Module: Kernel

Defined in:
mrblib/kernel.rb,
src/kernel.c,
mrbgems/mruby-sprintf/src/kernel.c,
mrbgems/mruby-io/mrblib/io.rb,
mrbgems/mruby-io/mrblib/kernel.rb,
mrbgems/mruby-print/mrblib/print.rb,
mrbgems/mruby-method/mrblib/kernel.rb,
mrbgems/mruby-kernel-ext/mrblib/kernel.rb,
mrbgems/mruby-enumerator/mrblib/enumerator.rb

Overview

Kernel

ISO 15.3.1

Class Method Summary collapse

Instance Method Summary collapse

Dynamic Method Handling

This class handles dynamic methods through the method_missing method

#method_missing ⇒ Object

15.3.1.3.30



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# File 'src/kernel.c', line 996

static mrb_value
mrb_obj_missing(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
{
  mrb_sym name;
  mrb_value *a;
  mrb_int alen;

  mrb_get_args(mrb, "n*!", &name, &a, &alen);
  mrb_method_missing(mrb, name, mod, mrb_ary_new_from_values(mrb, alen, a));
  /* not reached */
  return mrb_nil_value();
}

Class Method Details

.Array(arg) ⇒ Array

Returns +arg+ as an Array.

First tries to call Array#to_ary on +arg+, then Array#to_a.

Array(1..5) #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

Returns:



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# File 'mrbgems/mruby-kernel-ext/src/kernel.c', line 176

static mrb_value
mrb_f_array(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  mrb_value arg, tmp;

  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &arg);
  tmp = mrb_check_convert_type(mrb, arg, MRB_TT_ARRAY, "Array", "to_ary");
  if (mrb_nil_p(tmp)) {
    tmp = mrb_check_convert_type(mrb, arg, MRB_TT_ARRAY, "Array", "to_a");
  }
  if (mrb_nil_p(tmp)) {
    return mrb_ary_new_from_values(mrb, 1, &arg);
  }

  return tmp;
}

.caller ⇒ Object 



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# File 'mrbgems/mruby-kernel-ext/src/kernel.c', line 7

static mrb_value
mrb_f_caller(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  mrb_value bt, v, length;
  mrb_int bt_len, argc, lev, n;

  bt = mrb_get_backtrace(mrb);
  bt_len = RARRAY_LEN(bt);
  argc = mrb_get_args(mrb, "|oo", &v, &length);

  switch (argc) {
    case 0:
      lev = 1;
      n = bt_len - lev;
      break;
    case 1:
      if (mrb_type(v) == MRB_TT_RANGE) {
        mrb_int beg, len;
        if (mrb_range_beg_len(mrb, v, &beg, &len, bt_len, TRUE) == 1) {
          lev = beg;
          n = len;
        }
        else {
          return mrb_nil_value();
        }
      }
      else {
        v = mrb_to_int(mrb, v);
        lev = mrb_fixnum(v);
        if (lev < 0) {
          mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "negative level (%S)", v);
        }
        n = bt_len - lev;
      }
      break;
    case 2:
      lev = mrb_fixnum(mrb_to_int(mrb, v));
      n = mrb_fixnum(mrb_to_int(mrb, length));
      if (lev < 0) {
        mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "negative level (%S)", v);
      }
      if (n < 0) {
        mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "negative size (%S)", length);
      }
      break;
    default:
      lev = n = 0;
      break;
  }

  if (n == 0) {
    return mrb_ary_new(mrb);
  }

  return mrb_funcall(mrb, bt, "[]", 2, mrb_fixnum_value(lev), mrb_fixnum_value(n));
}

.raise ⇒ Object .raise(string) ⇒ Object .raise(exception[, string]) ⇒ Object

With no arguments, raises a RuntimeError With a single +String+ argument, raises a +RuntimeError+ with the string as a message. Otherwise, the first parameter should be the name of an +Exception+ class (or an object that returns an +Exception+ object when sent an +exception+ message). The optional second parameter sets the message associated with the exception, and the third parameter is an array of callback information. Exceptions are caught by the +rescue+ clause of begin...end blocks.

raise “Failed to create socket” raise ArgumentError, “No parameters”, caller



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# File 'src/kernel.c', line 882

MRB_API mrb_value
mrb_f_raise(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  mrb_value a[2], exc;
  mrb_int argc;


  argc = mrb_get_args(mrb, "|oo", &a[0], &a[1]);
  switch (argc) {
  case 0:
    mrb_raise(mrb, E_RUNTIME_ERROR, "");
    break;
  case 1:
    if (mrb_string_p(a[0])) {
      a[1] = a[0];
      argc = 2;
      a[0] = mrb_obj_value(E_RUNTIME_ERROR);
    }
    /* fall through */
  default:
    exc = mrb_make_exception(mrb, argc, a);
    mrb_exc_raise(mrb, exc);
    break;
  }
  return mrb_nil_value();            /* not reached */
}

.Float(arg) ⇒ Float

Returns arg converted to a float. Numeric types are converted directly, the rest are converted using arg.to_f.

Float(1) #=> 1.0 Float(123.456) #=> 123.456 Float(“123.456”) #=> 123.456 Float(nil) #=> TypeError

Returns:



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# File 'mrbgems/mruby-kernel-ext/src/kernel.c', line 130

static mrb_value
mrb_f_float(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  mrb_value arg;

  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &arg);
  return mrb_Float(mrb, arg);
}

.Hash(arg) ⇒ Hash

Converts arg to a Hash by calling arg.to_hash. Returns an empty Hash when arg is nil or [].

Hash([])          #=> {}
Hash(nil)         #=> {}
Hash(key: :value) #=> {:key => :value}
Hash([1, 2, 3])   #=> TypeError

Returns:



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# File 'mrbgems/mruby-kernel-ext/src/kernel.c', line 207

static mrb_value
mrb_f_hash(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  mrb_value arg, tmp;

  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &arg);
  if (mrb_nil_p(arg)) {
    return mrb_hash_new(mrb);
  }
  tmp = mrb_check_convert_type(mrb, arg, MRB_TT_HASH, "Hash", "to_hash");
  if (mrb_nil_p(tmp)) {
    if (mrb_array_p(arg) && RARRAY_LEN(arg) == 0) {
      return mrb_hash_new(mrb);
    }
    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "can't convert %S into Hash",
      mrb_str_new_cstr(mrb, mrb_obj_classname(mrb, arg)));
  }
  return tmp;
}

.Integer(arg, base = 0) ⇒ Integer

Converts arg to a Fixnum. Numeric types are converted directly (with floating point numbers being truncated). base (0, or between 2 and 36) is a base for integer string representation. If arg is a String, when base is omitted or equals to zero, radix indicators (0, 0b, and 0x) are honored. In any case, strings should be strictly conformed to numeric representation. This behavior is different from that of String#to_i. Non string values will be converted using to_int, and to_i. Passing nil raises a TypeError.

Integer(123.999) #=> 123 Integer(“0x1a”) #=> 26 Integer(Time.new) #=> 1204973019 Integer(“0930”, 10) #=> 930 Integer(“111”, 2) #=> 7 Integer(nil) #=> TypeError

Returns:



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# File 'mrbgems/mruby-kernel-ext/src/kernel.c', line 107

static mrb_value
mrb_f_integer(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  mrb_value arg;
  mrb_int base = 0;

  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o|i", &arg, &base);
  return mrb_convert_to_integer(mrb, arg, base);
}

.itself ⇒ Object

Returns obj.

string = 'my string' #=> "my string"
string.itself.object_id == string.object_id #=> true

Returns:



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# File 'mrbgems/mruby-kernel-ext/src/kernel.c', line 237

static mrb_value
mrb_f_itself(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  return self;
}

.String(arg) ⇒ String

Returns arg as an String.

First tries to call its to_str method, then its to_s method.

String(self) #=> “main” String(self.class) #=> “Object” String(123456) #=> “123456”

Returns:



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# File 'mrbgems/mruby-kernel-ext/src/kernel.c', line 152

static mrb_value
mrb_f_string(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  mrb_value arg, tmp;

  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &arg);
  tmp = mrb_check_convert_type(mrb, arg, MRB_TT_STRING, "String", "to_str");
  if (mrb_nil_p(tmp)) {
    tmp = mrb_check_convert_type(mrb, arg, MRB_TT_STRING, "String", "to_s");
  }
  return tmp;
}

Instance Method Details

#!~(y) ⇒ Object

11.4.4 Step c)



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# File 'mrblib/kernel.rb', line 38

def !~(y)
  !(self =~ y)
end

#===(other) ⇒ Boolean

Case Equality—For class Object, effectively the same as calling #==, but typically overridden by descendants to provide meaningful semantics in case statements.

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'src/kernel.c', line 84

static mrb_value
mrb_equal_m(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  mrb_value arg;

  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &arg);
  return mrb_bool_value(mrb_equal(mrb, self, arg));
}

#__case_eqq ⇒ Object

internal



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# File 'src/kernel.c', line 1142

static mrb_value
mrb_obj_ceqq(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  mrb_value v;
  mrb_int i, len;
  mrb_sym eqq = mrb_intern_lit(mrb, "===");
  mrb_value ary = mrb_ary_splat(mrb, self);

  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &v);
  len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
  for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
    mrb_value c = mrb_funcall_argv(mrb, mrb_ary_entry(ary, i), eqq, 1, &v);
    if (mrb_test(c)) return mrb_true_value();
  }
  return mrb_false_value();
}

#__method__ ⇒ Object

Returns the name at the definition of the current method as a Symbol. If called outside of a method, it returns nil.



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# File 'mrbgems/mruby-kernel-ext/src/kernel.c', line 73

static mrb_value
mrb_f_method(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  mrb_callinfo *ci = mrb->c->ci;
  ci--;
  if (ci->mid)
    return mrb_symbol_value(ci->mid);
  else
    return mrb_nil_value();
}

#__printstr__ ⇒ Object

15.3.1.3.34



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# File 'mrbgems/mruby-print/src/print.c', line 42

mrb_value
mrb_printstr(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  mrb_value argv;

  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &argv);
  printstr(mrb, argv);

  return argv;
}

#_inspect ⇒ Object

internal method for inspect



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# File 'mrblib/kernel.rb', line 43

def _inspect
  self.inspect
end

#`(cmd) ⇒ Object

15.3.1.2.1 Kernel. provided by Kernel# 15.3.1.3.5

Raises:



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# File 'mrblib/kernel.rb', line 10

def `(s)
  raise NotImplementedError.new("backquotes not implemented")
end

#block_given? ⇒ Boolean #iterator? ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if yield would execute a block in the current context. The iterator? form is mildly deprecated.

def try if block_given? yield else “no block” end end try #=> “no block” try { “hello” } #=> “hello” try do “hello” end #=> “hello”

Overloads:

  • #block_given? ⇒ Boolean

    Returns:

    • (Boolean)
  • #iterator? ⇒ Boolean

    Returns:

    • (Boolean)

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'src/kernel.c', line 140

static mrb_value
mrb_f_block_given_p_m(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  mrb_callinfo *ci = &mrb->c->ci[-1];
  mrb_callinfo *cibase = mrb->c->cibase;
  mrb_value *bp;
  struct RProc *p;

  if (ci <= cibase) {
    /* toplevel does not have block */
    return mrb_false_value();
  }
  p = ci->proc;
  /* search method/class/module proc */
  while (p) {
    if (MRB_PROC_SCOPE_P(p)) break;
    p = p->upper;
  }
  if (p == NULL) return mrb_false_value();
  /* search ci corresponding to proc */
  while (cibase < ci) {
    if (ci->proc == p) break;
    ci--;
  }
  if (ci == cibase) {
    return mrb_false_value();
  }
  else if (ci->env) {
    struct REnv *e = ci->env;
    int bidx;

    /* top-level does not have block slot (always false) */
    if (e->stack == mrb->c->stbase)
      return mrb_false_value();
    /* use saved block arg position */
    bidx = MRB_ENV_BIDX(e);
    /* bidx may be useless (e.g. define_method) */
    if (bidx >= MRB_ENV_STACK_LEN(e))
      return mrb_false_value();
    bp = &e->stack[bidx];
  }
  else {
    bp = ci[1].stackent+1;
    if (ci->argc >= 0) {
      bp += ci->argc;
    }
    else {
      bp++;
    }
  }
  if (mrb_nil_p(*bp))
    return mrb_false_value();
  return mrb_true_value();
}

#class ⇒ Class

Returns the class of obj. This method must always be called with an explicit receiver, as class is also a reserved word in Ruby.

1.class #=> Fixnum self.class #=> Object

Returns:

  • (Class) 


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# File 'src/kernel.c', line 207

static mrb_value
mrb_obj_class_m(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  return mrb_obj_value(mrb_obj_class(mrb, self));
}

#class_defined? ⇒ Boolean

not reached

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'src/kernel.c', line 909

static mrb_value
mrb_krn_class_defined(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  mrb_value str;

  mrb_get_args(mrb, "S", &str);
  return mrb_bool_value(mrb_class_defined(mrb, RSTRING_PTR(str)));
}

#clone ⇒ Object

Produces a shallow copy of obj—the instance variables of obj are copied, but not the objects they reference. Copies the frozen state of obj. See also the discussion under Object#dup.

class Klass attr_accessor :str end s1 = Klass.new #=> # s1.str = "Hello" #=> "Hello" s2 = s1.clone #=> #<Klass:0x401b3998 @str="Hello"> s2.str[1,4] = "i" #=> "i" s1.inspect #=> "#<Klass:0x401b3a38 @str=\"Hi\">" s2.inspect #=> "#<Klass:0x401b3998 @str=\"Hi\">"

This method may have class-specific behavior. If so, that behavior will be documented under the #+initialize_copy+ method of the class.

Some Class(True False Nil Symbol Fixnum Float) Object cannot clone.

Returns:



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# File 'src/kernel.c', line 329

MRB_API mrb_value
mrb_obj_clone(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  struct RObject *p;
  mrb_value clone;

  if (mrb_immediate_p(self)) {
    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "can't clone %S", self);
  }
  if (mrb_type(self) == MRB_TT_SCLASS) {
    mrb_raise(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "can't clone singleton class");
  }
  p = (struct RObject*)mrb_obj_alloc(mrb, mrb_type(self), mrb_obj_class(mrb, self));
  p->c = mrb_singleton_class_clone(mrb, self);
  mrb_field_write_barrier(mrb, (struct RBasic*)p, (struct RBasic*)p->c);
  clone = mrb_obj_value(p);
  init_copy(mrb, clone, self);

  return clone;
}

#define_singleton_method ⇒ Object

15.3.1.3.45



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# File 'src/kernel.c', line 1122

static mrb_value
mod_define_singleton_method(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  struct RProc *p;
  mrb_method_t m;
  mrb_sym mid;
  mrb_value blk = mrb_nil_value();

  mrb_get_args(mrb, "n&", &mid, &blk);
  if (mrb_nil_p(blk)) {
    mrb_raise(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "no block given");
  }
  p = (struct RProc*)mrb_obj_alloc(mrb, MRB_TT_PROC, mrb->proc_class);
  mrb_proc_copy(p, mrb_proc_ptr(blk));
  p->flags |= MRB_PROC_STRICT;
  MRB_METHOD_FROM_PROC(m, p);
  mrb_define_method_raw(mrb, mrb_class_ptr(mrb_singleton_class(mrb, self)), mid, m);
  return mrb_symbol_value(mid);
}

#dup ⇒ Object

Produces a shallow copy of obj—the instance variables of obj are copied, but not the objects they reference. dup copies the frozen state of obj. See also the discussion under Object#clone. In general, clone and dup may have different semantics in descendant classes. While clone is used to duplicate an object, including its internal state, dup typically uses the class of the descendant object to create the new instance.

This method may have class-specific behavior. If so, that behavior will be documented under the #+initialize_copy+ method of the class.

Returns:



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# File 'src/kernel.c', line 369

MRB_API mrb_value
mrb_obj_dup(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj)
{
  struct RBasic *p;
  mrb_value dup;

  if (mrb_immediate_p(obj)) {
    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "can't dup %S", obj);
  }
  if (mrb_type(obj) == MRB_TT_SCLASS) {
    mrb_raise(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "can't dup singleton class");
  }
  p = mrb_obj_alloc(mrb, mrb_type(obj), mrb_obj_class(mrb, obj));
  dup = mrb_obj_value(p);
  init_copy(mrb, dup, obj);

  return dup;
}

#==(other) ⇒ Boolean #equal?(other) ⇒ Boolean #eql?(other) ⇒ Boolean

Equality—At the Object level, == returns true only if obj and other are the same object. Typically, this method is overridden in descendant classes to provide class-specific meaning.

Unlike ==, the equal? method should never be overridden by subclasses: it is used to determine object identity (that is, a.equal?(b) iff a is the same object as b).

The eql? method returns true if obj and anObject have the same value. Used by Hash to test members for equality. For objects of class Object, eql? is synonymous with ==. Subclasses normally continue this tradition, but there are exceptions. Numeric types, for example, perform type conversion across ==, but not across eql?, so:

1 == 1.0 #=> true 1.eql? 1.0 #=> false

Overloads:

  • #==(other) ⇒ Boolean

    Returns:

    • (Boolean)
  • #equal?(other) ⇒ Boolean

    Returns:

    • (Boolean)
  • #eql?(other) ⇒ Boolean

    Returns:

    • (Boolean)

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'src/class.c', line 1705

mrb_value
mrb_obj_equal_m(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  mrb_value arg;

  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &arg);
  return mrb_bool_value(mrb_obj_equal(mrb, self, arg));
}

#==(other) ⇒ Boolean #equal?(other) ⇒ Boolean #eql?(other) ⇒ Boolean

Equality—At the Object level, == returns true only if obj and other are the same object. Typically, this method is overridden in descendant classes to provide class-specific meaning.

Unlike ==, the equal? method should never be overridden by subclasses: it is used to determine object identity (that is, a.equal?(b) iff a is the same object as b).

The eql? method returns true if obj and anObject have the same value. Used by Hash to test members for equality. For objects of class Object, eql? is synonymous with ==. Subclasses normally continue this tradition, but there are exceptions. Numeric types, for example, perform type conversion across ==, but not across eql?, so:

1 == 1.0 #=> true 1.eql? 1.0 #=> false

Overloads:

  • #==(other) ⇒ Boolean

    Returns:

    • (Boolean)
  • #equal?(other) ⇒ Boolean

    Returns:

    • (Boolean)
  • #eql?(other) ⇒ Boolean

    Returns:

    • (Boolean)

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'src/class.c', line 1705

mrb_value
mrb_obj_equal_m(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  mrb_value arg;

  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &arg);
  return mrb_bool_value(mrb_obj_equal(mrb, self, arg));
}

#extend ⇒ Object

Adds to obj the instance methods from each module given as a parameter.

module Mod def hello “Hello from Mod.\n” end end

class Klass def hello “Hello from Klass.\n” end end

k = Klass.new k.hello #=> “Hello from Klass.\n” k.extend(Mod) #=> # k.hello #=> "Hello from Mod.\n"

Returns:



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# File 'src/kernel.c', line 431

static mrb_value
mrb_obj_extend_m(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  mrb_value *argv;
  mrb_int argc;

  mrb_get_args(mrb, "*", &argv, &argc);
  return mrb_obj_extend(mrb, argc, argv, self);
}

#format ⇒ Object

in sprintf.c



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# File 'mrbgems/mruby-sprintf/src/kernel.c', line 9

mrb_value mrb_f_sprintf(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj);

#freeze ⇒ Object

15.3.1.3.13



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# File 'src/kernel.c', line 441

static mrb_value
mrb_obj_freeze(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  struct RBasic *b;

  switch (mrb_type(self)) {
    case MRB_TT_FALSE:
    case MRB_TT_TRUE:
    case MRB_TT_FIXNUM:
    case MRB_TT_SYMBOL:
#ifndef MRB_WITHOUT_FLOAT
    case MRB_TT_FLOAT:
#endif
      return self;
    default:
      break;
  }

  b = mrb_basic_ptr(self);
  if (!MRB_FROZEN_P(b)) {
    MRB_SET_FROZEN_FLAG(b);
  }
  return self;
}

#frozen? ⇒ Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'src/kernel.c', line 466

static mrb_value
mrb_obj_frozen(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  struct RBasic *b;

  switch (mrb_type(self)) {
    case MRB_TT_FALSE:
    case MRB_TT_TRUE:
    case MRB_TT_FIXNUM:
    case MRB_TT_SYMBOL:
#ifndef MRB_WITHOUT_FLOAT
    case MRB_TT_FLOAT:
#endif
      return mrb_true_value();
    default:
      break;
  }

  b = mrb_basic_ptr(self);
  if (!MRB_FROZEN_P(b)) {
    return mrb_false_value();
  }
  return mrb_true_value();
}

#getc(*args) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'mrbgems/mruby-io/mrblib/io.rb', line 385

def getc(*args)
  $stdin.getc(*args)
end

#gets(*args) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'mrbgems/mruby-io/mrblib/io.rb', line 381

def gets(*args)
  $stdin.gets(*args)
end

#global_variables ⇒ Object

15.3.1.3.14

#hash ⇒ Fixnum

Generates a Fixnum hash value for this object. This function must have the property that a.eql?(b) implies a.hash == b.hash. The hash value is used by class Hash. Any hash value that exceeds the capacity of a Fixnum will be truncated before being used.

Returns:



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# File 'src/kernel.c', line 502

MRB_API mrb_value
mrb_obj_hash(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  return mrb_fixnum_value(mrb_obj_id(self));
}

#initialize_copy ⇒ Object

15.3.1.3.16



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# File 'src/kernel.c', line 509

static mrb_value
mrb_obj_init_copy(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  mrb_value orig;

  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &orig);
  if (mrb_obj_equal(mrb, self, orig)) return self;
  if ((mrb_type(self) != mrb_type(orig)) || (mrb_obj_class(mrb, self) != mrb_obj_class(mrb, orig))) {
      mrb_raise(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "initialize_copy should take same class object");
  }
  return self;
}

#inspect ⇒ String

Returns a string containing a human-readable representation of obj. If not overridden and no instance variables, uses the to_s method to generate the string. obj. If not overridden, uses the to_s method to generate the string.

[ 1, 2, 3..4, ‘five’ ].inspect #=> “[1, 2, 3..4, "five"]” Time.new.inspect #=> “2008-03-08 19:43:39 +0900”

Returns:



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# File 'src/kernel.c', line 66

MRB_API mrb_value
mrb_obj_inspect(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj)
{
  if ((mrb_type(obj) == MRB_TT_OBJECT) && mrb_obj_basic_to_s_p(mrb, obj)) {
    return mrb_obj_iv_inspect(mrb, mrb_obj_ptr(obj));
  }
  return mrb_any_to_s(mrb, obj);
}

#instance_of? ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if obj is an instance of the given class. See also Object#kind_of?.

Returns:

  • (Boolean)

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'src/kernel.c', line 538

static mrb_value
obj_is_instance_of(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  mrb_value arg;

  mrb_get_args(mrb, "C", &arg);

  return mrb_bool_value(mrb_obj_is_instance_of(mrb, self, mrb_class_ptr(arg)));
}

#instance_variable_defined?(symbol) ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if the given instance variable is defined in obj.

class Fred def initialize(p1, p2) @a, @b = p1, p2 end end fred = Fred.new(‘cat’, 99) fred.instance_variable_defined?(:@a) #=> true fred.instance_variable_defined?(“@b”) #=> true fred.instance_variable_defined?(“@c”) #=> false

Returns:

  • (Boolean)

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'src/kernel.c', line 566

static mrb_value
mrb_obj_ivar_defined(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  mrb_sym sym;

  mrb_get_args(mrb, "n", &sym);
  mrb_iv_check(mrb, sym);
  return mrb_bool_value(mrb_iv_defined(mrb, self, sym));
}

#instance_variable_get(symbol) ⇒ Object

Returns the value of the given instance variable, or nil if the instance variable is not set. The @ part of the variable name should be included for regular instance variables. Throws a NameError exception if the supplied symbol is not valid as an instance variable name.

class Fred def initialize(p1, p2) @a, @b = p1, p2 end end fred = Fred.new(‘cat’, 99) fred.instance_variable_get(:@a) #=> “cat” fred.instance_variable_get(“@b”) #=> 99

Returns:



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# File 'src/kernel.c', line 596

static mrb_value
mrb_obj_ivar_get(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  mrb_sym iv_name;

  mrb_get_args(mrb, "n", &iv_name);
  mrb_iv_check(mrb, iv_name);
  return mrb_iv_get(mrb, self, iv_name);
}

#instance_variable_set(symbol, obj) ⇒ Object

Sets the instance variable names by symbol to object, thereby frustrating the efforts of the class’s author to attempt to provide proper encapsulation. The variable did not have to exist prior to this call.

class Fred def initialize(p1, p2) @a, @b = p1, p2 end end fred = Fred.new(‘cat’, 99) fred.instance_variable_set(:@a, ‘dog’) #=> “dog” fred.instance_variable_set(:@c, ‘cat’) #=> “cat” fred.inspect #=> “#<Fred:0x401b3da8 @a="dog", @b=99, @c="cat">”

Returns:



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# File 'src/kernel.c', line 626

static mrb_value
mrb_obj_ivar_set(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  mrb_sym iv_name;
  mrb_value val;

  mrb_get_args(mrb, "no", &iv_name, &val);
  mrb_iv_check(mrb, iv_name);
  mrb_iv_set(mrb, self, iv_name, val);
  return val;
}

#instance_variables ⇒ Object

15.3.1.3.23

#is_a? ⇒ Boolean #kind_of? ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if class is the class of obj, or if class is one of the superclasses of obj or modules included in obj.

module M; end class A include M end class B < A; end class C < B; end b = B.new b.instance_of? A #=> false b.instance_of? B #=> true b.instance_of? C #=> false b.instance_of? M #=> false b.kind_of? A #=> true b.kind_of? B #=> true b.kind_of? C #=> false b.kind_of? M #=> true

Overloads:

  • #is_a? ⇒ Boolean

    Returns:

    • (Boolean)
  • #kind_of? ⇒ Boolean

    Returns:

    • (Boolean)

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'src/kernel.c', line 665

static mrb_value
mrb_obj_is_kind_of_m(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  mrb_value arg;

  mrb_get_args(mrb, "C", &arg);

  return mrb_bool_value(mrb_obj_is_kind_of(mrb, self, mrb_class_ptr(arg)));
}

#block_given? ⇒ Boolean #iterator? ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if yield would execute a block in the current context. The iterator? form is mildly deprecated.

def try if block_given? yield else “no block” end end try #=> “no block” try { “hello” } #=> “hello” try do “hello” end #=> “hello”

Overloads:

  • #block_given? ⇒ Boolean

    Returns:

    • (Boolean)
  • #iterator? ⇒ Boolean

    Returns:

    • (Boolean)

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'src/kernel.c', line 140

static mrb_value
mrb_f_block_given_p_m(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  mrb_callinfo *ci = &mrb->c->ci[-1];
  mrb_callinfo *cibase = mrb->c->cibase;
  mrb_value *bp;
  struct RProc *p;

  if (ci <= cibase) {
    /* toplevel does not have block */
    return mrb_false_value();
  }
  p = ci->proc;
  /* search method/class/module proc */
  while (p) {
    if (MRB_PROC_SCOPE_P(p)) break;
    p = p->upper;
  }
  if (p == NULL) return mrb_false_value();
  /* search ci corresponding to proc */
  while (cibase < ci) {
    if (ci->proc == p) break;
    ci--;
  }
  if (ci == cibase) {
    return mrb_false_value();
  }
  else if (ci->env) {
    struct REnv *e = ci->env;
    int bidx;

    /* top-level does not have block slot (always false) */
    if (e->stack == mrb->c->stbase)
      return mrb_false_value();
    /* use saved block arg position */
    bidx = MRB_ENV_BIDX(e);
    /* bidx may be useless (e.g. define_method) */
    if (bidx >= MRB_ENV_STACK_LEN(e))
      return mrb_false_value();
    bp = &e->stack[bidx];
  }
  else {
    bp = ci[1].stackent+1;
    if (ci->argc >= 0) {
      bp += ci->argc;
    }
    else {
      bp++;
    }
  }
  if (mrb_nil_p(*bp))
    return mrb_false_value();
  return mrb_true_value();
}

#is_a? ⇒ Boolean #kind_of? ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if class is the class of obj, or if class is one of the superclasses of obj or modules included in obj.

module M; end class A include M end class B < A; end class C < B; end b = B.new b.instance_of? A #=> false b.instance_of? B #=> true b.instance_of? C #=> false b.instance_of? M #=> false b.kind_of? A #=> true b.kind_of? B #=> true b.kind_of? C #=> false b.kind_of? M #=> true

Overloads:

  • #is_a? ⇒ Boolean

    Returns:

    • (Boolean)
  • #kind_of? ⇒ Boolean

    Returns:

    • (Boolean)

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'src/kernel.c', line 665

static mrb_value
mrb_obj_is_kind_of_m(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  mrb_value arg;

  mrb_get_args(mrb, "C", &arg);

  return mrb_bool_value(mrb_obj_is_kind_of(mrb, self, mrb_class_ptr(arg)));
}

#local_variables ⇒ Array

Returns the names of local variables in the current scope.

[mruby limitation] If variable symbol information was stripped out from compiled binary files using mruby-strip -l, this method always returns an empty array.

Returns:



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# File 'src/kernel.c', line 1171

static mrb_value
mrb_local_variables(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  struct RProc *proc;
  mrb_irep *irep;
  mrb_value vars;
  size_t i;

  proc = mrb->c->ci[-1].proc;

  if (MRB_PROC_CFUNC_P(proc)) {
    return mrb_ary_new(mrb);
  }
  vars = mrb_hash_new(mrb);
  while (proc) {
    if (MRB_PROC_CFUNC_P(proc)) break;
    irep = proc->body.irep;
    if (!irep->lv) break;
    for (i = 0; i + 1 < irep->nlocals; ++i) {
      if (irep->lv[i].name) {
        mrb_hash_set(mrb, vars, mrb_symbol_value(irep->lv[i].name), mrb_true_value());
      }
    }
    if (!MRB_PROC_ENV_P(proc)) break;
    proc = proc->upper;
    //if (MRB_PROC_SCOPE_P(proc)) break;
    if (!proc->c) break;
  }

  return mrb_hash_keys(mrb, vars);
}

#loop(&block) ⇒ Object

Calls the given block repetitively.

ISO 15.3.1.3.29



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# File 'mrblib/kernel.rb', line 27

def loop(&block)
  return to_enum :loop unless block

  while true
    yield
  end
rescue StopIteration => e
  e.result
end

#methods ⇒ Array

Returns a list of the names of methods publicly accessible in obj. This will include all the methods accessible in obj’s ancestors.

class Klass def kMethod() end end k = Klass.new k.methods[0..9] #=> [:kMethod, :respond_to?, :nil?, :is_a?, # :class, :instance_variable_set, # :methods, :extend, :send, :instance_eval] k.methods.length #=> 42

Returns:



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# File 'src/kernel.c', line 788

static mrb_value
mrb_obj_methods_m(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  mrb_bool recur = TRUE;
  mrb_get_args(mrb, "|b", &recur);
  return mrb_obj_methods(mrb, recur, self, (mrb_method_flag_t)0); /* everything but private */
}

#nil? ⇒ Boolean

call_seq: nil.nil? -> true

.nil? -> false Only the object nil responds true to nil?.

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'src/kernel.c', line 804

static mrb_value
mrb_false(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  return mrb_false_value();
}

#object_id ⇒ Object

call-seq: obj.id -> fixnum obj.object_id -> fixnum

Returns an integer identifier for obj. The same number will be returned on all calls to id for a given object, and no two active objects will share an id. Object#object_id is a different concept from the :name notation, which returns the symbol id of name. Replaces the deprecated Object#id.



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# File 'src/kernel.c', line 110

mrb_value
mrb_obj_id_m(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  return mrb_fixnum_value(mrb_obj_id(self));
}

#open(file, *rest, &block) ⇒ Object

Raises:



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# File 'mrbgems/mruby-io/mrblib/kernel.rb', line 6

def open(file, *rest, &block)
  raise ArgumentError unless file.is_a?(String)

  if file[0] == "|"
    IO.popen(file[1..-1], *rest, &block)
  else
    File.open(file, *rest, &block)
  end
end

#p(*args) ⇒ Object

Print human readable object description

ISO 15.3.1.3.34



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# File 'mrbgems/mruby-print/mrblib/print.rb', line 40

def p(*args)
  i = 0
  len = args.size
  while i < len
    __printstr__ args[i].inspect
    __printstr__ "\n"
    i += 1
  end
  args[0]
end

#print(*args) ⇒ Object

Invoke method +print+ on STDOUT and passing +*args+

ISO 15.3.1.2.10



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# File 'mrbgems/mruby-print/mrblib/print.rb', line 10

def print(*args)
  $stdout.print(*args)
end

#printf(*args) ⇒ Object

Raises:



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# File 'mrbgems/mruby-io/mrblib/io.rb', line 377

def printf(*args)
  $stdout.printf(*args)
end

#private_methods(all = true) ⇒ Array

Returns the list of private methods accessible to obj. If the all parameter is set to false, only those methods in the receiver will be listed.

Returns:



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# File 'src/kernel.c', line 819

static mrb_value
mrb_obj_private_methods(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  mrb_bool recur = TRUE;
  mrb_get_args(mrb, "|b", &recur);
  return mrb_obj_methods(mrb, recur, self, NOEX_PRIVATE); /* private attribute not define */
}

#protected_methods(all = true) ⇒ Array

Returns the list of protected methods accessible to obj. If the all parameter is set to false, only those methods in the receiver will be listed.

Returns:



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# File 'src/kernel.c', line 836

static mrb_value
mrb_obj_protected_methods(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  mrb_bool recur = TRUE;
  mrb_get_args(mrb, "|b", &recur);
  return mrb_obj_methods(mrb, recur, self, NOEX_PROTECTED); /* protected attribute not define */
}

#public_methods(all = true) ⇒ Array

Returns the list of public methods accessible to obj. If the all parameter is set to false, only those methods in the receiver will be listed.

Returns:



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# File 'src/kernel.c', line 853

static mrb_value
mrb_obj_public_methods(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  mrb_bool recur = TRUE;
  mrb_get_args(mrb, "|b", &recur);
  return mrb_obj_methods(mrb, recur, self, NOEX_PUBLIC); /* public attribute not define */
}

#puts(*args) ⇒ Object

Invoke method +puts+ on STDOUT and passing +args+

ISO 15.3.1.2.11



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# File 'mrbgems/mruby-print/mrblib/print.rb', line 23

def puts(*args)
  $stdout.puts(*args)
end

#raise ⇒ Object #raise(string) ⇒ Object #raise(exception[, string]) ⇒ Object

With no arguments, raises a RuntimeError With a single +String+ argument, raises a +RuntimeError+ with the string as a message. Otherwise, the first parameter should be the name of an +Exception+ class (or an object that returns an +Exception+ object when sent an +exception+ message). The optional second parameter sets the message associated with the exception, and the third parameter is an array of callback information. Exceptions are caught by the +rescue+ clause of begin...end blocks.

raise “Failed to create socket” raise ArgumentError, “No parameters”, caller



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# File 'src/kernel.c', line 882

MRB_API mrb_value
mrb_f_raise(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  mrb_value a[2], exc;
  mrb_int argc;


  argc = mrb_get_args(mrb, "|oo", &a[0], &a[1]);
  switch (argc) {
  case 0:
    mrb_raise(mrb, E_RUNTIME_ERROR, "");
    break;
  case 1:
    if (mrb_string_p(a[0])) {
      a[1] = a[0];
      argc = 2;
      a[0] = mrb_obj_value(E_RUNTIME_ERROR);
    }
    /* fall through */
  default:
    exc = mrb_make_exception(mrb, argc, a);
    mrb_exc_raise(mrb, exc);
    break;
  }
  return mrb_nil_value();            /* not reached */
}

#remove_instance_variable(symbol) ⇒ Object

Removes the named instance variable from obj, returning that variable’s value.

class Dummy attr_reader :var def initialize @var = 99 end def remove remove_instance_variable(:@var) end end d = Dummy.new d.var #=> 99 d.remove #=> 99 d.var #=> nil

Returns:



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# File 'src/kernel.c', line 941

static mrb_value
mrb_obj_remove_instance_variable(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  mrb_sym sym;
  mrb_value val;

  mrb_get_args(mrb, "n", &sym);
  mrb_iv_check(mrb, sym);
  val = mrb_iv_remove(mrb, self, sym);
  if (mrb_undef_p(val)) {
    mrb_name_error(mrb, sym, "instance variable %S not defined", mrb_sym2str(mrb, sym));
  }
  return val;
}

#respond_to?(symbol, include_private = false) ⇒ Boolean

Returns +true+ if obj responds to the given method. Private methods are included in the search only if the optional second parameter evaluates to +true+.

If the method is not implemented, as Process.fork on Windows, File.lchmod on GNU/Linux, etc., false is returned.

If the method is not defined, respond_to_missing? method is called and the result is returned.

Returns:

  • (Boolean)

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'src/kernel.c', line 1031

static mrb_value
obj_respond_to(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  mrb_value mid;
  mrb_sym id, rtm_id;
  mrb_bool priv = FALSE, respond_to_p = TRUE;

  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o|b", &mid, &priv);

  if (mrb_symbol_p(mid)) {
    id = mrb_symbol(mid);
  }
  else {
    mrb_value tmp;
    if (mrb_string_p(mid)) {
      tmp = mrb_check_intern_str(mrb, mid);
    }
    else {
      tmp = mrb_check_string_type(mrb, mid);
      if (mrb_nil_p(tmp)) {
        tmp = mrb_inspect(mrb, mid);
        mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%S is not a symbol", tmp);
      }
      tmp = mrb_check_intern_str(mrb, tmp);
    }
    if (mrb_nil_p(tmp)) {
      respond_to_p = FALSE;
    }
    else {
      id = mrb_symbol(tmp);
    }
  }

  if (respond_to_p) {
    respond_to_p = basic_obj_respond_to(mrb, self, id, !priv);
  }

  if (!respond_to_p) {
    rtm_id = mrb_intern_lit(mrb, "respond_to_missing?");
    if (basic_obj_respond_to(mrb, self, rtm_id, !priv)) {
      mrb_value args[2], v;
      args[0] = mid;
      args[1] = mrb_bool_value(priv);
      v = mrb_funcall_argv(mrb, self, rtm_id, 2, args);
      return mrb_bool_value(mrb_bool(v));
    }
  }
  return mrb_bool_value(respond_to_p);
}

#send(symbol[, args...]) ⇒ Object #__send__(symbol[, args...]) ⇒ Object

Invokes the method identified by symbol, passing it any arguments specified. You can use __send__ if the name +send+ clashes with an existing method in obj.

class Klass def hello(*args) “Hello “ + args.join(‘ ‘) end end k = Klass.new k.send :hello, “gentle”, “readers” #=> “Hello gentle readers”

Overloads:



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# File 'src/vm.c', line 569

MRB_API mrb_value
mrb_f_send(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  mrb_sym name;
  mrb_value block, *argv, *regs;
  mrb_int argc, i, len;
  mrb_method_t m;
  struct RClass *c;
  mrb_callinfo *ci;

  mrb_get_args(mrb, "n*&", &name, &argv, &argc, &block);
  ci = mrb->c->ci;
  if (ci->acc < 0) {
  funcall:
    return mrb_funcall_with_block(mrb, self, name, argc, argv, block);
  }

  c = mrb_class(mrb, self);
  m = mrb_method_search_vm(mrb, &c, name);
  if (MRB_METHOD_UNDEF_P(m)) {            /* call method_mising */
    goto funcall;
  }

  ci->mid = name;
  ci->target_class = c;
  regs = mrb->c->stack+1;
  /* remove first symbol from arguments */
  if (ci->argc >= 0) {
    for (i=0,len=ci->argc; i<len; i++) {
      regs[i] = regs[i+1];
    }
    ci->argc--;
  }
  else {                     /* variable length arguments */
    mrb_ary_shift(mrb, regs[0]);
  }

  if (MRB_METHOD_CFUNC_P(m)) {
    if (MRB_METHOD_PROC_P(m)) {
      ci->proc = MRB_METHOD_PROC(m);
    }
    return MRB_METHOD_CFUNC(m)(mrb, self);
  }
  return mrb_exec_irep(mrb, self, MRB_METHOD_PROC(m));
}

#singleton_class ⇒ Object

15.3.1.2.12



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# File 'src/class.c', line 1301

MRB_API mrb_value
mrb_singleton_class(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value v)
{
  struct RBasic *obj;

  switch (mrb_type(v)) {
  case MRB_TT_FALSE:
    if (mrb_nil_p(v))
      return mrb_obj_value(mrb->nil_class);
    return mrb_obj_value(mrb->false_class);
  case MRB_TT_TRUE:
    return mrb_obj_value(mrb->true_class);
  case MRB_TT_CPTR:
    return mrb_obj_value(mrb->object_class);
  case MRB_TT_SYMBOL:
  case MRB_TT_FIXNUM:
#ifndef MRB_WITHOUT_FLOAT
  case MRB_TT_FLOAT:
#endif
    mrb_raise(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "can't define singleton");
    return mrb_nil_value();    /* not reached */
  default:
    break;
  }
  obj = mrb_basic_ptr(v);
  prepare_singleton_class(mrb, obj);
  return mrb_obj_value(obj->c);
}

#singleton_method(name) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'mrbgems/mruby-method/mrblib/kernel.rb', line 2

def singleton_method(name)
  m = method(name)
  if m.owner != singleton_class
    raise NameError, "undefined method `#{name}' for class `#{singleton_class}'"
  end
  m
end

#singleton_methods(all = true) ⇒ Array

Returns an array of the names of singleton methods for obj. If the optional all parameter is true, the list will include methods in modules included in obj. Only public and protected singleton methods are returned.

module Other def three() end end

class Single def Single.four() end end

a = Single.new

def a.one() end

class « a include Other def two() end end

Single.singleton_methods #=> [:four] a.singleton_methods(false) #=> [:two, :one] a.singleton_methods #=> [:two, :one, :three]

Returns:



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# File 'src/kernel.c', line 1114

static mrb_value
mrb_obj_singleton_methods_m(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
  mrb_bool recur = TRUE;
  mrb_get_args(mrb, "|b", &recur);
  return mrb_obj_singleton_methods(mrb, recur, self);
}

#sprintf(*args) ⇒ Object

in sprintf.c

Raises:



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# File 'mrbgems/mruby-sprintf/src/kernel.c', line 9

mrb_value mrb_f_sprintf(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj);

#to_enum(meth = :each, *args) ⇒ Object Also known as: enum_for

call-seq: obj.to_enum(method = :each, args) -> enum obj.enum_for(method = :each, *args) -> enum obj.to_enum(method = :each, *args) {|args| block} -> enum obj.enum_for(method = :each, args){|args| block} -> enum

Creates a new Enumerator which will enumerate by calling +method+ on +obj+, passing +args+ if any.

If a block is given, it will be used to calculate the size of the enumerator without the need to iterate it (see Enumerator#size).

=== Examples

str = “xyz”

enum = str.enum_for(:each_byte) enum.each { |b| puts b } # => 120 # => 121 # => 122

# protect an array from being modified by some_method a = [1, 2, 3] some_method(a.to_enum)

It is typical to call to_enum when defining methods for a generic Enumerable, in case no block is passed.

Here is such an example, with parameter passing and a sizing block:

module Enumerable
  # a generic method to repeat the values of any enumerable
  def repeat(n)
    raise ArgumentError, "#{n} is negative!" if n < 0
    unless block_given?
      return to_enum(__method__, n) do # __method__ is :repeat here
        sz = size     # Call size and multiply by n...
        sz * n if sz  # but return nil if size itself is nil
      end
    end
    each do |*val|
      n.times { yield *val }
    end
  end
end

%i[hello world].repeat(2) { |w| puts w }
  # => Prints 'hello', 'hello', 'world', 'world'
enum = (1..14).repeat(3)
  # => returns an Enumerator when called without a block
enum.first(4) # => [1, 1, 1, 2]



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# File 'mrbgems/mruby-enumerator/mrblib/enumerator.rb', line 616

def to_enum(*a)
  raise NotImplementedError.new("fiber required for enumerator")
end

#to_s ⇒ Object

15.3.1.3.46

#yield_self(&block) ⇒ Object

call-seq: obj.yield_self {|_obj|…} -> an_object

Yields obj and returns the result.

‘my string’.yield_self s s.upcase #=> “MY STRING” 


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# File 'mrbgems/mruby-kernel-ext/mrblib/kernel.rb', line 9

def yield_self(&block)
  return to_enum :yield_self unless block
  block.call(self)
end