Aysegul Say, Said Fathalla, Sahar Vahdati
An ontology about Scientific Publications of Physics Research. The main theme of the ontology is to access Physics based research findings with defining the structure of the entire scientific article using metadata and to provide meaningful published information. This ontology focuses on the Physics domain for scientific publishing to get a knowledge base representation and define specific physics contents ; scientific methods, scientific problems, solutions etc. mostly used in the specific research area.
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 (CC BY 3.0)
We have used complex fields. However,there exists a theoretical possibility in which the gik and 𝞒 are real though not symmetric. Thus one can obtain a theory which in its final formulas corresponds, except for certain signs, to the one developed above. E. Schrodinger, too, has based his affine theory (i.e., based on the 𝞒 as fundamental field quantities) on real fields. I therefore wish to give here some formal reasons for the preferability of complex fields.
although we are permitting the determinant g to take on the value 0 (for xi=0), no change of sign of g and in general no change in the "inertial index" of the quadratic form (1) occurs. These features are of fundamental importance from the point of view of the physical interpretation, and will be encountered again in the solutions to be considered later.
we report the first direct detection of gravitational waves and the first direct observation of a binary black hole system merging to form a single black hole.
one black hole may have been formed by the collapse of a normal star, a second by the collapse of a neutron star, a third by the collapse ofa geon.
To give a precise definition of black-hole entropy. Based on it we construct some elements of a thermodynamics for black holes.
Here we shall calculate the minimum possible increase in black-hole area which must result when a spherical particle of rest mass p, and proper radius b is captured by a Kerr black hole.we shall calculate the minimum possible increase in black-hole area which must result when a light beam of energy E &0 coming from infinity is captured by a Kerr black hole.
new f leads to the conclusion that the final black-hole area must exceed the total initial black-hole area. serves us warning that the law is expected to hold only insofar as statistical fluctuations are negligible.
angular velocity , angular momentum of the black holes
(1) kinetic energy of motion of the particles in the star, (2) radiation, (3) potential and kinetic energy of the outer layers of the star which could be blown away by the radiation, (4) rotational energy which could divide the star into two or more parts.
This solution is free from singularities for all finite points in the space of two sheets and the charge is again represented by a bridge between the sheets. It is the representation of an elementary electrical particle without mass.
A bridge, spatially finite, which connects these sheets characterizes the presence of an electrically neutral elementary particle
We observed M87* on 2017 April 5, 6, 10, and 11 with the EHT.Finally, the visibility amplitudes represent only half of the information available to us. We will next explore images and more complex geometrical models that can fit the measured visibility amplitudes and phases.
we compare the spectrum of PCA eigenvalues to that of Gaussian and red-noise processes and show how the PCA eigenvalues are related to the underlying power spectrum of structures in the images.
gravitating mass,negative neutral masses,"field-producing mass,
the condition of symmetry,the condition of Hermiticity
the dimensionless spin a Jc GM2 * º , where J and M are, respectively, the spin angular momentum and mass of the black hole, and the net dimensionless magnetic flux over the event horizon MRg f º F ( ˙ 2)1 2, where Φ and M˙ are the magnetic flux and mass flux (or accretion rate) across the horizon, respectively.
GW150914: Implications for the Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background from Binary Black Holes
We consider a Gaussian spot moving along a circular path and simulate 1080 snapshot images,as the spot completes an integer number (3) of orbits.
An Example of Princial Component Analysis
The neutrino does not respond directly to electric or magnetic fields. Therefore, if one wishes to inQuence its orbit by forces subject to simple analysis one has to make use of gravitational fields. In other words, one has to consider the physics of a neutrino in a curved metric.
we study the solutions of the gravitational field equations which describe this process.
From such tensors every symmetric tensor of rank 2 can be obtained through summation with real coefficient.
unresovable events combine to createstochastic background
the information may be that several of the Pn are, in fact, zero. Some ideal gas in a container is compressed isothermally. Maxwell's demon.
Interaction of neutrinos an& Gravitational fields
From our analysis of some of the interactions between neutrinos and gravitational fields we conclude that neutrino physics has an interesting character in and by itself, even when attention is withdrawn from all betaray transformations. The behavior of neutrinos has become a little clearer, but the mystery why spinors occur in nature is left as pressing as ever. What is there about the description of the geometry of space which is not already adequately covered by ordinary scalars, vectors, and tensors of standard tensor analysis' To this question the mathematics of spinor fields gives a well known answer: spinors allow one to describe rotations at one point in space completely independently of rotations at all other points in space—rotations that have nothing to do with the coordinate transformations that are treated in the usual tensor analysis. Fully to see at work this machinery of independent rotations at each point in space, we do best to consider the spinor field in a general curved space, as in this paper. But the deeper part of such rotations in the description of nature is still mysterious.
apply PCA to a set of simulated black hole images at the 1.3 mm wavelength of observations for the EHT.
electric potential energy V= vhc, gravitational potential energy
The gravitational-wave event GW150914 observed by the LIGO Hanford
the analysis of 16 days of coincident observations September 12 to October 20, 2015.
The LIGO detectors have observed gravitational waves from the merger of two stellar-mass black holes. The detected waveform matches the predictions of general relativity for the inspiral and merger of a pair of black holes and the ringdown of the resulting single black hole. These observations demonstrate the existence of binary stellar-mass black hole systems. This is the first direct detection of gravitational waves and the first observation of a binary black hole merger.
Binary black hole systems at larger distances contribute to a stochastic background of gravitational waves from the superposition of unresolved systems.
we have demonstrated that PCA covers an effective tool for this task over a wealth of different problems.
To use PCA to determine the dominant components in a set of images of black holes.
In order that conjugate vectors have conjugate translations and derivatives it is necessary upon passage to the conjugate to change the character of translationor of differentiation, i.e., to pass to the conjugate.
the particle creation is really a global process and is not localised in the collapse: an observer falling through the event horizon would not see an infinite number of particles coming out from the collapsing body. Because it is a non-local process, it is probably not reasonable to expect to be able to form a local energy-momentum tensor to describe the back-reaction of the particle creation on the metric. Rather, the negative energy density needed to account for the decrease in the area of the horizon, should be thought of as arising from the indeterminacy of order of M- 4 of the local energy density at the horizon.
to work with are the complex Fourier components of the image, i.e., visibility amplitudes and phases.
To achieve a theory of the total field by a generalization of the concepts and methods of the relativistic theory of gravitation.
On the Law of the Energy Distribution in the Normal Spectrum
First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole
that geometrical optics is always applicable means that the bulk of wavelengths in the beam are much shorter than the characteristic dimension of the hole ≈M. Thus,if , is some characteristic frequency in the beam,then we require that ωc >M.
In any case here is a possibility for a general relativistic theory of matter which is logically completely satisfying and which contains no new hypothetical elements.
If one solves the equations of the general theory of relativity for the static spherically symmetric case, with or without an electrostatic field, one finds that singularities occur in the solutions. If one modifies the equations in an unessential manner so as to make them free from denominators, regular solutigns can be obtained, provided one treats the physical space as consisting of two congruent sheets. The neutral, as well as the electrical, particle is a portion of space connecting the two sheets (bridge). In the hypersurfaces of contact of the two sheets the determinant of the guvvanishes.
We see now in the given solution, free from singularities, the mathematical representation of an elementary particle (neutron or neutrino). Characteristic of the theory we are presenting is the description of space by means of two sheets.A bridge, patially finite, which connects these sheets characterizes the presence of an electrically neutral elementary particle.
angular momentum parameter, k, dimensionless energy parameter, e, L(p) is a parameter
the efficiency is no greater than the maximum efficiency allowed by thermodynamics for the heat engine which is equivalent to the Geroch process, so that this process cannot be regarded as violating the second law.
boundary condition.At the surface of the star, R equal Rb we must have L equal to M for all τ.
R* the differential equations,coordinate transformation to put the line element in form.
the condition of the space with respect to it as a homogeneous gravitational field.
behavior will be realized by all collapsing stars which cannot end in a stable stationary state.
in our simulations,flux excursions and unusual image morphologies are not necessarily coincident but the two can be disentangled with the use of the quantity Rnl that we have introduced here.
eigenvalues, eigenimages,the typical values,a set of simulated black hole images
stellar evolution requires weak massive-star winds, which are possible in stellar environments with metallicity lower than ≃1=2 the solar value.
behavior of the metrical tensor as the contraction progresses:
we verified that the remnant mass and spin deduced from the early stage of the coalescence and those inferred independently from the late stage are consistent with each other, with no evidence for disagreement from general relativity.
the adjoined translation corresponds to adjoined objects
As the divergence of the left side of (4) vanishes identically, this means that among all the field equations those four identities exist which are needed for.their compatibility.
When all thermonuclear sources of energy are exhausted a suSciently heavy star will collapse. Unless fission due to rotation, the radiation of mass, or the blowing off of mass by radiation, reduce the star's mass to the order of that of the sun, this contraction will continue indefinitely.
The publication of this theoretical method is nevertheless justified, in our opinion, because it provides a clear procedure, characterized by a minimum of assumptions, the carrying out of which has no other diAiculties to overcome than those of a mathematical nature.
Christodoulou condition,the oscillator nonrelativistic
Energy E, probability, and q,temperature,pressure, mass, charge, and angular momentum, vibrational frequency of the oscillator
orthonormality conditions,positive frequency condition,weak energy conditio
On the Gravitational Field of a Mass Point according to Einstein’s Theory
The deviation of this formula from the third Kepler’s law is totally negligible down to the surface of the Sun. For an ideal mass point, however, it follows that the angular velocity does not, as with Newton’s law, grow without limit when the radius of the orbit gets smaller and smaller, but it approaches a determined limit This circumstance could be of interest, if analogous laws would rule the molecular forces.
The problem is to find out a line element with coefficients such that the field equations, the equation of the determinant and these four requirements are satisfied.
Radiance and spectral radiance are radiometric measures that describe the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle in a specified direction. They are used to characterize both emission from diffuse sources and reflection from diffuse surfaces. The SI unit of radiance is watts per steradian per square metre (W·sr−1·m−2).
A measured characteristic of an entity is one that is measurable within the physical world. A measured characteristic includes primary and derived physical dimensions (e.g., length, mass, area, density). The measured value assigned to a measured characteristic may be a quantity (a numerical value) or a quality (a category), including both nominal and ordinal categories.
Measured Characteristic
A measurement is an assertion that a characteristic of an entity had a particular value with respect to an observation event. A measurement is comprised of a characteristic, a value, a measurement standard, and a protocol. Measurements can also have precision as well as a description of the methods used. Measurements can encapsulate characteristics that were recorded, but not necessarily measured in a physical sense. For example, the name of a location and a taxon can be captured through measurements.
Measurement
An observation collection is a container for a set of observations.
Observation Collection
A unit is a standard quantification for physical measurements. A unit is either a base unit, a composite unit, or a derived unit.
Unit
The hasCode property gives the underlying value (or coded representation) of a primitive value.
The hasMeasurement property gives the measurements of the observed entity.
The hasUnit property gives the underlying base or derived unit for a derived or composite unit, respectively.
The hasValue property gives the value of the measurement.
The measurementFor property gives the observation (observed entitiy) that a measurement is associated with. Each measurement is for exactly one observation.
The measuresCharacteristic property gives the Characteristic that would be measured by a MeasurementType.
The ofCharacteristic property gives the entity characteristic measured by a measurement.
The :Agent class groups together all entities that can be the subject of an action. These can be single persons (:Person), or groups of people organised as a legal entity (:Organization).
Agent
The :Article class represents a scholarly work normally published as an item of a serial publication. In particular, this concept refers to the abstract notion of an article, rather than any of its realisations after it becomes embodied via a physical medium.
With reference to the FRBR model [http://www.ifla.org/publications/functional-requirements-for-bibliographic-records], an :Article can be mapped directly to the frbr:Expression concept. It is worth noting though that within the NPG core ontology we do not have any notion of a frbr:Work. Hence multiple versions of the same article (e.g. language translations, or revisions) are characterised as such simply by means of some relationship.
Article
The :Collection class represents a group of documents which are published (or republished) as part of a new composite publication. Often these documents have been published elsewhere, but since they share a common theme or belong to an identifiable narrative it is of interest to publish them again within a different container. (See also :Issue.)
Collection
The :Concept class groups together all individuals which do not exist in the physical world (i.e. have no extension in spacetime).
Concept
The :Document class groups together all publications which were created to be distributed and consumed as individual, self-contained entities.
Document
The :Event class groups together events of varying granularity. Events differ from :Concept entities because they have an extension in time; they differ from :Asset entities because they do not have an extension in space.
Event
The :Issue class represents an aggregate object which is published periodically as part of a :Serial and is normally composed by one or more articles. (See also :Collection.)
Issue
The :Journal class represents a scholarly serial publication, considered from both the scholarly and the commercial perspectives. Thus a journal is more than the sum of its publications (i.e. the set of all the :Issue instances it has published); it is an entity characterised by many properties, e.g. its founders, its impact factor, etc.
Journal
The :Organization class represents an organised body of people normally having a legal status.
Organization
The :Person class represents a single person entity.
Person
The :Publication class groups together all individuals (or part of) created as the result of the publishing process. Note that we are not referring here to the physical artefacts, but just their abstract counterparts.
Publication
The :PublicationEvent class groups together events that happen within the publishing process, broadly conceived. For example, the submission of an article, or the acceptance of a paper.
Publication Event
The :PublishEvent class represents events related to the publication of a document. This is intended in a strict sense, i.e. the time when a publication is made 'public'.
In order to differentiate these events further, the :PublishState vocabulary is used.
Publish Event
The :Publisher class represents organizations involved in the publishing business.
Publisher
The :ReviewEvent class models events related to the reviewing of a document (before its publication). In order to differentiate these events further, the :ReviewState vocabulary is used.
Review Event
The :Serial class represents publications which appear in a new edition on a regular schedule. For example, a journal, a magazine or a blog. The :PublishEvent class is used to provide more details about the time, place and other contextual information relevant to when a new edition gets published.
Serial
The :Thing class groups together all individuals used by Macmillan Science and Education within the NPG publishing world.
Thing
The :class property specifies the class a domain model refers to.
Class
The :dateEnd property specifies the end date for a serial publication. Note that this date relates to the publisher holdings which may not be the same as the actual publication end date.
Date End
The :dateStart property specifies the start date for a serial publication. Note that this date relates to the publisher holdings which may not be the same as the actual publication start date.
Date Start
The :dateTime property specifies the full date of an event as a string, including a time component.
DateTime
The :datetime property specifies a system-generated datetime for an entity.
Datetime
The :doi property specifies a DOI number for a publication.
DOI
The :doiLink property relates a publication to the URI minted from the DOI.
DOI Link
The :example property specifies an example of an entity.
This property is similar to void:exampleResource. But see also skos:example.
Example
The :graph property specifies the full URI of any graph.
Graph
The :hasIssue property relates a publication-event to an issue.
Has Issue
The :hasPublication property relates a publication-event to a publication.
Has Publication
The :hasSerial property relates a publication to a serial.
Has Serial
The :isNamedResource property marks whether an object resource is named or is unnamed (i.e. a blank node).
Is Named Resource
The :isRepeatable property marks whether a property can be repeated.
Is Repeatable
The :isVocabulary property marks whether a class is used for a controlled vocabulary.
Is Vocabulary
The :issue property specifies an issue label for a journal.
The :mesh property relates a concept to a Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) term as a resource.
MeSH
The :publicationDate property specifies the full date of a publication as a string.
Publication Date
The :publicationName property specifies a string name for an external publication.
Publication Name
The :publicationYear property specifies the year date of a publication as a string.
Publication Year
The :relation property relates a publication to a publication.
Relation
The :shortTitle property specifies an abbreviated title for a publication.
Short Title
The :title property specifies a title to the main body content of a publication as a string.
Title
The :type property specifies the local name of the graph namespace used for instances of a class.
This property is used as a surrogate for the class name. There is a one-to-one relation between the class name and its associated graph, e.g. instances of the class :Subject are assigned to the subjects: graph.
Type
The :date property specifies the year date of an event as a string.
Year
The :date property specifies the year and month date of an event as a string.
YearMonth
Examples of Agent include person, organization, and software agent.
A resource that acts or has the power to act.
A book, article, or other documentary resource.
Bibliographic Resource
The set of regions in space defined by their geographic coordinates according to the DCMI Box Encoding Scheme.
DCMI Box
The set of codes listed in ISO 3166-1 for the representation of names of countries.
ISO 3166
The three-letter alphabetic codes listed in ISO639-2 for the representation of names of languages.
ISO 639-2
The set of three-letter codes listed in ISO 639-3 for the representation of names of languages.
ISO 639-3
The set of time intervals defined by their limits according to the DCMI Period Encoding Scheme.
DCMI Period
The set of points in space defined by their geographic coordinates according to the DCMI Point Encoding Scheme.
DCMI Point
The set of tags, constructed according to RFC 1766, for the identification of languages.
RFC 1766
RFC 3066 has been obsoleted by RFC 4646.
The set of tags constructed according to RFC 3066 for the identification of languages.
RFC 3066
RFC 4646 obsoletes RFC 3066.
The set of tags constructed according to RFC 4646 for the identification of languages.
RFC 4646
RFC 5646 obsoletes RFC 4646.
The set of tags constructed according to RFC 5646 for the identification of languages.
RFC 5646
The set of identifiers constructed according to the generic syntax for Uniform Resource Identifiers as specified by the Internet Engineering Task Force.
URI
The set of dates and times constructed according to the W3C Date and Time Formats Specification.
W3C-DTF
A summary of the resource.
Abstract
Access Rights may include information regarding access or restrictions based on privacy, security, or other policies.
Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status.
Access Rights
The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific.
An alternative name for the resource.
Alternative Title
Date (often a range) that the resource became or will become available.
Date Available
Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible.
A bibliographic reference for the resource.
Bibliographic Citation
An established standard to which the described resource conforms.
Conforms To
Examples of a Contributor include a person, an organization, or a service.
Examples of a Contributor include a person, an organization, or a service. Typically, the name of a Contributor should be used to indicate the entity.
The guidelines for using names of persons or organizations as creators apply to contributors.
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource.
Contributor
Spatial topic and spatial applicability may be a named place or a location specified by its geographic coordinates. Temporal topic may be a named period, date, or date range. A jurisdiction may be a named administrative entity or a geographic place to which the resource applies. Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as the Thesaurus of Geographic Names [TGN]. Where appropriate, named places or time periods can be used in preference to numeric identifiers such as sets of coordinates or date ranges.
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant.
Coverage
Recommended practice is to describe the date, date/time, or period of time as recommended for the property Date, of which this is a subproperty.
Date of creation of the resource.
Date Created
Examples of a Creator include a person, an organization, or a service.
Examples of a Creator include a person, an organization, or a service. Typically, the name of a Creator should be used to indicate the entity.
Recommended practice is to identify the creator with a URI. If this is not possible or feasible, a literal value that identifies the creator may be provided.
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource.
An entity responsible for making the resource.
Creator
Date may be used to express temporal information at any level of granularity. Recommended best practice is to use an encoding scheme, such as the W3CDTF profile of ISO 8601 [W3CDTF].
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource.
Date
Examples of resources to which a Date Accepted may be relevant are a thesis (accepted by a university department) or an article (accepted by a journal).
Date of acceptance of the resource.
Date Accepted
Date of copyright.
Date Copyrighted
Examples of resources to which a Date Submitted may be relevant are a thesis (submitted to a university department) or an article (submitted to a journal).
Date of submission of the resource.
Date Submitted
Description may include but is not limited to: an abstract, a table of contents, a graphical representation, or a free-text account of the resource.
An account of the resource.
Description
The size or duration of the resource.
Extent
Examples of dimensions include size and duration. Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as the list of Internet Media Types [MIME].
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource.
Format
A related resource that is substantially the same as the pre-existing described resource, but in another format.
Has Format
This term is intended to be used with non-literal values as defined in the DCMI Abstract Model (http://dublincore.org/documents/abstract-model/). As of December 2007, the DCMI Usage Board is seeking a way to express this intention with a formal range declaration.
A related resource that is included either physically or logically in the described resource.
Has Part
A related resource that is a version, edition, or adaptation of the described resource.
Has Version
Recommended best practice is to identify the resource by means of a string conforming to a formal identification system.
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context.
Identifier
A related resource that is substantially the same as the described resource, but in another format.
Is Format Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
Is Part Of
A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource.
Is Referenced By
A related resource that supplants, displaces, or supersedes the described resource.
Is Replaced By
A related resource that requires the described resource to support its function, delivery, or coherence.
Is Required By
Changes in version imply substantive changes in content rather than differences in format.
A related resource of which the described resource is a version, edition, or adaptation.
Is Version Of
Date of formal issuance (e.g., publication) of the resource.
Date of formal issuance of the resource.
Date Issued
Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as RFC 4646 [RFC4646].
A language of the resource.
Language
A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource.
License
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Medium
Date on which the resource was changed.
Date Modified
Examples of a Publisher include a person, an organization, or a service.
Examples of a Publisher include a person, an organization, or a service. Typically, the name of a Publisher should be used to indicate the entity.
An entity responsible for making the resource available.
A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource.
References
Recommended best practice is to identify the related resource by means of a string conforming to a formal identification system.
A related resource.
A related resource that is supplanted, displaced, or superseded by the described resource.
Replaces
A related resource that is required by the described resource to support its function, delivery, or coherence.
Requires
Typically, rights information includes a statement about various property rights associated with the resource, including intellectual property rights.
Information about rights held in and over the resource.
Rights
A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource.
Rights Holder
The described resource may be derived from the related resource in whole or in part. Recommended best practice is to identify the related resource by means of a string conforming to a formal identification system.
A related resource from which the described resource is derived.
Source
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
Spatial Coverage
Typically, the subject will be represented using keywords, key phrases, or classification codes. Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary.
The topic of the resource.
Subject
A list of subunits of the resource.
Table Of Contents
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
Temporal Coverage
A name given to the resource.
Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as the DCMI Type Vocabulary [DCMITYPE]. To describe the file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource, use the Format element.
The nature or genre of the resource.
Date (often a range) of validity of a resource.
Date Valid
A meaningful collection of concepts.
Labelled collections can be used where you would like a set of concepts to be displayed under a 'node label' in the hierarchy.
An idea or notion; a unit of thought.
Concept Scheme
A set of concepts, optionally including statements about semantic relationships between those concepts.
Thesauri, classification schemes, subject heading lists, taxonomies, 'folksonomies', and other types of controlled vocabulary are all examples of concept schemes. Concept schemes are also embedded in glossaries and terminologies.
A concept scheme may be defined to include concepts from different sources.
The range of skos:altLabel is the class of RDF plain literals.
skos:prefLabel, skos:altLabel and skos:hiddenLabel are pairwise disjoint properties.
alternative label
An alternative lexical label for a resource.
Acronyms, abbreviations, spelling variants, and irregular plural/singular forms may be included among the alternative labels for a concept. Mis-spelled terms are normally included as hidden labels (see skos:hiddenLabel).
change note
A note about a modification to a concept.
definition
A statement or formal explanation of the meaning of a concept.
editorial note
A note for an editor, translator or maintainer of the vocabulary.
example
An example of the use of a concept.
The range of skos:hiddenLabel is the class of RDF plain literals.
hidden label
A lexical label for a resource that should be hidden when generating visual displays of the resource, but should still be accessible to free text search operations.
history note
A note about the past state/use/meaning of a concept.
note
A general note, for any purpose.
This property may be used directly, or as a super-property for more specific note types.
A resource has no more than one value of skos:prefLabel per language tag, and no more than one value of skos:prefLabel without language tag.
The range of skos:prefLabel is the class of RDF plain literals.
preferred label
The preferred lexical label for a resource, in a given language.
scope note
A note that helps to clarify the meaning and/or the use of a concept.
Activity of carrying out an (Observation) Procedure to estimate or calculate a value of a property of a FeatureOfInterest. Links to a Sensor to describe what made the Observation and how; links to an ObservableProperty to describe what the result is an estimate of, and to a FeatureOfInterest to detail what that property was associated with.
Observation
The activity of estimating the intensity of an Earthquake using the Mercalli intensity scale is an Observation as is measuring the moment magnitude, i.e., the energy released by said earthquake.
The Result of an Observation, Actuation, or act of Sampling. To store an observation's simple result value one can use the hasSimpleResult property.
Result
The value 20 as the height of a certain tree together with the unit, e.g., Meter.
Device, agent (including humans), or software (simulation) involved in, or implementing, a Procedure. Sensors respond to a stimulus, e.g., a change in the environment, or input data composed from the results of prior Observations, and generate a Result. Sensors can be mounted on Platforms.
Sensor
Device, agent (including humans), or software (simulation) involved in, or implementing, a (Sensing) Procedure. Sensors respond to a stimulus, e.g., a change in the environment, or input data composed from the results of prior Observations, and generate a Result. Sensors can be mounted on Platforms.
Accelerometers, gyroscopes, barometers, magnetometers, and so forth are sensors that are typically mounted on a modern smart phone (which acts as Platform). Other examples of sensors include the human eyes.
Relation linking an Observation or Actuation or act of Sampling and a Result.
has result
Relation between an ObservableProperty and the Sensor able to observe it.
is observed by
The time that the Result of an Observation, Actuation or Sampling applies to the FeatureOfInterest. Not necessarily the same as the resultTime. May be an Interval or an Instant, or some other compound TemporalEntity.
phenomenon time
A_Generalized_Theory_of_Gravitation
A_Special_Kind_of_Singularity_and_Removal
Albert_Einstein
American_Physical_Society
Something that is unstated but considered to be fact for the purpose of making a decision or solving a problem in a research.
Assumption
Binary_Black_Hole_Merger
Black_Hole
Black_Holes_Entropy
Black_Holes_and_Entropy
Black_hole_Collapsing
Black_hole_Properties
An instance of a particular situation of researchwork; an example of something occurring.
Case
Circular_Orbit_Motion
Collapsing_Stars
Combined_Field_Electricity
Compton_Wavelength
Conservation_Equations
Contravarient_Form_of_the_Metric_Tensor
Curvature_Tensor
Description_of_Space_by_Means_of_Two_Sheets
Dieter_R_Brill
dimensional arguments indicate the black-hole entropy is equal to the ratio of the black-hole area to the square of the Planck length times a dimensionless constant of order unity.
Dimensional_Arguments
Dimitrios_Psaltis
Dirac_Equation
EHT_VLBI_Campaign_Observation
EHT_data
Eigenimages
Eigenvalue_Spectrum_Of_PCA
Einstein_Equations
Electrical_Particle
Electro-Magnetic_Theory_of_Radiation
Elementary_Particle_Neutron
Mass particle such as a photon or a neutrino, electron and the muon
Elementary_Particle_Proton
In physics, defining equations are equations that define new quantities in terms of base quantities
Equation
Event_Horizon_Telescope_EHT_observation
Studies that are concerned with the observation of physical phenomena and experiments.
ExperimentalStudy
Mathematical expression is a finite combination of symbols that is well-formed according to rules that depend on the context.
Expression
Field-Variables
Field_Equations
First_M87_Event_Horizon_Telescope_Results-I-The_Shadow_of_the_Supermassive_Black_Hole
Flaring_Events_Bright_Events
A function was originally the idealization of how a varying quantity depends on another quantity.
GRMHD_simulations
Gaussian_spot_moving_on_a_circular_path
Gaussion_Spot-the_black_hole_shadow
At the moment classical General Relativity still provides the most successful description of gravity.
General_Relativity
General_Theory_of_relativity
Designed to operate without a specific waveform model, this search identifies coincident excess power in timefrequency representations of the detector strain data [43,72], for signal frequencies up to 1 kHz and durations up to a few seconds.
Generic_transient_search
Geon
Geosedic_expression
German_Physical_Society
Gravitation_the_only_force_in__Neutrinos
Gravitational_Contraction
Gravitational_Field_of_a_Mass_Point
Gravitational_Waves
Hamiltonian_principle
Hermitian_Tensor
Hermitian_is_natural
Horizon-scale_structures
Infinitesimal_parallel_translations
Whenever new information about the system becomes available, it may be regarded as imposing some constraints on the probabilities .
Information_theory
Interaction_of_neutrinos_and_Gravitational_fields
Iop_Publishing_LTD
J_R_Oppenheimer
Jacob_D_Bekenstein
John_A_Wheeler
Karl_Schwarzschild
Kerr_black_hole
Kerr_black_hole_solution
Kerr_metric
LIGO_detectors
Lagrangian_equation
Lia_Medeiros
M87
Macroscopic_phenomena
Massless_point
Mathematics_of_spin_in_curved_space
Max_Planck
a system or standard of measurement.
Metric
Model_B
N_Rosen
Neutrino_Geon
Neutrino_Pairs
No_such_adjoined_object
Observation_of_Gravitational_Waves
Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger
Observation_of_Gravitational_Waves_from_a_Binary_Black_Hole_Merger
Observational data is a valuable form of research that can give researchers information that goes beyond numbers and statistics.
ObservationalData
A room or building housing an astronomical telescope or other scientific equipment for the study of natural phenomena.
Observatory
The term observer used as detector which detect formations also as a special relativity in theoretical
Observer
Observer_comoving_with_the_stellar_matter
Observer_on_the_collapsing_body
On_Continued_Gravitational_Contraction
On_the_Law_of_the_Energy_Distribution_in_the_Normal_Spectrum
Principal Component Analysis as a Tool for Characterizing Black Hole Images and Variability
PCA_as_a_Tool_for_Characterizing_Black_Hole_Images_and_Variability
PCA_for_Black_Hole_Images
PCA_formalism_eigenimages
Parallel_Translations
Particle_Creation
Particle_Creation_by_Black_Holes
Particle_Problem
Particle_problem_in_the_Theory_of_Relativity
Principal_Component_Analysis_in_the_Fourier_Domain
Principle_of_Equivalence
Property_of_field_equations
Relativistic_theory_of_gravitation
Research work is systematic activity that is done by a Person to acquire knowledge.
ResearchWork
Ring_structure_Property
Rotating_star
Schwarzschild_metric
Schwarzschild_solution-Black_hole_evaporation
A scientific argument is defined as people disagreeing about scientific explanations (claims) using empirical data (evidence) to justify their side of the argument.
ScientificArgument
An explanation for patterns in nature that is supported by scientific evidence and verified multiple times by various groups of researchers
ScientificLaw
The process of the scientific method involves making conjectures (hypotheses), deriving predictions from them as logical consequences,
ScientificMethod
An inquiry starting from given conditions to investigate or demonstrate a fact, result, or law.
Scientific problems are usually based on observation of scientific phenomena.
ScientificProblem
An attribute, quality, or characteristic of theory,model etc .It is (obsolete) to make a property of; to appropriate.
ScientificProperty
Means of solving a problem or dealing with a difficult situation
Space-time_singularities
Stationary_motions
Stephen_William_Hawking
The_American_Astronomical_Society
The_Energy_Distribution_in_the_Normal_Spectrum
The_Event_Horizon_Telescope_Collaboration
the generalized second law to the most stringent test possible in each case by maximizing the entropy going down the black hole with a given body while minimizing the associated increase in black -hole entropy.
The_Generalized_Second_Law_at_Work
The Particle Problem in the General Theory of Relativity
The_Particle_Problem_in_the_General_Theory_of_Relativity
The_Schwarzschild_Solution
The_calculation_of_entropy_of_any_resonator
The_cumulative_sum_of_the_eigenvalues
The_field_law_of_gravitation
The_generalized_second_law_of_thermodynamics
The_power-law
The_supermassive_black_hole
The_theory_of_electromagnetic_radiation_is_not_universally_correct
The_wave_equation
A theorem is a result that can be proven to be true from a set of axioms.
The term is used especially in mathematics where the axioms are those of mathematical logic and the systems in question.
Theorem
Theoretical physics is a branch of physics that employs mathematical models and abstractions of physical objects and systems to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena.
TheoreticalStudy
The appearance of M87* has been modeled successfully using GRMHD simulations, which describe a turbulent, hot, magnetized disk orbiting a Kerr black hole.
Theoretical_models
to compute the minimum possible increase in the black hole's area which results from the disappearance of a particle down the black hole, then to compute the corresponding minimum possible increase of black-hole entropy by means of our original formula (12), and finally to identify this increase in entropy with the loss of one bit of information in accordanc with the scheme.
Thermodynamics_for_black_holes
Tod_R_Lauer
Publication is related to researchwork Class.
addressesResearchWork
applyMethod
Give reasons or cite evidence in support of an idea.
argueFormation
Black-hole_Entropy_solution
Collapsing_Body
Complex_Fields
Establish the truth or correctness of (physical law).
confirmLaw
Research work considers a case when making assumption, calculations.
considerCase
Motion contains with specific properties that can be explianed by expressions.
containProperty
Discover or identify the presence or existence of formation
detectFormation
Observer identify the existence of wave.
detectWave
Scientific Method Initiate or bring about theorem etc.
establishTheorem
Research work cause to extend argument
extendArgument
Field_Equations_Boundary
Field_Equations_with_Homogeneous_Gravitational_Field
To define formations that are caused to form by cases such as collisions and etc.
formedBy
Create or prepare methodically a theory.
formulate
Generalized_theory_the_total_field
Geosedic_motion
Gravitational_collapse_superradiance
Gravitational_field
Gravitational_field_equations_solutions
Article has a Appendix section.
hasAppendices
The property specifies a thing that is accepted as true or as certain to happen, without proof.
hasAssumption
Have an abstract idea of a Theory.
hasConcept
The conclusion section of an article.
hasConclusion
A condition that must be satisfied for a statement to be true and without which the statement cannot be true.
hasCondition
A result or effect, typically one that is unwelcome or unpleasant.
hasConsequence
The circumstances that form the setting for an theorem, problem, or idea, and in terms of which it can be fully understood.
hasContext
Give a detailed account in words of.
hasDefinition
The discussion section of an article
hasDiscussion
The time during which something continues.
hasDuration
Energy in the process of transfer from one body to another.
hasEnergy
Energy, in physics, the capacity for doing work. It may exist in potential, kinetic, thermal, electrical, chemical, nuclear, or other various forms.
A statement that the values of two mathematical expressions are equal .
(indicated by the sign =)
hasEquation
Scientific Model possess a characteristic of its kind or illustrating a general rule.
hasExample
To explain the scientific concepts with mathematical expression is a finite combination of symbols that is well-formed according to rules that depend on the context.
hasExpression
Equation has a function or expression relates to scientific functions.
hasFunction
Formation has the intersection on the celestial sphere of a plane perpendicular to a plumb line.
hasHorizon
Phenomena has a magnetic field.
hasMagneticField
Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object.
hasMass
Expressions or equations possess a system or standard of measurement.
hasMetric
Motion is the change in position of an particle.
hasMotion
Research work has an active acquisition of information from a primary source.
hasObservation
To have a information, knowledge about the observed items.
hasObservationalData
to have a observatory or telescope.
hasObservatory
Observation has an detector, instrument to observe the universe.
hasObserver
Equation, Scientific Model have a numerical or other measurable factor forming one of a set that defines a system or sets the conditions of its operation.
hasParameter
Any type of particle as subatomic constituents of the physical world that interact with each other.
hasParticle
Theory or Obervation has a fact or situation that is observed to exist or happen, especially one whose cause or explanation is in question.
hasPhenomena
A general scientific theorem or law that has numerous special applications across a wide field.
hasPrinciple
Research work has an inquiry starting from given conditions to investigate or demonstrate a fact, result, or law.
hasProblem
Research work has a particular requirement or consideration.
hasPurpose
A radius of a circle or sphere is any of the line segments from its center to its perimeter, and in more modern usage, it is also their length.
The distance around a circle is equivalent to a circumference and calculated as 2•pi•R where R is the radius.
hasRadius
The remarks or summary part of an article.
hasRemarks
Publication is about a field of study.
hasResearchField
A postulated sequence or development of events.
hasScenario
Solution proposed with a treat (method) is used in a particular way.
hasScientificMethod
Research work has a simplified description, especially a mathematical one, of a system or process, to assist calculations and predictions.
hasScientificModel
A characteristic or trait that you can use to describe matter by observation, measurement or combination.
hasScientificProperty
Scietific model has the production of a computer model of something, especially for the purpose of study.
hasSimulation
Formation has a body or process by which energy or a particular component enters a system.
hasSource
A concept used to describe mathematically the distribution of wave energy .
hasSpectrum
One of the four principal conditions in which matter exists-solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.
state of matter.
hasState
The arrangement of and relations between the parts or elements of formation or something complex.
hasStructure
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a system.
(sometimes called thermodynamic temperature)
hasTemperature
Research work has an explanation for patterns in nature that is supported by scientific evidence .
hasTheory
The value of a variable or a constant is any number or other mathematical object assigned to it.
A real number such as π or an integer such as 42.
hasValue
A vector quantity that indicates distance per time and direction.
hasVelocity
High-Fidelity_GRMHD_simulations
Instrumental_noise
Bring a subject, method, theory etc. to the attention of (someone) for the first time.
introducedBy
Made into a specific shape or form.
isFormedFrom
Massive_black_holes
Metrical_tensor_as_the_contraction_progresses
Neutrino_radiation
Neutrino_theory
Neutrinos_solution
Numerical_simulations_of_binary_black_hole_mergers
Perihelion_of_Mercury
Power-law_index__of_the_spectra_of_PCA_eigenvalues_as_a_function
A problem or case determines the correct answer to an equation or etc.
provideSolution
Real_fields
Region_of_curvature
Method uses or talks about gravitation.
relatedGravitation
Scientific Model depends on measurement with full trust or confidence.
relyOnMeasurement
Singularity_theorems_no_hair_theorem
A rough or unfinished drawing or painting, often made to assist in making a more finished picture.
sketchProblem
Solution_the_adjoined_translation_corresponds_to_adjoined_objects
Find an answer to, explanation for, or means of effectively dealing with (a problem or mystery).
solve
Space-time_metric
Symmetric_solutions_of_the_equations
The_Dirac_theory
The_Schwarzschild_metric
The_behavior_of_nonstatic_solutions_of_the_field_equations
The_differentieal_equations
The_gravitational_equations
The_method_of_general_relativity
The_second_law_of_thermodynamics
Theory_of_real_fields
Thermodynamic_expression
Transient_gravitational-wave_signal
Model used methods to explain the phenomena in the universe.
usesScientificMethod
Solution make use of the theories to support the answer of research work.
usesTheory
Wave_equations
Produce or generate Equation.
yieldEquation
Einstein's_Theory_of_General_Relativity
Kepler’s_law_for_Circular_orbits
On_the_Gravitational_Field_of_a_Mass_Point_according_to_Einstein’s_Theory
Schwarzschild’s_problem
Sgr_A*_horizon