin(2*ph)*sin(th)*cos(th), \n", " 2*r*cos(ph)^2*sin(th), name='v')\n", "v.display()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "We can access to the components of $v$ via the square bracket operator:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 7, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}r \\sin\\left(2 \\, {\\phi}\\right) \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2} + r$ " ], "text/plain": [ "r*sin(2*ph)*sin(th)^2 + r" ] }, "execution_count": 7, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "v[1]" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 8, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\left[r \\sin\\left(2 \\, {\\phi}\\right) \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2} + r, r \\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\sin\\left(2 \\, {\\phi}\\right) \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right), 2 \\, r \\cos\\left({\\phi}\\right)^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)\\right]$ " ], "text/plain": [ "[r*sin(2*ph)*sin(th)^2 + r, r*cos(th)*sin(2*ph)*sin(th), 2*r*cos(ph)^2*sin(th)]" ] }, "execution_count": 8, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "v[:]" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "A vector field can evaluated at any point of $\\mathbb{E}^3$:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 9, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Point p on the Euclidean space E^3\n" ] } ], "source": [ "p = E((1, pi/2, pi), name='p')\n", "print(p)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 10, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\left(1, \\frac{1}{2} \\, \\pi, \\pi\\right)$ " ], "text/plain": [ "(1, 1/2*pi, pi)" ] }, "execution_count": 10, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "p.coordinates()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 11, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Vector v at Point p on the Euclidean space E^3\n" ] } ], "source": [ "vp = v.at(p)\n", "print(vp)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 12, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}v = e_{ r } + 2 e_{ {\\phi} }$ " ], "text/plain": [ "v = e_r + 2 e_ph" ] }, "execution_count": 12, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "vp.display()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "We may define a vector field with generic components:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 13, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}u = u_{r}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) e_{ r } + u_{\\theta}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) e_{ {\\theta} } + u_{\\phi}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) e_{ {\\phi} }$ " ], "text/plain": [ "u = u_r(r, th, ph) e_r + u_theta(r, th, ph) e_th + u_phi(r, th, ph) e_ph" ] }, "execution_count": 13, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "u = E.vector_field(function('u_r')(r,th,ph),\n", " function('u_theta')(r,th,ph),\n", " function('u_phi')(r,th,ph),\n", " name='u')\n", "u.display()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 14, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\left[u_{r}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right), u_{\\theta}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right), u_{\\phi}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right)\\right]$ " ], "text/plain": [ "[u_r(r, th, ph), u_theta(r, th, ph), u_phi(r, th, ph)]" ] }, "execution_count": 14, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "u[:]" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 15, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}u = u_{r}\\left(1, \\frac{1}{2} \\, \\pi, \\pi\\right) e_{ r } + u_{\\theta}\\left(1, \\frac{1}{2} \\, \\pi, \\pi\\right) e_{ {\\theta} } + u_{\\phi}\\left(1, \\frac{1}{2} \\, \\pi, \\pi\\right) e_{ {\\phi} }$ " ], "text/plain": [ "u = u_r(1, 1/2*pi, pi) e_r + u_theta(1, 1/2*pi, pi) e_th + u_phi(1, 1/2*pi, pi) e_ph" ] }, "execution_count": 15, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "up = u.at(p)\n", "up.display()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Algebraic operations on vector fields\n", "\n", "### Dot product\n", "\n", "The dot (or scalar) product of the vector fields $u$ and $v$ is obtained by the method `dot_product`, which admits `dot` as a shortcut alias:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 16, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}{u}\\cdot{v}$ " ], "text/plain": [ "Scalar field u.v on the Euclidean space E^3" ] }, "execution_count": 16, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "s = u.dot(v)\n", "s" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 17, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Scalar field u.v on the Euclidean space E^3\n" ] } ], "source": [ "print(s)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "$s= u\\cdot v$ is a *scalar field*, i.e. a map $\\mathbb{E}^3 \\rightarrow \\mathbb{R}$:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 18, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\begin{array}{llcl} {u}\\cdot{v}:& \\mathbb{E}^{3} & \\longrightarrow & \\mathbb{R} \\\\ & \\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) & \\longmapsto & 2 \\, r \\cos\\left({\\phi}\\right) \\sin\\left({\\phi}\\right) \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2} u_{r}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) + 2 \\, {\\left(r \\cos\\left({\\phi}\\right) \\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\sin\\left({\\phi}\\right) u_{\\theta}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) + r \\cos\\left({\\phi}\\right)^{2} u_{\\phi}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right)\\right)} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right) + r u_{r}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) \\end{array}$ " ], "text/plain": [ "u.v: E^3 --> R\n", " (r, th, ph) |--> 2*r*cos(ph)*sin(ph)*sin(th)^2*u_r(r, th, ph) + 2*(r*cos(ph)*cos(th)*sin(ph)*u_theta(r, th, ph) + r*cos(ph)^2*u_phi(r, th, ph))*sin(th) + r*u_r(r, th, ph)" ] }, "execution_count": 18, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "s.display()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "It maps points of $\\mathbb{E}^3$ to real numbers:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 19, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}2 \\, u_{\\phi}\\left(1, \\frac{1}{2} \\, \\pi, \\pi\\right) + u_{r}\\left(1, \\frac{1}{2} \\, \\pi, \\pi\\right)$ " ], "text/plain": [ "2*u_phi(1, 1/2*pi, pi) + u_r(1, 1/2*pi, pi)" ] }, "execution_count": 19, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "s(p)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Its coordinate expression is" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 20, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}2 \\, r \\cos\\left({\\phi}\\right) \\sin\\left({\\phi}\\right) \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2} u_{r}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) + 2 \\, {\\left(r \\cos\\left({\\phi}\\right) \\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\sin\\left({\\phi}\\right) u_{\\theta}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) + r \\cos\\left({\\phi}\\right)^{2} u_{\\phi}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right)\\right)} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right) + r u_{r}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right)$ " ], "text/plain": [ "2*r*cos(ph)*sin(ph)*sin(th)^2*u_r(r, th, ph) + 2*(r*cos(ph)*cos(th)*sin(ph)*u_theta(r, th, ph) + r*cos(ph)^2*u_phi(r, th, ph))*sin(th) + r*u_r(r, th, ph)" ] }, "execution_count": 20, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "s.expr()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "### Norm\n", "\n", "The norm of a vector field is " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 21, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\left\\|u\\right\\|$ " ], "text/plain": [ "Scalar field |u| on the Euclidean space E^3" ] }, "execution_count": 21, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "s = norm(u)\n", "s" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 22, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\begin{array}{llcl} \\left\\|u\\right\\|:& \\mathbb{E}^{3} & \\longrightarrow & \\mathbb{R} \\\\ & \\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) & \\longmapsto & \\sqrt{u_{\\phi}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right)^{2} + u_{r}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right)^{2} + u_{\\theta}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right)^{2}} \\end{array}$ " ], "text/plain": [ "|u|: E^3 --> R\n", " (r, th, ph) |--> sqrt(u_phi(r, th, ph)^2 + u_r(r, th, ph)^2 + u_theta(r, th, ph)^2)" ] }, "execution_count": 22, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "s.display()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 23, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\sqrt{u_{\\phi}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right)^{2} + u_{r}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right)^{2} + u_{\\theta}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right)^{2}}$ " ], "text/plain": [ "sqrt(u_phi(r, th, ph)^2 + u_r(r, th, ph)^2 + u_theta(r, th, ph)^2)" ] }, "execution_count": 23, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "s.expr()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "The norm is related to the dot product by $\\|u\\|^2 = u\\cdot u$, as we can check:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 24, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\mathrm{True}$ " ], "text/plain": [ "True" ] }, "execution_count": 24, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "norm(u)^2 == u.dot(u)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "For $v$, we have" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 25, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\sqrt{4 \\, {\\left(\\cos\\left({\\phi}\\right)^{2} + \\cos\\left({\\phi}\\right) \\sin\\left({\\phi}\\right)\\right)} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2} + 1} r$ " ], "text/plain": [ "sqrt(4*(cos(ph)^2 + cos(ph)*sin(ph))*sin(th)^2 + 1)*r" ] }, "execution_count": 25, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "norm(v).expr()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "### Cross product\n", "\n", "The cross product of $u$ by $v$ is obtained by the method `cross_product`, which admits `cross` as a shortcut alias:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 26, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Vector field u x v on the Euclidean space E^3\n" ] } ], "source": [ "s = u.cross(v)\n", "print(s)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 27, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}{u}\\times{v} = -2 \\, {\\left(r \\cos\\left({\\phi}\\right) \\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\sin\\left({\\phi}\\right) u_{\\phi}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) - r \\cos\\left({\\phi}\\right)^{2} u_{\\theta}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right)\\right)} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right) e_{ r } + \\left( 2 \\, r \\cos\\left({\\phi}\\right) \\sin\\left({\\phi}\\right) \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2} u_{\\phi}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) - 2 \\, r \\cos\\left({\\phi}\\right)^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right) u_{r}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) + r u_{\\phi}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) \\right) e_{ {\\theta} } + \\left( 2 \\, r \\cos\\left({\\phi}\\right) \\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\sin\\left({\\phi}\\right) \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right) u_{r}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) - 2 \\, r \\cos\\left({\\phi}\\right) \\sin\\left({\\phi}\\right) \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2} u_{\\theta}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) - r u_{\\theta}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) \\right) e_{ {\\phi} }$ " ], "text/plain": [ "u x v = -2*(r*cos(ph)*cos(th)*sin(ph)*u_phi(r, th, ph) - r*cos(ph)^2*u_theta(r, th, ph))*sin(th) e_r + (2*r*cos(ph)*sin(ph)*sin(th)^2*u_phi(r, th, ph) - 2*r*cos(ph)^2*sin(th)*u_r(r, th, ph) + r*u_phi(r, th, ph)) e_th + (2*r*cos(ph)*cos(th)*sin(ph)*sin(th)*u_r(r, th, ph) - 2*r*cos(ph)*sin(ph)*sin(th)^2*u_theta(r, th, ph) - r*u_theta(r, th, ph)) e_ph" ] }, "execution_count": 27, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "s.display()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "### Scalar triple product\n", "\n", "Let us introduce a third vector field. As a example, we do not pass the components as arguments of `vector_field`, as we did for $u$ and $v$; instead, we set them in a second stage, via the square bracket operator, any unset component being assumed to be zero:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 28, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}w = r e_{ r }$ " ], "text/plain": [ "w = r e_r" ] }, "execution_count": 28, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "w = E.vector_field(name='w')\n", "w[1] = r\n", "w.display()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "The scalar triple product of the vector fields $u$, $v$ and $w$ is obtained as follows: " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 29, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Scalar field epsilon(u,v,w) on the Euclidean space E^3\n" ] } ], "source": [ "triple_product = E.scalar_triple_product()\n", "s = triple_product(u, v, w)\n", "print(s)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 30, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}-2 \\, {\\left(r^{2} \\cos\\left({\\phi}\\right) \\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\sin\\left({\\phi}\\right) u_{\\phi}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) - r^{2} \\cos\\left({\\phi}\\right)^{2} u_{\\theta}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right)\\right)} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)$ " ], "text/plain": [ "-2*(r^2*cos(ph)*cos(th)*sin(ph)*u_phi(r, th, ph) - r^2*cos(ph)^2*u_theta(r, th, ph))*sin(th)" ] }, "execution_count": 30, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "s.expr()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Let us check that the scalar triple product of $u$, $v$ and $w$ is $u\\cdot(v\\times w)$:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 31, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\mathrm{True}$ " ], "text/plain": [ "True" ] }, "execution_count": 31, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "s == u.dot(v.cross(w))" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Differential operators" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "While the standard operators $\\mathrm{grad}$, $\\mathrm{div}$, $\\mathrm{curl}$, etc. involved in vector calculus are accessible via the dot notation (e.g. `v.div()`), let us import functions `grad`, `div`, `curl`, etc. that allow for using standard mathematical notations\n", "(e.g. `div(v)`):" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 32, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "from sage.manifolds.operators import *" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "### Gradient of a scalar field\n", "\n", "We first introduce a scalar field, via its expression in terms of Cartesian coordinates; in this example, we consider a unspecified function of $(r,\\theta,\\phi)$:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 33, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\begin{array}{llcl} F:& \\mathbb{E}^{3} & \\longrightarrow & \\mathbb{R} \\\\ & \\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) & \\longmapsto & f\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) \\end{array}$ " ], "text/plain": [ "F: E^3 --> R\n", " (r, th, ph) |--> f(r, th, ph)" ] }, "execution_count": 33, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "F = E.scalar_field(function('f')(r,th,ph), name='F')\n", "F.display()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "The value of $F$ at a point:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 34, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}f\\left(1, \\frac{1}{2} \\, \\pi, \\pi\\right)$ " ], "text/plain": [ "f(1, 1/2*pi, pi)" ] }, "execution_count": 34, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "F(p)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "The gradient of $F$:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 35, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Vector field grad(F) on the Euclidean space E^3\n" ] } ], "source": [ "print(grad(F))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 36, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\mathrm{grad}\\left(F\\right) = \\frac{\\partial\\,f}{\\partial r} e_{ r } + \\frac{\\frac{\\partial\\,f}{\\partial {\\theta}}}{r} e_{ {\\theta} } + \\frac{\\frac{\\partial\\,f}{\\partial {\\phi}}}{r \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)} e_{ {\\phi} }$ " ], "text/plain": [ "grad(F) = d(f)/dr e_r + d(f)/dth/r e_th + d(f)/dph/(r*sin(th)) e_ph" ] }, "execution_count": 36, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "grad(F).display()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 37, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\begin{array}{llcl} \\left\\|\\mathrm{grad}\\left(F\\right)\\right\\|:& \\mathbb{E}^{3} & \\longrightarrow & \\mathbb{R} \\\\ & \\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) & \\longmapsto & \\frac{\\sqrt{{\\left(r^{2} \\left(\\frac{\\partial\\,f}{\\partial r}\\right)^{2} + \\left(\\frac{\\partial\\,f}{\\partial {\\theta}}\\right)^{2}\\right)} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2} + \\left(\\frac{\\partial\\,f}{\\partial {\\phi}}\\right)^{2}}}{r \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)} \\end{array}$ " ], "text/plain": [ "|grad(F)|: E^3 --> R\n", " (r, th, ph) |--> sqrt((r^2*(d(f)/dr)^2 + (d(f)/dth)^2)*sin(th)^2 + (d(f)/dph)^2)/(r*sin(th))" ] }, "execution_count": 37, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "norm(grad(F)).display()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "### Divergence \n", "\n", "The divergence of a vector field:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 38, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\begin{array}{llcl} \\mathrm{div}\\left(u\\right):& \\mathbb{E}^{3} & \\longrightarrow & \\mathbb{R} \\\\ & \\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) & \\longmapsto & \\frac{{\\left(r \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{r}}{\\partial r} + 2 \\, u_{r}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) + \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial {\\theta}}\\right)} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right) + \\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) u_{\\theta}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) + \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial {\\phi}}}{r \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)} \\end{array}$ " ], "text/plain": [ "div(u): E^3 --> R\n", " (r, th, ph) |--> ((r*d(u_r)/dr + 2*u_r(r, th, ph) + d(u_theta)/dth)*sin(th) + cos(th)*u_theta(r, th, ph) + d(u_phi)/dph)/(r*sin(th))" ] }, "execution_count": 38, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "s = div(u)\n", "s.display()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 39, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\frac{2 \\, u_{r}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right)}{r} + \\frac{\\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) u_{\\theta}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right)}{r \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)} + \\frac{\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial {\\theta}}u_{\\theta}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right)}{r} + \\frac{\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial {\\phi}}u_{\\phi}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right)}{r \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)} + \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial r}u_{r}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right)$ " ], "text/plain": [ "2*u_r(r, th, ph)/r + cos(th)*u_theta(r, th, ph)/(r*sin(th)) + diff(u_theta(r, th, ph), th)/r + diff(u_phi(r, th, ph), ph)/(r*sin(th)) + diff(u_r(r, th, ph), r)" ] }, "execution_count": 39, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "s.expr().expand()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "For $v$ and $w$, we have" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 40, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}3$ " ], "text/plain": [ "3" ] }, "execution_count": 40, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "div(v).expr()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 41, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}3$ " ], "text/plain": [ "3" ] }, "execution_count": 41, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "div(w).expr()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "An identity valid for any scalar field $F$ and any vector field $u$:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 42, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\mathrm{True}$ " ], "text/plain": [ "True" ] }, "execution_count": 42, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "div(F*u) == F*div(u) + u.dot(grad(F))" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "### Curl\n", "\n", "The curl of a vector field:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 43, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Vector field curl(u) on the Euclidean space E^3\n" ] } ], "source": [ "s = curl(u)\n", "print(s)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 44, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\mathrm{curl}\\left(u\\right) = \\left( \\frac{\\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) u_{\\phi}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) + \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial {\\theta}} - \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial {\\phi}}}{r \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)} \\right) e_{ r } + \\left( -\\frac{{\\left(r \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial r} + u_{\\phi}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right)\\right)} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right) - \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{r}}{\\partial {\\phi}}}{r \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)} \\right) e_{ {\\theta} } + \\left( \\frac{r \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial r} + u_{\\theta}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) - \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{r}}{\\partial {\\theta}}}{r} \\right) e_{ {\\phi} }$ " ], "text/plain": [ "curl(u) = (cos(th)*u_phi(r, th, ph) + sin(th)*d(u_phi)/dth - d(u_theta)/dph)/(r*sin(th)) e_r - ((r*d(u_phi)/dr + u_phi(r, th, ph))*sin(th) - d(u_r)/dph)/(r*sin(th)) e_th + (r*d(u_theta)/dr + u_theta(r, th, ph) - d(u_r)/dth)/r e_ph" ] }, "execution_count": 44, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "s.display()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "To use the notation `rot` instead of `curl`, simply do" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 45, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "rot = curl" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "An alternative is" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 46, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "from sage.manifolds.operators import curl as rot" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "We have then" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 47, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\mathrm{curl}\\left(u\\right) = \\left( \\frac{\\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) u_{\\phi}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) + \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial {\\theta}} - \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial {\\phi}}}{r \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)} \\right) e_{ r } + \\left( -\\frac{{\\left(r \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial r} + u_{\\phi}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right)\\right)} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right) - \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{r}}{\\partial {\\phi}}}{r \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)} \\right) e_{ {\\theta} } + \\left( \\frac{r \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial r} + u_{\\theta}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) - \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{r}}{\\partial {\\theta}}}{r} \\right) e_{ {\\phi} }$ " ], "text/plain": [ "curl(u) = (cos(th)*u_phi(r, th, ph) + sin(th)*d(u_phi)/dth - d(u_theta)/dph)/(r*sin(th)) e_r - ((r*d(u_phi)/dr + u_phi(r, th, ph))*sin(th) - d(u_r)/dph)/(r*sin(th)) e_th + (r*d(u_theta)/dr + u_theta(r, th, ph) - d(u_r)/dth)/r e_ph" ] }, "execution_count": 47, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "rot(u).display()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 48, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\mathrm{True}$ " ], "text/plain": [ "True" ] }, "execution_count": 48, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "rot(u) == curl(u)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "For $v$ and $w$, we have" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 49, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\mathrm{curl}\\left(v\\right) = 2 \\, \\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) e_{ r } -2 \\, \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right) e_{ {\\theta} }$ " ], "text/plain": [ "curl(v) = 2*cos(th) e_r - 2*sin(th) e_th" ] }, "execution_count": 49, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "curl(v).display()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 50, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\mathrm{curl}\\left(w\\right) = 0$ " ], "text/plain": [ "curl(w) = 0" ] }, "execution_count": 50, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "curl(w).display()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "The curl of a gradient is always zero:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 51, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\mathrm{curl}\\left(\\mathrm{grad}\\left(F\\right)\\right) = 0$ " ], "text/plain": [ "curl(grad(F)) = 0" ] }, "execution_count": 51, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "curl(grad(F)).display()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "The divergence of a curl is always zero:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 52, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\begin{array}{llcl} \\mathrm{div}\\left(\\mathrm{curl}\\left(u\\right)\\right):& \\mathbb{E}^{3} & \\longrightarrow & \\mathbb{R} \\\\ & \\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) & \\longmapsto & 0 \\end{array}$ " ], "text/plain": [ "div(curl(u)): E^3 --> R\n", " (r, th, ph) |--> 0" ] }, "execution_count": 52, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "div(curl(u)).display()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "An identity valid for any scalar field $F$ and any vector field $u$:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 53, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\mathrm{True}$ " ], "text/plain": [ "True" ] }, "execution_count": 53, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "curl(F*u) == grad(F).cross(u) + F*curl(u)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "### Laplacian" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "The Laplacian of a scalar field:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 54, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\begin{array}{llcl} \\Delta\\left(F\\right):& \\mathbb{E}^{3} & \\longrightarrow & \\mathbb{R} \\\\ & \\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) & \\longmapsto & \\frac{{\\left(r^{2} \\frac{\\partial^2\\,f}{\\partial r ^ 2} + 2 \\, r \\frac{\\partial\\,f}{\\partial r} + \\frac{\\partial^2\\,f}{\\partial {\\theta} ^ 2}\\right)} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2} + \\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\frac{\\partial\\,f}{\\partial {\\theta}} + \\frac{\\partial^2\\,f}{\\partial {\\phi} ^ 2}}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2}} \\end{array}$ " ], "text/plain": [ "Delta(F): E^3 --> R\n", " (r, th, ph) |--> ((r^2*d^2(f)/dr^2 + 2*r*d(f)/dr + d^2(f)/dth^2)*sin(th)^2 + cos(th)*sin(th)*d(f)/dth + d^2(f)/dph^2)/(r^2*sin(th)^2)" ] }, "execution_count": 54, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "s = laplacian(F)\n", "s.display()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 55, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\frac{2 \\, \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial r}f\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right)}{r} + \\frac{\\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial {\\theta}}f\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right)}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)} + \\frac{\\frac{\\partial^{2}}{(\\partial {\\theta})^{2}}f\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right)}{r^{2}} + \\frac{\\frac{\\partial^{2}}{(\\partial {\\phi})^{2}}f\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right)}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2}} + \\frac{\\partial^{2}}{(\\partial r)^{2}}f\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right)$ " ], "text/plain": [ "2*diff(f(r, th, ph), r)/r + cos(th)*diff(f(r, th, ph), th)/(r^2*sin(th)) + diff(f(r, th, ph), th, th)/r^2 + diff(f(r, th, ph), ph, ph)/(r^2*sin(th)^2) + diff(f(r, th, ph), r, r)" ] }, "execution_count": 55, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "s.expr().expand()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "For a scalar field, the Laplacian is nothing but the divergence of the gradient:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 56, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\mathrm{True}$ " ], "text/plain": [ "True" ] }, "execution_count": 56, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "laplacian(F) == div(grad(F))" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "The Laplacian of a vector field:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 57, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\Delta\\left(u\\right) = \\left( \\frac{{\\left(r^{2} \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{r}}{\\partial r ^ 2} + 2 \\, r \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{r}}{\\partial r} - 2 \\, u_{r}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) + \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{r}}{\\partial {\\theta} ^ 2} - 2 \\, \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial {\\theta}}\\right)} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2} - {\\left({\\left(2 \\, u_{\\theta}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) - \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{r}}{\\partial {\\theta}}\\right)} \\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) + 2 \\, \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial {\\phi}}\\right)} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right) + \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{r}}{\\partial {\\phi} ^ 2}}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2}} \\right) e_{ r } + \\left( \\frac{{\\left(r^{2} \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial r ^ 2} + 2 \\, r \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial r} + 2 \\, \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{r}}{\\partial {\\theta}} + \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial {\\theta} ^ 2}\\right)} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2} + \\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial {\\theta}} - 2 \\, \\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial {\\phi}} - u_{\\theta}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) + \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial {\\phi} ^ 2}}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2}} \\right) e_{ {\\theta} } + \\left( \\frac{{\\left(r^{2} \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial r ^ 2} + 2 \\, r \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial r} + \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial {\\theta} ^ 2}\\right)} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2} + {\\left(\\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial {\\theta}} + 2 \\, \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{r}}{\\partial {\\phi}}\\right)} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right) + 2 \\, \\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial {\\phi}} - u_{\\phi}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) + \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial {\\phi} ^ 2}}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2}} \\right) e_{ {\\phi} }$ " ], "text/plain": [ "Delta(u) = ((r^2*d^2(u_r)/dr^2 + 2*r*d(u_r)/dr - 2*u_r(r, th, ph) + d^2(u_r)/dth^2 - 2*d(u_theta)/dth)*sin(th)^2 - ((2*u_theta(r, th, ph) - d(u_r)/dth)*cos(th) + 2*d(u_phi)/dph)*sin(th) + d^2(u_r)/dph^2)/(r^2*sin(th)^2) e_r + ((r^2*d^2(u_theta)/dr^2 + 2*r*d(u_theta)/dr + 2*d(u_r)/dth + d^2(u_theta)/dth^2)*sin(th)^2 + cos(th)*sin(th)*d(u_theta)/dth - 2*cos(th)*d(u_phi)/dph - u_theta(r, th, ph) + d^2(u_theta)/dph^2)/(r^2*sin(th)^2) e_th + ((r^2*d^2(u_phi)/dr^2 + 2*r*d(u_phi)/dr + d^2(u_phi)/dth^2)*sin(th)^2 + (cos(th)*d(u_phi)/dth + 2*d(u_r)/dph)*sin(th) + 2*cos(th)*d(u_theta)/dph - u_phi(r, th, ph) + d^2(u_phi)/dph^2)/(r^2*sin(th)^2) e_ph" ] }, "execution_count": 57, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "Du = laplacian(u)\n", "Du.display()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Since this expression is quite lengthy, we may ask for a display component by component:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 58, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\begin{array}{lcl} \\Delta\\left(u\\right)_{\\phantom{\\, 1}}^{\\,1} & = & \\frac{{\\left(r^{2} \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{r}}{\\partial r ^ 2} + 2 \\, r \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{r}}{\\partial r} - 2 \\, u_{r}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) + \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{r}}{\\partial {\\theta} ^ 2} - 2 \\, \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial {\\theta}}\\right)} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2} - {\\left({\\left(2 \\, u_{\\theta}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) - \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{r}}{\\partial {\\theta}}\\right)} \\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) + 2 \\, \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial {\\phi}}\\right)} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right) + \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{r}}{\\partial {\\phi} ^ 2}}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2}} \\\\ \\Delta\\left(u\\right)_{\\phantom{\\, 2}}^{\\,2} & = & \\frac{{\\left(r^{2} \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial r ^ 2} + 2 \\, r \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial r} + 2 \\, \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{r}}{\\partial {\\theta}} + \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial {\\theta} ^ 2}\\right)} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2} + \\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial {\\theta}} - 2 \\, \\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial {\\phi}} - u_{\\theta}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) + \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial {\\phi} ^ 2}}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2}} \\\\ \\Delta\\left(u\\right)_{\\phantom{\\, 3}}^{\\,3} & = & \\frac{{\\left(r^{2} \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial r ^ 2} + 2 \\, r \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial r} + \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial {\\theta} ^ 2}\\right)} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2} + {\\left(\\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial {\\theta}} + 2 \\, \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{r}}{\\partial {\\phi}}\\right)} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right) + 2 \\, \\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial {\\phi}} - u_{\\phi}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) + \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial {\\phi} ^ 2}}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2}} \\end{array}$ " ], "text/plain": [ "Delta(u)^1 = ((r^2*d^2(u_r)/dr^2 + 2*r*d(u_r)/dr - 2*u_r(r, th, ph) + d^2(u_r)/dth^2 - 2*d(u_theta)/dth)*sin(th)^2 - ((2*u_theta(r, th, ph) - d(u_r)/dth)*cos(th) + 2*d(u_phi)/dph)*sin(th) + d^2(u_r)/dph^2)/(r^2*sin(th)^2) \n", "Delta(u)^2 = ((r^2*d^2(u_theta)/dr^2 + 2*r*d(u_theta)/dr + 2*d(u_r)/dth + d^2(u_theta)/dth^2)*sin(th)^2 + cos(th)*sin(th)*d(u_theta)/dth - 2*cos(th)*d(u_phi)/dph - u_theta(r, th, ph) + d^2(u_theta)/dph^2)/(r^2*sin(th)^2) \n", "Delta(u)^3 = ((r^2*d^2(u_phi)/dr^2 + 2*r*d(u_phi)/dr + d^2(u_phi)/dth^2)*sin(th)^2 + (cos(th)*d(u_phi)/dth + 2*d(u_r)/dph)*sin(th) + 2*cos(th)*d(u_theta)/dph - u_phi(r, th, ph) + d^2(u_phi)/dph^2)/(r^2*sin(th)^2) " ] }, "execution_count": 58, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "Du.display_comp()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "We may expand each component:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 59, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\begin{array}{lcl} \\Delta\\left(u\\right)_{\\phantom{\\, 1}}^{\\,1} & = & \\frac{2 \\, \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{r}}{\\partial r}}{r} - \\frac{2 \\, u_{r}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right)}{r^{2}} - \\frac{2 \\, \\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) u_{\\theta}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right)}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)} + \\frac{\\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{r}}{\\partial {\\theta}}}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)} + \\frac{\\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{r}}{\\partial {\\theta} ^ 2}}{r^{2}} - \\frac{2 \\, \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial {\\theta}}}{r^{2}} - \\frac{2 \\, \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial {\\phi}}}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)} + \\frac{\\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{r}}{\\partial {\\phi} ^ 2}}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2}} + \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{r}}{\\partial r ^ 2} \\\\ \\Delta\\left(u\\right)_{\\phantom{\\, 2}}^{\\,2} & = & \\frac{2 \\, \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial r}}{r} + \\frac{2 \\, \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{r}}{\\partial {\\theta}}}{r^{2}} + \\frac{\\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial {\\theta}}}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)} + \\frac{\\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial {\\theta} ^ 2}}{r^{2}} - \\frac{2 \\, \\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial {\\phi}}}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2}} - \\frac{u_{\\theta}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right)}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2}} + \\frac{\\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial {\\phi} ^ 2}}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2}} + \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial r ^ 2} \\\\ \\Delta\\left(u\\right)_{\\phantom{\\, 3}}^{\\,3} & = & \\frac{2 \\, \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial r}}{r} + \\frac{\\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial {\\theta}}}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)} + \\frac{\\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial {\\theta} ^ 2}}{r^{2}} + \\frac{2 \\, \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{r}}{\\partial {\\phi}}}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)} + \\frac{2 \\, \\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial {\\phi}}}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2}} - \\frac{u_{\\phi}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right)}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2}} + \\frac{\\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial {\\phi} ^ 2}}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2}} + \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial r ^ 2} \\end{array}$ " ], "text/plain": [ "Delta(u)^1 = 2*d(u_r)/dr/r - 2*u_r(r, th, ph)/r^2 - 2*cos(th)*u_theta(r, th, ph)/(r^2*sin(th)) + cos(th)*d(u_r)/dth/(r^2*sin(th)) + d^2(u_r)/dth^2/r^2 - 2*d(u_theta)/dth/r^2 - 2*d(u_phi)/dph/(r^2*sin(th)) + d^2(u_r)/dph^2/(r^2*sin(th)^2) + d^2(u_r)/dr^2 \n", "Delta(u)^2 = 2*d(u_theta)/dr/r + 2*d(u_r)/dth/r^2 + cos(th)*d(u_theta)/dth/(r^2*sin(th)) + d^2(u_theta)/dth^2/r^2 - 2*cos(th)*d(u_phi)/dph/(r^2*sin(th)^2) - u_theta(r, th, ph)/(r^2*sin(th)^2) + d^2(u_theta)/dph^2/(r^2*sin(th)^2) + d^2(u_theta)/dr^2 \n", "Delta(u)^3 = 2*d(u_phi)/dr/r + cos(th)*d(u_phi)/dth/(r^2*sin(th)) + d^2(u_phi)/dth^2/r^2 + 2*d(u_r)/dph/(r^2*sin(th)) + 2*cos(th)*d(u_theta)/dph/(r^2*sin(th)^2) - u_phi(r, th, ph)/(r^2*sin(th)^2) + d^2(u_phi)/dph^2/(r^2*sin(th)^2) + d^2(u_phi)/dr^2 " ] }, "execution_count": 59, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "for i in E.irange():\n", " Du[i].expand()\n", "Du.display_comp()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 60, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\frac{2 \\, \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{r}}{\\partial r}}{r} - \\frac{2 \\, u_{r}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right)}{r^{2}} - \\frac{2 \\, \\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) u_{\\theta}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right)}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)} + \\frac{\\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{r}}{\\partial {\\theta}}}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)} + \\frac{\\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{r}}{\\partial {\\theta} ^ 2}}{r^{2}} - \\frac{2 \\, \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial {\\theta}}}{r^{2}} - \\frac{2 \\, \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial {\\phi}}}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)} + \\frac{\\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{r}}{\\partial {\\phi} ^ 2}}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2}} + \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{r}}{\\partial r ^ 2}$ " ], "text/plain": [ "2*d(u_r)/dr/r - 2*u_r(r, th, ph)/r^2 - 2*cos(th)*u_theta(r, th, ph)/(r^2*sin(th)) + cos(th)*d(u_r)/dth/(r^2*sin(th)) + d^2(u_r)/dth^2/r^2 - 2*d(u_theta)/dth/r^2 - 2*d(u_phi)/dph/(r^2*sin(th)) + d^2(u_r)/dph^2/(r^2*sin(th)^2) + d^2(u_r)/dr^2" ] }, "execution_count": 60, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "Du[1]" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 61, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\frac{2 \\, \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial r}}{r} + \\frac{2 \\, \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{r}}{\\partial {\\theta}}}{r^{2}} + \\frac{\\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial {\\theta}}}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)} + \\frac{\\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial {\\theta} ^ 2}}{r^{2}} - \\frac{2 \\, \\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial {\\phi}}}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2}} - \\frac{u_{\\theta}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right)}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2}} + \\frac{\\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial {\\phi} ^ 2}}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2}} + \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial r ^ 2}$ " ], "text/plain": [ "2*d(u_theta)/dr/r + 2*d(u_r)/dth/r^2 + cos(th)*d(u_theta)/dth/(r^2*sin(th)) + d^2(u_theta)/dth^2/r^2 - 2*cos(th)*d(u_phi)/dph/(r^2*sin(th)^2) - u_theta(r, th, ph)/(r^2*sin(th)^2) + d^2(u_theta)/dph^2/(r^2*sin(th)^2) + d^2(u_theta)/dr^2" ] }, "execution_count": 61, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "Du[2]" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 62, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\frac{2 \\, \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial r}}{r} + \\frac{\\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial {\\theta}}}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)} + \\frac{\\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial {\\theta} ^ 2}}{r^{2}} + \\frac{2 \\, \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{r}}{\\partial {\\phi}}}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)} + \\frac{2 \\, \\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial {\\phi}}}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2}} - \\frac{u_{\\phi}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right)}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2}} + \\frac{\\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial {\\phi} ^ 2}}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2}} + \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial r ^ 2}$ " ], "text/plain": [ "2*d(u_phi)/dr/r + cos(th)*d(u_phi)/dth/(r^2*sin(th)) + d^2(u_phi)/dth^2/r^2 + 2*d(u_r)/dph/(r^2*sin(th)) + 2*cos(th)*d(u_theta)/dph/(r^2*sin(th)^2) - u_phi(r, th, ph)/(r^2*sin(th)^2) + d^2(u_phi)/dph^2/(r^2*sin(th)^2) + d^2(u_phi)/dr^2" ] }, "execution_count": 62, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "Du[3]" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "As a test, we may check that these formulas coincide with those of\n", "Wikipedia's article [*Del in cylindrical and spherical coordinates*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_in_cylindrical_and_spherical_coordinates#Del_formula)." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "For $v$ and $w$, we have " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 63, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\Delta\\left(v\\right) = 0$ " ], "text/plain": [ "Delta(v) = 0" ] }, "execution_count": 63, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "laplacian(v).display()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 64, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\Delta\\left(w\\right) = 0$ " ], "text/plain": [ "Delta(w) = 0" ] }, "execution_count": 64, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "laplacian(w).display()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "We have" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 65, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\mathrm{curl}\\left(\\mathrm{curl}\\left(u\\right)\\right) = \\left( \\frac{{\\left(r \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial r\\partial {\\theta}} - \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{r}}{\\partial {\\theta} ^ 2} + \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial {\\theta}}\\right)} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2} + {\\left({\\left(r \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial r} + u_{\\theta}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) - \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{r}}{\\partial {\\theta}}\\right)} \\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) + r \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial r\\partial {\\phi}} + \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial {\\phi}}\\right)} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right) - \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{r}}{\\partial {\\phi} ^ 2}}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2}} \\right) e_{ r } + \\left( -\\frac{{\\left(r^{2} \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial r ^ 2} - r \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{r}}{\\partial r\\partial {\\theta}} + 2 \\, r \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial r}\\right)} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2} - \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial {\\theta}\\partial {\\phi}} - \\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial {\\phi}} + \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial {\\phi} ^ 2}}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2}} \\right) e_{ {\\theta} } + \\left( -\\frac{{\\left(r^{2} \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial r ^ 2} + 2 \\, r \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial r} + \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial {\\theta} ^ 2}\\right)} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2} + {\\left(\\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial {\\theta}} - r \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{r}}{\\partial r\\partial {\\phi}} - \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial {\\theta}\\partial {\\phi}}\\right)} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right) + \\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial {\\phi}} - u_{\\phi}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right)}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2}} \\right) e_{ {\\phi} }$ " ], "text/plain": [ "curl(curl(u)) = ((r*d^2(u_theta)/drdth - d^2(u_r)/dth^2 + d(u_theta)/dth)*sin(th)^2 + ((r*d(u_theta)/dr + u_theta(r, th, ph) - d(u_r)/dth)*cos(th) + r*d^2(u_phi)/drdph + d(u_phi)/dph)*sin(th) - d^2(u_r)/dph^2)/(r^2*sin(th)^2) e_r - ((r^2*d^2(u_theta)/dr^2 - r*d^2(u_r)/drdth + 2*r*d(u_theta)/dr)*sin(th)^2 - sin(th)*d^2(u_phi)/dthdph - cos(th)*d(u_phi)/dph + d^2(u_theta)/dph^2)/(r^2*sin(th)^2) e_th - ((r^2*d^2(u_phi)/dr^2 + 2*r*d(u_phi)/dr + d^2(u_phi)/dth^2)*sin(th)^2 + (cos(th)*d(u_phi)/dth - r*d^2(u_r)/drdph - d^2(u_theta)/dthdph)*sin(th) + cos(th)*d(u_theta)/dph - u_phi(r, th, ph))/(r^2*sin(th)^2) e_ph" ] }, "execution_count": 65, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "curl(curl(u)).display()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 66, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\mathrm{grad}\\left(\\mathrm{div}\\left(u\\right)\\right) = \\left( \\frac{{\\left(r \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial r} - u_{\\theta}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right)\\right)} \\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) + {\\left(r^{2} \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{r}}{\\partial r ^ 2} + 2 \\, r \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{r}}{\\partial r} + r \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial r\\partial {\\theta}} - 2 \\, u_{r}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right) - \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial {\\theta}}\\right)} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right) + r \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial r\\partial {\\phi}} - \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial {\\phi}}}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)} \\right) e_{ r } + \\left( \\frac{{\\left(r \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{r}}{\\partial r\\partial {\\theta}} + 2 \\, \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{r}}{\\partial {\\theta}} + \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial {\\theta} ^ 2}\\right)} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2} + {\\left(\\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial {\\theta}} + \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial {\\theta}\\partial {\\phi}}\\right)} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right) - \\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial {\\phi}} - u_{\\theta}\\left(r, {\\theta}, {\\phi}\\right)}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2}} \\right) e_{ {\\theta} } + \\left( \\frac{{\\left(r \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{r}}{\\partial r\\partial {\\phi}} + 2 \\, \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{r}}{\\partial {\\phi}} + \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial {\\theta}\\partial {\\phi}}\\right)} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right) + \\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\frac{\\partial\\,u_{\\theta}}{\\partial {\\phi}} + \\frac{\\partial^2\\,u_{\\phi}}{\\partial {\\phi} ^ 2}}{r^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2}} \\right) e_{ {\\phi} }$ " ], "text/plain": [ "grad(div(u)) = ((r*d(u_theta)/dr - u_theta(r, th, ph))*cos(th) + (r^2*d^2(u_r)/dr^2 + 2*r*d(u_r)/dr + r*d^2(u_theta)/drdth - 2*u_r(r, th, ph) - d(u_theta)/dth)*sin(th) + r*d^2(u_phi)/drdph - d(u_phi)/dph)/(r^2*sin(th)) e_r + ((r*d^2(u_r)/drdth + 2*d(u_r)/dth + d^2(u_theta)/dth^2)*sin(th)^2 + (cos(th)*d(u_theta)/dth + d^2(u_phi)/dthdph)*sin(th) - cos(th)*d(u_phi)/dph - u_theta(r, th, ph))/(r^2*sin(th)^2) e_th + ((r*d^2(u_r)/drdph + 2*d(u_r)/dph + d^2(u_theta)/dthdph)*sin(th) + cos(th)*d(u_theta)/dph + d^2(u_phi)/dph^2)/(r^2*sin(th)^2) e_ph" ] }, "execution_count": 66, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "grad(div(u)).display()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "and we may check a famous identity:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 67, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\mathrm{True}$ " ], "text/plain": [ "True" ] }, "execution_count": 67, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "curl(curl(u)) == grad(div(u)) - laplacian(u)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Customizations\n", "\n", "### Customizing the symbols of the orthonormal frame vectors\n", "\n", "By default, the vectors of the orthonormal frame associated with spherical coordinates are denoted $(e_r,e_\\theta,e_\\phi)$:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 68, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\left(\\mathbb{E}^{3}, \\left(e_{ r },e_{ {\\theta} },e_{ {\\phi} }\\right)\\right)$ " ], "text/plain": [ "Vector frame (E^3, (e_r,e_th,e_ph))" ] }, "execution_count": 68, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "frame = E.spherical_frame()\n", "frame" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "But this can be changed, thanks to the method `set_name`:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 69, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\left(\\mathbb{E}^{3}, \\left(a_{r},a_{\\theta},a_{\\phi}\\right)\\right)$ " ], "text/plain": [ "Vector frame (E^3, (a_r,a_th,a_ph))" ] }, "execution_count": 69, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "frame.set_name('a', indices=('r', 'th', 'ph'),\n", " latex_indices=('r', r'\\theta', r'\\phi'))\n", "frame" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 70, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}v = \\left( r \\sin\\left(2 \\, {\\phi}\\right) \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2} + r \\right) a_{r} + r \\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\sin\\left(2 \\, {\\phi}\\right) \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right) a_{\\theta} + 2 \\, r \\cos\\left({\\phi}\\right)^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right) a_{\\phi}$ " ], "text/plain": [ "v = (r*sin(2*ph)*sin(th)^2 + r) a_r + r*cos(th)*sin(2*ph)*sin(th) a_th + 2*r*cos(ph)^2*sin(th) a_ph" ] }, "execution_count": 70, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "v.display()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 71, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\left(\\mathbb{E}^{3}, \\left(\\hat{r},\\hat{\\theta},\\hat{\\phi}\\right)\\right)$ " ], "text/plain": [ "Vector frame (E^3, (hr,hth,hph))" ] }, "execution_count": 71, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "frame.set_name(('hr', 'hth', 'hph'), \n", " latex_symbol=(r'\\hat{r}', r'\\hat{\\theta}', r'\\hat{\\phi}'))\n", "frame" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 72, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}v = \\left( r \\sin\\left(2 \\, {\\phi}\\right) \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right)^{2} + r \\right) \\hat{r} + r \\cos\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\sin\\left(2 \\, {\\phi}\\right) \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\hat{\\theta} + 2 \\, r \\cos\\left({\\phi}\\right)^{2} \\sin\\left({\\theta}\\right) \\hat{\\phi}$ " ], "text/plain": [ "v = (r*sin(2*ph)*sin(th)^2 + r) hr + r*cos(th)*sin(2*ph)*sin(th) hth + 2*r*cos(ph)^2*sin(th) hph" ] }, "execution_count": 72, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "v.display()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "### Customizing the coordinate symbols\n", "\n", "The coordinates symbols are defined within the angle brackets `<...>` at the construction of the Euclidean space. Above we did " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 73, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "E. = EuclideanSpace(coordinates='spherical')" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "which resulted in the coordinate symbols $(r,\\theta,\\phi)$ and in the corresponding Python variables `r`, `th` and `ph` (SageMath symbolic expressions). Using other symbols, for instance $(R,\\Theta,\\Phi)$, is possible through the optional argument `symbols` of the function `EuclideanSpace`. It has to be a string, usually prefixed by r (for raw string, in order to allow for the backslash character of LaTeX expressions). This string contains the coordinate fields separated by a blank space; each field contains the coordinate’s text symbol and possibly the coordinate’s LaTeX symbol (when the latter is different from the text symbol), both symbols being separated by a colon (`:`):" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 74, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "E. = EuclideanSpace(coordinates='spherical', symbols=r'R Th:\\Theta Ph:\\Phi')" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "We have then" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 75, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\left[\\left(\\mathbb{E}^{3},(R, {\\Theta}, {\\Phi})\\right)\\right]$ " ], "text/plain": [ "[Chart (E^3, (R, Th, Ph))]" ] }, "execution_count": 75, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "E.atlas()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 76, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\left[\\left(\\mathbb{E}^{3}, \\left(\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial R },\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial {\\Theta} },\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial {\\Phi} }\\right)\\right), \\left(\\mathbb{E}^{3}, \\left(e_{ R },e_{ {\\Theta} },e_{ {\\Phi} }\\right)\\right)\\right]$ " ], "text/plain": [ "[Coordinate frame (E^3, (d/dR,d/dTh,d/dPh)),\n", " Vector frame (E^3, (e_R,e_Th,e_Ph))]" ] }, "execution_count": 76, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "E.frames()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 77, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}\\left(\\mathbb{E}^{3}, \\left(e_{ R },e_{ {\\Theta} },e_{ {\\Phi} }\\right)\\right)$ " ], "text/plain": [ "Vector frame (E^3, (e_R,e_Th,e_Ph))" ] }, "execution_count": 77, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "E.spherical_frame()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 78, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ " $\\newcommand{\\Bold}[1]{\\mathbf{#1}}v = \\left( R \\sin\\left(2 \\, {\\Phi}\\right) \\sin\\left({\\Theta}\\right)^{2} + R \\right) e_{ R } + R \\cos\\left({\\Theta}\\right) \\sin\\left(2 \\, {\\Phi}\\right) \\sin\\left({\\Theta}\\right) e_{ {\\Theta} } + 2 \\, R \\cos\\left({\\Phi}\\right)^{2} \\sin\\left({\\Theta}\\right) e_{ {\\Phi} }$ " ], "text/plain": [ "v = (R*sin(2*Ph)*sin(Th)^2 + R) e_R + R*cos(Th)*sin(2*Ph)*sin(Th) e_Th + 2*R*cos(Ph)^2*sin(Th) e_Ph" ] }, "execution_count": 78, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "v = E.vector_field(R*sin(2*Ph)*sin(Th)^2 + R, \n", " R*sin(2*Ph)*sin(Th)*cos(Th), \n", " 2*R*cos(Ph)^2*sin(Th), name='v')\n", "v.display()" ] } ], "metadata": { "kernelspec": { "display_name": "SageMath 8.8.beta2", "language": "", "name": "sagemath" }, "language_info": { "codemirror_mode": { "name": "ipython", "version": 2 }, "file_extension": ".py", "mimetype": "text/x-python", "name": "python", "nbconvert_exporter": "python", "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", "version": "2.7.15" } }, "nbformat": 4, "nbformat_minor": 2 }