---
name: robius-app-architecture
description: |
  CRITICAL: Use for Robius app architecture patterns. Triggers on:
  Tokio, async, submit_async_request, 异步, 架构,
  SignalToUI, Cx::post_action, worker task,
  app structure, MatchEvent, handle_startup
risk: critical
source: community
date_added: "2026-09-04"
---
## Supporting material availability

This catalog copy contains the inline guidance below, but does not include the following supporting paths. They are external prerequisites, not bundled files:

- `<support-root>/references/tokio-integration.md`
- `<support-root>/references/channel-patterns.md`
- `<support-root>/references/moly-async-patterns.md`

Ask for the original supporting material or an existing installation before using a step that depends on these paths; this catalog does not identify a verified download source for them. Resolve each path relative to that installation, inspect its contents, and verify any applicable license and execution prerequisites. Do not run a command or claim a referenced procedure was followed until its required file exists. Do not fabricate the missing scripts or treat an unrelated file with the same name as equivalent. Independent steps fully documented here can proceed within the user’s authorized scope; report any dependent step as unavailable.


# Robius App Architecture Skill

Best practices for structuring Makepad applications based on the Robrix and Moly codebases - production applications built with Makepad and Robius framework.

**Source codebases:**
- **Robrix**: Matrix chat client - complex sync/async with background subscriptions
- **Moly**: AI chat application - cross-platform (native + WASM) with streaming APIs

## When to Use
Use this skill when:
- Building a Makepad application with async backend integration
- Designing sync/async communication patterns in Makepad
- Structuring a Robius-style application
- Keywords: robrix, robius, makepad app structure, async makepad, tokio makepad

## Production Patterns

For production-ready async patterns, see the `_base/` directory:

| Pattern | Description |
|---------|-------------|
| 08-async-loading | Async data loading with loading states |
| 09-streaming-results | Incremental results with SignalToUI |
| 13-tokio-integration | Full tokio runtime integration |

## Core Architecture Pattern

```
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                     UI Thread (Makepad)                     │
│  ┌─────────┐     ┌──────────┐     ┌──────────────────────┐ │
│  │   App   │────▶│ WidgetRef │────▶│ Widget Tree (View)  │ │
│  │ State   │     │    ui     │     │ Scope::with_data()  │ │
│  └────┬────┘     └──────────┘     └──────────────────────┘ │
│       │                                                     │
│       │ submit_async_request()                              │
│       ▼                                                     │
│  ┌─────────────────┐          ┌─────────────────────────┐  │
│  │ REQUEST_SENDER  │─────────▶│  Crossbeam SegQueue     │  │
│  │ (MPSC Channel)  │          │  (Lock-free Updates)    │  │
│  └─────────────────┘          └─────────────────────────┘  │
└───────────────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────┘
                                    │
                    SignalToUI::set_ui_signal()
                                    │
┌───────────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────┐
│                   Tokio Runtime (Async)                      │
│  ┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐   │
│  │           worker_task (Request Handler)               │   │
│  │  - Receives Request from UI                           │   │
│  │  - Spawns async tasks per request                     │   │
│  │  - Posts actions back via Cx::post_action()           │   │
│  └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘   │
│  ┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐   │
│  │         Per-Item Subscriber Tasks                     │   │
│  │  - Listens to external data stream                    │   │
│  │  - Sends Update via crossbeam channel                 │   │
│  │  - Calls SignalToUI::set_ui_signal() to wake UI       │   │
│  └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘   │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
```

## App Structure

### Top-Level App Definition

```rust
use makepad_widgets::*;

live_design! {
    use link::theme::*;
    use link::widgets::*;

    App = {{App}} {
        ui: <Root>{
            main_window = <Window> {
                window: {inner_size: vec2(1280, 800), title: "MyApp"},
                body = {
                    // Main content here
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

app_main!(App);

#[derive(Live)]
pub struct App {
    #[live] ui: WidgetRef,
    #[rust] app_state: AppState,
}

impl LiveRegister for App {
    fn live_register(cx: &mut Cx) {
        // Order matters: register base widgets first
        makepad_widgets::live_design(cx);
        // Then shared/common widgets
        crate::shared::live_design(cx);
        // Then feature modules
        crate::home::live_design(cx);
    }
}

impl LiveHook for App {
    fn after_new_from_doc(&mut self, cx: &mut Cx) {
        // One-time initialization after widget tree is created
    }
}
```

### AppMain Implementation

```rust
impl AppMain for App {
    fn handle_event(&mut self, cx: &mut Cx, event: &Event) {
        // Forward to MatchEvent trait
        self.match_event(cx, event);

        // Pass AppState through widget tree via Scope
        let scope = &mut Scope::with_data(&mut self.app_state);
        self.ui.handle_event(cx, event, scope);
    }
}
```

## Tokio Runtime Integration

### Static Runtime Initialization

```rust
use std::sync::Mutex;
use tokio::sync::mpsc::{UnboundedReceiver, UnboundedSender};

static TOKIO_RUNTIME: Mutex<Option<tokio::runtime::Runtime>> = Mutex::new(None);
static REQUEST_SENDER: Mutex<Option<UnboundedSender<AppRequest>>> = Mutex::new(None);

pub fn start_async_runtime() -> Result<tokio::runtime::Handle> {
    let (request_sender, request_receiver) = tokio::sync::mpsc::unbounded_channel();

    let rt_handle = TOKIO_RUNTIME.lock().unwrap()
        .get_or_insert_with(|| {
            tokio::runtime::Runtime::new()
                .expect("Failed to create Tokio runtime")
        })
        .handle()
        .clone();

    // Store sender for UI thread to use
    *REQUEST_SENDER.lock().unwrap() = Some(request_sender);

    // Spawn the main worker task
    rt_handle.spawn(worker_task(request_receiver));

    Ok(rt_handle)
}
```

### Request Submission Pattern

```rust
pub enum AppRequest {
    FetchData { id: String },
    SendMessage { content: String },
    // ... other request types
}

/// Submit a request from UI thread to async runtime
pub fn submit_async_request(req: AppRequest) {
    if let Some(sender) = REQUEST_SENDER.lock().unwrap().as_ref() {
        sender.send(req)
            .expect("BUG: worker task receiver has died!");
    }
}
```

### Worker Task Pattern

```rust
async fn worker_task(mut request_receiver: UnboundedReceiver<AppRequest>) -> Result<()> {
    while let Some(request) = request_receiver.recv().await {
        match request {
            AppRequest::FetchData { id } => {
                // Spawn a new task for each request
                let _task = tokio::spawn(async move {
                    let result = fetch_data(&id).await;
                    // Post result back to UI thread
                    Cx::post_action(DataFetchedAction { id, result });
                });
            }
            AppRequest::SendMessage { content } => {
                let _task = tokio::spawn(async move {
                    match send_message(&content).await {
                        Ok(()) => Cx::post_action(MessageSentAction::Success),
                        Err(e) => Cx::post_action(MessageSentAction::Failed(e)),
                    }
                });
            }
        }
    }
    Ok(())
}
```

## Lock-Free Update Queue Pattern

For high-frequency updates from background tasks:

```rust
use crossbeam_queue::SegQueue;
use makepad_widgets::SignalToUI;

pub enum DataUpdate {
    NewItem { item: Item },
    ItemChanged { id: String, changes: Changes },
    Status { message: String },
}

static PENDING_UPDATES: SegQueue<DataUpdate> = SegQueue::new();

/// Called from background async tasks
pub fn enqueue_update(update: DataUpdate) {
    PENDING_UPDATES.push(update);
    SignalToUI::set_ui_signal();  // Wake UI thread
}

// In widget's handle_event:
impl Widget for MyWidget {
    fn handle_event(&mut self, cx: &mut Cx, event: &Event, scope: &mut Scope) {
        // Poll for updates on Signal events
        if let Event::Signal = event {
            while let Some(update) = PENDING_UPDATES.pop() {
                match update {
                    DataUpdate::NewItem { item } => {
                        self.items.push(item);
                        self.redraw(cx);
                    }
                    // ... handle other updates
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
```

## Startup Sequence

```rust
impl MatchEvent for App {
    fn handle_startup(&mut self, cx: &mut Cx) {
        // 1. Initialize logging
        let _ = tracing_subscriber::fmt::try_init();

        // 2. Initialize app data directory
        let _app_data_dir = crate::app_data_dir();

        // 3. Load persisted state
        if let Err(e) = persistence::load_window_state(
            self.ui.window(ids!(main_window)), cx
        ) {
            error!("Failed to load window state: {}", e);
        }

        // 4. Update UI based on loaded state
        self.update_ui_visibility(cx);

        // 5. Start async runtime
        let _rt_handle = crate::start_async_runtime().unwrap();
    }
}
```

## Shutdown Sequence

```rust
impl AppMain for App {
    fn handle_event(&mut self, cx: &mut Cx, event: &Event) {
        if let Event::Shutdown = event {
            // Save window geometry
            let window_ref = self.ui.window(ids!(main_window));
            if let Err(e) = persistence::save_window_state(window_ref, cx) {
                error!("Failed to save window state: {e}");
            }

            // Save app state
            if let Some(user_id) = current_user_id() {
                if let Err(e) = persistence::save_app_state(
                    self.app_state.clone(), user_id
                ) {
                    error!("Failed to save app state: {e}");
                }
            }
        }
        // ... rest of event handling
    }
}
```

## Best Practices

1. **Separation of Concerns**: Keep UI logic on the main thread, async operations in Tokio runtime
2. **Request/Response Pattern**: Use typed enums for requests and actions
3. **Lock-Free Updates**: Use `crossbeam::SegQueue` for high-frequency background updates
4. **SignalToUI**: Always call `SignalToUI::set_ui_signal()` after enqueueing updates
5. **Cx::post_action()**: Use for async task results that need action handling
6. **Scope::with_data()**: Pass shared state through widget tree
7. **Module Registration Order**: Register base widgets before dependent modules in `live_register()`

## Reference Files

- `references/tokio-integration.md` - Detailed Tokio runtime patterns (Robrix)
- `references/channel-patterns.md` - Channel communication patterns (Robrix)
- `references/moly-async-patterns.md` - Cross-platform async patterns (Moly)
  - `PlatformSend` trait for native/WASM compatibility
  - `UiRunner` for async defer operations
  - `AbortOnDropHandle` for task cancellation
  - `ThreadToken` for non-Send types on WASM
  - `spawn()` platform-agnostic function

## Limitations
- Use this skill only when the task clearly matches the scope described above.
- Do not treat the output as a substitute for environment-specific validation, testing, or expert review.
- Stop and ask for clarification if required inputs, permissions, safety boundaries, or success criteria are missing.