respiratory gaseous exchange by respiratory system
detection of stimulus involved in sensory perception
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of smell
An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the lower back.
A type of headache that last hours with continuous pain of mild or moderate intensity, bilateral location, a pressing/tightening (non-pulsating) quality and that is not aggravated by routine physical activity such as walking or climbing stairs.
An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the neck.
An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the shoulder.
Pain perceived in the area of the pelvis, the lower part of the abdomen located between the hip bones.
Neuropathic pain is triggered by lesions to the somatosensory nervous system that alter its structure and function so that pain occurs spontaneously and responses to noxious and innocuous stimuli are pathologically amplified.
Neuropathic pain can be characterized by pain that is triggered when clothes touch the skin, spontaneous burning that feels like boiling water, bursts of pins and needles(paresthesias) in the feet upon walking , a continuous crushing pain after an amputation as if your phantom foot is being squeezed, or a band of searing pain around the body at the level at whichsensation was lost after a spinal cord injury.
An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the front part of the knee, that is, the side of the knee where the patella is located.
has measurement value
journal article
editor preferred term
The concise, meaningful, and human-friendly name for a class or property preferred by the ontology developers. (US-English)
PERSON:Daniel Schober
example of usage
A phrase describing how a term should be used and/or a citation to a work which uses it. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding, such as widely know prototypes or instances of a class, or cases where a relation is said to hold.
has curation status
PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg
PERSON:Bill Bug
PERSON:Melanie Courtot
definition
The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with.
editor note
An administrative note intended for its editor. It may not be included in the publication version of the ontology, so it should contain nothing necessary for end users to understand the ontology.
term editor
Name of editor entering the term in the file. The term editor is a point of contact for information regarding the term. The term editor may be, but is not always, the author of the definition, which may have been worked upon by several people
20110707, MC: label update to term editor and definition modified accordingly. See https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/115.
definition source
Formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007
Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w
terms merged
An editor note should explain what were the merged terms and the reason for the merge.
term imported
This is to be used when the original term has been replaced by a term imported from an other ontology. An editor note should indicate what is the URI of the new term to use.
term split
This is to be used when a term has been split in two or more new terms. An editor note should indicate the reason for the split and indicate the URIs of the new terms created.
curator note
An administrative note of use for a curator but of no use for a user
term tracker item
the URI for an OBI Terms ticket at sourceforge, such as https://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/772/
An IRI or similar locator for a request or discussion of an ontology term.
Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg
The 'tracker item' can associate a tracker with a specific ontology term.
publication about an investigation
has x coordinate value
has z coordinate value
has y coordinate value
imported from
defined class
A defined class is a class that is defined by a set of logically necessary and sufficient conditions but is not a universal
"definitions", in some readings, always are given by necessary and sufficient conditions. So one must be careful (and this is difficult sometimes) to distinguish between defined classes and universal.
OBO foundry unique label
An alternative name for a class or property which is unique across the OBO Foundry.
The intended usage of that property is as follow: OBO foundry unique labels are automatically generated based on regular expressions provided by each ontology, so that SO could specify unique label = 'sequence ' + [label], etc. , MA could specify 'mouse + [label]' etc. Upon importing terms, ontology developers can choose to use the 'OBO foundry unique label' for an imported term or not. The same applies to tools .
PERSON:Bjoern Peters
PERSON:Chris Mungall
GROUP:OBO Foundry <http://obofoundry.org/>
inflammation of ectepicondyle of humerus
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional condition of the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract characterized by abdominal pain or discomfort and disordered bowel habit (diarrhea, constipation, or fluctuation between the two).
A group of inflammatory rheumatic diseases associated with arthritis and enthesitis, and often involving the axial skeleton. The most common form of spondyloarthritis is ankylosing spondylitis. Other forms include axial spondyloarthritis, peripheral spondyloarthritis, reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthritis/spondylitis and enteropathic arthritis/spondylitis.
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)
Any condition affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint.
A chronic disorder of unknown etiology characterized by pain, stiffness, and tenderness in the muscles of neck, shoulders, back, hips, arms, and legs. Other signs and symptoms include headaches, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and painful menstruation.
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.
Muscular pain in numerous body regions that can be reproduced by pressure on trigger points, localized hardenings in skeletal muscle tissue. Pain is referred to a location distant from the trigger points. A prime example is the temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome.
A syndrome characterized by retropatellar or peripatellar pain resulting from physical and biochemical changes in the patellofemoral joint. The pain is most prominent when ascending or descending stairs, squatting, or sitting with flexed knees. There is a lack of consensus on the etiology and treatment. The syndrome is often confused with (or accompanied by) chondromalacia patellae, the latter describing a pathological condition of the cartilage and not a syndrome.
Tear of one or more of the tendons of the four rotator cuff muscles of the shoulder. A rotator cuff 'injury' can include any type of irritation or overuse of those muscles or tendons, and is among the most common conditions affecting the shoulder.
A chronic, systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation in the synovial membranes and articular surfaces. It manifests primarily as a symmetric, erosive polyarthritis that spares the axial skeleton and is typically associated with the presence in the serum of rheumatoid factor.
A migraine disorder characterized by episodes that occur in the absence of preceding focal neurological symptoms.
The term was added to the ontology on the assumption it was in scope, but it turned out later that it was not.
This obsolesence reason should be used conservatively. Typical valid examples are: un-necessary grouping classes in disease ontologies, a phenotype term added on the assumption it was a disease.
participates in
this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation
this input material (or this output material) participates in this process
this investigator participates in this investigation
a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
participates_in
is concretized as
A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The journal article (a generically dependent continuant) is concretized as the quality (a specifically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant).
An investigator reads a protocol and forms a plan to carry out an assay. The plan is a realizable entity (a specifically dependent continuant) that concretizes the protocol (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on the investigator (an independent continuant). The plan is then realized by the assay (a process).
A relationship between a generically dependent continuant and a specifically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. A generically dependent continuant may be concretized as multiple specifically dependent continuants.
function of
this catalysis function is a function of this enzyme
a relation between a function and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A function inheres in its bearer at all times for which the function exists, however the function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists.
function_of
is function of
This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020.
quality of
this red color is a quality of this apple
a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A quality inheres in its bearer at all times for which the quality exists.
is quality of
quality_of
derives from
this cell derives from this parent cell (cell division)
this nucleus derives from this parent nucleus (nuclear division)
a relation between two distinct material entities, the new entity and the old entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity
This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops from'.
derives_from
location of
is location of
my head is the location of my brain
this cage is the location of this rat
a relation between two independent continuants, the location and the target, in which the target is entirely within the location
Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/
location_of
2D boundary of
the surface of my skin is a 2D boundary of my body
a relation between a 2D immaterial entity (the boundary) and a material entity, in which the boundary delimits the material entity
A 2D boundary may have holes and gaps, but it must be a single connected entity, not an aggregate of several disconnected parts.
Although the boundary is two-dimensional, it exists in three-dimensional space and thus has a 3D shape.
2D_boundary_of
boundary of
is 2D boundary of
is boundary of
tooth SubClassOf 'never in taxon' value 'Aves'
x never in taxon T if and only if T is a class, and x does not instantiate the class expression "in taxon some T". Note that this is a shortcut relation, and should be used as a hasValue restriction in OWL.
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> PREFIX in_taxon: <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002162> PREFIX never_in_taxon: <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002161> CONSTRUCT { in_taxon: a owl:ObjectProperty . a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty in_taxon: ; owl:someValuesFrom ?taxon ] . ?x rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty in_taxon: ; owl:someValuesFrom [ a owl:Class ; owl:complementOf ?taxon ] ] . } WHERE { ?x never_in_taxon: ?taxon . }
mutually spatially disjoint with
A is mutually_spatially_disjoint_with B if both A and B are classes, and there exists no p such that p is part_of some A and p is part_of some B.
PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> PREFIX part_of: <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050> PREFIX mutually_spatially_disjoint_with: <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002171> CONSTRUCT { part_of: a owl:ObjectProperty . [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty part_of: ; owl:someValuesFrom ?x ; a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty part_of: ; owl:someValuesFrom ?y ] ] } WHERE { ?x mutually_spatially_disjoint_with: ?y . }
ambiguous for taxon
S ambiguous_for_taxon T if the class S does not have a clear referent in taxon T. An example would be the class 'manual digit 1', which encompasses a homology hypotheses that is accepted for some species (e.g. human and mouse), but does not have a clear referent in Aves - the referent is dependent on the hypothesis embraced, and also on the ontogenetic stage. [PHENOSCPAE:asilomar_mtg]
dubious for taxon
S dubious_for_taxon T if it is probably the case that no instances of S can be found in any instance of T.
This relation lacks a strong logical interpretation, but can be used in place of never_in_taxon where it is desirable to state that the definition of the class is too strict for the taxon under consideration, but placing a never_in_taxon link would result in a chain of inconsistencies that will take ongoing coordinated effort to resolve. Example: metencephalon in teleost
present in taxon
S present_in_taxon T if some instance of T has some S. This does not means that all instances of T have an S - it may only be certain life stages or sexes that have S
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> PREFIX in_taxon: <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002162> PREFIX present_in_taxon: <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002175> CONSTRUCT { in_taxon: a owl:ObjectProperty . ?witness rdfs:label ?label . ?witness rdfs:subClassOf ?x . ?witness rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty in_taxon: ; owl:someValuesFrom ?taxon ] . } WHERE { ?x present_in_taxon: ?taxon . BIND(IRI(CONCAT( "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002175#", MD5(STR(?x)), "-", MD5(STR(?taxon)) )) as ?witness) BIND(CONCAT(STR(?x), " in taxon ", STR(?taxon)) AS ?label) }
The SPARQL expansion for this relation introduces new named classes into the ontology. For this reason it is likely that the expansion should only be performed during a QC pipeline; the expanded output should usually not be included in a published version of the ontology.
characteristic of part of
splanchnic layer of lateral plate mesoderm
mandibular process mesenchyme from neural crest
auditory hillocks, pharyngeal arch 1 derived
An alternate textual definition for a class taken unmodified from an external source. This definition may have been used to derive a generalized definition for the new class.
This annotation property may be replaced with an annotation property from an external ontology such as IAO
A textual description of an axiom loss in this ontology compared to an external ontology.
Notes on the homology status of this class.
An alternate comment for a class taken unmodified from an external source. Note that obo format only allows a single comment for a class, and does not provide a structured means of adding provenance info.
Used to connect a class to an adjectival form of its label. For example, a class with label 'intestine' may have a relational adjective 'intestinal'.
Notes on the how instances of this class vary across species.
Notes on the evolved function of instances of this class.
Notes on the structure, composition or histology of instances of this class.
Notes on the ontogenic development of instances of this class.
Notes on how similar or equivalent classes are represented in other ontologies.
Notes on how lexical conventions regarding this class, in particular any issues that may arise due to homonyny or synonymy.
A property used in conjunction with repeated_element_number to indicate an axis and directionality along that axis. If P preceding_element_is R, and P is_count_of S, and X P N, and X' P N+1, then it follows that every X R some X', and the class expression [S and R some X' and inv(R) some X] is empty (i.e. X is followed by X', with no intermediates).
x ray_number N if and only if (i) x is a ray, and (ii) x is ancestrally associated with ray number N in a series of phalanges repeated along a radio-ulnar or equivalent axis, with ray_number 1 being the anteriormost ray.
The correct terminology is yet to be established; in tetrapods 'ray' might mean the mereological sum of the phalanges of a manual digit plus a metatarsal bone (or equivalent for hindlimb)
x rib_number N if and only if (i) x is a rib, and (ii) x is rib number N in a series of ribs repeated along an anterior-posterior axis, with rib_number 1 being the anteriormost rib. Note that this property counts ribs, *not* the adjoining vertebrae.
In the early tetrapods, every vertebra bore a pair of ribs, although those on the thoracic vertebrae are typically the longest. In most subsequent forms, many of these early ribs have been lost, and in living amphibians and reptiles, there is great variation in rib structure and number. For example, turtles have only eight pairs of ribs, which are developed into a bony or cartilagenous carapace and plastron, while snakes have numerous ribs running along the full length of their trunk. Frogs typically have no ribs, aside from a sacral pair, which form part of the pelvis. Mammals usually also only have distinct ribs on the thoracic vertebra, although fixed cervical ribs are also present in monotremes. In marsupials and placental mammals, the cervical and lumbar ribs are found only as tiny remnants fused to the vertebrae, where they are referred to as transverse processes. In general, the structure and number of the true ribs in humans is similar to that in other mammals. Unlike reptiles, caudal ribs are never found in mammals.
Note that in TAO, ribs are numbered by *vertebrae*
x vertebra_number N if and only if (i) x is a vertebra, and (ii) x is vertebra number N in a series of vertebras repeated along an anterior-posterior axis, with vertebra_number 1 being the anteriormost vertebra (also known as the atlas).
FMA has terms like 'set of X'. In general we do not include set-of terms in uberon, but provide a mapping between the singular form and the FMA set term
A curated content resource is a web-resource that contains curated content about the ontology term.
This property is likely to change the ID. Please do not use in production systems.
The supratragic tubercle is a small prominence on the auricle of the ear, located just above the tragus. It serves as an anatomical landmark and can vary in size and shape between individuals.
Τhe pain experienced during childbirth caused by uterine contractions and cervical dilation.
Refers to pain in the teeth or gums, often caused by cavities, infection, injury, or dental surgical procedures.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 221. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 10, Acupuncture Points of the Governor and the Conception Vessels and the Extra Points. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Enuresis, nocturnal emission, impotence, hernia, uterine bleeding, irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea, morbid leukorrhea, frequency of urination, retention of urine, pain in the lower abdomen, prolapse of the uterus, vaginitis.
The branch of the iliohypogastric nerve.
On the lower abdomen, 4 B-cun inferior to the centre of the umbilicus, on the anterior median line.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.5-1.0 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
The branches of superficial epigastric artery and vein, and the branches of inferior epigastric artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 130. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Muscular atrophy and weakness of the lower extremities, pain in the heel.
The external calcaneal branch of the sural nerve.
On the lateral aspect of the foot, distal to BL60, lateral to the calcaneus, at the border between the red and white flesh.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.3-0.5 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
The external calcaneal branches of the peroneal artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 48. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Facial paralysis, trismus, swelling of the cheek, facial pain, toothache.
On the face, anterior to the angle of the mandible, in the depression anterior to the masseter attachment, over the facial artery.
Avoid puncturing the artery. Puncture obliquely 0.3-0.5 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 89. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Pain and rigidity of the neck, tinnitus, deafness, sore throat, mania, malaria, acute lumbar sprain, night sweating, febrile diseases, contracture and numbness of the fingers, pain in the shoulder and elbow.
The dorsal branch derived from the ulnar nerve.
On the little finger, ulnar to the distal phalanx, 0.1 f-cun proximal-medial to the ulnar corner of the little fingernail, at the intersection of the vertical line of ulnar border of the nail and horizontal line of the base of the little fingernail.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.5-0.7 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
The dorsal digital artery and vein, the dorsal venous network of the hand.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 166. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Headache, tinnitus, deafness, infantile convulsion.
The posterior auricular branch of the great auricular nerve.
On the head, at the centre of the mastoid process, at the junction of the upper two thirds and lower one third of the curved line from tE17 to tE20.
Puncture subcutaneously 0.3-0.5 inch or prick with a three-edged needle to cause bleeding. Moxibustion is applicable.
The posterior auricular artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 104. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Headache, nasal obstruction, sore throat, neck rigidity, pain in the shoulder and back.
In the posterior region of the neck, at the same level as the superior border of the spinous process of the second cervical vertebra (C2), in the depression lateral to the trapezius muscle.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 96. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Facial paralysis, twitching of eyelids, pain in the face, toothache, swelling of the cheek, yellowish sclera.
On the face, inferior to the zygomatic bone, in the depression directly inferior to the outer canthus of the eye.
The branches of the transverse facial artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 176. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Headache, epilepsy, swelling and pain of the gums, convulsion.
The branch of the great occipital nerve.
On the head, directly superior to the posterior border of the auricular root, 2 B-cun superior to the hairline. Note: GB9 is 0.5 B-cun posterior to GB8.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 174. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Migraine, pain in the outer canthus, tinnitus, frequent sneezing.
On the head, at the junction of the upper three fourths and lower one fourth of the curved line from St8 to gB7.
Puncture subcutaneously 0.3-0.5 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 192. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Pain of the canthus, tinnitus, distending pain of the breast, swelling and pain of the dorsum of foot.
On the dorsum of the foot, between the fourth and fifth metatarsal bones, in the depression proximal to the fourth metatarsophalangeal joint.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 137. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Spitting of blood, asthma, stiffness and pain of the lower back, dysuria, constipation, pain in the heel, dementia.
The medial crural cutaneous nerve, on the course of the medial calcaneal ramus derived from the tibial nerve.
On the medial aspect of the foot, posteroinferior to the medial malleolus, superior to the calcaneus, in the depression anterior to the medial attachment of the calcaneal tendon.
The medial calcaneal branch of the posterior tibial artery.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 223. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 10, Acupuncture Points of the Governor and the Conception Vessels and the Extra Points. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Abdominal distension, edema, hernia, irregular menstruation
The anterior cutaneous branch of the tenth intercostal nerve.
On the lower abdomen, 1 B-cun inferior to the centre of the umbilicus, on the anterior median line.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.8-1.2 inches. Moxibustion is applicable.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 82. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Pain in the costal and cardiac regions, scrofula, cold pain of the elbow and arm, dryness of the throat.
The ulnar nerve, median nerve and medial brachial cutaneous nerve.
In the axilla, in the centre of the axillary fossa, over the axillary artery.
Avoid puncturing the axillary artery. Puncture perpendicularly 0.5-1.0 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 186. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Pain and numbness in the thigh and lumbar region, paralysis, muscular atrophy of the lower limbs.
In the buttock region, midpoint of the line connecting the anterior superior iliac spine and the prominence of the greater trochanter.
The branches of the superficial circumflex iliac artery and vein, the ascending branches of the lateral circumflex femoral artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 225. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 10, Acupuncture Points of the Governor and the Conception Vessels and the Extra Points. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Stomachache, abdominal distension, borborygmus, nausea, vomiting, acid regurgitation, diarrhea, dysentery, jaundice, indigestion, insomnia.
The anterior cutaneous branch of the seventh intercostal nerve.
On the upper abdomen, 4 B-cun superior to the centre of the umbilicus, on the anterior median line. Note: CV12 is located at the midpoint of the line connecting the xiphisternal junction and the centre of umbilicus.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.5-1.2 inches. Moxibustion is applicable.
The superior epigastric artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 131. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Headache, neck rigidity, pain in the lower back and thigh, epilepsy.
On the lateral aspect of the foot, distal to the tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal bone, at the border between the red and white flesh. Note: The tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal bone is located approximately midway be- tween the heel and the fifth metatarsophalangeal joint.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 175. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Headache, swelling of the cheek, trismus, pain in the temporal region, infantile convulsion.
On the head, at the junction of the vertical line of the posterior border of the temple hairline and the horizontal line of the apex of the auricle.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 126. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Pain in the lumbosacral region, muscular atrophy, motor impairment of the lower extremities, dysuria, swelling around external genitalia, hemorrhoids, constipation.
The inferior gluteal nerve, the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve and the sciatic nerve.
In the buttock region, at the same level as the fourth posterior sacral foramen, 3 B-cun lateral to the median sacral crest. Note: 3 B-cun lateral to the sacral hiatus, at the same level as BL 30.
Puncture perpendicularly 1.5-2.0 inches. Moxibustion is applicable.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 26. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Cough, asthma, pain in the chest, shoulder and arm, fullness in the chest.
The intermediate and lateral supraclavicular nerve, the branches of the anterior thoracic nerve, and the lateral cord of the brachial plexus.
On the anterior thoracic region, in the depression of the infraclavicular fossa, medial to the coracoid process of the scapula, 6 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line. Note 1: After identifying the deltopectoral triangle when the arm is flexed and slightly abducted against resistance, LU2 is in the centre of the deltopectoral triangle. Note 2: ST13, KI27, CV21 and LU2 are located on the transverse line along the inferior border of the clavicle.
Puncture obliquely 0.5-0.8 inch towards the lateral aspect of the chest. To avoid injuring the lung, never puncture deeply towards the medial aspect. Moxibustion is applicable.
The cephalic vein, the thoracoacromial artery and vein; inferiorly, the axillary artery.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 101. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Headache, nasal obstruction, epistaxis, blurring and failing of vision.
The lateral branch of the frontal nerve.
On the head, 0.5 B-cun superior to the anterior hairline, 1.5 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line. Note: At the junction of the medial one third and lateral two thirds of the line connecting gV24 with St8.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 122. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Dysphagia, hiccup, vomiting, belching, pain and stiffness of the back.
The medial cutaneous branches of the posterior rami of the sixth and seventh thoracic nerves; deeper, their lateral branches.
In the upper back region, at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous process of the seventh thoracic vertebra (T7), 3 B-cun lateral to the posterior median line. Note: BL 46, BL17 and GV9 are located at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous process of the seventh thoracic vertebra (T7).
Puncture obliquely 0.3-0.5 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
The posterior branches of the intercostal artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 90. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Swelling of the neck and submandibular region, pain of the hand and wrist, febrile diseases.
On the posteromedial aspect of the wrist, in the depression between the triquetrum bone and the ulnar styloid process.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 38. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Aching of the shoulder and arm, motor impairment of the upper limbs, numbness of the hand and arm, borborygmus, abdominal pain.
On the posterolateral aspect of the forearm, on the line connecting LI5 with LI11, 3 B- cun inferior to the cubital crease.
D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Ch. 10, Sec. III, The Extra Points. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
3.5 cun lateral to the lower border of the spinous process of the first lumbar vertebra.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.5-0.8 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 92. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Swelling of the shoulder, aching and weakness of the shoulder and arm.
The posterior cutaneous nerve of the arm, the axillary nerve; deeper, the suprascapular nerve.
On the shoulder girdle, superior to the posterior axillary fold, in the depression inferior to the spine of the scapula.
The posterior circumflex humeral artery and vein; deeper, the suprascapular artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 229. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 10, Acupuncture Points of the Governor and the Conception Vessels and the Extra Points. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Pain and fullness in the chest and intercostal region, asthma, cough.
The anterior cutaneous branch of the first intercostal nerve.
In the anterior thoracic region, at the same level as the first intercostal space, on the anterior median line.
An acupuncture point that is located along the Liver Meridian of Foot-Jueyin (LR), which consists of 14 standardized acupoints beginning at LR 1 (Dadun) on the lateral side of the great toe near the corner of the nail, traveling up along the medial aspect of the leg and passing through the genital region and abdomen, and ending at LR 14 (Qimen) on the anterior chest in the sixth intercostal space.
WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7.
Acupoint of the liver meridian of foot-jueyin
Acupuncture point of the liver meridian of foot-jueyin
Abdominal pain, diarrhea, toothache, swelling of the cheek, motor impairment of the upper limbs, pain in the shoulder and back.
On the posterolateral aspect of the forearm, on the line connecting LI5 with LI11, 2 B- cun inferior to the cubital crease.
The branches of the radial recurrent artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 198. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Retention of urine, enuresis, hernia, irregular menstruation, leukorrhea, pruritus valvae, weakness and atrophy of the leg.
On the anteromedial aspect of the leg, at the centre of the medial border (surface) of the tibia, 5 B-cun proximal to the prominence of the medial malleolus. Note: LR5 is located at the same level as the upper two thirds and lower one third of the line connecting the apex of the patella with the prominence of the medial malleolus, at the centre of the medial border (surface) of the tibia, at the same level as KI9.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 202. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Abdominal distension, borborygmus, pain in the hypochondriac region, vomiting, diarrhea, indigestion.
Slightly inferiorly, the tenth intercostal nerve.
On the lateral abdomen, inferior to the free extremity of the 11th rib. Note: LR13 can be located while the subject is lying on the side with the shoulder flexed. The free extremity of the 11th rib can be palpated below the inferior border of the costal arch.
The terminal branch of the tenth intercostal artery.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 216. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 10, Acupuncture Points of the Governor and the Conception Vessels and the Extra Points. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
The buccal branch of the facial nerve, and the branch of the intraorbital nerve.
On the face, at the midpoint of the philtrum midline. Remarks: Alternative location for GV26 at the junction of the upper one third and lower two thirds of the philtrum midline.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 31. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Sore throat, cough, asthma, epistaxis, fever, loss of consciousness, mania, spasmodic pain of the thumb.
The terminal nerve network formed by the mixed branches of the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve and the superficial ramus of the radial nerve as well as the palmar digital proprial nerve of the median nerve.
On the thumb, radial to the distal phalanx, 0.1 f-cun proximal-lateral to the radial corner of the thumb nail, at the intersection of the vertical line of the radial border and the horizontal line of the base of the thumb nail.
Puncture 0.1 inch, or prick the point to cause bleeding.
The arterial and venous network formed by the proper palmar digital artery and veins.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 35. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Headache, pain in the neck, redness, swelling and pain of the eye, epistaxis, nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, toothache, deafness, swelling of the face, sore throat, parotitis, trismus, facial paralysis, febrile diseases with anhidrosis, hyperhidrosis, abdominal pain, dysentery, constipation, amenorrhea, delayed labour, infantile convulsion, pain, weakness and motor impairment of the upper limbs.
The superficial ramus of the radial nerve.
On the dorsum of the hand, radial to the midpoint of the second metacarpal bone.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.5-1 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
The venous network of the dorsum of the hand.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 112. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Low back pain, borborygmus, abdominal distension, diarrhea, constipation, muscular atrophy, pain, numbness and motor impairment of the lower extremities, sciatica.
The posterior ramus of the third lumbar nerve.
In the lumbar region, at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous process of the fourth lumbar vertebra (L4), 1.5 B- cun lateral to the posterior median line.
The posterior branch of the fourth lumbar artery and vein.
Cough, asthma, pain in the chest, shoulder and back; fullness of the chest.
The intermediate supraclavicular nerve, the branches of the anterior thoracic nerve, and the lateral cutaneous branch of the first intercostal nerve.
On the anterior thoracic region, at the same level as the first intercostal space, lateral to the infraclavicular fossa, 6 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line. Note 1: After locating LU2, LU1 is located 1 B-cun inferior to LU2. Note 2: ST14, KI26, CV20 and LU1 are located on the transverse line along the first intercostal space.
Puncture obliquely 0.5-0.8 cun towards the lateral aspect of the chest. To avoid injuring the lung, never puncture deeply towards the medial aspect. Moxibustion is applicable.
Superolaterally, the axillary artery and vein, the thoracoacromial artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 111. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Nocturnal emission, impotence, enuresis, irregular menstruation, leukorrhea, low back pain, weakness of the knee, blurring of vision, dizziness, tinnitus, deafness, edema, asthma, diarrhea.
The lateral branch of the posterior ramus of the first lumbar nerve; deeper, its lateral branch.
In the lumbar region, at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous process of the second lumbar vertebra (L2), 1.5 B- cun lateral to the posterior median line.
Puncture perpendicularly 1-1.2 inches. Moxibustion is applicable.
The posterior branches of the second lumbar artery and vein.
An acupuncture point that is located along the Bladder Meridian of Foot-Taiyang (BL), which consists of 67 standardized acupoints beginning at BL 1 (Jingming) on the face in the depression just superior to the inner canthus of the eye, traveling up over the head, descending down the back in two parallel lines flanking the spine, and continuing along the posterior aspect of the leg, ending at BL 67 (Zhiyin) on the lateral side of the little toe near the corner of the nail.
Acupoint of the bladder meridian of foot-taiyang
Acupuncture point of the bladder meridian
Acupuncture point of the bladder meridian of foot-taiyang
Acupuncture point of the urinary bladder meridian
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 177. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Headache, insomnia, swelling of the cheek, retroauricular pain, deviation of the eye and mouth, toothache.
In the anterior region of the neck, in the depression posteroinferior to the mastoid process.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 91. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Neck rigidity, headache, dizziness, spasmodic pain in the elbow and fingers, febrile diseases, mania.
Superficially, the branch of the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve; deeper, on the radial side, the posterior interosseous nerve.
On the posteromedial aspect of the forearm, between the medial border of the ulnar bone and the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle, 5 B-cun proximal to the dorsal wrist crease. Note: 1 B-cun distal to the midpoint of the line connecting SI5 with SI8.
The terminal branches of the posterior interosseous artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 80. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Pain in the chest and hypochondriac region, asthma, general aching and weakness.
The seventh intercostal nerve and the terminal branch of the long thoracic nerve.
In the lateral thoracic region, in the sixth intercostal space, on the midaxillary line. Note: With the subject lying on the side and the arm abducted, SP21 is located at the intersection of the midaxillary line and the sixth intercostal space.
The thoracodorsal artery and vein, the seventh intercostal artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 120. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Pulmonary tuberculosis, hemoptysis, cough, asthma, neck rigidity, pain in the shoulder and back.
In the upper back region, at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous process of the third thoracic vertebra (T3), 3 B-cun lateral to the posterior median line. Note: BL42, BL13 and GV12 are located at the same level as the inferior border of the third thoracic vertebra (T3).
The posterior branch of the intercostal artery, the descending branch of the transverse cervical artery.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 199. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Prolapse of uterus, lower abdominal pain, retention of urine, nocturnal emission, pain in the external genitalia, pruritus vulvae, pain in the medial aspect of the knee and thigh.
On the medial aspect of the knee, in the depression medial to the tendons of the semitendinosus and the semimembranosus muscles, at the medial end of the popliteal crease. Note: With the knee flexed, LR8 is located in the depression medial to the most prominent tendon on the medial end of the popliteal crease.
Anteriorly, the great saphenous vein, on the pathway of the genu su prema artery.
An acupuncture point that is located along the Conception Vessel (CV / Ren Mai), one of the eight extraordinary vessels, which consists of 24 standardized acupoints beginning at CV 1 (Huiyin) in the perineum at the midpoint of the perineal region, traveling up along the anterior midline of the body through the abdomen, chest, and neck, and ending at CV 24 (Chengjiang) on the face in the depression at the center of the mentolabial sulcus.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 107. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
The dorsal scapular nerve, the medial cutaneous branches of the dorsal rami of the sixth and seventh thoracic nerves; deeper, their lateral branches.
In the upper back region, level with the inferior border of the spinous process of the sixth thoracic vertebra (T6), 1.5 B-cun lateral to the posterior median line.
Puncture obliquely 0.5-0.7 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
The medial branches of the posterior branches of the intercostal artery and vein, the descending branch of the transverse cervical artery.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 108. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Vomiting, hiccup, belching, difficulty in swallowing, asthma, cough, spitting of blood, afternoon fever, night sweating, measles.
The medial branches of the posterior rami of the seventh and eighth thoracic nerves; deeper, their lateral branches.
In the upper back region, at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous process of the seventh thoracic vertebra (T7), 1.5 B-cun lateral to the posterior median line. Note: The inferior angle of the scapula is at the same level as the spinous process of the seventh thoracic vertebra.
The medial branches of the posterior branches of the intercostal artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 200. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Pain in the lumbosacral region, lower abdominal pain, enuresis, retention of urine, irregular menstruation.
The anterior femoral cutaneous nerve, on the pathway of the anterior branch of the obturator nerve.
On the medial aspect of the thigh, between the gracilis and the sartorius muscles, 4 B- cun proximal to the base of the patella. Note: With the hip slightly flexed and ab- ducted and with the muscle under tension, the sartorius muscle becomes more distinct. Lr 9 is located posterior to the sartorius muscle.
Deeper, on the lateral side, the femoral artery and vein, the superficial branch of the medial circumflex femoral artery.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 189. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Pain in the neck, chest, thigh and hypochondriac region, rabies.
On the fibular aspect of the leg, anterior to the fibula, 7 B-cun proximal to the prominence of the lateral malleolus. Note: GB36 is located 1 B-cun distal to the midpoint of the line connecting the prominence of the lateral malleolus and the lateral end of the popliteal crease, anterior to GB35.
The branches of the anterior tibial artery and vein.
Febrile diseases with anhidrosis, headache, rigidity of the neck, contracture of the fingers, pain in the wrist, jaundice.
On the posteromedial aspect of the wrist, in the depression between the base of the fifth metacarpal bone and the triquetrum bone, at the border between the red and white flesh. Note: With one finger placed on SI3, push and slide proximally along the fifth metacarpal bone to the bony projection, SI4 is located in the depression between these two bones.
The posterior carpal artery (the branch of the ulnar artery), the dorsal venous network of the hand.
An acupuncture point that is located along the Heart Meridian of Hand-Shaoyin (HT), which consists of 9 standardized acupoints beginning at HT 1 (Jiquan) in the center of the axillary fossa, traveling down the medial aspect of the arm, and ending at HT 9 (Shaochong) on the radial side of the little finger near the corner of the nail.
Acupoint of the heart meridian of hand-shaoyin
Acupuncture point of the heart meridian of hand-shaoyin
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 222. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 10, Acupuncture Points of the Governor and the Conception Vessels and the Extra Points. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Abdominal pain, diarrhea, edema, hernia, anuria, enuresis, amenorrhea, morbid leukorrhea, uterine bleeding, postpartum hemorrhage.
The anterior cutaneous branch of the eleventh intercostal nerve.
On the lower abdomen, 2 B-cun inferior to the centre of the umbilicus, on the anterior median line.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 78. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Fullness and pain in the chest and hypochondriac region.
The lateral cutaneous branch of the fifth intercostal nerve.
In the anterior thoracic region, in the fifth intercostal space, 6 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line. Note: SP17, ST18 and KI22 are located along the curve of the fifth intercostal space.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 124. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Abdominal distension, pain in the epigastric region and back, infantile indigestion.
The lateral cutaneous branches of the posterior ramus of the eleventh thoracic nerve.
In the upper back region, at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous process of the 12th thoracic vertebra (T12), 3 B-cun lateral to the posterior median line. Note: BL50 and BL21 are located at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous process of the 12th thoracic vertebra (T12).
The posterior branches of the subcostal artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 57. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
The branch of the ninth intercostal nerve.
On the upper abdomen, 1 B-cun superior to the centre of the umbilicus, 2 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line. Note: ST24 is at the same level and lateral to CV9.
Stuffy chest, gastric pain, spitting of blood.
On the dorsal crease of the wrist, in the depression on the radial side of the tendon of common extensor muscle of fingers between Yangxi (Ll 5) and Yangchi (TE 4).
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 41. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Pain and motor impairment of the upper extremities, pain in the shoulder and back.
Superficially, the lateral supraclavicular nerve, the branch of the accessory nerve; deeper, the suprascapular nerve.
On the shoulder girdle, in the depression between the acromial end of the clavicle and the spine of the scapula. Note: In the depression between the two bones lateral to the suprascapular fossa.
Deeper, the suprascapular artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 84. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Palpitation, dizziness, blurring of vision, sore throat, sudden loss of voice, aphasia with stiffness of the tongue, pain in the wrist and elbow.
On the anteromedial aspect of the forearm, radial to the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon, 1 B-cun proximal to the palmar wrist crease. Note 1: 1 B-cun proximal to HT7. HT 4 is located at the level with the root of the head of the ulna, HT 5, the body of the head of the ulna and Ht 6, the base of the head of the ulna. Note 2: 1 B-cun proximal to the radial side of the proximal border of the pisiform bone.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 180. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
The anastomotic branch of the frontal and great occipital nerves.
On the head, 2.5 B-cun within the anterior hairline, directly superior to the centre of the pupil. Note: GB17 is 2 B-cun superior to GB15.
Puncture subcutaneously 0.3-0‚Ä¢.5 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
The anastomotic plexus formed by the parietal branches of the superficial temporal artery and vein and the occipital artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 144. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation, postpartum abdominal pain, sterility.
On the upper abdomen, 3 B-cun superior to the centre of the umbilicus, 0.5 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line.
The branches of the superior epigastric artery and vein.
Hypochondriac pain, abdominal distension, hiccup, acid regurgitation, mastitis, depression, febrile diseases.
In the anterior thoracic region, in the sixth intercostal space, 4 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line. Note: LR 14 is inferior to the centre of the nipple, 2 B-cun lateral to ST 19. In females, LR 14 is located at the intersection of the midclavicular line and the sixth intercostal space.
On the metacarpal aspect of the forearm, 4 cun above the transverse wrist crease, on the both sides of the tendon of m. flexor carpi radialis, two points on one hand.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.5- 1.0 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 201. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Irregular menstruation, leukorrhea, lower abdominal pain, pain in the thigh and leg.
The genitofemoral nerve, the branch of the medial femoral cutaneous nerve; deeper, the anterior branch of the obturator nerve.
On the medial aspect of the thigh, 2 B-cun distal to St30. Note: LR11 is located lateral to the ad- ductor longus muscle. When the thigh is adducted against resistance with the hip slightly flexed and abducted, the knee flexed, the adductor longus muscle becomes more distinct.
The branches of the medial circumflex femoral artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 179. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Headache, vertigo, red and painful eyes, nasal obstruction.
The anastomotic branch of the medial and lateral branches of the frontal nerve.
On the head, 1.5 B-cun within the anterior hairline, directly superior to the centre of the pupil. Note: GB16 is 1 B-cun superior to GB15.
The frontal branches of the superficial temporal artery and vein.
Pain in the face, deviation of the eyes and mouth, spasm of facial muscle.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 28. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Cough, hemoptysis, afternoon fever, asthma, sore throat, fullness in the chest, infantile convulsions, spasmodic pain of the elbow and arm, mastitis.
The lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve and the radial nerve.
On the anterior aspect of the elbow, at the cubital crease, in the depression lateral to the biceps brachii tendon. Note: With the elbow flexed, LU5 is located at the cubital crease, between LI11 and PC3, separated from PC3 by the biceps brachii tendon.
The branches of the radial recurrent artery and vein, the cephalic vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 47. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Deviation of the mouth, hypersalivation, eyelid twitching.
Superficially, the branches of the facial and infraorbital nerves; deeper, the terminal branch of the buccal nerve.
On the face, 0.4 f-cun lateral to the angle of the mouth. Note: Lateral to the angle of the mouth, the point is located in the nasolabial sulcus or on the continuation of the nasolabial sulcus.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 230. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 10, Acupuncture Points of the Governor and the Conception Vessels and the Extra Points. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
The anterior branch of the supraclavicular nerve and the anterior cutaneous branch of the first intercostal nerve.
In the anterior thoracic region, 1 B-cun inferior to the suprasternal fossa, on the anterior median line. Note: CV21 is located 1 B-cun inferior to CV22.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 59. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Lower abdominal distension, dysuria, hernia, seminal emission, premature ejaculation.
On the lower abdomen, 2 B-cun inferior to the centre of the umbilicus, 2 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line. Note: ST27 is at the same level and lateral to KI14 and CV5.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.7-1.2 inches. Moxibustion is applicable.
The branches of the eleventh intercostal artery and vein; laterally, the inferior epigastric artery and vein.
An acupuncture point that is located along the Lung Meridian of Hand-Taiyin (LU), which consists of 11 standardized acupoints beginning at LU 1 (Zhongfu) on the upper anterior chest lateral to the infraclavicular fossa, traveling down the anterior-lateral aspect of the arm, and ending at LU 11 (Shaoshang) on the radial side of the thumb near the corner of the nail.
Acupoint of the lung meridian of hand-taiyin
Acupuncture point of the lung meridian of hand-taiyin
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 100. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Redness, swelling and pain of the eye, itching of the canthus, lacrimation, night blindness, color blindness, blurring of vision, myopia.
Superficially, the supratrochlear and infratrochlear nerves; deeper, the branches of the oculomotor nerve, the ophthalmic nerve.
On the face, in the depression between the superomedial parts of the inner canthus of the eye and the medial wall of the orbit. Note: When the eye is closed, BL1 is located in the depression 0.1 B-cun superior and medial to the inner canthus of the eye.
Ask the patient to close his eyes when pushing gently the eyeball to the lateral side. Puncture slowly perpendicularly 0.3-0.7 inch along the orbital wall. It is not advisable to twist of lift and thrust the needle vigorously. To avoid bleeding, press the puncturing site for a few seconds after withdrawal of the needle. Moxibustion is forbidden.
The angular artery and vein, deeper, superiorly, the ophthalmic artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 116. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Low back pain, lower abdominal pain, dysuria, constipation, morbid leukorrhea.
On the course of the posterior ramus of the fourth sacral nerve.
In the sacral region, in the fourth posterior sacral foramen. Note: The fourth posterior sacral foramen is located in the second depression, moving downward from BL32, at the same level as the sacral hiatus.
The branches of the inferior gluteal artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 102. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Headache, blurring of vision, nasal obstruction.
The anastomotic branch of the lateral branch of the frontal nerve and the great occipital nerve.
On the head, 2.5 B-cun superior to the anterior hairline, 1.5 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line. Note: 1.5 B-cun superior to BL5. 2 B-cun superior to BL4
The anastomotic network of the frontal artery and vein, the superficial temporal artery and vein, the occipital artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 159. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Pain in the arm, shoulder and wrist, malaria, deafness, thirst.
The terminal branch of the posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve and the dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve.
On the posterior aspect of the wrist, in the depression ulnar to the extensor digitorum tendon, on the dorsal wrist crease. Note 1: TE4 can be palpated when moving proximally along the gap between the fifth and fourth metacarpal bones, at the same level as LI5 and SI5. Note 2: When the wrist is extended against resistance, the extensor digitorum tendon can be palpated more easily.
The dorsal venous network of the wrist and the posterior carpal artery.
Epilepsy, mania, headache, dizziness, insomnia, backache, aching of the leg.
On the lateral aspect of the foot, directly inferior to the prominence of the lateral malleolus, in the depression between the inferior border of the lateral malleolus and the calcaneus. Note: BL62 is located in the depression distal to the inferior border of the lateral malleolus. the corresponding medial acupuncture point to BL 62 is KI6.
The external malleolar arterial network.
Headache, giddiness, epilepsy, nasal obstruction.
On the head, superior to the frontal notch, 0.5 B-cun superior to the anterior hairline. Note: Midway between GV24 and BL4.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 56. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Gastric pain, vomiting, anorexia, abdominal distension, diarrhea.
The branch of the eighth intercostal nerve.
On the upper abdomen, 4 B-cun superior to the centre of the umbilicus, 2 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line. Note: ST21 is 4 B-cun superior to ST25, 1 B-cun inferior to St20, 2 B-cun lateral to CV12.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.8-1.0 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
The branches of the eighth intercostal and superior epigastric arteries and veins.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 50. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Superficially, the cutaneous cervical nerve; deeper, the superior cardiac nerve issued from the sympathetic nerve and the sympathetic trunk.
In the anterior region of the neck, at the same level as the cricoid cartilage, just anterior to the border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 206. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 10, Acupuncture Points of the Governor and the Conception Vessels and the Extra Points. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Pain and stiffness of the lower back, diarrhea, indigestion.
In the lumbar region, in the depression inferior to the spinous process of the first lumbar vertebra (L1), on the posterior median line.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 161. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Deafness, sudden hoarseness of voice, pain in the chest and hypochondriac region, pain in the hand and arm, toothache.
On the posterior aspect of the forearm, midpoint of the interosseous space between the radius and the ulna, 4 B-cun proximal to the dorsal wrist crease. Note: At the junction of the upper two thirds and lower one third of the line connecting tE4 with the tip of the elbow.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 168. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
The branch of the auriculotemporal nerve, on the course of the temporal branch of the facial nerve.
On the head, posterior to the temple hairline, anterior to the auricular root, posterior to the superficial temporal artery.
Avoid puncturing the artery, puncture obliquely 0.1-0.3 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
The superficial temporal artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 123. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Pain in the chest and hypochondriac region, back pain, vomiting, diarrhea.
In the upper back region, at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous process of the ninth thoracic vertebra (T9), 3 B-cun lateral to the posterior median line. Note: BL47, BL18 and GV8 are located at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous process of the ninth thoracic vertebra (T9).
The posterior branches of the intercostal artery and vein. Innervation: The lateral cutaneous branches of the posterior rami of the seventh and eighth thoracic nerves.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 97. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Deafness, tinnitus, otorrhea, motor impairment of the mandibular joint, toothache.
The branch of the facial nerve, the auriculotemporal nerve.
On the face, in the depression between the anterior border of the centre of the tragus and the posterior border of the condylar process of the mandible. Note: When the mouth is slightly opened, SI19 is located in the depression anterior to the centre of the tragus, between tE21 and gB2.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.5-1.0 inch when the mouth is open. Moxibustion is applicable.
The auricular branches of the superficial temporal artery and vein
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 224. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 10, Acupuncture Points of the Governor and the Conception Vessels and the Extra Points. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Epigastric pain, abdominal pain, borborygmus, indigestion, vomiting, diarrhea.
The anterior cutaneous branch of the eighth intercostal nerve.
On the upper abdomen, 2 B-cun superior to the centre of the umbilicus, on the anterior median line.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 184. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Abdominal distension, borborygmus, diarrhea, pain in the lumbar and hypochondriac region.
On the lateral abdomen, inferior to the free extremity of the 12th rib. Note: GB 25 can be located while the subject is lying on the side with the shoulder flexed. The free extremity of the 12th rib can be palpated below the inferior border of the costal arch posterior to the posterior axillary line.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 52. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Fullness in the chest, asthma, cough, hiccup, chest pain and hypochondriac pain.
The branches of the supraclavicular nerve and the anterior thoracic nerve.
In the anterior thoracic region, inferior to the clavicle, 4 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line.
The branches of the thoracoacromial artery and thoracoacromial vein; superiorly, the subclavicular vein.
An acupuncture point that is located along the Gallbladder Meridian of Foot-Shaoyang (GB), which consists of 44 standardized acupoints beginning at GB 1 (Tongziliao) on the head in the depression lateral to the outer canthus of the eye, zigzagging across the temporal and occipital regions of the head and descending along the lateral side of the neck, trunk, and leg, and ending at GB 44 (Zuqiaoyin) on the lateral side of the fourth toe near the corner of the nail.
Acupoint of the gallbladder meridian of foot-shaoyang
Acupuncture point of the gallbladder meridian
Acupuncture point of the gallbladder meridian of foot-shaoyang
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 105. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Headache, pain in the neck and back, pain and soreness in the scapular region, cough, fever, neck rigidity.
The medial cutaneous branches of the posterior rami of the first and second thoracic nerves; deeper, their lateral cutaneous branches.
In the upper back region, at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous process of the first thoracic vertebra (T1), 1.5 B-cun lateral to the posterior median line.
The medial cutaneous branches of the posterior branches of the intercostal artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 76. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Pain around the umbilical region, abdominal distension, hernia, diarrhea, constipation.
On the lower abdomen, 1.3 B-cun inferior to the centre of the umbilicus, 4 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line.
The eleventh intercostal artery and vein.
Lower abdominal distension and fullness, retention of urine.
The genitofemoral nerve, the anterior femoral cutaneous nerve; deeper, the anterior branch of the obturator nerve.
On the medial aspect of the thigh, 3 B-cun distal to St30, over the artery.
The superficial branches of the medial circumflex femoral artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 51. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Cough, asthma, sore throat, pain in the supraclavicular fossa.
Superficially, the intermediate supraclavicular nerve; deeper, the supraclavicular portion of brachial plexus.
In the anterior region of the neck, in the greater supraclavicular fossa, 4 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line, in the depression superior to the clavicle.
Avoid puncturing the artery. Puncture perpendicularly 0.3-0.5 inch.
Superiorly, the transverse cervical artery.
Apoplexy, coma, epilepsy, high fever, acute tonsillitis, infantile convulsion, numbness of the finger tips.
On the tips of the ten fingers, about 0.1 cun distal to the nails.
Puncture 0.1-0.2 inch superficially, or prick to cause bleeding.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 148. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Cough, asthma, accumulation of phlegm, fullness in the chest and hypochondriac region.
The anterior cutaneous branch of the first intercostal nerve, the medial supraclavicular nerve; the first intercostal nerve.
In the anterior thoracic region, in the first intercostal space, 2 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 138. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Irregular menstruation, morbid leukorrhea, prolapse of uterus, pruritus vulvae, frequency of micturition, retention of urine, constipation, epilepsy, insomnia, sore throat, asthma.
The medial crural cutaneous nerve; deeper, the tibial nerve.
On the medial aspect of the foot, 1 B-cun inferior to the prominence of the medial malleolus, in the depression inferior to the medial malleolus. Note: The corresponding lateral point to KI6 is BL62.
Posteriorly, the posterior tibial artery and vein.
On the head, posterosuperior to the mastoid process, at the junction of the upper one third and lower two thirds of the curved line from gB9 to gB12. Note: Posterior to the auricular apex, 1 B-cun superior to the hairline.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 196. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Hernia, enuresis, uterine bleeding, prolapse of the uterus, epilepsy.
The dorsal digital nerve derived from the deep peroneal nerve.
On the great toe, lateral to the distal phalanx, 0.1 f-cun proximal to the lateral corner of the toenail, at the intersection of the vertical line of the lateral side of the nail and the horizontal line of the base of the toenail.
Puncture subcutaneously 0.1-0.2 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 214. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 10, Acupuncture Points of the Governor and the Conception Vessels and the Extra Points. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Headache, blurring of vision, rhinorrhea, infantile convulsIon.
On the head, 2 B-cun superior to the anterior hairline, on the anterior median line.
Puncture subcutaneously 0.3-0.5 inch. This point is prohibited in infants with metopism. Moxibustion is applicable.
The anastomotic network formed by the right and left superficial tempor-al artery and vein and the frontal artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 119. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Stiffness and pain of the lower back, distension and fullness of the lower abdomen, edema, dysuria, cramp of the leg and foot.
On the posterolateral aspect of the knee, just medial to the biceps femoris tendon in the popliteal crease. Note: The biceps femoris tendon is more prominent when the knee is slightly flexed.
Pain in the scapular region, motor impairment of the hand and arm.
The branch of the axillary nerve; deeper in the superior aspect, the radial nerve.
On the shoulder girdle, posteroinferior to the shoulder joint, 1 B-cun superior to the posterior axillary fold. Note: When the arm is adducted, SI 9 is located 1 B-cun superior to the posterior axillary fold, posterior to the deltoid muscle.
The circumflex scapular artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 42. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Sudden loss of voice, sore throat, scrofula, goiter.
Superficially, the supraclavicular nerve. It is on the posterior border of m. sternocleido- mastoideus just where the cutaneous cervical nerve emerges. Deeper, the phrenic nerve.
On the anterior aspect of the neck, at the same level as the cricoid cartilage, just posterior to the border of the sternocleido- mastoid muscle. Note: Directly inferior to LI18, at the same level as St10.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 68. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Facial swelling, deviation of the mouth, epistaxis, toothache, sore throat and hoarse voice, abdominal distension, coldness in the leg and foot, febrile diseases, dream-disturbed sleep, mania.
The dorsal digital nerve derived from the superficial peroneal nerve.
On the second toe, lateral to the distal phalanx, 0.1 f-cun proximal-lateral to the lateral corner of the second toenail, at the intersection of the vertical line of the lateral border and the horizontal line of the base of the second toenail.
Puncture subcutaneously 0.1 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
The arterial and venous network formed by the dorsal digital artery and vein of foot.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 181. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Headache, vertigo, insomnia, pain and stiffness of the neck, blurred vision, glaucoma, red and painful eyes, tinnitus, convulsion, epilepsy, infantile convulsion, febrile diseases, common cold, nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea.
The branch of the lesser occipital nerve.
In the anterior region of the neck, inferior to the occipital bone, in the depression between the origins of sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius muscles. Note: GB20 is at the same level as GV16.
Puncture 0.5-0.8 inch towards the tip of the nose. Moxibustion is applicable.
The branches of the occipital artery and vein.
Alalia, salivation with stiff tongue, sore throat, difficulty in swallowing, loss of voice.
I cun below the midpoint of the lower jaw, in the depression between the hyoid bone and the lower border of the jaw.
Puncture obliquely 0.8-1.2 inches toward the tongue root.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 83. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Cardiac pain, spasmodic pain and numbness of the hand and arm, tremor of the hand, scrofula, pain in the axilla and hypochondriac region.
The medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve.
On the anteromedial aspect of the elbow, just anterior to the medial epicondyle of the humerus, at the same level as the cubital crease. Note: With the elbow is flexed, HT3 is located at the midpoint of the line connecting the medial end of the cubital crease and the medial epicondyle of the humerus.
The basilic vein, the inferior ulnar collateral artery, the ulnar recurrent artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 85. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Cardiac pain, irritability, palpitation, hysteria, amnesia, insomnia, mania, epilepsy, dementia, pain in the hypochondriac region, feverish sensation in the palm, yellowish sclera.
On the anteromedial aspect of the wrist, radial to the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon, on the palmar wrist crease. Note: In the depression radial to the proximal border of the pisiform bone, on the palmar wrist crease.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 63. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Pain, numbness and motor impairment of the knee, beriberi.
The lateral sural cutaneous nerve and the articular branch of the common peroneal nerve.
On the anterior aspect of the knee, in the depression lateral to the patellar ligament. Note: When the knee is flexed, ST35 is located in the depression lateral and inferior to the patella.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.7-1.0 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
The arterial and venous network around the knee joint.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 30. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Cough,hemoptysis, sore throat, loss of voice, fever, feverish sensation in the palm. .
On the palm, radial to the midpoint of the first metacarpal bone, at the border between the red and white flesh.
Venules of the thumb draining to the cephalic vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 115. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Low back pain, dysuria, constipation, irregular menstruation, morbid leukorrhea, prolapse of the uterus.
At the site where the posterior ramus of the first sacral nerve passes.
In the sacral region, in the first posterior sacral foramen. Note: The first posterior sacral foramen is palpated in the depression, moving superiorly from BL32.
The posterior branches of the lateral sacral artery and vein.
Excessive heat, finger numbness, spasm and contracture of the fingers, redness and swelling of the dorsum of the hand.
On the dorsum of the hand, at the junction of the white and red skin of the hand webs, eight in all, making a loose fist to locate the points.
Puncture obliquely 0.3-0.5 inch, or prick to cause bleeding. Moxibustion is applicable.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 55. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Gastric pain, abdominal distension, vomiting, anorexia.
On the upper abdomen, 5 B-cun superior to the centre of the umbilicus, 2 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line. Note: ST20 is 5 B-cun superior to ST25, 1 B-cun inferior to St19, 2 B-cun lateral to CV13.
Deviation of the eyes and mouth, ulceration on tongue and mouth.
0.5-1.0 cun anterior to the auricular lobe.
Lumbar pain, frequency of urine, irregular menstruation.
About 3.5-4 cun lateral to the lower border of the spinous process of the 4th lumbar vertebra. The point is in the depression appearing in prone position.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 153. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Cardiac pain, palpitation, epistaxis, hematemesis, haemoptysis chest pain, furuncle, epilepsy.
The medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve; deeper, the median nerve; deepest, the anterior interosseous nerve.
On the anterior aspect of the forearm, between the tendons of the palmaris longus and the flexor carpi radialis, 5 B-cun proximal to the palmar wrist crease. Note 1: With the fist clenched, the wrist supinated, and the elbow slightly flexed, the two tendons become more prominent. PC4 is located 1 B-cun distal to the midpoint of the line connecting PC3 with PC7. Note 2: If the palmaris longus tendon is not present, PC4 is medial to the flexor carpi radialis tendon.
The median artery and vein; deeper, the anterior interosseous artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 204. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 10, Acupuncture Points of the Governor and the Conception Vessels and the Extra Points. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Irregular menstruation, pain and stiffness of the lower back, hemorrhoids, muscular atrophy of the lower extremities, epilepsy.
In the sacral region, at the sacral hiatus, on the posterior median line. Note: The sacral hiatus is a small depression immediately above the anal cleft.
Puncture obliquely upward 0.5-1.0 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
The branches of the median sacral artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 118. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Pain in the lower back and thigh, muscular atrophy, pain, numbness and motor impairment of the lower extremities, hemiplegia.
The posterior femoral cutaneous nerve; deeper, the sciatic nerve.
On the posterior aspect of the thigh, between the biceps femoris and the semitendinosus muscles, 6 B-cun inferior to the gluteal fold. Note 1: In the prone position, the semitendinosus and the biceps femoris muscles are more distinct when the knee is flexed against resistance. In addition, it is easier to find the two muscles with internal and external rotation of the hip. Note 2: 1 B-cun superior to the midpoint of the line connecting BL36 with BL40.
Puncture perpendicularly 1.0-2.0 inches. Moxibustion is applicable.
Laterally, the third perforating branches of the deep femoral artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 140. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Mental disorders, pain in the foot and lower leg, hernia.
The medial sural and medial crural cutaneous nerves, deeper, the tibial nerve.
On the posteromedial aspect of the leg, between the soleus muscle and the calcaneal tendon, 5 B-cun superior to the prominence of the medial malleolus. Note 1: With the knee flexed and the leg stretched (plantar flexion) against resistance, the soleus muscle can be seen more clearly along the medial border of the tibia bone. Note 2: At the same level as LR5, on the line connecting KI3 with KI10.
Deeper, the posterior tibial artery and vein.
Cardiac pain, spasmodic pain of the elbow and arm, sudden loss of voice.
The medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve; on the ulnar side, the ulnar nerve.
On the anteromedial aspect of the forearm, just radial to the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon, 1.5 B-cun proximal to the palmar wrist crease. Note 1: 1.5 B-cun proximal to HT7, at the same level as the superior border of the head of the ulna. Note 2: 1.5 B-cun proximal to the radial side of the superior border of the pisiform bone.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 88. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Numbness of the fingers, febrile diseases, tinnitus, headache, reddish urine.
The dorsal digital nerve and palmar digital propria 1 nerve derived from the ulnar nerve.
The dorsal digital artery and vein arising from the ulnar artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 172. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Deafness, tinnitus, toothache, motor impairment of the temporomandibular joint, mumps, deviation of the eye and mouth.
The great auricular nerve and facial nerve.
On the face, in the depression between the intertragic notch and the condylar process of the mandible. Note: When the mouth is opened, GB2 is located in the depression anterior to the intertragic notch.
Gastric pain, irritability, mania, indigestion.
The branches of the eighth and ninth intercostal nerves.
On the upper abdomen, 2 B-cun superior to the centre of the umbilicus, 2 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line. Note: ST23 is located at the same level and lateral to KI17 and CV10.
The branches of the eighth and ninth intercostal and inferior epigastric arteries and veins.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 95. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
In the upper back region, at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous pro- cess of the seventh cervical vertebra (C7), 2 B-cun lateral to the posterior median line. Note: SI15 is located at the intersection of two imaginary lines: the vertical line of the junction of the lateral one third and the medial two thirds of the line connecting the posterior median line with the medial border of the scapula and the horizontal line inferior to the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra (C7).
Puncture obliquely 0.3-0.6 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 49. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Deafness, tinnitus, otorrhea, toothache, facial paralysis, pain of the face, motor impairment of the jaw.
The zygomatic branch of the facial nerve and the branches of the auriculotemporal nerve.
On the face, in the depression between the midpoint of the inferior border of the zygomatic arch and the mandibular notch. Note: When the mouth is closed, ST7 is located at the depression inferior to the zygomatic arch, directly inferior to gB3.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.1- 0.5 cun. Moxibustion is applicable.
Superficially, the transverse facial artery and vein; in the deepest layer, the maxillary artery and maxillary vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 71. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Gastric pain, abdominal distension, constipation, dysentery, vomiting diarrhea, borborygmus, sluggishness, beriberi.
The branches of the saphenous nerve and superficial peroneal nerve.
On the medial aspect of the foot, in the depression proximal to the first metatarsophalangeal joint, at the border between the red and white flesh.
The dorsal venous network of the foot, the medial plantar artery and the branches of the medial tarsal artery.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 114. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Dysentery, hernia, stiffness and pain of the lower back.
The lateral branches of the posterior rami of the third and fourth sacral nerves.
In the sacral region, at the same level as the third posterior sacral foramen, 1.5 B-cun lateral to the median sacral crest. Note: At the same level as BL33.
The posterior branches of the lateral sacral artery and vein, the branches of the inferior gluteal artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 136. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Pruritus vulvae, prolapse of uterus, irregular menstruation, nocturnal emission, hemoptysis, thirst, diarrhea, swelling and pain of the dorsum of foot, acute infantile omphalitis.
The terminal branch of the medial crural cutaneous nerve, the medial plantar nerve.
On the medial aspect of the foot, inferior to the tuberosity of the navicular bone, at the border between the red and white flesh.
The branches of the medial plantar and medial tarsal arteries.
Headache, head heaviness, epistaxis, rhinorrhea, infantile convulsion, frontal headache, insomnia.
Midway between the medial ends of the two eyebrows.
Acute and chronic cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, biliary ascariasis, muscular atrophy and numbness of the lower extremities.
The tender spot 1-2 cun directly below Yanglingquan (GB 34).
Puncture perpendicularly 0.8-1.2 inches.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 65. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Numbness, soreness and pain of the knee and leg, weakness and motor impairment of the foot, pain and motor impairment of the shoulder, abdominal pain.
On the anterior aspect of the leg, on the line connecting ST35 with ST41, 8 B-cun inferior to ST35. Note: ST38 is located on the tibialis anterior muscle, at the same level as St40.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 188. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Swelling and pain of the knee, contracture of the tendons in popliteal fossa, numbness of the leg.
The terminal branch of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve.
On the lateral aspect of the knee, in the depression between the biceps femoris tendon and the iliotibial band, posterior and proximal to the lateral epicondyle of the femur.
The superior lateral genicular artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 94. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Aching of the shoulder and back, pain and rigidity of the neck.
Superficially, the medial cutaneous branches of the posterior rami of the first and second thoracic nerves, the accessory nerve; deeper, the dorsal scapular nerve.
In the upper back region, at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous process of the first thoracic vertebra (T1), 3 B-cun lateral to the posterior median line. Note 1: SI14 is located at the intersection of two imaginary lines: the vertical line of the medial extremity of the spine of the scapula and the horizontal line inferior to the spinous process of the first thoracic vertebra (T1). Note 2: SI14 is located at the same level as BL11, gV13, and the inferior border of the spinous process of the first thoracic vertebra (T1).
Puncture obliquely 0.3-0.7 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
Deeper, the transverse cervical artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 109. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Epigastric pain, abdominal distension, jaundice, vomiting, diarrhea, dysentery, bloody stools, profuse menstruation, edema, anorexia, backache.
The medial cutaneous branches of the posterior rami of the eleventh and twelfth thoracic nerves; deeper, their lateral branches.
In the upper back region, at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous process of the 11th thoracic vertebra (T11), 1.5 B-cun lateral to the posterior median line.
Numbness of the gluteal and femoral regions, contracture of the tendons in the popliteal fossa.
The posterior femoral cutaneous nerve and the common peroneal nerve.
On the posterior aspect of the knee, just medial to the biceps femoris tendon, 1 B-cun proximal to the popliteal crease. Note: With the knee in slight flexion, BL38 is located medial to the biceps femoris ten- don, 1 B-cun proximal to BL39.
The superolateral genicular artery and vein.
Tinnitus, deafness, otorrhea, toothache, stiffness of the lip.
The branches of the auriculotemporal nerve and facial nerve.
On the face, in the depression between the supratragic notch and the condylar process of the mandible. Note: When the mouth is slightly opened, tE21 is located in the depression anterior to the supratragic notch, directly superior to SI19.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 211. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 10, Acupuncture Points of the Governor and the Conception Vessels and the Extra Points. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Headache, neck rigidity, blurring of vision, epistaxis, sore throat, post-apoplexy aphasia, hemiplegia, mental disorders.
The branches of the third cervical nerve and the great occipital nerve.
In the posterior region of the neck, directly inferior to the external occipital protuberance, in the depression between the trapezius muscles. Note: With the head slightly extended in the seated position, loosen the trapezius muscle, then move superiorly from the midpoint of the posterior hairline to the occipital bone, gV16 will be found.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.5-0.8 inch. Deep puncture is not advisable. Medullary bulb is in the deep layer, special attention should be paid in acupuncture.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 158. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Headache, redness of the eyes, sore throat, stiffness of the tongue, febrile diseases, irritability.
The palmar digital proprial nerve derived from the ulnar nerve.
On the ring finger, ulnar to the distal phalanx, 0.1 f-cun proximal to the ulnar corner of the fingernail, at the intersection of the vertical line of the ulnar side of the nail and the horizontal line of the base of the fingernail.
Puncture superficially 0.1 inch, or prick with a three-edged needle to cause bleeding. Moxibustion is applicable.
The arterial and venous network formed by the palmar digital proprial artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 213. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 10, Acupuncture Points of the Governor and the Conception Vessels and the Extra Points. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Headache, vertigo, tinnitus, nasal obstruction, aphasia by apoplexy, coma, mental disorders, prolapse of the rectum and the uterus.
On the head, 5 B-cun superior to the ante- rior hairline, on the anterior median line. Note 1: GV20 is located in the depression 1 B-cun anterior to the midpoint of the line from the anterior hairline to the posterior hairline. Note 2: When the ears are folded, GV 20 is located at the midpoint of the connecting line between the auricular apices.
The anastomotic network formed by the superficial temporal arteries and veins and the occipital arteries and veins on both sides.
Deafness, tinnitus, sore throat, swelling of the cheek, foreign body sensation in the throat, goiter.
Superficially, the anterior branch of the great auricular nerve, the cervical branch of the facial nerve; deeper, the superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic trunk.
In the anterior region of the neck, posterior to the angle of the mandible, in the depression anterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Note: The sternocleidomastoid muscle is more distinct when the head is turned to the opposite side against resistance.
Anteriorly, the external jugular vein; deeper, the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein.
Acupoint of the Small Intestine Meridian
An acupuncture point that is located along the Small Intestine Meridian of Hand-Taiyang (SI), which consists of 19 standardized acupoints beginning at SI 1 (Shaoze) on the ulnar side of the little finger near the corner of the nail, traveling up the dorsal-ulnar aspect of the arm, across the scapular region, and ascending along the lateral neck and cheek, and ending at SI 19 (Tinggong) in the depression between the tragus and the mandibular condyloid process.
Acupoint of the small intestine meridian of hand-taiyang
Acupuncture point of the small intestine meridian
Acupuncture point of the small intestine meridian of hand-taiyang
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 228. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 10, Acupuncture Points of the Governor and the Conception Vessels and the Extra Points. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Asthma, pain in the chest, fullness in the chest, palpitation, insufficient lactation, hiccup, difficulty in swallowing.
The anterior cutaneous branch of the fourth intercostal nerve.
In the anterior thoracic region, at the same level as the fourth intercostal space, on the anterior median line.
Insomnia, vertigo, headache, palpitation, mental disorders.
Midpoint between Yifeng (TE 17) and Fengchi (GB 20).
Headache, stiffness of the neck, vertigo, painful eyes, tinnitus, epilepsy.
On the head, at the same level as the supe- rior border of the external occipital protu- berance, directly superior to gB20. Note: GB19 is at the same level as GV17 and BL9.
Cough, pain in the chest, asthma, hemoptysis, sore throat, spasmodic pain of the elbow and arm.
The lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve and the superficial ramus of the radial nerve.
On the anterolateral aspect of the forearm, on the line connecting LU5 with LU9, 7 B- cun superior to the palmar wrist crease. Note: LU6 is 5 B-cun inferior to LU5, 1 B-cun superior to the midpoint of the line connecting LU5 with LU9.
The cephalic vein, the radial artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 29. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Headache, migraine, neck rigidity, cough, asthma, sore throat, facial paralysis, toothache, pain and weakness of the wrist.
On the radial aspect of the forearm, between the tendons of the abductor pollicis longus and the extensor pollicis brevis muscles, in the groove for the abductor pollicis longus tendon, 1.5 B-cun superior to the palmar wrist crease.
The cephalic vein, branches of the radial artery and vein.
Migraine, pain in the outer canthus, facial swelling.
On the head, at the midpoint of the curved line from St8 to gB7.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 74. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Abdominal pain and distension, diarrhea, dysentery, edema, jaundice, dysuria, enuresis, urinary incontinence, pain in the external genitalia, dysmenorrhea, pain in the knee.
Superficially, the medial crural cutaneous nerve; deeper, the tibial nerve.
On the tibial aspect of the leg, in the depression between the inferior border of the medial condyle of the tibia and the medial border of the tibia. Note: A depression can be felt inferior to the knee joint when moving proximally along the medial border of the tibia. SP9 is located in a depression at the angle formed by the inferior border of the medial condyle of the tibia and the posterior border of the tibia.
Anteriorly, the great saphenous vein, the genu suprema artery; deeper, the posterior tibial artery and vein.
Swelling of the tongue, vomiting, aphasia with stiffness of tongue.
On the veins on both sides of the frenulum of the tongue, Jinjin is on the left, Yuye, on the right.
Headache, vertigo, pain of the outer canthus, scrofula, pain in the hypochondriac region, distending pain of the breast, irregular menstruation, pain and swelling of the dorsum of foot, spastic pain of the foot and toe.
The branch of the intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve of the foot.
On the dorsum of the foot, distal to the junction of the bases of the fourth and fifth metatarsal bones, in the depression lateral to the fifth extensor digitorum longus tendon.
The dorsal arterial and venous network of foot, the fourth dorsal metatarsal artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 164. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
The posterior brachial cutaneous nerve, the muscular branch of the radial nerve; deeper, the radial nerve.
On the posterior aspect of the arm, posteroinferior to the border of the deltoid muscle, 3 B-cun inferior to the acromial angle.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 208. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 10, Acupuncture Points of the Governor and the Conception Vessels and the Extra Points. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Cough, asthma, furundes, back pain, neck rigidity.
The medial branch of the posterior ramus of the thoracic nerve.
In the upper back region, in the depression inferior to the spinous process of the sixth thoracic vertebra (T6), on the posterior median line.
The posterior branch of the sixth intercostal artery.
Lower abdominal pain, hernia, pain in the external genitalia.
The ilioinguinal nerve; deeper, in the inferior aspect, the anterior branch of the obturator nerve.
In the groin region, at the same level as the superior border of the pubic symphysis, and 2.5 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line.
The branches of the external pudendal artery and vein, the pubic branches of the inferior epigastric artery and vein; laterally, the femoral veIn.
A group of 34 points on both sides of the spinal column, 0.5 cun lateral to the lower border of each spinous process from the first thoracic vertebra to the fifth lumbar vertebra.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.5-1.0 inch in the cervical and chest region, puncture perpendicularly 1.0-1.5 inches in the lumbar region. Moxibustion is applicable.
Midway between Huantiao (GB 30) and Yaoshu (GV 2).
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 40. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Pain in the shoulder and arm, rigidity of the neck, scrofula.
The posterior brachial cutaneous nerve; deeper, the radial nerve.
On the lateral aspect of the arm, just anterior to the border of the deltoid muscle, 7 B-cun superior to LI11.
Puncture perpendicularly or obliquely upward 0.8-1.5 inches. Moxibustion is applicable.
The branches of posterior circumflex humeral artery and vein, the deep brachial artery and vein.
Knee pain, weakness of the foot and leg, paralysis.
In the depression of the midpoint of the superior patellar border.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.1-0.5 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
An acupuncture point that is located along the Pericardium Meridian of Hand-Jueyin (PC), which consists of 9 standardized acupoints beginning at PC 1 (Tianchi) on the anterior chest in the fourth intercostal space lateral to the nipple, traveling down the middle of the anterior aspect of the arm, and ending at PC 9 (Zhongchong) at the center of the tip of the middle finger.
Acupoint of the pericardium meridian of hand-jueyin
Acupuncture point of the pericardium meridian
Acupuncture point of the pericardium meridian of hand-jueyin
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 191. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Apoplexy, hemiplegia, pain of the neck, abdominal distension, pain in the hypochondriac region, muscular atrophy of the lower limbs, spastic pain of the leg, beriberi.
On the fibular aspect of the leg, anterior to the fibula, 3 B-cun proximal to the prominence of the lateral malleolus.
Deafness, pain in the ear, :, epilepsy, pain of the arm.
The posterior and medial antebrachial cutaneous nerves; deeper, the posterior and anterior interosseous nerves.
On the posterior aspect of the forearm, just radial to the ulna, 3 B-cun proximal to the dorsal wrist crease. Note: TE7 is ulnar to TE6.
The posterior antebrachial interosseous artery and vein.
Diarrhea, bloody stools, hemorrhoids, prolapse of the rectum, constipation, pain in the lower back, epilepsy.
The posterior ramus of the coccygeal nerve, the hemorrhoid nerve.
In the perineal region, inferior to the coccyx, midway between the tip of the coccyx and the anus. Note: The subject may be in prone position or knee-chest position.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.5-0.1 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
The branches of the inferior hemorrhoid artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 27. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Asthma, epistaxis, pain in the medial aspect of the upper arm.
The lateral brachial cutaneous nerve at the place where the musculocutaneous nerve passes through.
On the anterolateral aspect of the arm, just lateral to the border of the biceps brachii muscle, 3 B-cun inferior to the anterior axillary fold. Note: Longitudinally, LU3 is located at the same level as the junction of the upper one third and lower two thirds of the line con- necting the level with anterior axillary fold to LU5.
The cephalic vein and muscular branches of the brachial artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 146. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Abdominal pain and distension, indigestion, vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, morning sickness..
On the upper abdomen, 6 B-cun superior to the centre of the umbilicus, 0.5 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 110. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Borborygmus, abdominal distension, indigestion, vomiting, diarrhea, dysentery, edema, pain and stiffness of the lower back.
The lateral cutaneous branch of the posterior ramus of the tenth thoracic nerve; deeper, the lateral branch of the posterior ramus of the first lumbar nerve.
In the lumbar region, at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous process of the first lumbar vertebra (L1), 1.5 B-cun lateral to the posterior median line.
The posterior branches of the first lumber artery and vein.
The branch of the medial sural cutaneous nerve; deeper, the tibial nerve.
On the tibial aspect of the leg, inferior to the medial condyle of the tibia, 1 B-cun posterior to SP9.
Crossing points are those at the intersections of two or more meridians. Distributed mainly on the head, face and trunk, and amounting to over ninety in total. They are key points used to treat meridian disorders of the areas where they are located.
D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Ch. 6, An Introduction to Acupunture Points, Sec. III, Specific Points. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 147. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Cough, asthma, fullness in the chest and hypochondriac region, mastitis.
The anterior cutaneous branch of the fourth intercostal nerve; deeper, the fourth intercostal nerve.
In the anterior thoracic region, in the fourth intercostal space, 2 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 93. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Pain in the scapular region, pain in the lateroposterior aspect of the elbow and arm, asthma.
In the scapular region, in the depression between the upper one third and lower two thirds of the line connecting the midpoint of the spine of the scapula with the inferior angle of the scapula.
Puncture perpendicularly or obliquely 0.5-1.0 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
The muscular branches of the circumflex scapular artery and vein.
Blurring of vision, pain in the shoulder, elbow and arm.
The anastomotic branches of the posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve and the dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve.
On the posteromedial aspect of the forearm, in the depression radial to the head of the ulnar bone, 1 B-cun proximal to the dorsal wrist crease. Note: With the palm facing downwards, press the highest point of the head of ulnar bone with a finger, and then turn the palm towards the chest; SI6 is located at the cleft between the bones where the finger slides.
The terminal branches of the posterior interosseous artery and vein, the dorsal venous network of the wrist.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 46. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Redness, swelling and pain of the eye, lacrimation, night blindness, eyelid twitching, facial paralysis/Bell palsy.
The branch of the infraorbital nerve, the inferior branch of the oculomotor nerve and the muscular branch of the facial nerve.
On the face, between the eyeball and the infraorbital margin, directly inferior to the pupil.
Push the eyeball upward with the left thumb and puncture perpendicularly and slowly 0.5-1.0 inch along the infraorbital ridge. It is not advisable to manipulate the needle with large amplitude.
The branches of the infraorbital artery and infraorbital vein, and ophthalmic artery and ophthalmic veins.
Cough, fullness in the chest, pain in the medial aspect of the upper arm.
The lateral brachial cutaneous nerve at the place where the musculo-cutaneous never passes through.
On the anterolateral aspect of the arm, just lateral to the border of the biceps brachii muscle, 4 B-cun inferior to the anterior axillary fold.
The cephalic vein, cular branches of the brachial artery and vein.
Diabetes, vomiting, abdominal pain, pain in the chest and hypochondriac region.
1.5 cun lateral to the lower border of the spinous process of the eighth thoracic vertebra. (See Fig. 123)
Prolapse of the uterus, irregular menstruation.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 154. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Cardiac pain, palpitation, stuffy chest, pain in the hypochondriac region, stomachache, nausea, vomiting, hiccup, mental disorders epilepsy, insomnia, febrile diseases, irritability, malaria, contracture and pain of the elbow and arm.
On the anterior aspect of the forearm, between the tendons of the palmaris longus and the flexor carpi radialis, 2 B-cun proximal to the palmar wrist crease. Note 1: With the fist clenched, the wrist supinated and the elbow slightly flexed, the two tendons become more prominent. PC6 is located 2 B-cun proximal to PC7. the posterial point corresponding to PC6 is TE5. Note 2: If the palmaris longus tendon is not present, PC6 is medial to the flexor carpi radialis tendon.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 197. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Hernia, pain in the external genitalia, nocturnal emission, retention of urine, distending pain in the hy pochondrium.
The branch of the medial dorsal cutaneous nerve of the foot and the saphenous nerve.
On the anteromedial aspect of the ankle, in the depression medial to the tibialis anterior tendon, anterior to the medial malleolus. Note: LR4 is located midway between SP5 and St41.
Puncture perpendicularl 0.3-0.5 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
The dorsal venous ne work of the foot and the anterior medial malleolar artery.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 173. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Migraine, vertigo, tinnitus, pain in the outer canthus, toothache, convulsion, epilepsy.
The temporal branch of the auriculotemporal nerve.
On the head, at the junction of the upper one fourth and lower three fourths of the curved line from St8 to gB7.
The parietal branches of the superficial temporal artery and vein.
Sore throat, toothache, deafness, tinnitus, dizziness, spitting of blood, asthma, thirst, irregular menstruation, insomnia, nocturnal emission, impotence, frequency of micturition, pain in the lower back.
On the posteromedial aspect of the ankle, in the depression between the prominence of the medial malleolus and the calcaneal tendon.
Anteriorly, the posterior tibial artery and vein.
Sore throat, pain and rigidity of the neck, asthma, hiccup, goiter.
The medial supraclavicular nerve and the muscular branch of ansa cervicalis.
In the anterior region of the neck, in the lesser supraclavicular fossa, superior to the sternal end of the clavicle, in the depression between the sternal and clavicular heads of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Note 1: The sternocleidomastoid muscle is more distinct when the head is turned to the opposite side against resistance. Note 2: ST11 is located superior to the clavicle, inferior to St9.
Superficially, the anterior jugular vein; deeper, the common carotid artery.
The posterior ramus of the fifth lumbar nerve.
In the lumbar region, at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous process of the fifth lumbar vertebra (L5), 1.5 B-cun lateral to the posterior median line.
The posterior branches of the lowest lumbar artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 72. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Abdominal pain, borborygmus, abdominal distension, diarrhea, dysmenorrhea, irregular menstruation, uterine bleeding, morbid leukorrhea, prolapse of the uterus, infertility, delayed labour, nocturnal emission, impotence, enuresis, dysuria, edema, hernia, pain in the external genitalia, muscular atrophy, motor impairment, paralysis and pain of the lower extremities, headache, dizziness and vertigo, insomnia.
Superficially, the medial crural cutaneous nerve; deeper, in the posterior aspect, the tibial nerve.
On the tibial aspect of the leg, posterior to the medial border of the tibia, 3 B-cun superior to the prominence of the medial malleolus. Note: 1 B-cun superior to KI8.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.5-1.0 inch. Moxibustion is applicable. Acupuncture on this point is contraindicated in pregnant women.
The great saphenous vein, the posterior tibial artery and vein.
Mental disorders, epilepsy, deafness and mute, sudden hoarseness of voice, apoplexy, stiffness of the tongue and aphasia, occipital headache, neck rigidity.
In the posterior region of the neck, in the depression superior to the spinous process of the second cervical vertebra (C2), on the posterior median line. Note: After locating GV16, GV15 is located 0.5 B-cun inferior to GV16.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.5-0.8 inch. Neither upward obliquely nor deep puncture is advisable. It is near the medullary bulb in the deep layer, and the depth and angle of the puncture should be paid strict attention to.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 149. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
In the anterior thoracic region, just inferior to the clavicle, 2 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line.
The anterior perforating branches of the internal mammary artery and vein.
Epilepsy, dizziness, blurring of vision, vertical headache, rhinorrhea.
On the communicating site of the branch of the frontal nerve with the branch of the great occipital nerve.
On the head, 3.5 B-cun superior to the anterior hairline, on the anterior median line. Note: GV21 is located at the midpoint of the line connecting GV 20 and GV 22.
The anastomotic network formed by the right and left superficial temporal arteries and veins.
Headache, blurring of vision, dizziness, sore throat, dryness of the tongue, loss of voice, dysuria, infantile, convulsions, feverish sensation in the sole, loss of consciousness.
The second common plantar digital nerve.
On the sole of the foot, in the deepest depression of the sole when the toes are flexed. Note: When the toes are flexed, KI1 is located approximately in the depression at the junction of the anterior one third and the posterior two thirds of the line connecting the heel with the web margin between the bases of the second and third toes.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 143. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Abdominal pain and distension, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea.
On the upper abdomen, 0.5 B-cun lateral to the centre of the umbilicus.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 226. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 10, Acupuncture Points of the Governor and the Conception Vessels and the Extra Points. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Stomachache, abdominal distension, nausea, vomiting, epilepsy, insomma.
On the upper abdomen, 5 B-cun superior to the centre of the umbilicus, on the anterior median line.
Abdominal pain, borborygmus, edema, retention of the urine, diarrhea.
The anterior cutaneous branch of the eighth and ninth intercostal nerves.
On the upper abdomen, 1 B-cun superior to the centre of the umbilicus, on the anterior median line.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 128. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Low back pain, spasm of the gastrocnemius, hemorrhoids, constipation, beriberi.
On the posterior aspect of the leg, at the connecting point of the calcaneal tendon with the two muscle bellies of the gastrocnemius muscle. Note: With the leg stretched (plantar flexion) or the heel up, BL57 is located at the sharp angled depression inferior to the muscle belly of the gastrocnemius muscle. the two heads of the gastrocnemius muscle are separated to make a lambda shape (Λ).
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 53. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Fullness and pain in the chest and hypochondrium, cough, asthma, mastitis.
The branch of the anterior thoracic nerve.
In the anterior thoracic region, in the third intercostal space, 4 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line.
Epilepsy, headache, inomnia, constipation.
2 cun directly above the tip of the coccyx.
Puncture subcutaneously upward 1.0-2.0 inches. Moxibustion is applicable.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 227. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 10, Acupuncture Points of the Governor and the Conception Vessels and the Extra Points. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Distension and fullness in the chest and intercostal region, hiccup, nausea, anorexia.
The medial branch of the anterior cutaneous branch of the sixth intercostal nerve.
In the anterior thoracic region, at the midpoint of the xiphisternal junction, on the anterior median line.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 127. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Low back pain, pain and paralysis of the lower extremities.
The medial sural cutaneous nerve; deeper, the tibial nerve.
On the posterior aspect of the leg, between the lateral head and medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle, 2 B-cun distal to the popliteal crease. Note: 2 B-cun distal to BL40, on the line connecting BL40 with BL57.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.7- 1.0 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
The small saphenous vein; deeper, the popliteal artery and vem.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 125. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Abdominal pain, constipation, abdominal mass.
The lateral branch of the posterior ramus of the twelfth thoracic nerve.
In the lumbar region, at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous process of the first lumbar vertebra (L1), 3 B-cun lateral to the posterior median line. Note: BL51, BL22 and GV5 are located at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous process of the first lumbar vertebra (L1).
The posterior branches of the first lumbar artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 77. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Abdominal pain and distension, diarrhea, dysentery, constipation.
On the upper abdomen, 4 B-cun lateral to the centre of the umbilicus. Note: At the same level and lateral to ST25, KI16 and CV8.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 54. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Pain in the chest, cough, asthma, mastitis, insufficient lactation.
The branch of the fifth intercostal nerve.
In the anterior thoracic region, in the fifth intercostal space, 4 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line. Note: In males, ST 18 is located at the intersection of nipple line and the fifth intercostal space. In females, ST 18 is located at the midpoint of the inferior crease of the breast.
The branches of the intercostal artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 75. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
In the groin region, at the inguinal crease, lateral to the femoral artery. Note: At the same level as CV2, medial and inferior to SP13.
Fullness and pain in the chest and the costal region, cough, asthma, mastitis.
On the course of the branch of m. pectoralis major derived from the anterior thoracic nerve.
In the anterior thoracic region, in the sec- ond intercostal space, 4 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line. Note: The second intercostal space is in- ferior to the second rib which is located at the same level as the sternal angle.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 185. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Leukorrhea, lower abdominal pain, hernia, prolapse of uterus.
On the lower abdomen, 0.5 B-cun medioin- ferior to the anterior superior iliac spine. Note: GB28 is 0.5 B-cun medioinferior to gB27.
The superficial and deep circumflex iliac arteries and veins.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 152. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Cardiac pain, distension of the hypochondriac region, cough, pain in the chest, back and the medial aspect of the arm.
The medial brachial cutaneous nerve and the musculocutaneous nerve.
On the anterior aspect of the arm, between the long head and short head of the biceps brachii muscle, 2 B-cun distal to the anterior axillary fold.
The muscular branches of the brachial artery and vein.
Pain in the cardiac region and the chest, nausea, acid regurgitation, difficulty in swallowing, vomiting, mental disorders, epilepsy, palpitation.
On the upper abdomen, 6 B-cun superior to the centre of the umbilicus, on the anterior median line.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.3-0.8 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
Pain in the chest and hypochondriac and epigastric regions, anorexia, abdominal distension, borborygmus, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting.
The medial cutaneous branch of the posterior ramus of the twelfth thoracic nerve; deeper, its lateral branch.
In the upper back region, at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous process of the 12th thoracic vertebra (T12), 1.5 B- cun lateral to the posterior median line.
Puncture obliquely 0.5-0.8 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
The medial branches of the posterior branches of the subcostal artery and vein.
Stomachache, vomiting, abdominal distension, borborygmus, edema, anorexia.
On the upper abdomen, 3 B-cun superior to the centre of the umbilicus, on the anterior median line.
The branches of the superior and inferior epigastric arteries.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 178. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
On the head, 0.5 B-cun superior to the anterior hairline, 3 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line. Note: GB13 is at the junction of the medial two thirds and lateral one third of the curved line from gV24 to St8.
The frontal branches of the superficial temporal artery and vein, and the lateral branches of the frontal artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 129. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Heavy sensation of the head, headache, low back pain, redness and swelling of the external malleolus, paralysis of the lower extremities.
On the posterolateral aspect of the leg, between the fibula and the calcaneal tendon, at the same level as 3 B-cun proximal to BL60.
The small saphenous vein; deeper, the terminal branch of the peroneal artery.
Lower abdominal distension, retention of urine, edema, hernia, dysmenorrhea, sterility.
On the lower abdomen, 3 B-cun inferior to the centre of the umbilicus, 2 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line. Note: ST28 is 3 B-cun inferior to ST25, 1 B-cun inferior to St27, 2 B-cun lateral to CV4.
The branches of the subcostal artery and subcostal vein; laterally, the inferior epigastric artery and vein.
Headache, blurring of vision, neck rigidity, epistaxis, pain in the shoulder, back and arm, swelling and pain of the heel, difficult labour, epilepsy.
On the posterolateral aspect of the ankle, in the depression between the prominence of the lateral malleolus and the calcaneal tendon.
The small saphenous vein, the posteroexternal malleolar artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 79. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Fullness in the chest and hypochondriac region, cough, hiccup.
The muscular branch of the anterior thoracic nerve, the lateral cutaneous branch of the second intercostal nerve.
In the anterior thoracic region, in the sec- ond intercostal space, 6 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line. Note: SP20, ST15 and KI25 are located along the curve of the second intercostal space.
The lateral thoracic artery and vein, the second intercostal artery and vein.
Pain of the head and neck, tinnitus, deafness, pain in the ears.
The anastomotic branch of the great and lesser occipital nerves.
On the head, posterior and superior to the mastoid process, at the junction of the up- per two thirds and lower one third of the curved line from gB 9 to gB12.
The branches of the posterior auricular artery and vein.
Amenorrhea, irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea, prolapse of uterus, dysuria, blurring of vision.
On the medial aspect of the foot, 1 B-cun inferior to KI3, in the depression anterior to the calcaneal tuberosity.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 156. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Cardiac pain, palpitation, loss of consciousness, aphasia with stiffness and swelling of the tongue, febrile diseases, heat stroke, convulsion, feverish sensation in the palm.
The palmar digital proprial nerve of the median nerve.
On the middle finger, at the centre of the tip of the middle finger. Remarks: Alternative location for PC9 - On the middle finger, 0.1 F-cun proximal to the radial corner of the middle fingernail, at the intersection of the vertical line of the radial side of the nail and the horizontal line of the base of the fingernail.
Puncture superficially 0.1 inch or prick with a three-edged needle to cause bleeding. Moxibustion is applicable.
Scrofula, cough, asthma, whooping cough, neck rigidity.
2 cun above Dazhui (GV 14), 1 cun lateral to the midline.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 155. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Cardiac pain, mental disorder, epilepsy, gastritis, foul breath, fungus infection of the hand and foot, vomiting, nausea.
The second common palmar digital nerve of the median nerve.
On the palm of the hand, in the depression between the second and third metacarpal bones, proximal to the metacarpophalangeal joints. Remarks: Alternative location for PC8 - On the palm of the hand, in the depression, between the third and fourth metacarpal bones, proximal to the metacarpophalangeal joints.
Knee pain, weakness of the lower extremities.
A Xiyan point located in the depression, lateral to the patellar ligament, locating the point with the knee flexed. Lateral Xiyan overlaps with Dubi (ST 35).
Sore throat, sudden loss of voice, deafness, tinnitus, stiffness and pain of the neck.
The cutaneous cervical nerve, the emerging portion of the great auricular nerve.
In the anterior region of the neck, posterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle, at the same level as the superior border of the thyroid cartilage. Note 1: The sternocleidomastoid muscle is more distinct when the head is turned to the opposite side against resistance. Note 2: SI16 is located at the same level as St9, LI18 and the superior border of the thyroid cartilage. St9 is located anterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle, SI16, posterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle and LI18, midway between the anterior and posterior borders of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.3-0.7 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 187. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Pain and soreness in the thigh and lumbar region, paralysis of the lower limbs, beriberi, general pruritus.
The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, the muscular branch of the femoral nerve.
On the lateral aspect of the thigh, in the depression posterior to the iliotibial band where the tip of the middle finger rests, when standing up with the arms hanging alongside the thigh. Note: GB31 is located by first finding the iliotibial band when the knee is slightly flexed and the hip is abducted against resis- tance.
The muscular branches of the lateral circumflex femoral artery and vein.
An acupuncture point that is located along the Stomach Meridian of Foot-Yangming (ST), which consists of 45 standardized acupoints beginning at ST 1 (Chengqi) on the face between the eyeball and the infraorbital margin directly below the pupil, traveling down across the face, neck, chest, and abdomen and continuing along the anterior-lateral aspect of the leg, and ending at ST 45 (Lidui) on the lateral side of the second toe near the corner of the nail.
Acupoint of the stomach meridian of foot-yangming
Acupuncture point of the stomach meridian
Acupuncture point of the stomach meridian of foot-yangming
Low back pain, motor impairment of the hip joint, contracture of the tendons in the popliteal fossa, muscular atrophy, pain, numbness and motor impairment of the lower extremities, hemiplegia, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, erysipelas.
The posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, the tibial nerve.
On the posterior aspect of the knee, at the midpoint of the popliteal crease.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.5-1.0 inch, or prick the popliteal vein with three-edged needle to cause bleedmg.
Superficially, the femoro-popliteal vein; deeper and medially, the popliteal vein; deepest, the popliteal artery.
Suffocating sensation in the chest, pain in the hypochondriac region, swelling and pain of the axillary regIon.
The muscular branch of the anterior thoracic nerve, the fourth intercostal nerve
In the anterior thoracic region, in the fourth intercostal space, 5 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line.
Puncture obliquely 0.2-0.4 inch. Deep puncture is not advisable.
The thoracoepigastric vein, the branches of the lateral thoracic artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 113. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
The lateral branches of the posterior rami of the first and second sacral nerves.
In the sacral region, at the same level as the second posterior sacral foramen, and 1.5 B-cun lateral to the median sacral crest. Note: At the same level as BL32.
On the upper abdomen, 2 B-cun superior to the centre of the umbilicus, 0.5 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line.
The branches of the superior and inferior epigastric arteries and vems.
Headache, redness of the eyes, deafness, tinnitus, sore throat, febrile diseases, pain in the elbow and arm, motor impairment of fingers.
On the dorsum of the hand, between the fourth and fifth metacarpal bones, in the depression proximal to the fourth metacarpophalangeal joint.
The dorsal venous network of hand and the fourth dorsal metacarpal artery.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 142. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea, dysuria, abdominal pain, diarrhea.
On the lower abdomen, 3 B-cun inferior to the centre of the umbilicus, 0.5 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line.
An acupuncture point that is located along the Triple Energizer Meridian of Hand-Shaoyang (TE), which consists of 23 standardized acupoints beginning at TE 1 (Guanchong) on the ulnar side of the ring finger near the corner of the nail, traveling up the dorsal-middle aspect of the arm, ascending over the shoulder and the side of the neck, and circling around the ear, and ending at TE 23 (Sizhukong) in the depression at the lateral end of the eyebrow.
Acupuncture point of triple energizer meridian
Acupuncture point of triple energizer meridian of hand-shaoyang
Headache, blurring of vision, nasal obstruction, epistaxis, back pain, hemorrhoids, weakness of the leg.
On the posterolateral aspect of the leg, between the inferior border of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle and the calcaneal tendon, at the same level as 7 B-cun proximal to BL60. Note: BL58 is located 1 B-cun lateral and distal to BL57, proximal to BL60.
Migraine, vertigo, vomiting, infantile convulsion.
The anastomotic branch of the auriculotemporal nerve and great occipital nerve.
On the head, directly superior to the auricular apex, 1.5 B-cun superior to the temporal hairline. Note: Superior to TE20, 1.5 B-cun within the hairline, it is easier to palpate the point while the subject is chewing.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 121. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Pulmonary tuberculosis, cough, asthma, spitting of blood, night sweating, poor memory, nocturnal emisSIon.
The medial cutaneous branches of the posterior rami of the second and third thoracic nerves; deeper, their lateral branches and the dorsoscapular nerve.
In the upper back region, at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous pro- cess of the fourth thoracic vertebra (T4), 3 B-cun lateral to the posterior median line. Note: BL43 and BL14 are located at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous process of the fourth thoracic vertebra (T4).
The posterior branch of the intercostal artery and the descending branch of the transverse cervical artery.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 182. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
pain and rigidity of the neck, pain in the shoulder and back, motor impairment of the arm, insufficient lactation, mastitis, scrofula, apoplexy, difficult labour.
The posterior branch of the supraclavicular nerve, the accessory nerve.
In the posterior region of the neck, at the midpoint of the line connecting the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra (C7) with the lateral end of the acromion.
The transverse cervical artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 145. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Borborygmus, abdominal pain, epigastric pain, constipation, vomiting.
On the upper abdomen, 4 B-cun superior to the centre of the umbilicus, 0.5 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line.
On the head, 5.5 B-cun superior to the posterior hairline, on the posterior median line. Note: GV19 is located 1.5 B-cun posterior to GV 20.
Common cold, cough, fever and headache, neck rigidity, backache.
Superficially, the medial cutaneous branches of the posterior rami of the second and third thoracic nerves; deeper, their lateral cutaneous branches.
In the upper back region, at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous process of the second thoracic vertebra (T2), 1.5 B- cun lateral to the posterior median line.
Headache, redness and pain of the eyes, failing of vision, lacrimation, deviation of the eye and mouth.
The zygomaticofacial and zygomaticotemporal nerve, the temporal branch of the facial nerve.
On the head, in the depression, 0.5 B-cun lateral to the outer canthus of the eye.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 162. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Deafness, toothache, migraine, sudden hoarseness of voice, pain in the forearm.
On the posterior aspect of the forearm, midpoint of the interosseous space between the radius and the ulna, 5 B-cun distal to the prominence of the olecranon.
Contracture and pain of the elbow and arm, scrofula.
The posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve; deeper, the radial nerve.
On the lateral aspect of the arm, on the line connecting LI11 with LI15, 3 B-cun supe- rior to the cubital crease.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.5-1.0 inch. Avoid injuring the artery.
An acupuncture point that is located along the Spleen Meridian of Foot-Taiyin (SP), which consists of 21 standardized acupoints beginning at SP 1 (Yinbai) on the medial side of the great toe near the corner of the nail, traveling up along the medial aspect of the leg and continuing up the abdomen and chest, and ending at SP 21 (Dabao) on the lateral thorax in the sixth intercostal space on the midaxillary line.
Acupoint of the spleen meridian of foot-taiyin
Acupuncture point of the spleen meridian
Acupuncture point of the spleen meridian of foot-taiyin
Fullness and pain in the chest and hypochondrium, cough, hiccup, mastitis, insufficient lactation.
The lateral cutaneous branch of the fourth intercostal nerve.
In the anterior thoracic region, in the fourth intercostal space, 6 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line. Note: SP18, ST17 and KI23 are located along the curve of the fourth intercostal space.
The branches of the lateral thoracic artery and vein, the thoracoepigastric artery and vein, the fourth intercostal artery and vein.
Redness, swelling and pain of the eyes, febrile disease, nebula.
Fold the auricle, the point is at the apex of the auricle.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.1-0.2 inch or prick to cause bleeding.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 36. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Headache, redness, pain and swelling of the eye, toothache, sore throat, pain of the wrist.
The superficial branch of the radial nerve.
On the posterolateral aspect of the wrist, at the radial side of the dorsal wrist crease, distal to the radial styloid process, in the depression of the anatomical snuffbox. Note : The depression of the anatomical snuffbox is formed when the thumb is fully abducted and extended between the tendons of the extensor pollicis longus and the extensor pollicis brevis.
The cephalic vein, the radial artery and its dorsal carpal branch.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 183. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Pain in the hypochondriac region, vomiting, acid regurgitation, hiccup, jaundice, mastitis.
In the anterior thoracic region, in the sev- enth intercostal space, 4 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line. Note 1: GB 24 is inferior to the centre of the nipple, one rib inferior to LR 14. Note 2: In females, GB24 can be found at the intersection of the midclavicular line and the seventh intercostal space.
The seventh intercostal artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 58. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Abdominal pain and distension, borborygmus, pain around the umbilicus, constipation, diarrhea, dysentery, irregular menstruation, edema.
The branch of the tenth intercostal nerve.
On the upper abdomen, 2 B-cun lateral to the centre of the umbilicus.
Abdominal pain and distension, vomiting, indigestion.
On the upper abdomen, 5 B-cun superior to the centre of the umbilicus, 0.5 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line.
Pain and soreness of the thigh and knee, numbness and weakness of the lower limbs, hemiplegia.
On the lateral aspect of the thigh, posterior to the iliotibial band, 7 B-cun superior to the popliteal crease.
In the anterior thoracic region, at the centre of the nipple. Note: In males, the centre of the nipple is located in the fourth intercostal space.
Cardiac pain, panic, loss of memory, palpitation, cough, spitting of blood, nocturnal emission, night sweating, mania, epilepsy.
The medial cutaneous branches of the posterior rami of the fifth and sixth thoracic nerves; deeper, their lateral branches.
In the upper back region, at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous pro- cess of the fifth thoracic vertebra (T5), 1.5 B-cun lateral to the posterior median line.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 231. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 10, Acupuncture Points of the Governor and the Conception Vessels and the Extra Points. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Swelling and pain of the subglossal region, salivation with glossoplegia, aphasia with stiffness of tongue by apoplexy, sudden hoarseness of the voice, difficulty in swallowing.
The branch of the cutaneous cervical nerve, the hypoglossal nerve, and the branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve.
In the anterior region of the neck, superior to superior border to thyroid cartilage, in the depression superior to the hyoid bone, on the anterior median line. Note: With the head slightly extended, the hyoid tubercle can be palpated between the mandible and the thyroid cartilage.
Puncture obliquely 0.5-1.0 inch toward the tongue root. Moxibustion is applicable.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 165. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Pain in the shoulder and elbow, stiffness of the neck.
The accessory nerve and the branch of the suprascapular nerve.
In the scapular region, in the depression superior to the superior angle of the scapula. Note: With the upper limb hanging by the side of trunk in a seated position, TE15 is located midway between gB21 and SI13.
The descending branch of the transverse cervical artery; deeper, the muscular branch of the suprascapular artery.
Malnutrition and indigestion syndrome in children, whooping cough.
On the palmar surface, in the midpoint of the transverse creases of the proximal interphalangeal joints of the index, middle, ring and little fingers.
Prick to cause bleeding, or squeeze out a small amount of yellowish viscous fluid locally.
Headache, swelling of the cheek, pain in the nape, shoulder, arm and elbow, epilepsy.
The branches of the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve, the ulnar nerve.
On the posteromedial aspect of the elbow, in the depression between the olecranon and the medial epicondyle of the humerus bone. Note: When the elbow is slightly flexed, SI 8 is located in the groove for the ulnar nerve.
The superior and inferior ulnar collateral arteries and veins, the ulnar recurrent artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 60. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Abdominal pain, hernia, dysmenorrhea, irregular menstruation, amenorrhea, leucorrhea, prolapse of the uterus.
On the lower abdomen, 4 B-cun inferior to the centre of the umbilicus, 2 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line. Note: ST29 is 4 B-cun inferior to ST25, 1 B-cun inferior to St28, 2 B-cun lateral to CV3.
Laterally, the inferior epigastric artery and vein.
Facial paralysis, eyelid twitch, epistaxis, toothache, swelling of lips and cheek.
The branches of the facial and infraorbital nerves.
On the face, directly inferior to the pupil, at the same level as the inferior border of the ala of the nose. Note: When looking straight ahead, ST3 is located at the intersection of the vertical line of the pupil and the horizontal line of the inferior border of the ala of the nose.
The branches of the facial and infraorbital arteries and veins.
Pain in the scapular region, numbness and aching of the upper extremities, motor impairment of the shoulder and arm.
The lateral suprascapular nerve and accessory nerve; deeper, the suprascapular nerve.
In the scapular region, in the supraspinatous fossa, superior to the midpoint of the spine of the scapula.
Pain and motor impairment of the shoulder and upper arm.
The muscular branch of the axillary nerve.
On the shoulder girdle, in the depression between the acromial angle and the greater tubercle of the humerus. Note: When the elbow is flexed and the arm is abducted, two depressions appear respectively anterior and posterior to the acromion. LI15 is located in the anterior one, deeper than the posterior one, in which tE14 is located.
The muscular branch of the posterior circumflex humeral artery.
Pain in the epigastric region, diarrhea, jaundice, epilepsy, stiffness and pain of the back.
The medial branch of the posterior ramus of the eleventh thoracic nerve.
In the upper back region, in the depression inferior to the spinous process of the 11th thoracic vertebra (T11), on the posterior median line.
The posterior branch of the eleventh intercostal artery.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 64. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Abdominal pain and distension, borborygmus, diarrhea, dysentery, constipation, enteritis, paralysis due to stroke, beriberi.
On the anterior aspect of the leg, on the line connecting ST35 with ST41, 6 B-cun inferior to ST35. Note: ST37 is located on the tibialis anterior muscle.
The Lower He-Sea Point of the Large Intestine
The anterior cutaneous branch of the second intercostal nerve.
In the anterior thoracic region, at the same level as the second intercostal space, on the anterior median line.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 66. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Pain of the ankle joint, muscular atrophy, motor impairment, pain and paralysis of the lower extremities, epilepsy, headache, dizziness and vertigo, abdominal distension, constipation.
The superficial and deep peroneal nerves.
On the anterior aspect of the ankle, in the depression at the centre of the front surface of the ankle joint, between the tendons of extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus. Note: ST41 is located between two tendons on the dorsum of the foot which are more distinct when the ankle is in dorsiflexion, and is at the midpoint of the line connecting the prominences of the lateral malleolus and the medial malleolus.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 139. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea, uterine bleeding, prolapse of uterus, diarrhea, constipation, pain and swelling of testis.
On the medial aspect of the leg, in the depression posterior to the medial border of the tibial bone, 2 B-cun superior to the prominence of the medial malleolus. Note: 0.5 B-cun anterior to KI7.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 106. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Cough, asthma, chest pain, spitting of blood, afternoon fever, night sweating.
The medial cutaneous branches of the posterior rami of the third and fourth thoracic nerves; deeper, their lateral branches.
In the upper back region, at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous pro- cess of the third thoracic vertebra (T3), 1.5 B-cun lateral to the posterior median line.
Puncture obliquely 05-0.7 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
Fullness of the chest, swelling of the axillary region, pain in the hypochondriac region, pain and motor impairment of the arm.
The lateral cutaneous branch of the fifth intercostal nerve, the branch of the long thoracic nerve.
In the lateral thoracic region, in the fourth intercostal space, on the midaxillary line.
The thoracoepigastric vein, the lateral thoracic artery and vein, the fifth intercostal artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 212. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 10, Acupuncture Points of the Governor and the Conception Vessels and the Extra Points. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Epilepsy, dizziness, pain and stiffness of the neck.
On the head, in the depression superior to the external occipital protuberance. Note: GV17 is located in the depression at the intersection of two imaginary lines: the vertical line of the posterior median line and the horizontal line of the superior border of the external occipital protuberance, at the same level as BL9.
The branches of the occipital arteries and veins of the both sides.
Jaundice, bitter taste of the mouth, pain in the chest and hypochondriac region, pulmonary tuberculosis, afternoon fever.
The medial cutaneous branches of the posterior rami of the tenth and eleventh thoracic nerves; deeper, their lateral branches.
In the upper back region, at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous process of the tenth thoracic vertebra (T10), 1.5 B- cun lateral to the posterior median line.
The Eight Influential Points refer to the specific points which have particular effects in treatment of disorders relating to the zang-fu organs, qi, blood, tendon, pulse and vessels, bone and marrow. Each of the Eight Influential Points overlaps the other point. Taiyuan (LU 9) is the Influential Point of blood.
On the midpoint of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger at dorsum aspect.
Moxibustion is applied with three moxa cones.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 163. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
The posterior brachial cutaneous nerve and the muscular branch of the radial nerve.
On the posterior aspect of the arm, on the line connecting the prominence of olecranon with the acromial angle, 2 B-cun proximal to the prominence of the olecranon. Note: With the elbow extended, 2 B-cun superior to the prominence of the olecranon.
The terminal branches of the median collateral artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 34. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Toothache, sore throat, swelling of the submandibular region, numbness of fingers, febrile diseases with anhidrosis, loss of consciousness.
The palmar digital proprial nerve derived from the median nerve.
On the index finger, radial to the distal phalanx, 0.1 f-cun proximal-lateral to the radial corner of the index fingernail, at the intersection of the vertical line of the radial border of the fingernail and the horizontal line of the base of the index fingernail.
The arterial and venous network formed by the dorsal digital arteries and veins.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 190. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Pain in the knee, muscular atrophy, motor impairment and pain of the lower extremities, blurring of vision, ophthalmalgia, night blindness, distending pain of the breast.
On the fibular aspect of the leg, anterior to the fibula, 5 B-cun proximal to the prominence of the lateral malleolus.
Redness, pain and itching of the eye, facial paralysis, twitching of eye lids, pain in the face.
The branches of the facial nerve. The point is right on the course of the infraorbital nerve.
On the face, in the infraorbital foramen.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.2-0.3 inch. It is not advisable to puncture deeply.
The branches of facial artery and vein, the infraorbital artery and vein.
Cardiac pain, hysteria, night sweating, hemoptysis, epistaxis, sudden loss of voice.
On the anteromedial aspect of the forearm, radial to the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon, 0.5 B-cun proximal to the palmar wrist crease. Note 1: 0.5 B-cun proximal to HT7, at the same level as the distal border of the head of the ulna. Note 2: 0.5 B-cun proximal to the radial side of the proximal border of the pisiform bone.
Gastric pain, vomiting, hiccup, abdominal distension, borborygmus, diarrhea, dysentery, constipation, mastitis, enteritis, aching of the knee joint and leg, beriberi, edema, cough, asthma, emaciation due to general deficiency, indigestion, apoplexy, hemiplegia, dizziness, insomnia, mania.
Superficially, the lateral sural cutaneous nerve and the cutaneous branch of the saphenous nerve; deeper, the deep peroneal nerve.
On the anterior aspect of the leg, on the line connecting ST35 with ST41, 3 B-cun inferior to ST35. Note: ST36 is located on the tibialis anterior muscle.
Asthma, cough, sore throat, dry throat, hiccup, sudden hoarseness of the voice, difficulty in swallowing, goiter.
The anterior branch of the supraclavicular nerve.
In the anterior region of the neck, in the centre of the suprasternal fossa, on the anterior median line. Note: CV22 is located in the depression midway between the medial ends of each clavicle.
First puncture perpendicularly 0.2 inch and then insert the needle tip downward along the posterior aspect of the sternum 0.5-1.0 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
Superficially, the jugular arch and the branch of the inferior thyroid artery; deeper, the trachea; inferiorly, at the posterior aspect of the sternum, the inominate vein at aortic arch.
Cardiac pain, palpitation, stomachache, vomiting, febrile diseases, irritability, malaria, mental disorders, epilepsy, swelling of the axilla, contracture of the elbow and arm.
The medial and lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerves, the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve; deeper, the anterior interosseous nerve.
On the anterior aspect of the forearm, between the tendons of the palmaris longus and the flexor carpi radialis, 3 B-cun proximal to the palmar wrist crease. Note 1: With the fist clenched, the wrist supinated and the elbow slightly flexed, the two tendons become more prominent. PC5 is located 3 B-cun proximal to PC7. Note 2: If the palmaris longus tendon is not present, PC5 is medial to the flexor carpi radialis tendon.
Headache, dizziness and vertigo, insomnia, congestion, swelling and pain of the eye, depression, infantile convulsion, deviation of the mouth, pain in the hypochondriac region, uterine bleeding, hernia, enuresis, retention of urine, epilepsy, pain in the anterior aspect of the medial malleolus.
On the dorsum of the foot, between the first and second metatarsal bones, in the depression distal to the junction of the bases of the two bones, over the dorsalis pedis artery. Note: LR3 can be felt in the depression when moving proximally from Lr2 in the gap between the first and second metatarsal bones towards the base of two metatarsal bones.
The dorsal venous network of the foot, the first dorsal metatarsal artery.
Fullness of the chest, pain in the hypochondriac region, asthma.
In the lateral thoracic region, in the fourth intercostal space, 1 B-cun anterior to the midaxillary line.
The lateral thoracic artery and vein, the fifth intercostal artery and vein.
Cough, asthma, fever, pain in the chest, sore throat, pain in the wrist.
The lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve and the superficial branch of the radial nerve.
On the anterolateral aspect of the forearm, between the radial styloid process and the radial artery, 1 B-cun superior to the palmar wrist crease. Note: 1 B-cun superior to LU9.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.1-0.3 inch. Avoid puncturing the radial artery.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 217. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 10, Acupuncture Points of the Governor and the Conception Vessels and the Extra Points. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Mental disorders, lip twitching, lip stiffness, pain and swelling of the gums.
The buccal branch of the facial nerve, and the branch of the infraorbital nerve.
On the face, at the midpoint of the tubercle of the upper lip.
The anterior cutaneous branch of the second intercostal nerve; deeper, the second intercostal nerve.
In the anterior thoracic region, in the second intercostal space, 2 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line.
Tinnitus, deafness, otorrhea, facial paralysis, toothache, swelling of the cheek, scrofula, trismus.
The great auricular nerve; deeper, the site where the facial nerve perforates out of the stylomastoid foramen.
In the anterior region of the neck, posterior to the ear lobe, in the depression anterior to the inferior end of the mastoid process.
The posterior auricular artery and vein, the external jugular vein.
Beriberi, toe pain, redness and swelling of the dorsum of the foot.
On the dorsum of foot, in the depressions on the webs between toes, proximal to the margins of the webs, at the junction of the red and white skin, eight points in all.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 43. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Nasal obstruction, hyposmia, epistaxis, rhinorrhea, deviation of the mouth, itching and swelling of the face.
The anastomotic branch of the facial nerve and infraorbital nerves.
On the face, in the nasolabial sulcus, at the same level as the midpoint of lateral border of the ala of the nose. Remarks: Alternative location for LI20 - On the face, in the nasolabial sulcus, at the level of the inferior border of the ala of the nose.
Puncture obliquely or subcutaneously 0.3-0.5 inch.
The facial artery and vein, the branches of the infraorbital artery and vein.
Palpitation, pain in the chest, spasmodic pain of the little finger, feverish sensation in the palm, enuresis, dysuria, pruritus of the external genitalia.
The fourth common palmar digital nerve derived from the ulnar nerve.
On the palm of the hand, in the depression between the fourth and fifth metacarpal bones, proximal to the fifth metacarpophalangeal joint. Note: Between the fourth and fifth metacarpal bones, where the tip of the little finger rests when a fist is made, at the same level as PC8.
The common palmar digital artery and vein.
Fullness of the chest and hypochondriac region, muscular atrophy and paralysis of the leg.
On the fibular aspect of the leg, posterior to the fibula, 7 B-cun proximal to the prominence of the lateral malleolus. Note: GB35 is located 1 B-cun distal to the midpoint of the line connecting the prominence of the lateral malleolus and the lateral end of the popliteal crease, posterior to gB36.
The branches of the peroneal artery and vein.
Lower abdominal pain, backache referring to the testis, mastitis, numbness and paralysis of the lower extremities.
The branches of the superficial peroneal nerve and the deep peroneal nerve.
On the anterior aspect of the leg, on the line connecting ST35 with ST41, 9 B-cun inferior to ST35. Note: ST39 is located on the tibialis anterior muscle, at the same level as GB35 and gB36.
The Lower He-Sea Point of the Small Intestine
The anterior tibial artery and anterior tibial vein.
Headache, vertigo, lacrimation, pain in the outer canthus, rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction.
On the head, 0.5 B-cun within the anterior hairline, directly superior to the centre of the pupil. Note: When looking straight ahead, GB15 is superior to the centre of the pupil, at the midpoint of the curved line from gV24 to St8.
Low back pain, hernia, irregular menstruation, leukorrhea, dysmenorrhea, nocturnal emission, impotence, enuresis, dysuria, muscular atrophy, pain, numbness and motor impairment of the lower extremities.
The posterior ramus of the second sacral nerve.
In the sacral region, in the second posterior sacral foramen. Note: The second posterior sacral foramen is located in the depression, midway be- tween the posterior superior iliac spine and the spinous process of the second sacral vertebra.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 169. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Headache, redness and pain of the eye, blurring of vision, twitching of the eyelid, toothache, facial paralysis.
The zygomatic branch of the facial nerve and the branch of the auriculotemporal nerve.
On the head, in the depression at the lateral end of the eyebrow. Note: TE23 is superior to GB1.
Headache and neck pain, dizziness, ophthalmalgia, nasal obstruction.
On the head, at the same level as the superior border of the external occipital protuberance, and 1.3 B-cun lateral to the posterior median line. Note: BL9 is located at the intersection of two imaginary lines: the vertical line of the lateral border of the trapezius muscle and the horizontal line of the superior border of the external occipital protuberance. at the same level as gV17.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 193. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Migraine, deafness, tinnitus, ophthalmalgia, dream-disturbed sleep, febrile diseases.
On the fourth toe, lateral to the distal phalanx, 0.1 f-cun proximal to the lateral corner of the toenail, at the intersection of the vertical line of the lateral side of the nail and the horizontal line of the base of the fourth toenail.
Puncture superficially about 0.1 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
The arterial and venous network formed by the dorsal digital artery and vein and plantar digital artery and vein.
Abdominal distension, borborygmus, vomiting, diarrhea, difficulty in swallowing.
The lateral branches of the posterior rami of the tenth and eleventh thoracic nerves.
In the upper back region, at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous process of the 11th thoracic vertebra (T11), 3 B-cun lateral to the posterior median line. Note: BL49, BL20 and GV6 are located at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous process of the 11th thoracic vertebra (T11).
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 73. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Abdominal pain and distension, diarrhea, edema, dysuria, nocturnal emission, irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea.
On the tibial aspect of the leg, posterior to the medial border of the tibia, 3 B-cun inferior to SP9. Note: SP8 is located at the junction of the upper one third and lower two thirds of the line connecting the apex of the patella with the prominence of the medial malleolus.
Anteriorly, the great saphenous vein and the branch of the genu suprema artery; deeper, the posterior tibial artery and vein.
The lateral cutaneous branch of the third intercostal nerve.
In the anterior thoracic region, in the third intercostal space, 6 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line. Note: SP19, ST6 and KI24 are located along the curve of the third intercostal space.
The lateral thoracic artery and vein, the third intercostal artery and vein.
Pain in the hypochondrium, abdominal distension, headache, dizziness and vertigo, congestion, swelling and pain of the eye, deviation of the mouth, hernia, painful urination, retention of urine, irregular menstruation, epilepsy, insomnia, convulsion.
The site where the dorsal digital nerves split from the lateral dorsal metatarsal nerve of the deep peroneal nerve.
On the dorsum of the foot, between the first and second toes, proximal to the web margin, at the border between the red and white flesh.
The dorsal venous network of the foot and the first dorsal digital artery and vein.
Sore throat, asthma, goiter, dizziness, flushing of the face.
Superficially, the cutaneous cervical nerve, the cervical branch of the facial nerve; deeper, the sympathetic trunk; laterally, the descending branch of the hypoglossal nerve and the vagus nerve.
In the anterior region of the neck, at the same level as the superior border of the thyroid cartilage, anterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle, over the common carotid artery. Note 1: The sternocleidomastoid muscle is more distinct when the head is turned to the opposite side against resistance. Note 2: ST9 is located at the same level as LI18, SI16 and the superior border of the thyroid cartilage. St9 is located anterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and SI16, posterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle and LI18, between the anterior and posterior borders of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
Avoid puncturing the common carotid artery, puncture perpendicularly 0.3-0.5 inch.
The superior thyroid artery on the bifurcation of the internal and the external carotid artery.
Borborygmus, abdominal pain, diarrhea, pain in the hypochondriac region, jaundice.
In the upper back region, at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous pro- cess of the tenth thoracic vertebra (T10), 3 B-cun lateral to the posterior median line. Note: BL48, BL19 and GV7 are located at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous process of the tenth thoracic vertebra (T10).
The posterior branches of the intercostal artery and vein. Innervation: The lateral cutaneous branches of the posterior rami of the eighth and ninth thoracic nerves.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 70. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Abdominal distension, gastric pain, constipation, febrile diseases with anhidrosis.
The proper plantar digital nerve derived from the medial plantar nerve.
On the great toe, in the depression distal to the first metatarsophalangeal joint, at the border between the red and white flesh.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.1-0.3 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
The branches of the medial plantar artery and vein.
Loss of consciousness, nasal obstruction, epistaxis, rhinorrhea, rosacea.
The external nasal branch of the anterior ethmoidal nerve.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.2-0.3 inch, or prick to cause bleeding.
The lateral nasal branches of the facial artery and vein.
Low back pain, constipation, diarrhea, dysuria, irregular menstruation, morbid leukorrhea.
On the course of the posterior ramus of the third sacral nerve.
In the sacral region, in the third posterior sacral foramen. Note: The third posterior sacral foramen is located in the first depression, moving downward from BL32.
The lateral branch of the posterior ramus of the first sacral nerve.
In the sacral region, at the same level as the first posterior sacral foramen, and 1.5 B-cun lateral to the median sacral crest. Note: At the same level as BL31.
Rubella, eczema, gastrointestinal parasitic diseases.
Pu ncture perpendicularly 1.0-1.2 inches. Moxibustion is applicable.
Pain in the supraorbital region, twitching of the eyelids, ptosis, cloudiness of the cornea, redness, swelling and pain of the eyes.
At the midpoint of the eyebrow, directly above the pupil.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 220. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 10, Acupuncture Points of the Governor and the Conception Vessels and the Extra Points. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Retention and dribbling of urine, enuresis, nocturnal emission, impotence, morbid leukorrhea, irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea, hernia.
On the lower abdomen, superior to the pubic symphysis, on the anterior median line.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.5-1.0 inch. Great care should be taken to puncture the points from Qugu (CV 2) to Shangwan (CV 13) of this meridian in pregnant women. Moxibustion is applicable.
The branches of the inferior epigastric artery and the obturator artery.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 67. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Pain of the upper teeth, redness and swelling of the dorsum of the foot, facial paralysis, muscular atrophy and motor impairment of the foot.
Superficially, the medial dorsal cutaneous nerve of foot derived from the superficial peroneal nerve; deeper, the deep peroneal nerve.
On the dorsum of the foot, at the joint of the base of the second metatarsal bone and the intermediate cuneiform bone, over the dorsalis pedis artery.
The dorsal artery and vein of foot, the dorsal venous network of foot.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 133. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Headache, nasal obstruction, epistaxis, ophthalmalgia, malposition of fetus, difficult labour, detention of after birth, feverish sensation in the sole.
The plantar digital proprial nerve and the lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve of foot.
On the little toe, lateral to the distal pha- lanx, 0.1 f-cun proximal to the lateral corner of the toenail; at the intersection of the vertical line of the lateral side of the nail and the horizontal line of the base of the toenail.
Puncture superficially 0.1 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
The network formed by the dorsal digital artery and plantar digital proprial artery.
Nocturnal emission, impotence, enuresis, frequency of urination, dysuria, irregular menstruation, pain in the back and knee, edema.
The lateral branch of the posterior ramus of the twelfth thoracic nerve and the lateral branch of the first lumbar nerve.
In the lumbar region, at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous process of the second lumbar vertebra (L2), 3 B-cun lateral to the posterior median line. Note: BL52, BL23 and GV4 are located at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous process of the second lumbar vertebra (L2).
Sore neck, pain in the shoulder and arm.
On the dorsum of the hand, between the second and third metacarpal bones, about 0.5 cun posterior to metacarpophalangeal joint.
Headache, blurring of vision, epilepsy, convulsion.
On the head, 1 B-cun superior to the anterior hairline, 1.5 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line. Note: 0.5 B-cun superior to BL4, at the same level as gV23.
Low back pain, irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea, asthma.
The lateral cutaneous branch of the posterior ramus of the second lumbar nerve.
In the lumbar region, at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous process of the third lumbar vertebra (L3), 1.5 B-cun lateral to the posterior median line.
Cough, asthma, distension and fullness in the chest and hypochondriac region vomiting, anorexia.
The anterior cutaneous branch of the fifth intercostal nerve; deeper, the fifth intercostal nerve.
In the anterior thoracic region, in the fifth intercostal space, 2 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line.
Gastric pain, vomiting, abdominal pain and distension, diarrhea, dysentery, borborygmus.
The saphenous nerve and the branch of the superficial peroneal nerve.
On the medial aspect of the foot, antero- inferior to the base of the first metatarsal bone, at the border between the red and white flesh. Note: A depression can be felt when mov- ing proximally from SP3. SP4 is located in the depression distal to the base of the first metatarsal bone.
The medial tarsal artery and the dorsal venous network of the foot.
Stiffness and pain of the shoulder, back and neck, numbness of the elbow and arm.
The lateral branches of the posterior rami of the first and second thoracic nerves; deeper, the dorsal scapular nerve.
In the upper back region, at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous process of the second thoracic vertebra (T2), 3 B-cun lateral to the posterior median line. Note: BL41 and BL12 are located at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous process of the second thoracic vertebra (T2).
The descending branch of the transverse cervical artery, the posterior branches of the intercostal artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 132. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Mania, headache, neck rigidity, blurring of vision, backache, pain in the lower extremities.
The fourth common plantar digital nerve and the lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve of foot.
On the lateral aspect of the foot, in the depression proximal to the fifth metatarsophalangeal joint, at the border between the red and white flesh.
The fourth common plantar digital artery and vein.
Abdominal pain and distension, diarrhea, nocturnal emission, irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea, postpartum abdominal pain.
On the lower abdomen, 2 B-cun inferior to the centre of the umbilicus, 0.5 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 160. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Tinnitus, deafness, pain in the hypochondriac region, vomiting, constipation, febrile diseases, aching and heavy sensation of the shoulder and back, sudden hoarseness of voice.
On the posterior aspect of the forearm, midpoint of the interosseous space between the radius and the ulna, 3 B-cun proximal to the dorsal wrist crease. Note: 1 B-cun proximal to TE5, between the radius and the ulna, at the same level as tE7.
Migraine, pain in the neck, shoulder and arm, epilepsy, scrofula, goiter.
On the posterior aspect of the elbow, in the depression 1 B-cun proximal to the prominence of the olecranon. Note: When the elbow is flexed, TE10 is located in the olecranon fossa.
The arterial and venous network of the elbow.
Acute and chronic appendicitis, indigestion, paralysis of the lower extremities.
The tender spot about 2 cun below Zusanli (ST 36).
Puncture perpendicularly 1.0-1.2 inches.
On the dorsum of the hand, midway between the transverse wrist crease and metacarpophalangeal joint, between the second and third metacarpal bones, and between the fourth and fifth metacarpal bones, four points in all on both hands.
Puncture obliquely 0.5-1.0 inch toward the centre of metacarpus from both sides.
Headache, neck rigidity, blurring of vision, mania.
On the head, 4 B-cun superior to the posterior hairline, on the posterior median line. Note: GV18 is located in the depression 1.5 B-cun superior to gV17.
Pain in the cardiac region and the chest, nausea, mental disorders, epilepsy.
On the upper abdomen, 1 B-cun inferior to the xiphisternal junction, on the anterior median line.
Puncture obliquely downward 0.4-0.6 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
Cardiac pain, palpitation, febrile diseases, irritability, stomachache, vomiting, pain in the elbow and arm, tremor of the hand and arm.
On the anterior aspect of the elbow, at the cubital crease, in the depression medial to the biceps brachii tendon. Note: When the elbow is flexed at 45 degrees, PC3 is located medial to the biceps brachii tendon.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.5-0.7 inch, or prick with a three-edged needle to cause bleeding. Moxibustion is applicable.
On the pathway of the brachial artery and vein.
Spasm of the gastrocnemius, hemorrhoids, acute lower back pam.
On the posterior aspect of the leg, between the two muscle bellies of the gastrocne- mius muscle, 5 B-cun distal to the popliteal crease. Note: Midway between BL55 and BL57.
The small saphenous vein; deeper, the posterior tibial artery and vein.
Asthma, cardiac pain, palpitation, stuffy chest, cough, stiffness and pain of the back.
The medial cutaneous branches of the posterior rami of the fourth and fifth thoracic nerves; deeper, their lateral branches and the dorsoscapular nerve.
In the upper back region, at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous process of the fifth thoracic vertebra (T5), 3 B-cun lateral to the posterior median line. Note: BL44, BL15 and GV11 are located at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous process of the fifth thoracic vertebra (T5).
The posterior branches of the intercostal artery and vein, the descending branch of the transverse cervical artery.
Abdominal distension, vomiting, gastric pain, anorexia.
The branch of the seventh intercostal nerve.
On the upper abdomen, 6 B-cun superior to the centre of the umbilicus, 2 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line. Note 1: ST 19 is 2 B-cun lateral to CV14. Note 2: If the infrasternal angle is too sharp and the rib is located inferior to ST 19, ST 19 can be reached by oblique needling.
The branches of the seventh intercostal artery and vein, the branches of the superior epigastric artery and vein.
Facial or general edema, abdominal pain, borborygmus, swelling and pain of the dorsum of the foot.
The medial dorsal cu‚Ä¢ taneous nerve of foot.
On the dorsum of the foot, between the second and third metatarsal bones, in the depression proximal to the second metatarsophalangeal joint.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 215. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 10, Acupuncture Points of the Governor and the Conception Vessels and the Extra Points. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Epilepsy, anxiety, palpitation, insomnia, headache, vertigo, rhinorrhea.
On the head, 0.5 B-cun superior to the anterior hairline, on the anterior median line. Note: When the anterior hairline is unclear or changed, GV 24 is located 3.5 B-cun superior to the midpoint between the medial ends of the eyebrows.
Puncture subcutaneously 0.3-0.5 inch, or prick to cause bleeding.
The branch of the frontal artery and vein.
Headache, ophthalmalgia, epistaxis. rhinorrhea, mental disorders.
On the head, 1 B-cun superior to the anterior hairline, on the anterior median line.
Puncture subcutaneously 0.3-0.5 inch or prick to cause bleeding. This point is prohibited in infants with metopism. Moxibustion is applicable.
The branches of the frontal artery and vein, and the branches of the superficial temporal artery and vein.
Headache, neck rigidity, blurring of vision, epistaxis, mania.
On the little toe, in the depression distal and lateral to the fifth metatarsophalangeal joint, at the border between the red and white flesh.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.2-0.3 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 62. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Numbness, soreness, motor impairment of the leg and knee, motor impairment of the lower extremities.
The anterior and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves.
On the anterolateral aspect of the thigh, lateral to the rectus femoris tendon, 3 B-cun superior to the base of the patella. Note: ST33 is at the midpoint of the line connecting St32 with the lateral end of the base of the patella.
The descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery.
On the lower abdomen, 4.3 B-cun inferior to the centre of the umbilicus, 4 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line.
Vaginitis, retention of urine hemorrhoids, nocturnal emission, enuresis, irregular menstruation, mental disorders.
In the perineal region, at the midpoint of the line connecting the anus with the posterior border of the scrotum in males and the posterior commissure of labium majoris in females. Note: CV 1 is located midway between the anus and the genital organ, with the subject lying on the side or in knee-chest position.
The branches of the perineal artery and vein.
pain in the chest, cough, asthma, vomiting.
The anterior cutaneous branch of the third intercostal nerve.
In the anterior thoracic region, at the same level as the third intercostal space, on the anterior median line.
Pain in the shoulder and arm, motor impairment of the upper extremities, rubella, scrofula.
The lateral supraclavicular nerve and axillary nerve.
On the shoulder girdle, in the depression between the anterior end of lateral border of the acromion and the greater tubercle of the humerus. Note: When the arm is abducted, two depressions appear, anterior and posterior to the acromion. LI15 is located in the deeper depression anterior to the acromion. tE14 is located in the posterior depression.
Puncture perpendicularly or obliquely 0.8-1.5 inches. Moxibustion is applicable.
The posterior circumflex artery and vein.
Abdominal distension, constipation, diarrhea, borborygmus, pain and rigidity of the tongue, pain in the foot and ankle, hemorrhoid.
The medial crural cutaneous nerve and the branch of the superficial peroneal nerve.
On the medial aspect of the foot, anteroinferior to the medial malleolus, in the depression midway between the tuberosity of the navicular bone and the prominence of the medial malleolus. Note 1: SP5 is located at the intersection of two imaginary lines: the vertical line of the anterior border of the medial malleolus and the horizontal line of the inferior border of the medial malleolus. Note 2: SP5 is located posterior to LR4 and anterior to KI6.
The medial tarsal artery and the great saphenous vein.
Facial paralysis, toothache, swelling of the cheek and face, mumps, trismus.
The great auricular nerve, facial nerve and masseteric nerve.
On the face, one fingerbreadth (middle finger) anterosuperior to the angle of the mandible. Note: On the bisector of the angle of the mandible. When the mouth is closed and the teeth are clenched, this point is located at the prominence of the masseter and in the depression felt when the clenched teeth are released.
Toothache, ophthalmalgia, sore throat, redness and swelling of fingers and the dorsum of the hand.
On the dorsum of the hand, in the depression radial and proximal to the second metacarpophalangeal joint.
The dorsal venous network of the hand and the branch of the first dorsal metacarpal artery.
Irregular menstruation, abdominal pain, constipation.
On the lower abdomen, 1 B-cun inferior to umbilicus, 0.5 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line.
Headache, redness of the eyes, sudden deafness, sore throat, malaria, pain in the arm.
On the dorsum of the hand, in the depression superior to the web margin between the ring and little fingers, at the border between the red and white flesh.
Puncture obliquely 0.3-0.5 inch towards the interspace of the metacarpal bones. Moxibustion is applicable.
The dorsal digital artery of the ulnar artery.
Acupoint of the Large Intestine Meridian
An acupuncture point that is located along the Large Intestine Meridian of Hand-Yangming (LI), which consists of 20 standardized acupoints beginning at LI 1 (Shangyang) on the radial side of the index finger near the corner of the nail, traveling up the dorsal-radial aspect of the arm and across the shoulder and side of the neck to the face, and ending at LI 20 (Yingxiang) in the nasolabial sulcus beside the ala of the nose.
Acupoint of the large intestine meridian of hand-yangming
Acupuncture point of the large intestine meridian
Acupuncture point of the large intestine meridian of hand-yangming
Asthma, cough, neck rigidity, pain in the shoulder and back, rubella.
Abdominal distension, borborygmus, coldness, numbness and paralysis of the knee and leg.
On the tibial aspect of the leg, posterior to the medial border of the tibia, 6 B-cun superior to the prominence of the medial malleolus. Note: 3 B-cun superior to SP6.
Nasal obstruction, epistaxis, deviation of the mouth.
The anastomotic branch of the facial nerve and the infraorbital nerve.
On the face, at the same level as the midpoint of the philtrum, inferior to the lateral margin of the nostril. Note: 0.5 B-cun laterals to GV 26. Remarks: Alternative location for LI19 - On the face, at the same level as the junc- tion of the upper one third and lower two thirds of the philtrum, inferior to the lateral margin of the nostril.
The superior labial branches of the facial artery and vein.
Irregular menstruation, amenorrhea, leukorrhea, abdominal pain, hernia, pain in the lumbar and hypochondriac region.
On the lateral abdomen, inferior to the free extremity of the 11th rib, at the same level as the centre of umbilicus. Note 1: GB26 can be located by first locat- ing the tenth rib, then searching for the free extremity of the 11th rib that is situated immediately below the inferior border of the costal arch. Note 2: GB 26 is inferior to LR 13, at the same level as CV 8.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 207. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 10, Acupuncture Points of the Governor and the Conception Vessels and the Extra Points. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Epilepsy, stiffness of the back, gastric pain.
The medial branch of the posterior ramus of the ninth thoracic nerve.
In the upper back region, in the depression inferior to the spinous process of the ninth thoracic vertebra (T9), on the posterior median line.
The posterior branch of the ninth intercostal artery.
Headache, blurring and failing of vision, pain in the supraorbital region, lacrimation, redness, swelling and pain of the eye, twitching of eyelids, glaucoma.
On the head, in the depression at the medial end of the eyebrow. Note: A depression, the frontal notch, can often be palpated on the medial end of the eyebrow directly superior to BL1.
Puncture subcutaneously 0.3-0.5 inch, or prick with three-edged needle to cause bleeding.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 37. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Headache, swelling of the face, sore throat, borborygmus, abdominal pain, aching of the shoulder and arm.
The posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve and the deep ramus of the radial nerve.
On the posterolateral aspect of the forearm, on the line connecting LI5 with LI11, 5 B- cun superior to the dorsal wrist crease.
The muscular branch of the radial artery, the cephalic vein.
Dysuria, enuresis, pain and swelling in the inguinal region, muscular atrophy, motor impairment, pain and paralysis of the lower extremities.
The anterior femoral cutaneous nerve; deeper, the saphenous nerve.
On the medial aspect of the thigh, at the junction of the upper one third and lower two thirds of the line connecting the medial end of the base of the patella with SP12, between the sartorius muscle and the adductor longus muscle, over the femoral artery.
Superficially, the great saphenous vein; deeper on the lateral side, the femoral artery and vein.
Cough, asthma, hemoptysis, sore throat, palpitation, pain in the chest, wrist and arm.
The lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve and superficial branch of the radial nerve.
On the anterolateral aspect of the wrist, between the radial styloid process and the scaphoid bone, in the depression ulnar to the abductor pollicis longus tendon. Note: On the radial side of the palmar wrist crease, over the radial artery.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.2-0.3 inch. Avoid puncturing the radial artery. Moxibustion is applicable.
Mental disorders, pain and swelling of the gums, rhinorrhea.
The branch of the superior alveolar nerve.
On the face, at the junction of the frenulum of the upper lip with the upper gum. Note: With the head extended in the seated posture and the upper lip lifted, gV28 is located at the junction of the frenulum of the upper lip with the upper gum.
Puncture obliquely upward 0.1 -0.2 inch, or prick to cause bleeding.
Abdominal pain, indigestion, constipation, dysentery.
On the upper abdomen, 3 B-cun superior to the centre of the umbilicus, 4 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line. Note: 3 B-cun superior to SP15, at the same level as CV11.
Headache, neck rigidity, motor impairment and pain of the arm.
On the posterior aspect of the arm, on the line connecting the prominence of the olecranon with the acromial angle, 5 B-cun proximal to the prominence of the olecranon.
Abdominal pain, hypochondriac pain, diarrhea, hernia, uterine bleeding, prolonged lochia.
On the anteromedial aspect of the leg, at the centre of the medial border (surface) of the tibia, 7 B-cun proximal to the prominence of the medial malleolus. Note: LR6 is located at 0.5 B-cun inferior to the midpoint of the line connecting the apex of the patella with the prominence of the medial malleolus, at the centre of the medial border (surface) of the tibia.
Puncture subcutaneously 0.5-0.8 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
Blurring of vision, Epistaxis, toothache, sore throat, febrile diseases.
The dorsal digital nerve of the radial nerve, and the palmar digital proper nerve of the median nerve.
On the index finger, in the depression distal to the radial side of the second metacarpophalangeal joint, at the border between the red and white flesh.
The dorsal digital and plamar digital proper arteries and veins derived from the radial artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 103. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Dizziness, blurring of vision, tinnitus, mania.
On the head, 5.5 B-cun superior to the anterior hairline, 1.5 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line. Note: 0.5 B-cun posterior and 1.5 B-cun lateral to gV20.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 209. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 10, Acupuncture Points of the Governor and the Conception Vessels and the Extra Points. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Poor memory, anxiety, palpitation, pain and stiffness of the back, cough, cardiac pain.
The medial branch of the posterior ramus of the fifth thoracic nerve.
In the upper back region, in the depression inferior to the spinous process of the fifth thoracic vertebra (T5), on the posterior median line.
The posterior branch of the' fifth intercostal artery.
Rhinitis, nasal obstruction, nasal boils.
At the highest point of the nasolabial groove.
Puncture subcutaneously upward 0.3-0.5 inch.
An acupuncture point that is located along the Governor Vessel (GV / Du Mai), one of the eight extraordinary vessels, which consists of 28 standardized acupoints beginning at GV 1 (Changqiang) in the perineal region midway between the tip of the coccyx and the anus, traveling up along the posterior midline of the body over the spine and across the top of the head, and ending at GV 28 (Yinjiao) in the oral cavity at the frenulum of the upper lip.
Febrile diseases, headache, pain in the cheek, strained neck, deafness, tinnitus, pain in the hypochondriac region, motor impairment of the elbow and arm, pain of the fingers, hand tremor.
The posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve; deeper, the posterior interosseous nerve and the anterior interosseous nerve.
On the posterior aspect of the forearm, midpoint of the interosseous space between the radius and the ulna, 2 B-cun proximal to the dorsal wrist crease. Note: 2 B-cun proximal to TE4, in the depression between the radius and the ulna. The anterior point corresponding to TE5 is PC6.
Deeper, the posterior and anterior antebrachial interosseous arteries and veins.
Borborygmus, abdominal distension, pain in the lower back, anuria.
The superior cluneal nerves; deeper, the superior gluteal nerve.
In the buttock region, at the same level as the second posterior sacral foramen, 3 B-cun lateral to the median sacral crest. Note: BL53, BL28 and BL32 are located at the same level as the second posterior sacral foramen.
Irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea, uterine bleeding, amenorrhea, urticaria, eczema, erysipelas, pain in the medial aspect of the thigh.
The anterior femoral cutaneous nerve and the muscular branch of the femoral nerve.
On the anteromedial aspect of the thigh, on the bulge of the vastus medialis muscle, 2 B-cun superior to the medial end of the base of the patella.
The muscular branches of the femoral artery and vein.
Mania, epilepsy, infantile convulsion, backache, pain the external malleolus, motor impairment and pain of the lower extremities.
The lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve of foot; deeper, the lateral plantar nerve.
On the dorsum of the foot, distal to the anterior border of the lateral malleolus, posterior to the tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal bone, in the depression inferior to the cuboid bone.
Toothache, pain in the face, deviation of the mouth, sore throat, epistaxis, gastric pain, acid regurgitation, abdominal distension, diarrhea, dysentery, constipation, swelling and pain of the dorsum of the foot, febrile diseases.
Just where the lateral branch of the medial dorsal cutaneous nerve divides into dorsal digital nerves.
On the dorsum of the foot, between the second and third toes, posterior to the web margin, at the border between the red and white flesh.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 210. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 10, Acupuncture Points of the Governor and the Conception Vessels and the Extra Points. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Neck pain and rigidity, malaria, febrile diseases, epilepsy, afternoon fever, cough, asthma, common cold, back stiffness.
The posterior ramus of the eighth cervical nerve and the medial branch of the posterior ramus of the first thoracic nerve.
In the posterior region of the neck, in the depression inferior to the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra (C7), on the posterior median line. Note 1: When the head is in a neutral position while the subject is seated, the most prominent site on the posterior aspect of the neck is the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra (C7). Forward flexion of the neck may facilitate palpation of the C7 spinous process. Note 2: Slight rotation of C7 can be pal- pated by rotating the head with the neck slightly flexed.
The branch of the transverse cervical artery.
Abdominal pain, borborygmus, pain in the elbow and arm, motor impairment of the upper limbs.
On the posterolateral aspect of the forearm, on the line connecting LI5 with LI11, 4 B- cun inferior to the cubital crease. Note: LI8 is located at the junction of the upper one third and lower two thirds of the line connecting LI5 with LI11, 1 B-cun inferior to LI9.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 117. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Dysentery, bloody stools, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, impotence, morbid leukorrhea.
In the buttock region, 0.5 B-cun lateral to the extremity of the coccyx. Note: The subject may be in prone position or knee-chest position. BL35 is located at the soft depression lateral to the extremity of the coccyx.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 205. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 10, Acupuncture Points of the Governor and the Conception Vessels and the Extra Points. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Stiffness of the back, lumbago, impotence, nocturnal emission, irregular menstruation, diarrhea, indigestion, leukorrhea.
In the lumbar region, in the depression inferior to the spinous process of the second lumbar vertebra (L2), on the posterior median line.
Paralysis, spasm and contracture of the upper extremities, pain of the forearm.
On the lateral aspect of the forearm, midway between the transverse wrist crease and elbow crease, between the radius and the ulna.
Puncture perpendicularly 1.0-1.2 inches. Moxibustion is applicable.
Cough, asthma, epilepsy, pain and stiffness of the back, furuncles.
The medial branch of the posterior ramus of the third thoracic nerve.
In the upper back region, in the depression inferior to the spinous process of the third thoracic vertebra (T3), on the posterior median line. Note: The depression inferior to the spinous process of the third thoracic vertebra (T3) which is at the intersection of two imaginary lines: the posterior median line and the horizontal line of the medial end of the spine of the scapula.
The posterior branch of the third intercostal artery.
On the lower abdomen, 1 B-cun inferior to the centre of the umbilicus, 2 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line. Note: ST26 is at the same level and lateral to KI15 and CV7.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 86. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Palpitation, cardiac pain, pain in the chest and hypochondriac regions, mania, febrile diseases, loss of consciousness.
On the little finger, radial to the distal phalanx, 0.1 f-cun proximal-lateral to the radial corner of the little fingernail, at the intersection of the vertical line of the radial border of the nail and horizontal line of the base of the little fingernail.
Puncture subcutaneously 0.1 inch, or prick with a three-edged needle to cause bleeding. Moxibustion is applicable.
The anterior cutaneous branch of the third intercostal nerve; deeper, the third intercostal nerve.
In the anterior thoracic region, in the third intercostal space, 2 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line.
Impotence, hernia, uterine bleeding, dysuria, pain in the knee and popliteal fossa, mental disorders.
On the posteromedial aspect of the knee, just lateral to the semitendinosus tendon, in the popliteal crease.
The medial superior genicular artery and vein.
Leukorrhea, lower abdominal pain, lumbar pain, hernia, constipation.
On the lower abdomen, 3 B-cun inferior to the centre of umbilicus, medial to the anterior superior iliac spine. Note: GB 27 is 3 B-cun inferior to GB 26, at the same level as CV 4.
Just where the common peroneal nerve bifurcates into the superficial and deep peroneal nerves.
On the fibular aspect of the leg, in the depression anterior and distal to the head of the fibula.
The inferior lateral genicular artery and vein.
A Xiyan point located in the depression, medial to the patellar ligament, locating the point with the knee flexed.
Pain and numbness of the knee, gastric pain, mastitis, motor impairment of the lower extremities.
On the anterolateral aspect of the thigh, between the vastus lateralis muscle and the lateral border of the rectus femoris tendon, 2 B-cun superior to the base of the patella. Note: Putting the thigh muscle under tension, the rectus femoris tendon and the vastus lateralis muscle are more distinct. St34 is located between the muscle and the tendon, 1 B-cun directly inferior to St33.
Puncture perpendicularly 05-1.0 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
The medial branch of the posterior ramus of the lumbar nerve.
In the lumbar region, in the depression inferior to the spinous process of the fourth lumbar vertebra (L4), on the posterior median line. Note: GV 3 can be located by first palpating the highest points of the iliac crests and the spinous process of the fourth lumbar vertebra (L4) can then be found at the midpoint of the highest points of both iliac crests.
The posterior branch of the lumbar artery.
On the tip of the ulnar olecranon when the elbow is flexed.
Pain in the lumbar and iliac region, coldness of the knee, paralysis or motor impairment and pain of the lower extremities, beriberi.
On the anterolateral aspect of the thigh, on the line connecting the lateral end of the base of the patella with the anterior superior iliac spine, 6 B-cun superior to the base of the patella.
Puncture perpendicularly 1.0-1.5 inches. Moxibustion is applicable.
The branches of the lateral circumflex femoral artery and vein.
Abdominal pain, enuresis, nocturnal emission, impotence, hernia, edema, diarrhea, dysentery, uterine bleeding, irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, morbid leukorrhea, postpartum hemorrhage, constipation, flaccid type of apoplexy, asthma.
On the lower abdomen, 1.5 B-cun inferior to the centre of the umbilicus, on the ante- rior median line.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.8-1.2 inches. This is one of the important points for tonification. Moxibustion is applicable.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 167. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 9, Acupuncture Points of the Jueyin and Shaoyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Tinnitus, redness, pain and swelling of the eye, swelling of gum, toothache, parotitis.
On the head, just superior to the auricular apex. Note: With the auricle folded forward and pressed against the head, the point is located where the auricular apex touches the head.
The branches of the superficial temporal artery and vein. Innervation: The branches of the auriculotemporal nerve.
An acupuncture point that is located along the Kidney Meridian of Foot-Shaoyin (KI), which consists of 27 standardized acupoints beginning at KI 1 (Yongquan) on the sole of the foot in the depression formed when the toes are flexed, traveling up along the medial aspect of the leg and continuing up the abdomen and chest close to the midline, and ending at KI 27 (Shufu) on the anterior chest in the depression at the inferior border of the clavicle.
Acupoint of the kidney meridian of foot-shaoyin
Acupuncture point of the kidney meridian
Acupuncture point of the kidney meridian of foot-shaoyin
Headache, tinnitus, deafness, pain in the ear, infantile convulsion.
The anastomotic branch of the great auricular nerve and the lesser occipital nerve.
On the head, at the junction of the upper one third and lower two thirds of the curved line from tE17 to tE20.
Facial puffiness, swel1ing of the gums, toothache, salivation, mental disorders, deviation of the eyes and mouth.
On the face, in the depression in the centre of the mentolabial sulcus.
Puncture obliquely upward 0.2-0.3 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
The branches of the inferior labial artery and vein.
Headache, dizziness and vertigo, pain of the outer canthus, tinnitus, deafness, swelling of the cheek, pain in the hypochondriac region, distending pain of the breast, febrile diseases.
On the dorsum of the foot, between the fourth and fifth toes, proximal to the web margin, at the border between the red and white flesh.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.5 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
On the head, 4 B-cun within the anterior hairline, directly superior to the centre of the pupil. Note: GB18 is 1.5 B-cun posterior to gB17, at the same level as BL7.
Sensation of fullness in the chest, chest pain, cough.
The branch of the anteri,or thoracic nerve.
In the anterior thoracic region, in the first intercostal space, 4 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line.
Puncture‚Ä¢ obliquely 0.3-0.5 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
The thoracoacromial artery and vein and the branches of the lateral thoracic artery and vein.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 39. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Sore throat, toothache, redness and pain of the eye, scrofula, urticaria, motor impairment of the upper extremities, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, febrile diseases.
The posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve; deeper, on the medial side, the radial nerve.
On the lateral aspect of the elbow, at the midpoint of the line connecting LU5 with the lateral epicondyle of the humerus. Note: When the elbow is fully flexed, LI11 is located in the depression on the lateral end of the cubital crease.
Abdominal distension, bloody stools, menorrhagia, uterine bleeding, mental disorders, dream disturbed sleep, convulsion.
On the anastomosis of the dorsal digital nerve derived from the superficial peroneal nerve and the plantar digital proprial nerve.
On the great toe, medial to the distal phalanx, 0.1 f-cun proximal-medial to the me- dial corner of the toenail, at the intersection of the vertical line of the medial border and horizontal line of the base of the toenail.
Cough, asthma, pain of the shoulder and back.
In the upper back region, at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous process of the sixth thoracic vertebra (T6), 3 B-cun lateral to the posterior median line. Note: BL45, BL16 and GV10 are located at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous process of the sixth thoracic vertebra (T6).
Puncture obliquely downward 0.3-0.5 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
Jaundice, cough, asthma, stiffness of the back, pain in the chest and back.
The medial branch of the posterior ramus of the seventh thoracic nerve.
In the upper back region, in the depression inferior to the spinous process of the seventh thoracic vertebra (T7), on the posterior median line. Note: The depression inferior to the spinous process of the seventh thoracic vertebra (T7) which is at the intersection of two imaginary lines: the posterior midline and the horizontal line of the inferior border of the inferior angle of the scapula.
The posterior branch of the seventh intercostal artery.
Stiffness of the back, headache, malaria, febrile diseases.
The medial branch of the posterior ramus of the first thoracic nerve.
In the upper back region, in the depression inferior to the spinous process of the first thoracic vertebra (T1), on the posterior median line.
The posterior branch of the first intercostal artery.
Cardiac pain, palpitation, stomachache, vomiting, mental disorders, epilepsy, stuffy chest, pain in the hypochondriac region, convulsion, insomnia, irritability, foul breath.
On the anterior aspect of the wrist, between the tendons of palmaris longus and the flexor carpi radialis, on the palmar wrist crease. Note: With the fist clenched, the wrist slightly flexed, the two tendons become more prominent. PC7 is located at the midpoint of the palmar wrist crease, between the tendons of palmaris longus and the flexor carpi radialis, at the same level as Ht7, at the proximal extremity of the pisiform bone.
The palmar arterial and venous network of the wrist.
Pain and stiffness of the scapular region.
Superficially, the lateral branch of the posterior ramus of the second thoracic nerve, the accessory nerve; deeper, the muscular branch of the suprascapular nerve.
In the scapular region, in the depression superior to the medial end of the spine of the scapula. Note: SI13 is located at the midpoint of the line connecting SI10 with the spinous pro- cess of the second thoracic vertebra (T2).
Superficially, the descending branches of the transverse cervical artery and vein; deeper, the muscular branch of the suprascapular artery and vem.
Enuresis, pain due to hernia, morbid leukorrhea, irregular menstruation, cold sensation and pain of the lower back, dysuria, constipation, tenesmus, prolapse of the rectum.
The lateral branches of the posterior rami of the third and fourth sacral nerves, the inferior gluteal nerve.
In the sacral region, at the same level as the fourth posterior sacral foramen, 1.5 B-cun lateral to the median sacral crest. Note: 1.5 B-cun lateral to the sacral hiatus, at the same level as BL34.
The inferior gluteal artery and vein; deeper, the internal pudendal artery and vein.
Cough, asthma, sore throat, sudden loss of voice, scrofula, goiter.
The great auricular nerve, cutaneous cervical nerve, lesser occipital nerve and accessory nerve.
On the anterior aspect of the neck, at the same level as the superior border of the thyroid cartilage, between the anterior and posterior borders of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
Deeper, on the medial side, the ascending cervical artery and vein.
Abdominal distension and pain, anorexia, borborygmus, diarrhea, edema.
On the upper abdomen, 3 B-cun superior to the centre of the umbilicus, 2 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line. Note: ST22 is located at the same level and lateral to KI18 and CV11.
Headache, febrile diseases, loss of consciousness, insufficient lactation, sore throat, redness of the eye, cloudiness of the cornea.
The palmar digital proprial nerve and the dorsal digital nerve derived from the ulnar nerve.
Puncture subcutaneously 0.1 inch, or prick the point to cause bleeding. Moxibustion is applicable.
The arterial and venous network formed by the palmar digital proprial artery and vein and the dorsal digital artery and vein.
Headache, deafness, tinnitus, diplacusis, deviation of the eye and mouth, toothache.
The zygomatic branch of the facial nerve and the zygomaticofacial nerve.
On the head, in the depression superior to the midpoint of the zygomatic arch Note: In the depression superior to the zygomatic arch, superior to St7.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.3-0.5 inch. Deep puncture is not advisable. Moxibustion is applicable.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 141. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 8, Acupuncture Points of the Shaoyin and Taiyang Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Nocturnal emission, impotence, morbid leukorrhea, pain in the external genitalia, prolapse of uterus.
The branches of subcostal nerve and the iliohypogastric nerve.
On the lower abdomen, 4 B-cun inferior to the centre of the umbilicus, 0.5 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line.
The muscular branches of the inferior epigastric artery and vein.
Pain in the neck, swelling in the axillary region, pain in the hypochondriac region, vomiting, acid regurgitation, muscular atrophy of the lower limbs, pain and swelling of the external malleolus, malaria.
The branches of the intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve and superficial peroneal nerve.
On the anterolateral aspect of the ankle, in the depression lateral to the extensor digitorum longus tendon, anterior and distal to the lateral malleolus. Note: GB40 is easier to locate by finding the extensor digitorum longus tendon when the second to fifth toes are extended against resistance.
The branch of the anterolateral malleolar artery.
At the junction of the lateral 1/4 and the medial 3/4 of the infraorbital margin.
Push the eyeball upward gently, then puncture perpendicularly 0.5-1.2 inches along the orbital margin slowly without movements of lifting, thrusting, twisting and rotating.
Source for the Acupoint Location: WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008. Page 61. ISBN 978-92-9061-248-7. Source for Acupuncture Method, Vasculature, Innervation, and Indications: D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Chapter 7, Acupuncture Points of the Taiyin and Yangming Meridian. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Pain in the thigh, muscular atrophy, motor impairment, numbness and pain of the lower extremities.
On the anterior aspect of the thigh, in the depression among three muscles: the proximal portion of the rectus femoris muscle, the sartorius muscle and the tensor fasciae latae muscle. Note 1: With the hip and the knee in slight flexion, and the thigh slightly abducted when resistance is placed against the anteromedial aspect of the thigh, a triangular depression appears. the proximal portion of the rectus femoris muscle is found in the depression between the sartorius muscle medially and the tensor fascia latae muscle laterally. St31 is located at the deepest point in the depression inferior to the apex of this triangle. Note 2: ST31 is located at the intersection of the line connecting the lateral end of the base of the patella with the anterior superior iliac spine, and the horizontal line of the inferior border of the pubic symphysis.
Pain of the lumbar region and thigh, muscular atrophy of the lower limbs, hemiplegia.
The inferior gluteal cutaneous nerve, the inferior gluteal nerve; deeper, the sciatic nerve.
In the buttock region, at the junction of the lateral one third and medial two thirds of the line connecting the prominence of the greater trochanter with the sacral hiatus. Note: GB30 is easier to locate when the subject is lying on the side with the thigh flexed. Remarks: Alternative location for GB30 - in the buttock region, at the junction of the lateral one third and medial two thirds of the distance between the prominence of the greater trochanter and the anterior superior iliac spine.
Puncture perpendicularly 1.5-2.5 inches. Moxibustion is applicable.
Medially, the inferior gluteal artery and vein.
Abdominal pain, borborygmus, flaccid type of apoplexy, prolapse of the rectum, unchecked diarrhea.
On the upper abdomen, in the centre of the umbilicus.
Puncture is prohibited! Moxibustion is applicable.
The inferior epigastric artery and vein.
Pain in the shoulder and arm, paralysis of the upper extremities.
Midway between the end of the anterior axillary fold and Jianyu (L I 15).
Cough, cardiac pain, palpitation, stuffy chest, vomiting.
The medial cutaneous branches of the posterior rami of the fourth or fifth thoracic nerves; deeper, their lateral branches.
In the upper back region, at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous process of the fourth thoracic vertebra (T4), 1.5 B-cun lateral to the posterior median line.
Headache, dizziness and vertigo, cough, asthma, excessive sputum, pain in the chest, constipation, mania, epilepsy, muscular atrophy, motor impairment, pain, swelling or paralysis of the lower extremities.
On the anterolateral aspect of the leg, lateral border of the tibialis anterior muscle, 8 B-cun superior to the prominence of the lateral malleolus. Note: ST40 is one fingerbreadth (middle finger) lateral to ST38.
Headache, eye diseases, deviation of the eyes and mouth.
In the depression about one finger breadth posterior to the midpoint between the lateral end of the eyebrow and the outer canthus.
Puncture perpendicularly 0.3-0.5 inch, or prick to cause bleeding.
Pain, numbness and contracture of the elbow and arm.
On the posterolateral aspect of the elbow, superior to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, anterior to the lateral supraepicondylar ridge.
Pain in the epigastric region, low back pain, stiffness of the back.
The medial branch of the posterior ramus of the tenth thoracic nerve.
In the upper back region, in the depression inferior to the spinous process of the tenth thoracic vertebra (T10), on the posterior median line.
The posterior branch of the tenth intercostal artery.
Abdominal pain, borborygmus, hernia, swelling and pain of the external genitalia, impotence, dysmenorrhea, irregular menstruation.
In the groin region, at the same level as the superior border of the pubic symphysis, 2 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line, over the femoral artery. Note: ST30 is 5 B-cun inferior to ST25, 2 B-cun lateral to CV2.
The branches of the superficial epigastric artery and vein; laterally, the inferior epigastric artery and vein.
Fullness and pain of the lower abdomen, dysuria enuresis, nocturnal emission, impotence, pain of genitalia.
On the lower abdomen, 5 B-cun inferior to the centre of the umbilicus, 0.5 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line.
The inferior epigastric artery and external pudendal artery.
Headache, vertigo, insomnia, poor memory, epilepsy.
A group of 4 points, at the vertex, 1 cun respectively posterior, anterior and lateral to Baihui (GV 20). (See Fig. 119)
Puncture subcutaneously 0.5-1.0 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
Jaundice, pain in the hypochondriac region, redness of the eye, blurring of vision, night blindness, mental disorders, epilepsy, backache, spitting of blood, epistaxis.
The medial cutaneous branches of the posterior rami of the ninth and tenth thoracic nerves; deeper, their lateral branches.
In the upper back region, at the same level as the inferior border of the spinous process of the ninth thoracic vertebra (T9), 1.5 B-cun lateral to the posterior median line.
Pain in the cardiac and hypochondriac regions, shoulder and arm.
The medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve, the medial brachial cutaneous nerve and the ulnar nerve.
On the medial aspect of the arm, just medial to the biceps brachii muscle, 3 B-cun superior to the cubital crease. Note: With the elbow flexed and the arm abducted, Ht2 is located at the junction of the upper two thirds and lower one third of the line connecting Ht1 with Ht3.
The basilic vein, the superior ulnar collateral artery.
Headache, neck rigidity, facial swelling, blurring of vision, sudden deafness.
In the anterior region of the neck, at the same level as the angle of the mandible, in the depression posterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
Redness of the eye, tinnitus, deafness, epistaxis, aching of the hand and arm, sore throat, edema.
On the radial side, the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve and the superficial ramus of the radial nerve; on the ulnar side, the posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve and the posterior antebrachial interosseous nerve.
On the posterolateral aspect of the forearm, on the line connecting LI5 with LI11, 3 B- cun superior to the dorsal wrist crease. Note: LI6 is located at the junction of the upper three fourths and the lower one fourth of the line connecting LI5 with LI11.
Puncture perpendicularly or obliquely 0.5-0.8 inch. Moxibustion is applicable.
Edema, abdominal distension, diarrhea, borborygmus, muscular atrophy of the leg, night sweating, spontaneous sweating, febrile diseases without sweating.
The medial sural and medial crural cutaneous nerves; deeper, the tibial nerve.
On the posteromedial aspect of the leg, anterior to the calcaneal tendon, 2 B-cun superior to the prominence of the medial malleolus. Note: At the same level and posterior to KI8.
Deeper, anteriorly, the posterior tibial artery and vein.
Lumbar Pain, thigh pain, paralysis of the lower extremities, irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea.
Below the spinous process of the fifth lumbar vertebra.
Enuresis, nocturnal emission, frequency of urination, retention of urine, hernia, irregular menstruation, morbid leukorrhea, dysmenorrhea, uterine bleeding, postpartum hemorrhage, lower abdominal pain, indigestion, diarrhea, prolapse of the rectum, flaccid type of apoplexy.
The medial branch of the anterior cutaneous branch of the twelfth intercostal nerve.
On the lower abdomen, 3 B-cun inferior to the centre of the umbilicus, on the anterior median line.
Pain in the lower back and gluteal region, constipation, muscular atrophy, pain, numbness and motor impairment of the lower extremities.
In the buttock region, at the midpoint of the gluteal fold.
The artery and vein running alongside the sciatic nerve.
Headache, giddiness, nasal obstruction, epistaxis, rhinorrhea.
On the head, 4 B-cun superior to the anterior hairline, 1.5 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line. Note: Midway between BL6 and BL8.
The superficial temporal artery and vein and the occipital artery and vein.
Headache, blurring of vision, ophthalmalgia, lacrimation.
The branch of the auriculotemporal nerve and the temporal branch of the facial nerve.
On the head, 0.5 B-cun directly superior to the anterior hairline at the corner of the forehead, 4.5 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line.
Migraine, pain of the outer canthus, pain in the axillary region, scrofula, lumbar pain, pain in the chest, hypochondriac region and lateral aspect of the lower extremities, malaria.
On the fibular aspect of the leg, anterior to the fibula, 4 B-cun proximal to the prominence of the lateral malleolus.
Headache in the frontal region, pain of the orbital ridge, eye pain, vertigo, twitching of the eyelids, ptosis of the eyelids, lacrimation.
On the head, 1 B-cun superior to the eyebrow, directly superior to the centre of the pupil.
The lateral branches of the frontal artery and vein.
Fahim T. Imam, PhD - https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4752-543X
Ilias Ziogas, PhD - https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9210-2455
Maryann E. Martone, PhD - https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8406-3871
Richard Harris, PhD - https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2067-8447
The TARA Acupoints Ontology is an ontology developed as part of the Topological Atlas and Repository for Acupoint Research (TARA) project funded by the National Institute of Health (NIH). The goal of TARA is to establish a new comprehensive resource for the acupuncture research and clinician community. The ontology will be used to support semantic search and annotations for anatomical maps, atlases, and data sets relevant to the TARA project.
D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
TARA Acupoints Ontology
- About TARA Project: https://www.acupunctureresearch.org/tara - TARA Ontology GitHub Repo: https://purl.org/tara/ontology/repo - TARA Ontology Updates: https://purl.org/tara/ontology/updates - TARA Ontology Files: https://purl.org/tara/ontology
An annotation property that relates an acupoint to the organ it is designated to affect according to traditional Chinese medicine theory (e.g., LU 1 is designated to the Lung). This designation reflects the organ affiliation defined by the meridian to which the acupoint belongs.
An annotation property that records the named special point role(s) designated to an acupoint as a textual annotation (e.g., LU 1 has the role Front-Mu Point of the Lung; LU 5 has the role He-Sea Point). For the structured object-property representation of this designation, see hasSpecialPointDesignation.
An annotation property that lists the clinical conditions and symptoms for which an acupoint is indicated according to traditional Chinese medicine (e.g., LU 1: 'Cough, asthma, pain in the chest, shoulder and back; fullness of the chest.').
An annotation property that describes the nerve supply in the vicinity of an acupoint relevant to safe needling (e.g., LU 1: 'The intermediate supraclavicular nerve, the branches of the anterior thoracic nerve, and the lateral cutaneous branch of the first intercostal nerve.').
An annotation property that provides the canonical textual description of an acupoint's anatomical location on the body surface (e.g., LU 1: 'On the anterior thoracic region, at the same level as the first intercostal space, lateral to the infraclavicular fossa, 6 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line.'). Values follow the WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations where available.
An object property that relates a meridian to an acupoint belonging to it (e.g., the Lung Meridian has member acupoints LU 1 through LU 11). It is the inverse of isMemberAcupointOf and is a sub-property of the RO relation 'has member' (RO:0002351).
An annotation property that relates an acupoint to the meridian it belongs to (e.g., LU 1 and LU 2 belong to the Lung Meridian). Each meridian acupoint is assigned to exactly one meridian.
An annotation property that describes the recommended needling method for an acupoint, including needle angle, depth, and applicability of moxibustion (e.g., LU 1: 'Puncture obliquely 0.5-0.8 cun towards the lateral aspect of the chest. To avoid injuring the lung, never puncture deeply towards the medial aspect. Moxibustion is applicable.').
An annotation property that relates an acupoint to one or more specific anatomical structures within the general body region identified by hasSurfaceLocation. It provides a finer-grained localization of the acupoint (e.g., LU 1 is related to the First Intercostal Space, Infraclavicular Fossa, and Anterior Median Line, all within the Anterior Thoracic Region identified by hasSurfaceLocation).
An annotation property that relates an acupoint to the general body region on whose surface it is located. It provides a coarse-grained anatomical grouping for the acupoint (e.g., LU 1 is located on the Anterior Thoracic Region). This property is used together with hasRelatedLocation, which further specifies the particular anatomical structures within this general region.
An annotation property that describes the blood vessels in the vicinity of an acupoint relevant to safe needling (e.g., LU 1: 'Superolaterally, the axillary artery and vein, the thoracoacromial artery and vein.').
This file contains the imported terms from UBERON, InterLex, Mondo Disease Ontology (MONDO), and Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) for TARA Acupoints Ontology. It includes the basic hierarchy and the partnomy of the imported terms. - About UBERON: https://obofoundry.org/ontology/uberon.html - About MONDO: https://mondo.monarchinitiative.org/ - About HPO: https://hpo.jax.org/ - About InterLex: https://scicrunch.org/scicrunch/interlex/dashboard
This file contains the upper ontology terms for the core TARA Acupoints Ontology. It uses some of the upper level classes from UBERON, extending the Basic Formal Ontology (BFO). It also includes the minimal subset of properties from relation ontology (RO Core). For annotation properties, it imports a subset of the Information Artifact Ontology (IAO). - About RO Core: https://github.com/oborel/obo-relations/wiki/ROCore - About BFO: https://obofoundry.org/ontology/bfo.html - About IAO: https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO
has broad synonym
An alternative label for a class or property which has a more general meaning than the preferred name/primary label.
disease characteristic (MONDO:0021125) has cross-reference (http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#hasDbXref) "NCIT:C41009"^^xsd:string
An annotation property that links an ontology entity or a statement to a prefixed identifier or URI.
has exact synonym
An alternative label for a class or property which has the exact same meaning than the preferred name/primary label.
has narrow synonym
An alternative label for a class or property which has a more specific meaning than the preferred name/primary label.
has related synonym
An alternative label for a class or property that has been used synonymously with the primary term name, but the usage is not strictly correct.
realized in
this disease is realized in this disease course
this fragility is realized in this shattering
this investigator role is realized in this investigation
is realized by
realized_in
[copied from inverse property 'realizes'] to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003])
Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a realizable entity and a process, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process
realizes
this disease course realizes this disease
this investigation realizes this investigator role
this shattering realizes this fragility
to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003])
Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process
contains process
site of
[copied from inverse property 'occurs in'] b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
Paraphrase of definition: a relation between an independent continuant and a process, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant
The nervous system comprises the neuraxis (brain, spinal cord, and ventricles), the autonomic nervous system, the enteric nervous system, and the peripheral nervous system.
Any abnormality of the vertebral column.
An abnormal structure or form of the joints, i.e., one or more of the articulations where two bones join.
An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the back.
An abnormality of the axial skeleton, which comprises the skull, the vertebral column, the ribs and the sternum.
Chronic pain in the limbs with no clear focal etiology.
An abnormality of the function of the skeletal system.
Abnormality of musculoskeletal physiology
An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the leg.
A functional anomaly of the nervous system.
Abnormality of nervous system physiology
A symptom or manifestation indicating a systemic or general effect of a disease and that may affect the general well-being or status of an individual.
Note that we use the preferred term label constitutional symptom because this reflects common usage, but we do not restrict the term or its descendents to the narrow meaning of symptom, i.e., a complaint related by a patient to a physician. There is no generally accepted classification of what defines a constitutional symptom, but examples include weight loss, fatigue, general weakness, night sweats, shaking, chills, fever, and vomiting.
An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the knee.
information content entity
report
metadata complete
Class has all its metadata, but is either not guaranteed to be in its final location in the asserted IS_A hierarchy or refers to another class that is not complete.
organizational term
Term created to ease viewing/sort terms for development purpose, and will not be included in a release
metadata incomplete
Class is being worked on; however, the metadata (including definition) are not complete or sufficiently clear to the branch editors.
uncurated
Nothing done yet beyond assigning a unique class ID and proposing a preferred term.
is about
to be replaced with external ontology term
Terms with this status should eventually replaced with a term from another ontology.
A disease involving the central nervous system.
central nervous system disease or disorder
disease or disorder of central nervous system
A disease or disorder that involves the digestive system.
A disease involving the cardiovascular system.
cardiovascular system disease or disorder
disease of subdivision of hemolymphoid system
disease or disorder of cardiovascular system
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the small or large intestine.
A common, severe type of vascular headache often associated with increased sympathetic activity, resulting in nausea, vomiting, and light sensitivity.
A disease of the muscle in which the muscle fibers do not function properly. This results in muscular weakness.
Editor note: TODO check this, relationship to myotonic disorder/syndrome, also check HP definition
rare bone disease related to a common gene or pathway defect
A general term used to describe any disease affecting blood vessels]. It includes vascular abnormalities caused by degenerative, metabolic and inflammatory conditions, embolic diseases, coagulative disorders, and functional disorders such as posteri or reversible encephalopathy syndrome.
The etiology of vasculopathy is generally unknown and the condition is frequently not pathologically proven. Vasculitis, on the other hand, is a more specific term and is defined as inflammation of the wall of a blood vessel. However, the term vasculopathy is also used for “vasculitis” that has not been pathologically established.
Conditions in which the primary symptom is headache and the headache cannot be attributed to any known causes.
Various conditions with the symptom of headache. Headache disorders are classified into major groups, such as primary headache disorders (based on characteristics of their headache symptoms) and secondary headache disorders (based on their etiologies). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)
Chronic form of disorder involving pain.
A disorder of the nervous system related to a vascular etiology.
A disease or disorder for which the cause is of uncertain or unknown.
has participant
this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot
this investigation has participant this investigator
this process has participant this input material (or this output material)
a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time.
has_participant
concretizes
A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The quality (a specifically dependent continuant) concretizes the journal article (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant).
A relationship between a specifically dependent continuant and a generically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. Multiple specifically dependent continuants can concretize the same generically dependent continuant.
role of
this investigator role is a role of this person
a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A role inheres in its bearer at all times for which the role exists, however the role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.
is role of
role_of
has disposition
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a disposition, in which the disposition specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
disposition of
derives into
this parent cell derives into this cell (cell division)
this parent nucleus derives into this nucleus (nuclear division)
a relation between two distinct material entities, the old entity and the new entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity
This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops into'. To avoid making statements about a future that may not come to pass, it is often better to use the backward-looking 'derives from' rather than the forward-looking 'derives into'.
derives_into
member of
An organism that is a member of a population of organisms
is member of is a mereological relation between a item and a collection.
Orifice of the olfactory system. The naris is the route by which odorants enter the olfactory system[MAH].
One of paired external openings of the nasal chamber.[AAO]
Naris refer to the external and interior naris (choana) of tetrapods, and to anterior and posterior naris of zebrafish. It seems now accepted that the structure is homologous: The choana, a unique 'internal nostril' opening from the nasal sac into the roof of the mouth, is a key part of the tetrapod (land vertebrate) respiratory system. It was the first component of the tetrapod body plan to evolve, well before the origin of limbs, and is therefore crucial to our understanding of the beginning of the fish-tetrapod transition. (...) Here we present new material of Kenichthys, a 395-million-year-old fossil fish from China, that provides direct evidence for the origin of the choana and establishes its homology: it is indeed a displaced posterior external nostril that, during a brief transitional stage illustrated by Kenichthys, separated the maxilla from the premaxilla.[well established][VHOG]
in actinopterygians, both pairs of nares are external. In tetrapods, the exhalant empties into the buccal cavity
we have classified this as an orifice, according to FMA. Note that in FMA, orifices are immaterial entities, but in ZFA this is a surface structure
A non-material anatomical entity of two dimensions. Anatomical boundaries are contiguous structures.
Except in the case of abstracted fiat boundaries such as the midline plane of an organism, all 2D anatomical entities have a 3 dimensional projection. For example, the surface of the shell of a muscle has a distinct shape that projects into the third dimension. Note that boundaries are 2D structures. They have no thickness - and so can not be sites of gene expression or gene product localisation. For this, use boundary region terms.
An eye with one concave chamber. Note that 'simple' does not imply a reduced level of complexity or acuity.
A tubular structure that contains, conveys body fluid, such as blood or lymph.
A fasciculated bundle of neuron projections (GO:0043005), largely or completely lacking synapses.
A bony prominence near the extremity of the femur that normally serves as attachment points for hip and thigh muscles[MP,modified].
Process on the ventral surface of the shaft of the femur.[AAO]
there are two in human (greater and lesser trochanters) and three in many other mammalian species (greater, lesser and third)
Muscle (organ) which is a part of the pelvis. Examples: levator ani,.
A skeletal joint that is part of a pes [Automatically generated definition].
TODO check FMA - use the set class for now
joint of terminal segment of free lower limb
A joint that connects the hindlimb autopod and zeugopod skeletons.
todo - accurately represent different types of ankle joint
A skeletal joint that is part of a manus (hand) [Automatically generated definition].
joint of terminal segment of free upper limb
This class currently groups a variety of different structures
A skeletal muscle organ that is part of the trunk region.
Note that this class excludes smooth muscle elements in the trunk region, such as the internal anal sphincter. This appears to be consistent with other ontologies such as FMA and ZFA which appear to only include skeletal muscles here. In fact the MA class 'trunk muscle' is classified as a 'set of skeletal muscles'.
Many ontologies do not appear to have a coherent distinction between an individual muscle and the musculature (i.e. the set of muscles in a region), so we group all together here.
Nonsynovial joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by ligaments. Examples: sagittal suture, inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis, gomphosis.[FMA].
A joint where fibrous tissue such as ligament connects two calcified tissues.[TAO]
Nonsynovial joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by cartilage. Examples: Spheno-occipital synchondrosis, first sternocostal joint, pubic symphysis.[FMA].
An organ that houses olfactory neurons and is responsible for the sense of smell. Examples include the vertebrate nose and the Drosophila dorsal organ.
An olfactory organ overlaps with the olfactory system, because some parts of the nose (e.g. nasal skeleton) are parts of the skeletal system, which is spatially disjoint
fma general anatomical term. xao has no subtypes (but Johnstons organ develops from this). An olfactory organ overlaps with the olfactory system, because some parts of the nose (e.g. nasal skeleton) are parts of the skeletal system, which is spatially disjoint
Any skeletal muscle that is part of the head region.
defined generically so could in theory encompass FBbt:00003260 'skeletal muscle of head', or the muscle of a starfish Aristotle's lantern, but we restrict this to craniates. Skeletal muscles of the head originate from the non-segmented head mesoderm (Noden, 1983; Wachtler et al., 1984)
Any muscle that is part of the cervical (neck) region.
Bone tissue forms directly within mesenchyme, and does not replace other tissues[TAO]. Intramembranous ossification is the formation of bone in which osteoblasts secrete a collagen-proteoglycan matrix that binds calcium salts and becomes calcified[GO]. Intramembranous ossification is the way flat bones and the shell of a turtle are formed[GO]. Unlike endochondral ossification, cartilage is not present during intramembranous ossification[WP].
Bone that forms directly within mesenchyme, and does not replace other tissues.[TAO]
[In TAO], This term was made obsolete because it is considered a synonym of membrane bone (VSAO:0000023).[TAO]
A cartilage element that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition].
A bone that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of the arterial system. Includes artery, arteriole and aorta.
only in MA - supertype of artery, arteriole, aorta.
A blood vessel that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition].
A blood vessel that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a leg [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a wrist [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a hand [Automatically generated definition].
connective tissue of terminal segment of free upper limb
Any muscle organ that is part of a forelimb.
FMA and MA class actually refer to muscles of entire pectoral complex
In humans: Muscles arising in the zygomatic arch that close the jaw. Their nerve supply is masseteric from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. (From Stedman, 25th ed).
we use this specifically for a jaw muscle that is innervates by the mandibular nerve.
originate from the somitomeres. These muscles develop late and are not complete even at birth. Tongue muscles develop before masticatory muscles and complete by birth
A bone that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition].
May be merged into femur. See https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=3586533&group_id=76834&atid=1205376
A bone that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition].
A muscle organ that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition].
muscle organ of abdominal segment of trunk
A limb joint that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition].
A cartilage element that is part of the cranial skeleton.
Cartilage which is part of the cranium.[TAO]
A bone that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition].
May be merged into humerus. See: https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=3586533&group_id=76834&atid=1205376
Any muscle organ that is part of a forelimb stylopod (upper arm)[Automatically generated definition].
the FMA class 'muscle of arm' belongs here, do not move
See notes on UBERON:0001460 for possible terminological confusion over term 'arm'
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition].
A bone that is part of an appendage [Automatically generated definition].
bone of free segment of appendicular skeleton
A vertebra in the trunk or cervical region. Includes all cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, but excludes caudal vertebra.
In humans, there are 24 presacral vertebrae (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar)
it's not clear if the XAO class belongs here or below
An artery of the systemic circulation, which is the part of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
The dentary is a dermal bone that forms the antero-lateral part of the lower jaw in fishes and amphibians, extending to the whole lower jaw in mammals[VHOG,modified].
Dermal bone that is usually the anteriormost bone of the lower jaw, and that articulates with the angular, or anguloarticular bone, posteriorly, and carries part of the mandibular sensory canal and pore openings of the mandibular sensory canal on its lateral surface. The dentary is a paired bone.[TAO]
Ossified element of intramembranous origin that invests the lateral margin of Meckel's cartilage thereby forming the lateral side of the mandible in anurans and salamanders (Duellman & Trueb, 1994:293). In caecilians, the dentary is part of a compound bone termed the pseudodentary.[AAO]
The dentary is a dermal bone that forms the antero-lateral part of the lower jaw in fishes and amphibians. In mammals the lower jaw consists entirely of the dentary bone. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Grande_L, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF, ZFA:0000191_and_Liem_KF, p.248][VHOG]
relationship loss: overlaps dentary-anguloarticular joint (TAO:0001749)[TAO]
Of all these bones [dentary, splenials, coronoids, angular, surangular and prearticular], only the dentary remains in the lower jaw of a mammal.[well established][VHOG]
In lobe-finned fishes and the early fossil tetrapods, the bone homologous to the mandible of mammals is merely the largest of several bones in the lower jaw. In such animals, it is referred to as the dentary bone, and forms the body of the outer surface of the jaw. It is bordered below by a number of splenial bones, while the angle of the jaw is formed by a lower angular bone and a suprangular bone just above it. The inner surface of the jaw is lined by a prearticular bone, while the articular bone forms the articulation with the skull proper. Finally a set of three narrow coronoid bones lie above the prearticular bone. As the name implies, the majority of the teeth are attached to the dentary, but there are commonly also teeth on the coronoid bones, and sometimes on the prearticular as well. This complex primitive pattern has, however, been simplified to various degrees in the great majority of vertebrates, as bones have either fused or vanished entirely. In teleosts, only the dentary, articular, and angular bones remain, while in living amphibians, the dentary is accompanied only by the prearticular, and, in salamanders, one of the coronoids. The lower jaw of reptiles has only a single coronoid and splenial, but retains all the other primitive bones except the prearticular.
Dermis-derived entity that is made of skeletal tissue.
Any bone that is part of the lower jaw skeleton. This includes (when present): the dentary/mandible, the articular, the splenial, the suprangular.
Do not manually classify under here - bones are automatically classified
Anatomical structure that connects two or more adjacent skeletal elements or hardened body parts.
A part of a wall of an organ that forms a layer.
Muscle structures are contractile cells, tissues or organs that are found in multicellular organisms[GO].
in some organisms such as drosophila, muscles can be single cells. This class groups together all discrete muscle elements, from multicellular muscle organs in vertebrates, to individual single-cell muscles in drisophila
A structure consisting of multiple cell components but which is not itself a cell and does not have (complete) cells as a part.
we go with the FMA classification rather than the CARO one. FMA def: 'Anatomical cluster which has as direct parts cell parts from two or more cells.'
One of: the common carotid artery, or its branches, the external and internal carotid arteries.
This is a generic grouping class that is the superclass of the trunks/branches of the common carotid artery. Note that AOs vary widely in how they divide up and generalize arteries
Artery originating at the junction of the first two aortic arches and supplying the anterior brain. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO]
A segment of autopod that is part of a pes.
A segment of autopod that is part of a manus.
Anatomical structure embedded in or located in the integument that is part of the integumental system. Examples: hair, follicles, skin glands, claws, nails, feathers.
add subclasses based on resolution of CARO tracker item. Also check: adnexal gland. Note that MP implicitly includes hypodermis.
the tissue or structures associated with or embedded in the skin such as hair and hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands and claws or nails[MP:0010678]
A collection of two or more connected limb segments. Examples: arm (comprising stylopod and zeugopod regions).
Subdivision of vertebral column that corresponds to the caudal subdivision of the body, containing the caudal vertebrae.
Region of the vertebral column posterior to the caudal-sacral region, that may consists of two or three to more than 100 vertebrae. These vertebrae exhibit a gradual reduction in the sizes of their transverse processes and zygapophyses, but these structures are never entirely absent. All caudal vertebrae bear haemal arches.[AAO]
in AAO, this is posterior to the caudal-sacral region
A collection of all skeletal elements in some subdivision of the vertebral column.
A blood vessel that is part of a limb/fin.
A bone that is part of a appendage girdle region.
Bone element that arises as a result of intramembranous ossification.
Bone element that arises as a result of intramembranous ossification.[VSAO]
Intramembranous bone that forms deep in the organism.[TAO]
Connective tissue, which consists of fibroblasts, the intercellular matrix of which contains a regular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: bone (tissue), cartilage (tissue), dense regular connective tissue.
the connective tissue hierarchy largely follows FMA with definitions from VSAO. Note that in FMA, loose-CT is irregular-CT. This means regular-CT is necessarily equivalent to dense-regular-CT (assuming a JEPD classification).
Connective tissue that is dominated by collagen fibres organized into a definitive pattern (e.g., parallel to one another), with comparatively fewer cells (mostly fibroblasts).
Connective tissue that is dominated by collagen fibres organized into a definitive pattern (e.g., parallel to one another), with comparatively fewer cells (mostly fibroblasts).[VSAO]
Regular connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which consists predominantly of collagen fiber bundles arranged in parallel arrays.[FMA]
dense regular collagenous connective tissue
typus regularis (textus connectivus collagenosus compactus)
A bone that is part of a craniocervical region.
A sesamoid bone that is part of a manus.
in MA, this includes the femur. i.e. pelvic girdle bone or femur; note that this makes the ilium etc in MA hindlimb bones. in MA this is a hindlimb bone
Either of two muscles of the calf of the leg.
pectoral girdle and thoracic body wall skeletal muscle
One of the lateral or medial condyles of the tibia.
Convex articular facet of the distal head of the femur that articulates with the proximal head of the tibia.[AAO]
A collection of hairs that is part of a face.
A skeletal element that is part of a orbital region.
A bone that is shaped as a broad flat plate and composed of two thin layers of compact tissue enclosing between them a variable quantity of cancellous tissue, which is the location of red bone marrow.
In an adult mammal, most red blood cells are formed in flat bones
Flat bones are those bones which are found where the principal requirement is either extensive protection or the provision of broad surfaces for muscular attachment
Examples: cranium, the ilium, sternum, rib cage, the sacrum and the scapula; the occipital, parietal, frontal, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, scapula, os coxC&, sternum, and ribs
An appendage segment that is part of a limb/fin.
pedal digit 1 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation
pedal digit 2 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation
pedal digit 3 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation
pedal digit 4 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation
pedal digit 5 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation
pedal digit 1 metatarsal cartilage element
pedal digit 2 metatarsal cartilage element
pedal digit 3 metatarsal cartilage element
pedal digit 4 metatarsal cartilage element
pedal digit 5 metatarsal cartilage element
manual digit 1 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation
manual digit 2 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation
manual digit 3 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation
manual digit 4 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation
manual digit 5 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation
manual digit 1 metacarpus cartilage element
manual digit 2 metacarpus cartilage element
manual digit 3 metacarpus cartilage element
manual digit 4 metacarpus cartilage element
manual digit 5 metacarpus cartilage element
pedal digit metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation
pedal digit metatarsal cartilage element
manual digit metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation
manual digit metacarpus cartilage element
Skeletal subdivision that is a segment of the limb skeleton.
note the distinction between this and skeleton of limb
A bone that is part of a pelvic complex. Examples: pubis, ischium, fot phalanx, any tarsal bone, any bone of the pelvic fin or girdle.
the MA class called 'hindlimb bone' belongs here, as it includes bones in the pelvic girdle
sacral vertebra pre-cartilage condensation
forelimb bone pre-cartilage condensation
A muscle of a pectoral girdle, pectoral fin or anterior limb.
the MA class belongs here, based on its current child classes
Muscles of the pectoral girdle, arm, forearm, and hand (brachium, antebrachium, manus respectively).[AAO]
A cartilage element that is part of a splanchnocranium.
The extrinsic extensor muscles of the hand are located in the back of the forearm and have long tendons connecting them to bones in the hand, where they exert their action.
A ligament that is part of a knee joint.
A synovial joint that is part of a pectoral girdle region.
in FMA, these are part of the bony pectoral girdle
The cleidomastoideus is a thick, strap-like muscle that together with the cleidocervicalis forms the proximal part of the brachiocephalicus. It lies beneath the cleidocervicalis. Its origin is the clavicular tendon with its insertion being at the mastoid process of the temporal bone. It is distinctly narrow and is united with the cleidocervicalis and cleidobrachialis by the clavicular tendon. Together with the other two components of the brachiocephalicus muscle, its primary function is to advance the free limb, however, it can also act as an shoulder extensor. Acting bilaterally, it fixes and depresses the neck, while by its unilateral action, it allows the head and neck to be drawn to the side. Its blood supply is the inferior cervical, carotid and vertebral arteries and its nerve supply is the spinal accessory, cervical and axillary nerves.
alt def: "Combination of cleidomastoid and cleidocervical muscles"
A tarsal bone that connected_to a hindlimb zeugopod skeleton.
Dense connective tissue is mainly composed of collagen type I. Crowded between the collagen fibers are rows of fibroblasts, fiber-forming cells, that manufacture the fibers. Dense connective tissue forms strong, rope-like structures such as tendons and ligaments. Tendons attach skeletal muscles to bones; ligaments connect bones to bones at joints. Ligaments are more stretchy and contain more elastic fibers than tendons. Dense connective tissue also make up the lower layers of the skin (dermis), where it is arranged in sheets.
our OWL definition states that this is differentiated from other connective tissue types by virtue of the fact that the collage fiber component predominates, as opposed to cells and fluid.
Connective tissue in which the fibrous component predominates. The cells, ground substance, and tissue fluid represent a minor component[NCIT]
A joint that connects the bones of the crus to the proximal tarsal bones.
an ankle joint that passes between the astragalus and calcaneum[Palaeos].
line of flexion between calcaneus and astragalus
A bone that is part of a the manual digitopodium skeleton - i.e. the fingers or the metacarpal skeleton.
A bone that is part of a the pedal digitopodium skeleton - i.e. the toes or the metatarsal skeleton.
A bone element that is part of a jaw region.
cervical vertebra pre-cartilage condensation
thoracic vertebra pre-cartilage condensation
lumbar vertebra pre-cartilage condensation
Ossicle that develops within bands of dense, regular connective tissue (e.g., tendons and ligaments). Sesamoids are generally located proximate to a bony prominence, over which the dense regular connective tissue wraps, and/or a joint or articulation.
Sesamoids are often endochondral replacement elements and in addition to bone tissue, may also be composed of articular cartilage, fibrocartilage, hyaline cartilage, and calcified cartilage.
Anatomical space that is an opening in a bone of the skull.
Anatomical projection that is part of the integumentl system.
A collection of hairs that is part of a craniocervical region.
Any muscle organ that is part of a pectoral appendage (forelimb or pectoral fin).
Any muscle organ that is part of a pelvic appendage (hindlimb or pelvic fin).
The major preaxial endrochondral skeletal element in the anterior zeugopod.
Major postaxial endrochondral skeletal element in the anterior zeugopod.
The corresponding element in the posterior fin/limb is the fibula.
The major preaxial endochondral element in the posterior zeugopod[Phenoscape].
A vertebral endochondral element in the cervical region of the vertebral column.
A vertebral endochondral element in the thoracic region of the vertebral column.
A lumbar vertebra bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.
A vertebra endochondral element that is part of the sacral region of the vertebral column.
The major postaxial endochondral element in the posterior zeugopod[Phenoscape].
A calcaneum bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.
A rib bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.
Humans have 24 ribs (12 pairs). The first seven sets of ribs, known as 'true ribs', are directly attached to the sternum through the costal cartilage. The following five sets are known as 'false ribs', three of these sharing a common cartilaginous connection to the sternum, while the last two (eleventh and twelfth ribs) are termed floating ribs (costae fluitantes) or vertebral ribs. They are attached to the vertebrae only, and not to the sternum or cartilage coming off of the sternum. Some people are missing one of the two pairs of floating ribs, while others have a third pair. Rib removal is the surgical excision of ribs for therapeutic or cosmetic reasons. In fish, there are often two sets of ribs attached to the vertebral column. One set, the dorsal ribs, are found in the dividing septum between the upper and lower parts of the main muscle segments, projecting roughly sideways from the vertebral column. The second set, of ventral ribs arise from the vertebral column just below the dorsal ribs, and enclose the lower body, often joining at the tips. Not all species possess both types of rib, with the dorsal ribs being most commonly absent. Sharks, for example, have no dorsal ribs, and only very short ventral ribs, while lampreys have no ribs at all. In some teleosts, there may be additional rib-like bones within the muscle mass. Tetrapods, however, only ever have a single set of ribs which are probably homologous with the dorsal ribs of fishes. In the early tetrapods, every vertebra bore a pair of ribs, although those on the thoracic vertebrae are typically the longest. The sacral ribs were stout and short, since they formed part of the pelvis, connecting the backbone to the hip bones.[1] In most subsequent forms, many of these early ribs have been lost, and in living amphibians and reptiles, there is great variation in rib structure and number. For example, turtles have only eight pairs of ribs, which are developed into a bony or cartilagenous carapace and plastron, while snakes have numerous ribs running along the full length of their trunk. Frogs typically have no ribs, aside from a sacral pair, which form part of the pelvis.[1]. In birds, ribs are present as distinct bones only on the thoracic region, although small fused ribs are present on the cervical vertebrae. The thoracic ribs of birds possess a wide projection to the rear; this uncinate process is an attachment for the shoulder muscles.[1]. Mammals usually also only have distinct ribs on the thoracic vertebra, although fixed cervical ribs are also present in monotremes. In marsupials and placental mammals, the cervical and lumbar ribs are found only as tiny remnants fused to the vertebrae, where they are referred to as transverse processes. In general, the structure and number of the true ribs in humans is similar to that in other mammals. Unlike reptiles, caudal ribs are never found in mammals.
pedal digit 1 metatarsal endochondral element
A pedal digit 1 metatarsal bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.
pedal digit 1 metatarsal skeletal element
pedal digit I metatarsal endochondral element
pedal digit 2 metatarsal endochondral element
A pedal digit 2 metatarsal bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.
pedal digit 2 metatarsal skeletal element
pedal digit II metatarsal endochondral element
pedal digit 3 metatarsal endochondral element
A pedal digit 3 metatarsal bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.
pedal digit 3 metatarsal skeletal element
pedal digit III metatarsal endochondral element
pedal digit 4 metatarsal endochondral element
A pedal digit 4 metatarsal bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.
pedal digit 4 metatarsal skeletal element
pedal digit IV metatarsal endochondral element
pedal digit 5 metatarsal endochondral element
A pedal digit 5 metatarsal bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.
pedal digit 5 metatarsal skeletal element
pedal digit V metatarsal endochondral element
manual digit 1 metacarpus endochondral element
A manual digit 1 metacarpus bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.
manual digit 1 metacarpus skeletal element
manual digit I metacarpus endochondral element
manual digit 2 metacarpus endochondral element
A manual digit 2 metacarpus bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.
manual digit 2 metacarpus skeletal element
manual digit II metacarpus endochondral element
manual digit 3 metacarpus endochondral element
A manual digit 3 metacarpus bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.
manual digit 3 metacarpus skeletal element
manual digit III metacarpus endochondral element
manual digit 4 metacarpus endochondral element
A manual digit 4 metacarpus bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.
manual digit 4 metacarpus skeletal element
manual digit IV metacarpus endochondral element
manual digit 5 metacarpus endochondral element
A manual digit 5 metacarpus bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.
manual digit 5 metacarpus skeletal element
manual digit V metacarpus endochondral element
A femur bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.
A humerus bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.
A scapula bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.
A proximal mesopodial endochondral element that is part of a forelimb.
A proximal mesopodial endochondral element that is part of a hindlimb.
distal tarsal bone 2 endochondral element
A distal mesopodial endochondral element that is composed primarily of a bone tissue.
A part of an organism or organ that is continuous with its surroundings and distinguished from its surroundings based on morphology.
Any of the muscles that are responsible for moving the scapula. In humans these are the levator scapulae, the infraspinatus muscle, the teres major, the teres minor, and the supraspinatus muscle.
An multicellular anatomical structure that has subparts of multiple organs as a part.
A collection of anatomical structures that are alike in terms of their morphology or developmental origin.
resolve if this should be a subclass of disconnected anatomical group. Some collections (e.g. the skeleton or skull) are arguably connected
A mucosa that is part of a lip region [Automatically generated definition].
individual digit of digitopodial skeleton
A zone of skin that is part of the external genitalia.
A bibliographic reference for the resource.
Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible.
The Eight Influential Points refer to the specific points which have particular effects in treatment of disorders relating to the zang-fu organs, qi, blood, tendon, pulse and vessels, bone and marrow. Each of the Eight Influential Points overlaps the other point. Yanglingquan (GB 34) is the Influential Point of tendons.
Major Luo-Connecting Point of the Spleen
The Eight Influential Points refer to the specific points which have particular effects in treatment of disorders relating to the zang-fu organs, qi, blood, tendon, pulse and vessels, bone and marrow. Each of the Eight Influential Points overlaps the other point. Zhongwan (CV 12) is the Influential Point of the fu organs. Zhongwan (CV 12), the Influential Point of the fu organs, is selected to lower the qi of the fu organ.
The Eight Influential Points refer to the specific points which have particular effects in treatment of disorders relating to the zang-fu organs, qi, blood, tendon, pulse and vessels, bone and marrow. Each of the Eight Influential Points overlaps the other point. Zhangmen (LR 13) is the Influential Point of the zang organs.
Dabao (Major Luo-Connecting Point of the Spleen, SP 21)
Tanzhong (CV 17), the influential point of qi, is able to regulate the flow of qi. Tanzhong (CV 17), the Influential Point of qi, is to bring qi down.
Dazhu (BL II) is the Influential Point of bone
The Eight Influential Points refer to the specific points which have particular effects in treatment of disorders relating to the zang-fu organs, qi, blood, tendon, pulse and vessels, bone and marrow. Each of the Eight Influential Points overlaps the other point. Geshu (BL17) is the Influential Point of blood.
The Eight Influential Points refer to the specific points which have particular effects in treatment of disorders relating to the zang-fu organs, qi, blood, tendon, pulse and vessels, bone and marrow. Each of the Eight Influential Points overlaps the other point. Xuanzhong (GB 39) is the Influential Point of Marrow.
An object property that relates an acupoint to the special role it bears (e.g., LU 1 hasSpecialPointRole Front-Mu Point of the Lung Role). It is the inverse of isSpecialPointRoleOf and a sub-property of the RO relation 'has role' (RO:0000087). This property is inferred via a SWRL rule from hasSpecialPointDesignation.
An object property that relates a special acupoint role to the acupoint that holds it (e.g., Front-Mu Point of the Lung Role isSpecialPointDesignationOf LU 1). It is the inverse of hasSpecialPointDesignation and a sub-property of the RO relation 'inheres in' (RO:0000052).
An object property that relates a special acupoint role to the acupoint that bears it. It is the inverse of hasSpecialPointRole and a sub-property of the RO relation 'role of' (RO:0000081). This property is inferred via a SWRL rule from isSpecialPointDesignationOf.
spatial region
process
p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003])
An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t.
material entity
a flame
a forest fire
a human being
a hurricane
a photon
a puff of smoke
a sea wave
a tornado
an aggregate of human beings.
an energy wave
an epidemic
the undetached arm of a human being
An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time.
BFO 2 Reference: Material entities (continuants) can preserve their identity even while gaining and losing material parts. Continuants are contrasted with occurrents, which unfold themselves in successive temporal parts or phases [60
BFO 2 Reference: Object, Fiat Object Part and Object Aggregate are not intended to be exhaustive of Material Entity. Users are invited to propose new subcategories of Material Entity.
BFO 2 Reference: ‘Matter’ is intended to encompass both mass and energy (we will address the ontological treatment of portions of energy in a later version of BFO). A portion of matter is anything that includes elementary particles among its proper or improper parts: quarks and leptons, including electrons, as the smallest particles thus far discovered; baryons (including protons and neutrons) at a higher level of granularity; atoms and molecules at still higher levels, forming the cells, organs, organisms and other material entities studied by biologists, the portions of rock studied by geologists, the fossils studied by paleontologists, and so on.Material entities are three-dimensional entities (entities extended in three spatial dimensions), as contrasted with the processes in which they participate, which are four-dimensional entities (entities extended also along the dimension of time).According to the FMA, material entities may have immaterial entities as parts – including the entities identified below as sites; for example the interior (or ‘lumen’) of your small intestine is a part of your body. BFO 2.0 embodies a decision to follow the FMA here.
occurs in
b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
occurs_in
unfolds in
unfolds_in
Paraphrase of definition: a relation between a process and an independent continuant, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant
An abnormality of the form, structure, or size of the skeletal system.
Abnormality of the musculoskeletal system
An anomaly of the musculoskeletal system, which consists of the bones of the skeleton, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissue. The musculoskeletal system supports the weight of the body, maintains body position and produces movements of the body or of parts of the body.
document
publication
Revisit the term in Octorber 2020. Improve the defintion.
requires discussion
A term that is metadata complete, has been reviewed, and problems have been identified that require discussion before release. Such a term requires editor note(s) to identify the outstanding issues.
autoimmune disorder of musculoskeletal system
A hypersensitivity reaction type II disease that involves the musculoskeletal system.
musculoskeletal system autoimmune disease
musculoskeletal system hypersensitivity reaction type II disease
A group of signs, symptoms, and clinicopathological characteristics that may or may not have a genetic basis and collectively define an abnormal condition.
syndrome associated with disease or disorder
A disease involving the connective tissue.
disease or disorder of connective tissue
Following clinical usage of the term 'connective tissue disorder' this grouping excludes some diseases affecting tissues classically considered to be connective tissue, such as bone.
A noninflammatory degenerative joint disease occurring chiefly in older persons, characterized by degeneration of the articular cartilage, hypertrophy of bone at the margins and changes in the synovial membrane. It is accompanied by pain and stiffness, particularly after prolonged activity.
Inflammatory and degenerative diseases of connective tissue structures, such as arthritis.
This is an umbrella term encompassing conditions causing chronic, often intermittent pain affecting the joints and/or connective tissue
A disease affecting the brain or part of the brain.
Editor note: NCIT has different classes for brain disease and encephalopathy
A disorder resulting from loss of function or tissue destruction of an organ or multiple organs, arising from humoral or cellular immune responses of the individual to their own tissue constituents. It may be systemic (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus), or organ specific, (e.g., thyroiditis).
hypersensitivity reaction type II disease
A disease involving the skeletal muscle tissue.
disease or disorder of skeletal muscle tissue
skeletal muscle tissue disease or disorder
A disease involving a pathogenic inflammatory response in the anatomical structure.
has function
this enzyme has function this catalysis function (more colloquially: this enzyme has this catalysis function)
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a function, in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many functions, and its functions can exist for different periods of time, but none of its functions can exist when the bearer does not exist. A function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists.
has_function
has 2D boundary
my body has 2D boundary the surface of my skin
a relation between a material entity and a 2D immaterial entity (the boundary), in which the boundary delimits the material entity
has boundary
has_2D_boundary
has member
has member is a mereological relation between a collection and an item.
has muscle insertion
Anatomical conduit that connects two adjacent body spaces (or a body space with the space surrounding the organism)[FMA,modified].
in FMA, this is an anatomical conduit *space*, rather than anatomical conduit
Dense regular connective tissue connecting two or more adjacent skeletal elements or supporting an organ.
Nonparenchymatous organ that primarily consists of dense connective tissue aggregated into fasciculi by connective tissue. Examples: sutural ligament, radiate sternocostal ligament, ligament of liver, ovarian ligament[FMA][FMA:21496].
Portion of connective tissue that connects bone or cartilage.[TAO]
Compared with their Ediacarian predecessor, Cambrian animals in general were characterized by their much stouter bodies. The stoutness of the body is likely due to the formation of ligaments and tendons, which in turn requires the crosslinking of collagen triple helices.[well established][VHOG]
this groups both skeletal and non-skeletal ligaments. What is called a 'ligament' in many AOs is actually a skeletal ligament
A skeletal muscle whose contraction extends or stretches a body part.
Any of the muscles that increase the angle between segments of a limb, E.g. straightening the elbow or knee or bending the wrist or spine backward. The movement is usually directed backward, with the notable exception of the knee joint. In humans, certain muscles of the hand and foot are named for this function. In the hand these include the extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis longus, and extensor carpi ulnaris, which run from the humerus along the back of the forearm to the metacarpal bones at the back of the hand. [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/198909/extensor-muscle]
A skeletal muscle whose contraction bends a joint.
A muscle that decreases the angle of a joint.[TAO]
Multicellular anatomical structure that consists of many cells of one or a few types, arranged in an extracellular matrix such that their long-range organisation is at least partly a repetition of their short-range organisation.
changed label and definition to reflect CARO2
The most superficial muscle on the medial side of the thigh. It is thin and flattened, broad above, narrow and tapering below. It arises by a thin aponeurosis from the anterior margins of the lower half of the symphysis pubis and the upper half of the pubic arch.
AAO has minor and major gracilis, which merge together, attaching the pelvic rim to the tibiofibula - this could be grouped with the mammalian gracilis at some level; note the current insertion site is 'tibia' which would be modified for amphibian tibiafibula
A&P heads in rat, single head in humans[DOI:10.1002/ar.22919]
A vertebra bone that is part of the sacral region of the vertebral column.
Enlarged vertebra with transverse processes (diapophyses), and ocassionally ribs, that are modified and elaborated for support of the pelvic girdle.[AAO]
EDITOR_NOTE todo - AAO placement to be confirmed by AAO curators (the AAO class may also include modified ribs)
The external sac of skin that encloses the testes. It is an extension of the abdomen, and in placentals is located between the penis and anus.
In elephants the testes remain in the abdomen
In hedgehogs the testes remain in the inguinal canal
In humans and some other mammals, the base of the scrotum becomes covered with pubic hair at puberty
In marsupials, the scrotum is not homologous to the eutherian scrotum, and development is under the control of X-linked genes, not androgens
In marsupials, the scrotum is positioned in the caudal area of the abdomen, in the same position as the pouch in females. It has been suggested that the pouch and marsupial scrotum are sexual homologs, but it is more likely they arise from different primordia in the same morphogenetic field
The scrotum of marsupials is not homologous with the scrotum of mammals[ISBN:113945742X]
The tensor fasciae latae or tensor fasciæ latæ is a muscle of the thigh. [WP,unvetted].
The semimembranosus is a muscle in the back of the thigh. It is the most medial of the three hamstring muscles. [WP,unvetted].
A muscle that is part of the region of the hindlimb between the pelvis and ankle.
see notes on UBERON:0000978 for possible confusion over the term 'leg'.
muscle of upper or lower hindlimb segment
A deep muscle of the triceps surae group, in the superficial posterior compartment of the leg.
responsible for plantar flexion of the foot
In human anatomy, the axillary artery is a large blood vessel that conveys oxygenated blood to the lateral aspect of the thorax, the axilla (armpit) and the upper limb. Its origin is at the lateral margin of the first rib, before which it is called the subclavian artery. After passing the lower margin of teres major it becomes the brachial artery.
axillary part of trunk of subclavian artery
Endochondral proximal carpal bone articulating with the radius.
TODO - check AAO placement; in rodents this is fused with the lunate to make the scapholunate
One of two element that constitute the basal row of carpals. It articulates proximally with the radius, mesially with the ulnare (or pars intermedia of the ulnare when the ulnare is fused to the intermedium) and distally with the centrale (also recognized by some authors as element Y). This element originates from one or two condensation centers. Occasionally it may fuse to carpal 5(4), the ulnare, or other elements.[AAO]
the bone of the hand located at the radial side of the carpus and which articulates with the radius, trapezium, trapezoideum, capitate, and lunate bones
In reptiles, birds, and amphibians, this bone is instead commonly referred to as the radiale, because of its articulation with the radius[WP]
A bone that is part of the carpal skeleton. Examples: scaphoid, lunate, capitate[cjm].
In tetrapods, the carpals is the sole cluster of the bones in the wrist between the radius and ulna and the metacarpus. The bones of the carpus do not belong to individual fingers (or toes in quadrupeds), whereas those of the metacarpus do. The corresponding part of the foot is the tarsus. The carpal bones allow the wrist to move and rotate vertically, horizontally and laterally. In human anatomy, the main role of the carpus is to facilitate effective positioning of the hand and powerful use of the extensors and flexors of the forearm, but the mobility of individual carpal bones increase the freedom of movements at the wrist.
Endochondral tarsal bone articulating with centralia and metatarsal 2.
Small element that articulates anteriorly with metatarsal II. It may be fused to tarsal 1 or to tarsal 3.[AAO]
The intermediate cuneiform (also known as second cuneiform / middle cuneiform) is shaped like a wedge, the thin end pointing downwards. It is situated between the other two cuneiforms (the medial and lateral cuneiforms), and articulates with the navicular posteriorly, the second metatarsal anteriorly and with the other cuneiforms on either side. [WP,unvetted]
A tarsal bone that is formed from distal tarsals 4 and 5. [WP,modified].
NominaAnatomicaVeterinaria uses os cuboideum as an official synonym for distal tarsal IV, but some sources also use this as the label for the human cuboid bone which is regarded to be formed from tarsals IV and V. We therefore decline to use exact syns in either case.
Any muscle organ that is part of a shoulder [Automatically generated definition].
Any muscle organ that is part of a pelvic girdle [Automatically generated definition].
Note that in MA, this is a subclass of pelvis muscle; in FMA this is a hindlimb muscle, but recall in FMA hindlimb includes the girdle.
A muscle organ that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition].
See notes on UBERON:0001460 for possible terminological confusion over term 'arm'. MA uses this consistent with uberon (forelimb muscle is subdivided into shoulder, arm and hand)
The flexor carpi ulnaris muscle (FCU) is a muscle of the human forearm that acts to flex and adduct the manus. [WP,unvetted].
AAO has a class with the same name, the exact insertion point is unclear; consider grouping :Muscle which originates from the medial condyle of the humerus and inserts on the carpus. [AAO:0010734]
A branch of the external carotid artery that supplies structures of the face. [WP,unvetted].
A major artery of the head that arises from the external carotid artery when it bifurcates into the superficial temporal artery and maxillary artery. Its pulse is palpable superior to the zygomatic arch, anterior and superior to the tragus. [WP,unvetted].
The bone at the lower, posterior part of the skull.
formed from the sclerotome of the occipital somites. It is not present in living or fossil agnathans or cartilaginous fishes, but appears to have arisen in parallel in many bony fishes. Incorporation of the occipital ver- tebrae into the skull was associated with the annexation of the upper part of the spinal cord into the brain, together with the first 2 spinal nerves as cranial nerves XI and XII
fusion of basi-, exo- and supra-occipitals (and maybe tabular)
The quadrilateral bone that forms the prominence of the cheek.
The jugal is a skull bone found in most reptiles, amphibians, and birds. In mammals, the jugal is often called the malar or Zygomatic. It is connected to the quadratojugal and maxilla, as well as other bones, which may vary by species. This bone is considered key in the determination of general traits of the skull, in the case of creatures, as with dinosaurs in paleontology, whose entire skull has not been found[Wikipedia:Jugal_bone].
The zygomatic bone is a paired dermal bone which articulates with the maxilla. In humans it also articulates with the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. The zygomatic is homologous to the jugal bone of other tetrapods. It is situated at the upper and lateral part of the face and forms the prominence of the cheek, part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, and parts of the temporal and infratemporal fossae. It presents a malar and a temporal surface; four processes, the frontosphenoidal, orbital, maxillary, and temporal; and four borders[WP,modified][Wikipedia:Zygomatic_bone].
(...) and the infraorbital bone 3 of advanced actinopterygians (is homologous) with the jugal bone of sarcopterygians.[well established][VHOG]
In humans it also articulates with the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. The zygomatic is homologous to the jugal bone of other tetrapods. It is situated at the upper and lateral part of the face and forms the prominence of the cheek, part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, and parts of the temporal and infratemporal fossae. It presents a malar and a temporal surface; four processes, the frontosphenoidal, orbital, maxillary, and temporal; and four borders [Wikipedia:Zygomatic_bone, Wikipedia:Jugal_bone]
vHOG says is homologous to infraorbital 3.
A horseshoe shaped bone situated in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage. The hyoid bone provides attachment to the muscles of the floor of the mouth and the tongue above, the larynx below, and the epiglottis and pharynx behind. [WP,modified].
Paired processes that extend posterolaterally from the posterior margin of the hyoid plate. These processes are the ossified posteromedial processes and invest the laryngeal apparatus.[AAO]
relationship loss: part_of hyoid plate (AAO:0000664)[AAO]
The hyoid bone is derived from the lower half of the second gill arch in fish, which separates the first gill slit from the spiracle. In many animals, it also incorporates elements of other gill arches, and has a correspondingly greater number of cornua. Amphibians and reptiles may have many cornua, while mammals (including humans) have two pairs, and birds only one. In birds, and some reptiles, the body of the hyoid is greatly extended forward, creating a solid bony support for the tongue. The howler monkey Alouatta has a pneumatized hyoid bone, one of the few cases of postcranial pneumatization of bones outside Saurischia.
The cartilaginous structures that support the larynx.
(In anura) a dorsal pair of arytenoid cartilages (...), which support vocal cords, and a ventral pair (often fused) of cricoid cartilage (...). These cartilages are regarded as derivatives of posterior visceral arches of ancestors. Together they constitute the larynx, a structure characteristic of tetrapods. (...) (In mammals) Paired arytenoid cartilages help support and control the vocal cords. The cricoid cartilage is single. Two additional cartilages are present that are lacking in other vertebrates: a large ventral thyroid cartilage (...) and a cartilage in the epiglottis.[well established][VHOG]
The fibrous investing tissue, covered by keratinized epithelium, that immediately surrounds a tooth and is contiguous with its periodontal ligament and with the mucosal tissues of the mouth[Glossary of Periodontal Terms 2001].
FMA has a 3-level breakdown of jaws into: region, jaw (skeleton+gums), skeleton.
The soft lower part of the external ear, projecting below the antitragus.
The earlobe is composed of tough areolar and adipose (fatty) connective tissues, lacking the firmness and elasticity of the rest of the pinna. Since the earlobe does not contain cartilage the earlobe has a large blood supply and may help to warm the ears and maintain balance but generally earlobes are not considered to have any major biological function.
On of the muscles that make up the buttocks: the gluteus maximus muscle, gluteus medius muscle and gluteus minimus muscle.
FMA includes tensor fasciae latae and other buttock muscles. BTO def: Any one of three large skeletal muscles that form the buttock and move the thigh.
Cartilaginous joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by fibrocartilage. Examples: pubic symphysis, intervertebral symphysis, manubriosternal joint.[FMA].
The proximal free limb segment. Includes as parts the stylopod skeleton.
Naming conventions for pod terms under discussion within phenoscape group
Anatomical space which contains portions of one or more body substances and is bounded by the internal surface of one maximally connected anatomical structure. Examples: cranial cavity, pharyngeal recess space, nasal cavity, tooth socket, cavity of serous sac, lumen of stomach, lumen of artery, fornix of vagina.
Endochondral bones that are often elongate and arranged in rows of articulating elements, and form the visible part of the digits.
In primates such as humans and monkeys, the thumb and big toe have two phalanges, while the other fingers and toes consist of three
A bone that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition].
Different sources vary regarding which bones are craniofacial; e.g. hyoid bone
A bone that is part of the region of the forelimb that includes the zeugopod and stylopod. Examples: patella, femur, tibia.
A bone that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition].
A bone that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of connective tissue that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition].
Any muscle organ that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition].
A bone that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition].
bone organ of abdominal segment of trunk
A limb joint that is part of an autopod [Automatically generated definition].
joint of limb of distal free limb segment
One of the folds of skin which form the inner lips (labia minora) and outer lips (labia majora) on both sides of the vaginal opening.
A bone that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition].
bone of inferior member middle limb segment
bone of intermediate segment of free lower limb
bone of lower extremity middle limb segment
bone of middle limb segment of hind limb
bone of middle limb segment of inferior member
bone of middle limb segment of lower extremity
bone organ of hind limb middle limb segment
bone organ of hindlimb middle limb segment
bone organ of inferior member middle limb segment
bone organ of intermediate segment of free lower limb
bone organ of lower extremity middle limb segment
bone organ of middle limb segment of hind limb
bone organ of middle limb segment of hindlimb
bone organ of middle limb segment of inferior member
bone organ of middle limb segment of lower extremity
bone organ of zeugopod of inferior member
bone organ of zeugopod of lower extremity
hind limb middle limb segment bone organ
inferior member middle limb segment bone
inferior member middle limb segment bone organ
intermediate segment of free lower limb bone
intermediate segment of free lower limb bone organ
lower extremity middle limb segment bone
lower extremity middle limb segment bone organ
middle limb segment of hind limb bone organ
middle limb segment of hindlimb bone organ
middle limb segment of inferior member bone
middle limb segment of inferior member bone organ
middle limb segment of lower extremity bone
middle limb segment of lower extremity bone organ
Any muscle organ that is part of a forelimb zeugopod (lower arm)[Automatically generated definition].
Anatomical projection that is composed of bone tissue.
elements are to be defined spatially/topologically
In humans: The twelfth rib has a single articular facet on the head, which is of rather large size. It has no necks or tubercles, and is pointed at its anterior ends. The twelfth has angle nor costal groove; it is much shorter than the eleventh rib, and its head is inclined slightly downward. Sometimes the twelfth rib is even shorter than the first rib. [WP,unvetted].
Anatomical cavity bounded by the orbital region of the cranium and forming the location of some or all of the eye.
note that the AAO and ZFA class is a cavity
An organ or element that is part of the pelvic region. Examples: reproductive organs (in some organisms), urinary bladder, bones of the pelvis.
alimentary part of gastrointestinal system
A corner of the medial (inner) part of an eye.
The angle at the end of the palpebral fissure, the slit between the eyelids, close to the nose. [ISBN:0124020607, p.263][VHOG]
Anatomical space that is an opening in a bone, usually for passage of blood vessels or nerves.
in FMA and ZFA this is a conduit space, not a conduit. Note there may be some additional disambiguation required: foramen is used loosely in the sense of any opening (e.g. foramen primum). FMA appears to use cranial conduit (undefined) in the sense of any foramen of the skull (includes mental foramen, which is not in the cranium proper).
A subdivision of the autopod that corresponds to one or more bones arranged in series branching from the main limb axis.
encompasses digits and prepollex. requires review
A bone that is part of the pes skeleton.
A naris that provides one of the small external openings of the head that give passage to air for breathing.
Hole on the nasal capsule that connects the nasal cavity with the exterior.[AAO]
relationship loss: subclass nasal opening (AAO:0000316)[AAO]
In a tetrapod, the nasal sac has an external naris (homologous with the anterior naris of the fish) (...).[well established][VHOG]
Fish have two pairs of external nostrils.
A process projection from a part of the vertebra such as centrum or arches. Examples: transverse process, diapophyses, parapophyses, and zygapophyses (both the cranial zygapophyses and the caudal zygapophyses).
A process of the scapula in most mammals representing the remnant of the coracoid bone of lower vertebrates thas has become fused with the scapula.
The coracoid process is a small hook-like structure on the lateral edge of the superior anterior portion of the scapula. Pointing laterally forward, it, together with the acromion, serves to stabilize the shoulder joint. It is palpable in the deltopectoral groove between the deltoid and pectoralis major muscles. It is the site of attachment for several structures: * The pectoralis minor muscle - to 3rd to 5th ribs. * The short head of biceps brachii muscle - to Radial tuberosity. * The coracobrachialis muscle - to medial humerus. * The coracoclavicular ligament - to the clavicle. (The ligament is formed by the conoid ligament and trapezoid ligament.) * The coracoacromial ligament - to the acromion[WP][Wikipedia:Coracoid_process].
In humans is situated on its superior border and serves for the attachment of various muscles
A canthus is a corner of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet. The bicanthal plane is the transversal plane linking both canthi and defines the upper boundary of the midface.
Non-material anatomical entity of zero dimension, which forms a boundary of an anatomical line or surface.
An anatomical structure that connects two structures.
metacarpophalangeal joint of manual digit 4
A skeletal joint that connects a metacarpal bone and connects a proximal phalanx of manual digit 4.
metacarpophalangeal joint of fourth digit of hand
metacarpophalangeal joint of fourth finger
metacarpophalangeal joint of manual digit IV
carpometacarpophalangeal joint of fourth digit
metacarpo-phalangeal joint of digit 4 of fore-paw
metacarpophalangeal joint of ring finger
metacarpophalangeal joint of manual digit 5
A skeletal joint that connects a metacarpal bone and connects a proximal phalanx of manual digit 5.
metacarpophalangeal joint of fifth digit of hand
metacarpophalangeal joint of fifth finger
metacarpophalangeal joint of manual digit V
metacarpo-phalangeal joint of digit 5 of fore-paw
metacarpophalangeal joint of little finger
metatarsophalangeal joint of pedal digit 2
A skeletal joint that connects a metatarsal bone and connects a distal phalanx of pedal digit 2.
the name of the structure in EMAPA is incorrect
metatarsophalangeal joint of pedal digit II
metatarsophalangeal joint of second digit of foot
metatarsophalangeal joint of pedal digit 4
A skeletal joint that connects a metatarsal bone and connects a distal phalanx of pedal digit 4.
metatarsophalangeal joint of fourth digit of foot
metatarsophalangeal joint of pedal digit IV
A bone that is part of a pectoral girdle region.
A skeletal joint that is part of a appendage girdle region.
The part of the face above the eyes[MESH]. In human anatomy, the forehead is the fore part of the head. It is, formally, an area of the head bounded by three features, two of the skull and one of the scalp. The top of the forehead is marked by the hairline, the edge of the area where hair on the scalp grows. The bottom of the forehead is marked by the supraorbital ridge, the bone feature of the skull above the eyes. The two sides of the forehead are marked by the temporal ridge, a bone feature that links the supraorbital ridge to the coronal suture line and beyond[WP].
In humans is the sole of the foot anatomically referred to as the plantar aspect. The equivalent surface in ungulates is the hoof
Dense regular connective tissue connecting two or more adjacent skeletal elements[VSAO,modified].
logical definition deliberately made strict to avoid classifying MA:spiral ligament as both nonskeletal and skeletal. see https://github.com/obophenotype/mouse-anatomy-ontology/issues/71
Dense regular connective tissue connecting two or more adjacent skeletal elements or supporting an organ.[VSAO]
Ligament organ that primarily consists of regular dense connective tissue aggregated into fasciculi; connects bone and cartilage organs. Examples: sutural ligament, ligament of pinna, tarsal ligament[FMA:25624].
Skeletal element that forms superficially in the organism, usually in association with the ectoderm[VSAO].
Intramembranous bone that forms superficially in the organism.[TAO]
other AOs are not yet in sync with this classification
The axilla is the area directly under the joint where the forelimb connects to the shoulder.
The initial part of the entire common carotid artery ending with the point where the artery bifurcates into an external carotid artery and an internal carotid artery.
The core globe-shaped component of the camera-type eye.
The metacarpus is the intermediate part of the manus skeleton that is located between the phalanges (bones of the fingers) distally and the carpus which forms the connection to the forearm. The metacarpus consists of metacarpal bones. The metacarpals form a transverse arch to which the rigid row of distal carpal bones are fixed. The peripheral metacarpals (those of the thumb and little finger) form the sides of the cup of the palmar gutter and as they are brought together they deepen this concavity. The index metacarpal is the most firmly fixed, while the thumb metacarpal articulates with the trapezium and acts independently from the others. The middle metacarpals are tightly united to the carpus by intrinsic interlocking bone elements at their bases. The ring metacarpal forms a transitional element of the semi-independent last metacarpal. [WP,unvetted].
Segment of the forearm corresponding to the metacarpus, which articulates with the carpals at one end and with the phalanges at the other end.[AAO]
Subdivision of skeleton that corresponds to metapodium region, between acropodial skeleton and mesopdoial skeleton.
Endochondral bone complex located between the mesopodium and the acropodium and consisting of the metacarpals or metatarsals.[VSAO]
relationship type change: subclass skeletal subdivision (VSAO:0000042) CHANGED TO: connected_to subdivision of skeleton (UBERON:0010912)[VSAO]
relationship type change: subclass skeletal subdivision (VSAO:0000042) CHANGED TO: distally_connected_to subdivision of skeleton (UBERON:0010912)[VSAO]
There are three cuneiform bones in the human foot: the medial cuneiform the intermediate cuneiform also known as the middle the lateral cuneiform. They are located between the navicular bone and the first, second and third metatarsal bones and are medial to the cuboid bone[WP, unvetted, human specific].
Series of elements that articulate with the metatarsals.[AAO]
Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements (i.e. bone elements, cartilage elements, cartilage condensations) that are part of an individual subdivision of the organism. Excludes joints.
Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements that are part of the skeleton.[VSAO]
Any muscle organ that is part of either the head or the neck.
A muscle capable of adduction. Adduction is a movement which brings a part of the anatomy closer to the middle sagittal plane of the body. It is opposed to abduction.
A muscle that brings a body part closer to the sagittal plane of the body.[TAO]
relationship loss: subclass cranial muscle (TAO:0001953)[TAO]
we place the TAO class here even though it is a cranial muscle; it is defined functionally
A bone that is part of a neurocranium [Automatically generated definition].
A nail that is part of a manual digit 1.
A nail that is part of a manual digit 2.
A nail that is part of a manual digit 4.
The styloid process of the ulna projects from the medial and back part of the bone; it descends a little lower than the head, and its rounded end affords attachment to the ulnar collateral ligament of the wrist[WP,unvetted].
A gingiva that is part of a upper jaw region.
subdivision of organism along main body axis
A major subdivision of an organism that divides an organism along its main body axis (typically anterio-posterior axis). In vertebrates, this is based on the vertebral column.
Ideally this would be disjoint with analagous class for appendicular axes, but currently 'appendages' like antennae, horns cause a problem
A skeletal joint that connects a tibia and connects a talus.
see also FMA:44063 ! tibiotalar part of medial ligament of ankle joint
Outermost point on an external nose or snout.
A deep evacuation in the bone, into which the anconeal process of the ulna passes when the elbow joint is extended.
A metapodium bone that is part of a digit 1 plus metapodial segment.
A metapodium bone that is part of a digit 2 plus metapodial segment.
A metapodial bone that is associated with digit III.
A metapodium bone that is part of a digit 4 plus metapodial segment.
A metapodium bone that is part of a digit 5 plus metapodial segment.
Short bones are designated as those bones that are as wide as they are long. Their primary function is to provide support and stability with little to no movement. They are one of five types of bones: long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid. Examples of these bones include the tarsals in the foot and the carpals in the hand.
Inframammary fold, inframammary crease or inframammary line is the feature of human anatomy which is a natural boundary of a breast from below, the place where the breast and the chest meet. The choice of the term depends on the prominence of the feature.
The posterior border of the ala, shorter than the anterior, also presents two projections separated by a notch, the posterior superior iliac spine and the posterior inferior iliac spine. The posterior superior iliac spine serves for the attachment of the oblique portion of the posterior sacroiliac ligaments and the Multifidus.
A proximal mesopodial endochondral element that is composed primarily of a bone tissue.
Is part of the pelvis on the edge of the wing of the ilium. Round in shape, dorsal to the pubis and ischium. Acts as structrure that muscles can attach too.
A phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.
A carpus bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.
A distal mesopodial endochondral element that is part of a hindlimb.
An epicondyle that is part of a humerus.
The Extensor pollicis brevis lies on the medial side of, and is closely connected with, the Abductor pollicis longus.
A foramen on the exterior of the maxilla that is continuous with the infra-orbital canal and is the conduit for the passage of the infraorbital nerve and artery.
Muscle innervated by the trigeminal nerve (Cranial Nerve V).
muscle innervated by the trigeminal nerve
muscles innervated by the trigeminal nerve
organ region with floating fiat boundary
The infraorbital margin is the lower margin of the orbita.
The line that divided the gluteal regions of the body.
A surface structure that is the narrowed downward continuation of the conchal space bounded anteriorly by the borders of the tragus, posteriorly by theantitragus, and along its lower lateral margins and inferior boundary by the connection between the first two.
Measurement notes: The length is measured from the upper to the lower border (between tragus and antitragus)
A small fold of mucous membrane in the mouth, connecting either the tongue or the lip to the mouth mucosa.
Fossa on the medial surface on the scapula above the glenoid.
The tendon of the muscle extending the proximal phalanx of the thumb, positioned laterally in the forearm.
The tendon of the muscle responsible for extending the thumb at the interphalangeal joint.
The tendon of the muscle that extends the fingers and assists in wrist extension, located on the posterior forearm.
The tendon of the muscle extending the big toe and assisting in dorsiflexion of the foot.
A pair of points in the two depressions, medial and lateral to the patellar ligament, locating the point with the knee flexed. These two points are also termed medial and lateral Xiyan respectively. Lateral Xiyan overlaps with Dubi (ST 35).
Represents the extra meridians. The eight extra meridians are the Governor Vessel, Conception Vessel, Thoroughfare Vessel, Belt Vessel, Yang Heel Vessel, Yin Heel Vessel, Yang Link Vessel and Yin Link Vessel. They are different from the twelve main meridians because none of them pertains to the zang organs and communicates with the fu organs of pertains to the fu organs and communicates with the zang organs. And they are not exteriorly-interiorly related. Apart from the Governor Vessel and Conception Vessel which have their own acupuncture points, the extra meridians share their points with other main meridians.
D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Page 82. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
In the anterior thoracic region, in the sixth intercostal space, 4 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line. Note: LR 14 is inferior to the centre of the nipple, 2 B-cun lateral to St19. In females, LR 14 is located at the intersection of the midclavicular line and the sixth intercostal space.
An annotation property grouping all location-related attributes of an acupoint. Subproperties provide the general body region (hasSurfaceLocation) and the specific anatomical structures within that region (hasRelatedLocation).
entity
Julius Caesar
Verdi’s Requiem
the Second World War
your body mass index
BFO 2 Reference: In all areas of empirical inquiry we encounter general terms of two sorts. First are general terms which refer to universals or types:animaltuberculosissurgical procedurediseaseSecond, are general terms used to refer to groups of entities which instantiate a given universal but do not correspond to the extension of any subuniversal of that universal because there is nothing intrinsic to the entities in question by virtue of which they – and only they – are counted as belonging to the given group. Examples are: animal purchased by the Emperortuberculosis diagnosed on a Wednesdaysurgical procedure performed on a patient from Stockholmperson identified as candidate for clinical trial #2056-555person who is signatory of Form 656-PPVpainting by Leonardo da VinciSuch terms, which represent what are called ‘specializations’ in [81
quality
function
This is the root of the phenotypic abnormality subontology of the HPO.
Cephalgia, or pain sensed in various parts of the head, not confined to the area of distribution of any nerve.
Headache is one of the most common types of recurrent pain as well as one of the most frequent symptoms in neurology. In addition to occasional headaches, there are well-defined headache disorders that vary in incidence, prevalence and duration and can be divided into two broad categories. In secondary headache disorders, headaches are attributed to another condition, such as brain tumor or head injury; for the primary disorders the headache is not due to another condition.
A disorder resulting from an abnormality in the immune system.
A disease involving the skeletal system.
An inflammatory process affecting a joint. Causes include infection, autoimmune processes, degenerative processes, and trauma. Signs and symptoms may include swelling around the affected joint and pain.
Editor note: osteoarthritis is primarily non-inflammatory which causes issues if we classify arthritis as inflammatory.
has role
this person has role this investigator role (more colloquially: this person has this role of investigator)
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.
has_role
surrounded by
The olfactory organ of vertebrates, consisting of nares, olfactory epithelia and the structures and skeletal framework of the nasal cavity.
Organ that is the specialized structure of the face that contains olfactory neurons. The peripheral olfactory organ is paired[ZFA:0000047].
a protuberance in vertebrates that houses the nostrils, or nares, which admit and expel air for respiration in conjunction with the mouth. Behind the nose are the olfactory mucosa and the sinuses. Behind the nasal cavity, air next passes through the pharynx, shared with the digestive system, and then into the rest of the respiratory system. In humans, the nose is located centrally on the face; on most other mammals, it is on the upper tip of the snout[WP]. GO: The nose is the specialized structure of the face that serves as the organ of the sense of smell and as part of the respiratory system. Includes the nasi externus (external nose) and cavitas nasi (nasal cavity)[Wikipedia:Nose].
the organ that is specialized for smell and is part of the respiratory system
the structure of the nose varies across vertebrates. In tetrapods the nose is part of the respiratory system.[PMID:25312359]
Any portion of the organ that covers that body and consists of a layer of epidermis and a layer of dermis.
Note the distinction between the entire skin of the body, of which there is only 1 in an organism, and zones of skin, of which there can be many. Examples: skin of knee
(...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...).[well established][VHOG]
we assume that mouse, HOG and GAID all mean zone of skin when they say skin. We also choose skin as an exact synonym, as it is more intuitive
Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements and articular elements that are part of an individual subdivision of the organism.
A lining of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which is involved in absorption and secretion. They line various body cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs. It is at several places continuous with skin: at the nostrils, the lips, the ears, the genital area, and the anus. The sticky, thick fluid secreted by the mucous membranes and gland is termed mucus. The term mucous membrane refers to where they are found in the body and not every mucous membrane secretes mucus[WP].
FMA has mucosa vs region of mucosa; these are subtypes of Mucosa: Mucosa of gallbladder, tongue, .... The following are subtypes of Region of mucosa: Mucosa of zone of stomach, trachea, bronchus, dorsum of tongue.... Depends on whether the covered area is an organ or organ component. Uberon does not regard organ vs organ component as crucial distinction and thus collapses these into a single class deliberately
Non-material anatomical entity of three dimensions, that is generated by morphogenetic or other physiologic processes; is surrounded by one or more anatomical structures; contains one or more organism substances or anatomical structures.
This class encompasses a variety of light-detecting structures from different phyla with no implication of homology, from the compound insect eye to the vertebrate camera-type eye (distinct classes are provided for each)
Note that whilst this is classified as an organ, it is in fact more of a unit composed of different structures: in Drosophila, it includes the interommatidial bristle as a part; we consider here the vertebrate eye to include the eyeball/eye proper as a part, with the eye having as parts (when present): eyelids, conjuctiva,
The Vastus lateralis (Vastus externus) is the largest part of the Quadriceps femoris. It arises by a broad aponeurosis, which is attached to the upper part of the intertrochanteric line, to the anterior and inferior borders of the greater trochanter, to the lateral lip of the gluteal tuberosity, and to the upper half of the lateral lip of the linea aspera; this aponeurosis covers the upper three-fourths of the muscle, and from its deep surface many fibers take origin. A few additional fibers arise from the tendon of the Glutæus maximus, and from the lateral intermuscular septum between the Vastus lateralis and short head of the Biceps femoris. The fibers form a large fleshy mass, which is attached to a strong aponeurosis, placed on the deep surface of the lower part of the muscle: this aponeurosis becomes contracted and thickened into a flat tendon inserted into the lateral border of the patella, blending with the Quadriceps femoris tendon, and giving an expansion to the capsule of the knee-joint. [WP,unvetted].
The vastus medialis, often called the 'teardrop' muscle, is a medially located muscle of the quadriceps. [WP,unvetted].
A bone that is part of the tarsal skeleton. Examples: calcaneus, talus, centralia.
In primitive tetrapods, such as Trematops, the tarsus consists of three rows of bones. There are three proximal tarsals, the tibiale, intermedium, and fibulare, named for their points of articulation with the bones of the lower limb. These are followed by a second row of four bones, referred to as the centralia (singular: centrale), and then a row of five distal tarsals, each articulating with a single metatarsal. In the great majority of tetrapods, including all of those alive today, this simple pattern is modified by the loss and fusion of various of the bones.[3] In reptiles and mammals, there are normally just two proximal tarsals, the calcaneus (equivalent to the amphibian fibulare) and the talus (probably derived from a fusion of multiple bones). In mammals, including humans, the talus forms a hinge joint with the tibia, a feature especially well developed in the artiodactyls. The calcaneus is also modified, forming a heel for the attachment of the Achilles tendon. Neither of these adaptations is found in reptiles, which have a relatively simple structure to both bones.[3] The fifth distal tarsal disappears relatively early in evolution, with the remainder becoming the cuneiform and cuboid bones. Reptiles usually retain two centralia, while mammals typically have only one (the navicular).[3] In birds, the tarsus has disappeared, with the proximal tarsals having fused with the tibia, the centralia having disappeared, and the distal bones having fused with the metatarsals to form a single tarsometatarsus bone, effectively giving the leg a third segment
The glenohumeral joint, commonly known as the shoulder joint, is a multiaxial synovial ball and socket joint and involves articulation between the glenoid fossa of the scapula (shoulder blade) and the head of the humerus (upper arm bone). [WP,unvetted].
note that in this ontology 'glenoid fossa' is a cavity (consistent with FMA) - consider adding a class for the surface of the scapula that is adjacent to this cavity, and making a more explicit connects relationship
in FMA, this is part of the bony pectoral girdle, alongside the skeleton of pectoral girdle
A carpal bone that proximally_connected_to a forelimb zeugopod skeleton.
Lip that covers the upper portion of the mouth.[TAO].
Lip that covers the lower portion of the mouth. [ZFIN:Curator][VHOG]
A vertebra that is located in the cervical region of the vertebral column.
In some species, some parts of the skull may be composed of vertebra-like elements, e.g. the occipital bone in humans is composed of four vertebra-like segments. In many vertebrate species, cervical vertebrae are variable in number; however, almost all mammals have seven (including those with very short necks relative to body size, such as elephants or whales, and those with very long necks, such as giraffes). The few exceptions include the manatee and the sloths, of which the two-toed sloth has six cervical vertebrae and the three-toed sloth has up to nine cervical vertebrae. In many species, though not in mammals, the cervical vertebrae bear ribs. In many other groups, such as lizards and saurischian dinosaurs, the cervical ribs are large; in birds they are small and completely fused to the vertebrae. The transverse processes of mammals are homologous to the cervical ribs of other amniotes. Thoracic vertebrae in all species are defined as those vertebrae which also carry a pair of ribs, and lie caudal to the cervical vertebrae. In humans, cervical vertebrae are the smallest of the true vertebrae, and can be readily distinguished from those of the thoracic or lumbar regions by the presence of a foramen (hole) in each transverse process, through which passes the vertebral artery.
muscle of posterior compartment of hindlimb stylopod
Any of the posterior thigh muscles. [WP,modified].
muscle of posterior compartment of thigh
muscularis compartimentum femoris posterius
Anatomical structure that overlaps the outer epithelial layer and is adjacent to the space surrounding the organism.
Organism subdivision which is the collection of anatomical structures on the body surface.[ZFA]
A bone that is connected via a shoulder joint (i.e. glenohumeral or acromioclavicular joints). The shoulder bones are the clavicle, scapula and humerus - but note that these are only considered to be shoulder bones when a true shoulder is present, as in most tetrapods.
this is a forelimb bone in MA, but this would lead to part-disjointness violations.
A bone that is part of a facial skeleton [Automatically generated definition].
test whether 'facial bone' is an exact synonym
This class represents the standard tetrapod configuration. Wagner proposes that avian digits I,II,III develop from C2,C3,C4. To support this scheme we have separate classes representing the avian digits (here called alula, manual digit, major digit).
A metacarpal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of manual digit 1.
The first metacarpal bone or the metacarpal bone of the thumb is the first bone of the thumb. It is connected to the trapezium of the carpus at the first carpometacarpal joint and to the proximal thumb phalanx at the first metacarpophalangeal joint[Wikipedia:First_metacarpal_bone].
A metacarpal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3[Automatically generated definition].
Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with carpal 3(2) proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit III(II) distally.[AAO]
The third metacarpal bone (metacarpal bone of the middle finger) is a little smaller than the second. The dorsal aspect of its base presents on its radial side a pyramidal eminence, the styloid process, which extends upward behind the capitate; immediately distal to this is a rough surface for the attachment of the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle. The carpal articular facet is concave behind, flat in front, and articulates with the capitate. On the radial side is a smooth, concave facet for articulation with the second metacarpal, and on the ulnar side two small oval facets for the fourth metacarpal[Wikipedia:Third_metacarpal_bone].
A metatarsal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3[Automatically generated definition].
Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with tarsal 3 proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit III distally.[AAO]
The third metatarsal bone articulates proximally, by means of a triangular smooth surface, with the third cuneiform; medially, by two facets, with the second metatarsal; and laterally, by a single facet, with the fourth metatarsal. This last facet is situated at the dorsal angle of the base[Wikipedia:Third_metatarsal_bone].
Any muscle organ that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition].
A limb joint that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition].
Any muscle organ that is part of a hindlimb stylopod (upper leg)[Automatically generated definition].
Any muscle organ that is part of a hindlimb zeugopod (lower leg) [Automatically generated definition].
the FMA class 'muscle of leg' belongs here, do not move[cjm]
See notes on UBERON:0000978 for possible terminological confusion over term 'leg'
Any anatomical structure that is part of the reproductive system.
A round nodule, small eminence, or warty outgrowth on an anatomical surface, such as bones, skin, or within the lungs (in the case of tuberculosis). They are also found on the leading edge of Humpback Whale's flippers, improving fluid flow over the flipper's surface[WP].
A bone that is part of the region of the hindlimb that includes the zeugopod and stylopod. Examples: patella, femur, tibia. Counter-examples: any pes phalanx.
Surface groove is modelled as immaterial - see https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/2667 for discussion
An anatomical cluster that composed_primarily_of a strand of hair.
A bone that is part of a pectoral complex. Examples: scapula, manus phalanx, any carpal bone, any bone of the pectoral fin.
considering adding pectoral and pelvic complex skeleton classes
note that the MA class includes girdle parts so it belongs here;
bone of forelimb or pectoral fin or pectoral girdle
Muscles of the pelvic girdle, hindlimb or pelvic fin.
Muscles of the pelvic girdle, thigh, leg (crus), and foot (pes).[AAO]
Skeletal element that is often isolated, small, and variable in composition.
Ossicles are composed of a combination skeletal tissues, including bone, calcified cartilage, hyaline cartilage, etc, and exhibit variable development across species. Ossicles are not necessarily jointed, and examples include the menisci of synovial joints, 'Panda's thumb' (radial sesamoid), cardiac skeletal elements, sclerotic bones, middle ear ossicles, and sesamoids.
Joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by ligaments or fibrocartilage without an intervening synovial cavity. Examples: sagittal suture, inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis, costochondral joint, pubic symphysis.
Ossicle that is part of the appendicular skeleton.
Examples of appendicular ossicles include the patella and meniscus of the knee joint.
The joint that is formed by the union of the humerus, the scapula (or shoulder blade), and the clavicle (or collarbone). Commonly thought of as a single joint, the shoulder is actually made up of two separate joints - the glenohumeral and acromioclavicular joints.
An endochondral element in the distal portion of the mesopodial skeleton, between the central mesopodial skeleton and the metapodial skeleton.
The posterior aspect of the wrist, containing the extensor tendons and underlying carpal bones.
A triangular depression on the anterior aspect of the elbow, containing important neurovascular structures.
The long bone in the hand that connects the fourth finger to the carpal bones of the wrist. The fourth metacarpal bone is shorter and smaller than the third. The base is small and quadrilateral.
Back-Shu Point of the Large Intestine Role
Xi-Cleft Point of the Yang Heel Vessel Role
Major Luo-Connecting Point of the Spleen Role
Back-Shu Point of the Small Intestine Role
A specific acupoint located on the Head and Trunk.
Xi-Cleft Point of the Yin Link Vessel Role
Front-Mu Point of the Large Intestine Role
Each of the six fu organs has another He-Sea point in the three yang meridians of the foot, known as the Lower He-Sea point. Chapter 4 of Miracular Pivot says, "The Lower He-Sea Points of the stomach, large intestine, small intestine, Triple Energizer, bladder and gallbladder are Zusanli (ST 36), Shangjuxu (ST 37), Xiajuxu (ST 39), Weiyang (BL 39), Weizhong (BL 40) and Yanglingquan (GB 34) respectively. Among these points, Zusanli (ST 36), Weizhong (BL 40) and Yanglingquan (GB 34) overlap with the relevant He-Sea points in the Five Shu points. The Lower He-Sea points are mostly employed to treat the disorders of the six fu organs in clinic.
Lower He-Sea Point of Triple Energizer Role
Xi-Cleft Point of the Yang Link Vessel Role
Front-Mu Point of the Small Intestine Role
The Lower He-Sea Point of the Small Intestine Role
Special points refer to the specific points of the fourteen meridians that have special properties and are grouped under special names. In view of their locations, they can be classified into two major groups: one on the limbs, and the other one on the head and the trunk.
D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Page 122. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
The Lower He-Sea Point of the Large Intestine Role
Xi-Cleft Point of the Yin Heel Vessel Role
realizable entity
A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances.
role
A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts.
immaterial entity
BFO 2 Reference: Immaterial entities are divided into two subgroups:boundaries and sites, which bound, or are demarcated in relation, to material entities, and which can thus change location, shape and size and as their material hosts move or change shape or size (for example: your nasal passage; the hold of a ship; the boundary of Wales (which moves with the rotation of the Earth) [38, 7, 10
Joint ankylosis of the ankle and/or foot
Joint ankylosis of the pelvic region and thigh
ankylosis of joint of pelvic region and thigh
A nervous system disorder that has pain as a major feature.
An organ that is capable of transducing sensory stimulus to the nervous system.
An adductor muscle that attaches to the hip and femur. In humans, it is a part of the adductor group of the thigh, that as the name suggests adducts the thigh. The adductor longus muscle forms the medial wall of the femoral triangle[WP, generalized].
Originates on the iliac portion of the ventral iliac rim and inserts on the lateral surface of the M. adductor magnus.[AAO]
definition generalized to accommodate AAO class - 'Originates on the iliac portion of the ventral iliac rim and inserts on the lateral surface of the M. adductor magnus.' [AAO:0010034]
Endochondral longbone connecting the pelvic girdle with posterior zeugopodium skeleton.[VSAO, modified].
Endochondral longbone connecting the pelvic girdle with posterior zeugopodium.[VSAO]
Paired, elongate, cylindrical bones of endochondral origin that form the thighs, extending from the pelvic girdles to the knees.[AAO]
Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG]
proximal metapterygial mesomere of pelvic appendage
proximal metapterygial mesomere of pelvic fin
The second vertebral bone in the vertebral column.
Vertebra that is posteriorly adjacent to vertebra 1.[TAO]
A collection of caudal vertebrae in the coccygeal region that are fused and part of the bony pelvis.
Small, bony element consisting of several fused, rudimentary caudal vertebrae; near metamorphosis the hypochord fuses to the coccyx, thereby forming the urostyle.[AAO]
In humans: The coccyx, commonly referred to as the tailbone, is the final segment of the human vertebral column. Comprising three to five separate or fused vertebrae (the coccygeal vertebrae) below the sacrum, it is attached to the sacrum by a fibrocartilaginous joint, the sacrococcygeal symphysis, which permits limited movement between the sacrum and the coccyx.
The biceps femoris is a muscle of the posterior (the back) thigh. As its name implies, it has two parts, one of which (the long head) forms part of the hamstrings muscle group. [WP,unvetted].
The semitendinosus is a muscle in the back of the thigh; it is one of the hamstrings. [WP,unvetted].
Branch of the brachial artery beginning below the elbow and extending down the forearm around the wrist and into the palm.
A sesamoid element that is composed of bone tissue.
Sesamoids are often endochondral replacement elements and in addition to bone tissue, may also be composed of articular cartilage, fibrocartilage, hyaline cartilage, and calcified cartilage.[VSAO]
A blood vessel of the lower limb that carries oxygenated blood to the dorsal surface of the foot. It arises at the anterior aspect of the ankle joint and is a continuation of the anterior tibial artery. It terminates at the proximal part of the first intermetatarsal space, where it divides into two branches, the first dorsal metatarsal artery and the deep plantar artery. Along its course, it is accompanied by a deep vein, the dorsalis pedis vein. [WP,unvetted].
Pharyngeal arch 1 muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors, is innervated by masseteric nerve branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V), and attaches to mandible and zygomatic arch.
The division of the adductor mandibulae in the various lines of tetrapod evolution correlates with divergences in their methods of feeding. (...) As the jaws become stronger and their movements more complex in the line of evolution toward mammals, the adductor complex becomes divided into several distinct muscles (temporalis, masseter, pterygoideus, tensor tympani, tensor veli palati).[well established][VHOG]
The division of the adductor mandibulae in the various lines of tetrapod evolution correlates with divergences in their methods of feeding. (...) As the jaws become stronger and their movements more complex in the line of evolution toward mammals, the adductor complex becomes divided into several distinct muscles (temporalis, masseter, pterygoideus, tensor tympani, tensor veli palati)
The masseter is a jaw muscle of therapsids derived from the m. adductor mandibulae externus, which originates in the adductor chamber (in the temporal fenestra) and inserts on the coronoid process and internal surface of the lower jaw.[Palaeos]
The part of the ear that projects from the head, connecting to the external acoustic meatus.
The external expanded part of the ear characterized by a funnel-shaped structure through which the sound vibrations are received. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG]
Mammals have a third type of tympanic ear. An external flap, the auricle or pinna, helps funnel sound waves down the external acoustic meatus to the tympanic membrane.[well established][VHOG]
In various species, the pinna can also signal mood and radiate heat
The purpose of the pinna is to collect sound. It does so by acting as a funnel, amplifying the sound and directing it to the ear canal. While reflecting from the pinna, sound also goes through a filtering process which adds directional information to the sound (see sound localization, head-related transfer function, pinna notch).
A cartilaginous ring that provides support for the arytenoid cartilages and forms the caudal part of the larynx.
Cartilaginous ring that provides support for the arytenoid cartilages. Its ventral part is bent posteriorly to form a V.[AAO]
The ringlike cartilage forming the caudal part of the larynx. [TFD][VHOG]
The postaxial bone of the proximal carpal region. Found in close approximation to the ulna, often in articulation[PHENOSCAPE:ad].
One of two element that constitute the basal row of carpals. It articulates with the ulna, radius, radiale, centrale (element Y), and carpal 5(4). This element originates from one condensation center or the fusion of two elements (ulnare and intermedium). Occasionally it may fuse to carpal 5(4), the radiale, or other elements.[AAO]
this bone is termed the triquetral bone in some mammalian taxa, notably humans
The greater trochanter (great trochanter) of the femur is a large, irregular, quadrilateral eminence and a part of the skeletal system. It is directed a little lateralward and backward, and, in the adult, is about 1 cm lower than the head. Because the pelvic outlet in the female is larger than in the male, there is a greater distance between the greater trochanters in the female. It has two surfaces and four borders. [WP,unvetted].
A bone that is part of a hindlimb region. Examples: any pes phalanx, femur. Counter-examples: ischium, pubis (they are part of the pelvic girdle).
the MA class is actually bone of pelvic complex; in contrast the NCIT class excludes ilium etc
A long bone that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition].
A long bone that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition].
A long bone that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition].
A bone that is part of a mesopodial skeleton.
The carpus (wrist) and tarsus (ankle) of land vertebrates primitively had three rows of carpal or tarsal bones. Often some of these have become lost or fused in evolution. Three proximals. In the hand humans has all three. In the foot the middle proximal appears in 5-15% of people as an os trigonum. Centrale or os centrale, on the medial side. In humans and our closest relatives the African apes (chimpanzees and gorillas) it fuses to the scaphoid where it forms the articulation with the trapezoid bone; occasionally it stays separate. In Man's foot it is the navicular. Some early land vertebrates had more than one (up to three) os centrale per hand or foot. Distals, one per finger / toe at the base of each metacarpal or metatarsal. In mammals the 4th and 5th fuse. In the horse the 1st is lost
Any joint that is part of a (free) limb.
Most limb joints are synovial, but a few such as the tibiofibular joints are syndesmoses
The metatarsophalangeal articulations are the joints between the metatarsal bones of the foot and the proximal bones of the toes . They are condyloid joints meaning an elliptical or rounded surface (of the metatarsal bones) come close to the shallow cavities (of the proximal phalanges). The ligaments are the plantar and two collateral.
we follow FMA in making these joints part of digits
this is defined as any mucous membrane of the mouth - including palate, lips, uvula, etc. ncit split mouth/oral mucosa into lip and buccal. In future we may split into masticatory/keratinized (gingiva + hard palate) vs lining/non-keratinized (lips, cheeks, floor of mouth, soft palate). FMA distinguishes between mucosa of mouth and region of mouth (the latter including the buccal mucosa)
the mucous membrane epithelium of the mouth. It can be divided into three categories: masticatory, lining, and specialized[Wikipedia:Oral_mucosa].
Any tube, opening or passage that connects two distinct anatomical spaces.
FMA has both conduit and conduit space. In EHDAA2 this is a surface feature
An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the endoderm.
The eleventh rib has a single articular facet on the head, which is of rather large size. It has no necks or tubercles, and is pointed at its anterior ends. The eleventh has a slight angle and a shallow costal groove. [WP,unvetted].
The fifth lumbar vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified].
The twelfth thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified].
A proximal-distal subdivision of the digestive tract.
intended to denote both embryonic and adult structures. Note the FMA grouping here is not quite correct.
An organ that part of the thoracic segment region. This region can be further subdividied chest and thoracic cavity regions.
The vertical groove found on the median line of the upper lip, extending to the nose.
vestigial in humans. In humans, the philtrum is formed where the nasomedial and maxillary processes meet during embryonic development (colloquially known as Hulse lines). When these processes fail to fuse fully in humans, a cleft lip (sometimes called a 'hare lip') can result. A flattened or smooth philtrum can be a symptom of fetal alcohol syndrome or Prader-Willi syndrome
Philtrum is modelled as the groove rather than the surface structure itself.
A digit that is part of a digit 4 plus metapodial segment.
A bony projection on the distal epiphysis of the humerus that is the attachment site for the flexor muscles of the manus. This condyle faces posteriorly (for sprawling tetrapods) or medially (for erect tetrapods).
Rounded projection at the distal head of the humerus and medial to the humeral head, which serves as a place of attachment for the flexor muscles antogonistic to those that attach to the lateral epicondyle.[AAO]
The lateral surface parts of the external nose, inferiorly, surrounding the naris[EoM].
metatarsophalangeal joint of pedal digit 1
A skeletal joint that connects a metatarsal bone and connects a distal phalanx of pedal digit 1.
metatarsophalangeal joint of first digit of foot
metatarsophalangeal joint of pedal digit I
The irregular bones are bones which, from their peculiar form, cannot be grouped as long bone, short bone, flat bone or sesamoid bone. Irregular bones serve various purposes in the body, such as protection of nervous tissue, affording multiple anchor points for skeletal muscle attachment (as with the sacrum), and maintaining pharynx and trachea support, and tongue attachment (such as the hyoid bone). They consist of cancellous tissue enclosed within a thin layer of compact bone. The irregular bones are: the vertebrC&, sacrum, coccyx, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, palatine, inferior nasal concha, and hyoid.
A tendon that attaches_to a biceps brachii.
A bone that is part of a forelimb region. Examples: humerus, any of the phalanges. Counter-example: scapula (a bone of the pectoral girdle). Note that we consider the forelimb to end at the shoulder.
grouping class that collected the entepicondyles and epicondyles icondyles of humerus and femur
An articular prominence of a bone, typically present in pairs, resembling a pair of knuckles. Examples: Condyle of humerus, condyle of femur.
Protuberance on a bone that participates in a joint with another bone.[TAO]
the round prominence at the end of a bone, most often part of a joint - an articulation with another bone[WP][Wikipedia:Condyle_(anatomy)].
The medial condyle is the medial portion of the upper extremity of tibia. It is the site of insertion for the Semimembranosus muscle[WP].
structure with developmental contribution from neural crest
An anatomical structure that has some part that develops from the neural crest.
A bone that is part of an appendage girdle complex (i.e. any bone in a limb, fin or girdle).
subdivision of organism along appendicular axis
A major subdivision of an organism that divides an organism along an axis perpedicular to the main body anterior-posterior axis. In vertebrates, this is typically a fin or limb segment. In insects, this includes segments of appendages such as antennae, as well as segments of the insect leg.
Lies on the palmar aspect of the coffin joint between the second phalanx and third phalanx. articulates closely with the distal phalanx, to which it is connected by the impar ligament of the navicular bone. The impar ligament is very strong and permits relatively little motion between the navicular bone and the distal phalanx.
A small pointed eminence of the external ear, situated in front of the concha, and projecting backward over the meatus.
The tragus is generally believed to play a role in vertical sound localization in bats
The greater tubercle of the humerus is situated lateral to the head of the humerus and posteriolateral to the lesser tubercle. Its upper surface is rounded and marked by three flat impressions. the highest of these gives ('superior facet') insertion to the Supraspinatus the middle ('middle facet') to the Infraspinatus. the lowest one ('inferior facet'), and the body of the bone for about 2.5 cm. below it, to the Teres minor. The lateral surface of the greater tubercle is convex, rough, and continuous with the lateral surface of the body. Between the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle is the intertubercular sulcus (bicipital groove).
common tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle complex
A tarsus bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.
A limb bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.
Either of the outermost digits in a five-digit autopod, or their phylogenetic equivalent.
A region or zone on the surface of an organism that encompasses skin and any adnexa, down through muscles and bounded by underlying skeletal support structures.
A horizontal crease formed by the inferior aspect of the buttocks and the posterior upper leg.
Children with developmental dysplasia of the hips are born with uneven gluteal folds and can be diagnosed with physical examination and sonogram
A tendon that attaches to a semitendinosus.
The tendon of the muscle that abducts and extends the thumb, located in the posterior compartment of the forearm.
In traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), meridians are strings connecting acupuncture points, which are considered as passageways through which energy flows throughout the body. The meridian system is composed of 12 principal meridians, each of which connects to an organ system and extends to an extremity and eight collaterals.
Maurer, N., Nissel, H., Egerbacher, M., Gornik, E., Schuller, P., & Traxler, H. (2019). Anatomical evidence of acupuncture meridians in the human extracellular matrix: results from a macroscopic and microscopic interdisciplinary multicentre study on human corpses. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6976892
disposition
BFO 2 Reference: Dispositions exist along a strength continuum. Weaker forms of disposition are realized in only a fraction of triggering cases. These forms occur in a significant number of cases of a similar type.
generically dependent continuant
b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001])
A continuant that is dependent on one or other independent continuant bearers. For every instance of A requires some instance of (an independent continuant type) B but which instance of B serves can change from time to time.
A disease involving the musculoskeletal system.
disease or disorder of musculoskeletal system
musculoskeletal system disease or disorder
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves.
'psychiatric disorder' is not classified as a 'nervous system disorder' in Mondo (though it is often as such): the hallmarks of psychiatric disorders are based in behavior and emotional state, and the relation with nervous system malfunction or damage is not always clearly determined.
characteristic of
inheres in
this fragility is a characteristic of this vase
this red color is a characteristic of this apple
a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the characteristic) and any other entity (the bearer), in which the characteristic depends on the bearer for its existence.
inheres_in
Note that this relation was previously called "inheres in", but was changed to be called "characteristic of" because BFO2 uses "inheres in" in a more restricted fashion. This relation differs from BFO2:inheres_in in two respects: (1) it does not impose a range constraint, and thus it allows qualities of processes, as well as of information entities, whereas BFO2 restricts inheres_in to only apply to independent continuants (2) it is declared functional, i.e. something can only be a characteristic of one thing.
has quality
this apple has quality this red color
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many qualities, and its qualities can exist for different periods of time, but none of its qualities can exist when the bearer does not exist.
has_quality
located in
my brain is located in my head
this rat is located in this cage
a relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location
Location as a relation between instances: The primitive instance-level relation c located_in r at t reflects the fact that each continuant is at any given time associated with exactly one spatial region, namely its exact location. Following we can use this relation to define a further instance-level location relation - not between a continuant and the region which it exactly occupies, but rather between one continuant and another. c is located in c1, in this sense, whenever the spatial region occupied by c is part_of the spatial region occupied by c1. Note that this relation comprehends both the relation of exact location between one continuant and another which obtains when r and r1 are identical (for example, when a portion of fluid exactly fills a cavity), as well as those sorts of inexact location relations which obtain, for example, between brain and head or between ovum and uterus
located_in
A multicellular structure that is a part of an organ.
currently defined in a very broad sense, may be replaced by more specific classes in the future
An enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system originating in a nerve root in the central nervous system (or a condensed nervous structure) connecting with peripheral structures.
A portion of tissue which is a fasiculated group of axons.[TAO]
One of the muscles belong to the group consisting of the rectus femoris and the three heads of the vastus (lateralis, medialis, intermedius).
The quadriceps is a collective term for the rectus femoris and the three heads of the vastus (lateralis, medialis, intermedius). [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Kardong_KV, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.391][VHOG]
1st (preaxial) digit of the manus[Wikipedia].
Not present in Anurans (Phenotype RCN Oct 2012)
pedal digit (phalangeal portion) plus soft tissue
Joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by an articular capsule which encloses a synovial membrane and a synovial cavity. Examples: Temporomandibular joint, knee joint.[FMA].
Is a joint that is located at the point of contact of articulating bones allowing movement. The joint has a capsule containing synovial fluid surrounding the articulating bone surfaces.[TAO]
manual digit (phalangeal portion) plus soft tissue
A bone that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition].
the formal definition is very inclusive, and includes sesamoids
NCITA includes clavicle. MA:'limb bone' is actually a bone of limb or girdle
The middle free limb segment, between the autopod and stylopod segments. Includes as parts the zeugopodial skeleton. Examples: There are two types of zeugopod: forelimb zeugopod (aka forearm), hindlimb zeugopod (aka crus).
There exists some controversy about which podial segments are present in some fishes, e.g. if the autopod is not newly evolved in tetrapods, there is a question as to which segments are actually present in basal vertebrate taxa.[PHENOSCAPE:curators]
Replacement bone that forms within cartilage.
Replacement bone that forms within cartilage.[VSAO]
some structures, e.g. in ZFA are both intramembrane and endochondral
A metacarpal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of manual digit 2.
Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with the prepollex and carpal 2(1) or carpal 2+3(1+2) proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit II(I) distally.[AAO]
A metatarsal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1.
Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with the prepollex and tarsal 1 proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit I distally.[AAO]
The first metatarsal bone is the bone in the body of the foot just behind the big toe. It is remarkable for its great thickness, and is the shortest of the metatarsal bones. The body is strong, and of well-marked prismoid form. The base presents, as a rule, no articular facets on its sides, but occasionally on the lateral side there is an oval facet, by which it articulates with the second metatarsal. Its proximal articular surface is of large size and kidney-shaped; its circumference is grooved, for the tarsometatarsal ligaments, and medially gives insertion to part of the tendon of the Tibialis anterior; its plantar angle presents a rough oval prominence for the insertion of the tendon of the Peronæus longus. The head is large; on its plantar surface are two grooved facets, on which glide sesamoid bones; the facets are separated by a smooth elevation[Wikipedia:First_metatarsal_bone].
A metatarsal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4.
Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with tarsal 4 or the distal head of the tibiale-fibulare proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit IV distally.[AAO]
The fourth metatarsal bone is smaller in size than the third; its base presents an oblique quadrilateral surface for articulation with the cuboid; a smooth facet on the medial side, divided by a ridge into an anterior portion for articulation with the third metatarsal, and a posterior portion for articulation with the third cuneiform; on the lateral side a single facet, for articulation with the fifth metatarsal[Wikipedia:Fourth_metatarsal_bone].
A bone that is part of the dorsal region of an animal.
this class may be obsoleted. See: https://github.com/obophenotype/mouse-anatomy-ontology/issues/93
The third lumbar vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified].
An organ or element that is part of the adbominal segment of the organism. This region can be further subdivided into the abdominal cavity and the pelvic region.
An organ or element that part of the dorsum of the organism. Examples: spinal cord, vertebrae, muscles of back.
An organ or element that part of the trunk region. The trunk region can be further subdividied into thoracic (including chest and thoracic cavity) and abdominal (including abdomen and pelbis) regions.
A bone that is part of the manus skeleton. Note that this includes the carpal bones.
A digit that is part of a digit 1 plus metapodial segment.
A digit that is part of a digit 2 plus metapodial segment.
A digit that is part of a digit 3 plus metapodial segment.
A digit that is part of a digit 5 plus metapodial segment.
Any synovial joint that is part of a (free) limb.
A bone that is part of a autopod region. Note that this incudes the carpal and tarsal bones.
proximal mesopodial endochondral element
A mesopodial endochondral element that is in the most proximal part of the mesopodial skeleton, connected to the zeugopodial skeleton.
awaiting approval by phenoscape curators
Any of the three medial digits in a five-digit autopod, or their phylogenetic equivalent.
A triangular region bounded by the clavicle superiorly, the pectoralis major medially, and the deltoid laterally.
The radial fossa, also called the anatomical snuffbox, is a triangular depression on the lateral wrist. It is bordered by the tendons of the extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, and abductor pollicis longus, with the scaphoid and trapezium forming its floor. It houses the radial artery and is clinically relevant for assessing scaphoid fractures or arterial pulse.
The mandibular notch, also known as the sigmoid notch, is a groove in the ramus of the mandible. A curved depression between the coronoid and condylar processes of the mandible.
A small depression located superior to the clavicle and medial to the clavicular head of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
The greater supraclavicular fossa refers to the larger, lateral depression above the clavicle, located lateral to the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
The sternal angle (angle of Louis, Ludwig, or Ludovicus) is the inclined junction between the anterior surfaces of the manubrium and body of the sternum.
The infrasternal angle (subcostal angle) is formed in front of thoracic cage by the cartilages of the tenth, ninth, eighth, and seventh ribs, which ascend on either side, where the apex of which the xiphoid process projects.
The rectus femoris is a muscle in the anterior compartment of the thigh. It forms part of the quadriceps femoris muscle complex, and is the only muscle in this group to cross both the hip joint and the knee joints.
A pyramidal depression located at the junction of the upper limb and thorax, commonly referred to as the armpit.
Posterior axillary line is an imaginary reference line which can be drawn on the posterior torso. It extends vertically downwards from the posterior axillary fold. The posterior axillary line runs in parallel to the midaxillary and anterior axillary lines.
The tibialis anterior tendon is the tendon of the tibialis anterior muscle, located on the front of the lower leg. It passes along the ankle and inserts on the medial cuneiform and the first metatarsal. This tendon enables dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot. The tibialis anterior tendon (TAT) begins at the distal one-third of the tibia. It is the most medial tendon of the ankle and foot.
The mentolabial sulcus is the vertical groove or fold that forms between the lower lip and the chin, marking the transition between the lower lip and the mental region of the face.
A small prominence on the posterior end of the greater horn of hyoid bone, serving as an attachment point for muscles and ligaments. Each tubercle of hyoid bone provides an attachment site for a lateral thyrohyoid ligament.
The inguinal crease refers to the skin fold or line that forms where the lower abdomen meets the thigh, often most noticeable when the hip is flexed. It marks the boundary between the abdominal and thigh regions.
The lateral supracondylar ridge (lateral supraepicondylar ridge or lateral supracondylar crest) is the sharp, prominent margin located along the lateral aspect of the distal end of the body of the humerus. It is the less curved of the two supracondylar ridges of the humerus, the other being the medial supracondylar ridge.
Special Point on the Head and Trunk Role
Represents the five Shu Points. Each of the twelve main meridians has, below the elbow or knee, five specific points, namely, Jing-Well, Ying-Spring, Shu-Stream, Jing-River and He-Sea, which are termed Five Shu points in general. They are situated in the above order from the distal end of extremities to the elbow or knee.
A specific acupoint located on the Limbs.
An annotation property grouping all textual descriptive attributes of an acupoint, including its anatomical location, needling method, indications, vasculature, and innervation. Subproperties further specialize the type of description.
continuant
An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts.
BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240
occurrent
An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time.
specifically dependent continuant
b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003])
A continuant that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same.
pending final vetting
All definitions, placement in the asserted IS_A hierarchy and required minimal metadata are complete. The class is awaiting a final review by someone other than the term editor.
develops from
An organ of sight that includes the camera-type eyeball and supporting structures such as the lacrimal apparatus, the conjunctiva, the eyelid.
A cavitated compound organ that transduces light waves into neural signals.[TAO]
The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG]
FMA distinguishes Eye (subdivision of face) which has its parts an Eyeball (organ), as well as other structures, and the orbit of skull. MA includes eyelid, conjunctiva and lacrimal apparatus as part of MA:eye - consistent with FMA - so we can infer that MA:eye is more like FMA:eye than FMA:eyeball. For other AOs this distinction is less meaningful - e.g. ZFA has no eyelid; XAO has no eyelid, but it has conjuctiva, which is considered part of the xao:eye. GO considers eyelid development part of eye development. See also notes on optic nerve - XAO, AAO and BTO consider this part of the eye. MA considers the eye muscles part of the eye, whereas FMA has a class 'orbital content' for this
camera-type eye plus associated structures
The proximal portion of the digestive tract, containing the oral cavity and bounded by the oral opening. In vertebrates, this extends to the pharynx and includes gums, lips, tongue and parts of the palate. Typically also includes the teeth, except where these occur elsewhere (e.g. pharyngeal jaws) or protrude from the mouth (tusks).
Cavity in which food is initially ingested and generally contains teeth, tongue and glands.[AAO]
Molecular and developmental cell lineage data suggest that the acoel mouth opening is homologous to the mouth of protostomes and deuterostomes and that the last common ancestor of the Bilateria (the 'urbilaterian') had only this single digestive opening.[well established][VHOG]
some AOs place this as developing from the stomodeum but we weaken this to developmental contribution, as the mouth includes non-ectodermal derivatives
in FMA, the tongue, palate etc are part of the mouth which is itself a subdivision of the face. ZFA includes a separate class 'oral region' which is part of the mouth, but excludes tongue and lips
The Sartorius muscle - the longest muscle in the human body - is a long thin muscle that runs down the length of the thigh. Its upper portion forms the lateral border of the femoral triangle.
We do NOT group this AAO class here at this stage until further evidence of shared attachments
The ambiens of reptiles and the iliotibialis of amphibians are likely homologues of the sartorius.[well established][VHOG]
No iliotibialis in AAO - M. sartorius has def: 'Originates on the ventral pelvic rim, the pubic region, and the ventral surface of the adductor longus. The insertion bifurcates distally; the ventral portion attaches to the aponeurosis of the cruralis and the dorsal part attaches to the distal attachment of the gracilis major, the semitendinosus, and to the aponeurosis of the cruralis.' [AAO:0010027]
The ambiens of reptiles and the iliotibialis of amphibians are likely homologues of the sartorius. Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution, Fourth Edition (2006) McGraw-Hill, p.391 [VHOG:0001192]
A muscle of shoulder which attaches to the scapula, clavicle and humerus.[FMA,generalized].
Muscle which originates as three heads, the pars externalis, pars clavicularis, and pars scapularis. The pars externalis originates from the lateral border of the omosternum and inserts on the distal portion of the humerus. The pars clavicularis originates from the ventro-lateral surface of the clavicle and inserts on the deltoid crest of the humerus. The pars scapularis originates from the lateral surface of the clavicle and inserts on the deltoid crest of the humerus.[AAO]
We use a generic definition that includes the deltoideus as represented in AAO: 'Muscle which originates as three heads, the pars externalis, pars clavicularis, and pars scapularis. The pars externalis originates from the lateral border of the omosternum and inserts on the distal portion of the humerus. The pars clavicularis originates from the ventro-lateral surface of the clavicle and inserts on the deltoid crest of the humerus. The pars scapularis originates from the lateral surface of the clavicle and inserts on the deltoid crest of the humerus'. Kardong: Dorsal group
The knee joint joins the thigh with the leg and consists of two articulations: one between the femur and tibia, and one between the femur and patella. It is the largest and most complicated joint in the human body. The knee is a mobile trocho-ginglymus (i.e. a pivotal hinge joint), which permits flexion and extension as well as a slight medial and lateral rotation[WP,unvetted].
One of the two fleshy folds which surround the opening of the mouth.
Surface structure that is one of the two fleshy folds surrounding the opening of the mouth.[TAO]
The femoral artery is a large artery in the muscles of the thigh. It is a continuation of external iliac artery where it enters the femoral triangle at the mid inguinal point behind the inguinal ligament. It leaves femoral triangle through apex beneath the sartorius muscle. It enters the popliteal fossa by passing through the 5th osseo-aponeurotic(adductor hiatus) opening of adductor magnus where it becomes the Popliteal Artery. [WP,unvetted].
Artery which supplies blood via branches to the hindlimbs.[AAO]
The costal margin, sometimes referred to as the costal arch, is the medial margin formed by the false ribs, which in humans is from the eighth rib to the tenth rib.
we treat margin and arch in FMA as equivalent here, as a temporary measure. This may be split in future. We follow MA in making this a part of the rib.
Large vertebra of the movable part of the vertebral column, characterized by the absence of the foramen transversarium within the transverse process, and by the absence of facets on the sides of the body.
Whereas all rats had six lumbar vertebrae, variable patterns in mice included mostly five vertebrae in DBA/2J, mostly six vertebrae in C57BL/6J, and a mix in B6129PF2/J
Region of the scapula where the latter meets with the clavicle: attachment point of the clavicle to the scapula in some taxa.
Anterior rounded projection of the pars acromialis of the scapula.[AAO]
relationship loss: part_of pars acromialis (AAO:0000752)[AAO]
The bony arch in vertebrates that extends along the side or front of the skull beneath the eye socket and is formed by the temporal process of the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone.
The zygomatic arch is significant in evolutionary biology, as it is part of the structures derived from the ancestral single temporal fenestra of the synapsid ancestor of mammals.
The zygomatic process of the temporal arises by two roots: an anterior, directed inward in front of the mandibular fossa, where it expands to form the articular tubercle. a posterior, which runs backward above the external acoustic meatus and is continuous with the supramastoid crest. The upper border of the arch gives attachment to the temporal fascia; the lower border and medial surface give origin to the Masseter
The zygomatic arch is occasionally referred to as the zygoma, but this term usually refers to the zygomatic bone or occasionally the zygomatic process.
GO uses genitalia for the singular organ
A projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body or organ.
should be declared disjoint from organ, but in some ontologies (e.g. ZFA), structures such as neural spines are classified as bones (and hence organs)
Anatomical structure that is a natural outgrowth, projection, or appendage. A process can be part of a bone, cartilage, or tissue.[AAO]
Anatomical structure that is a natural outgrowth, projection, or appendage. A process can be part of a bone, cartilage, tissue, fin, scale, etc.[TAO]
Anatomical structure that is a natural outgrowth, projection, or appendage. A process can be part of a bone, cartilage, tissue, fin, scale, etc.[VSAO]
Any of the muscles of the autopod region that lie between metacarpal or metatarsal bones.
A corner of the outer (lateral) part of an eye.
The angle at the end of the palpebral fissure, the slit between the eyelids, close to the temporal region of the skull. [ISBN:0124020607, p.263][VHOG]
A bony projection on the distal epiphysis of the humerus that is the attachment site for the extensor muscles of the distal parts of the forelimb. In humans, this is known as the lateral epicondyle, but the position varies across tetrapods.
Rounded projection at the distal head of the humerus (larger and more prominent than the lateral epicondyle) and lateral to the humeral head, which serves as a place of attachment for the mm extensor antebrachii et carpi radialis, extensor digitorum communis, and in part to the m extensor antebrachii et carpi ulnaris.[AAO]
metatarsophalangeal joint of pedal digit 5
A skeletal joint that connects a metatarsal bone and connects a distal phalanx of pedal digit 5.
metatarsophalangeal joint of fifth digit of foot
metatarsophalangeal joint of pedal digit V
An organism subdivision that encompasses the region containing the pectoral or pelvic girdle. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc).
An organism subdivision that encompasses the region containing the pectoral or pelvic girdle. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). There are only two instances of appendage girdle regions per organism.[VSAO]
The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh.
An anatomical structure that develops from the neural crest.
The xiphisternal joint (or xiphisternal synchondrosis) is a location near the bottom of the sternum, where the body of the sternum and the xiphoid process.
A bone that is part of a the digitopodium skeleton - i.e. the acropodial skeleton or the metapodial skeleton.
Any of the organs or elements that are part of the digestive system. Examples: tongue, esophagus, spleen, crop, lunge feeding organ, tooth elements.
A forelimb bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.
A hindlimb bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.
Anatomical projection that is composed of bone or cartilage tissue.
A condyle on the distal end and lateral side of a radius.
The tendon of the muscle that extends the lateral four toes and dorsiflexes the foot.
Represents the special roles associated with the acupoints of the main meridan. These roles are named after the special properties of the special points. Special points are the specific acupoints of the 14 meridans that have special properties and are groupd under special names. This class is used to classify the acupoints based on their special roles.
Paired endochondral long bone that extends between the pectoral girdle and the skeletal parts of the forelimb. [PHENOSCAPE:mah].
Paired, elongate, cylindrical bones of endochondral origin that extend from the pectoral girdle to the elbows.[AAO]
proximal metapterygial mesomere of pectoral appendage
proximal metapterygial mesomere of pectoral fin
Anurans lack manual digit 1, so manual digit 2 is the digit after the prepollex (Phenotype RCN Oct 2012)
A metatarsal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2.
Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with tarsal 2 proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit II distally.[AAO]
The fourth lumbar vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified].
The fourth thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified].
The ninth thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified].
The tenth thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified].
The eleventh thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified].
An organ part that is part of a long bone [Automatically generated definition].
The third segment of the limb, including either the wrist segment (carpus) or the ankle segment (tarsus).
Skeletal element that is composed of cartilage tissue and may be permanent or transient.
A small triangular depression located inferior to the clavicle, bounded by the clavicle, deltoid, and pectoralis major muscles.
A shallow groove extending from the lateral aspect of the nostril to the corner of the mouth.
The posterior axillary fold, also known as the posterior armpit fold, refers to the inferior border of the posterior wall of axilla.
The first opening in the posterior sacrum, allowing passage of sacral nerves.
The third opening in the posterior sacrum for sacral nerve passage.
This is the depression on the skin surface of the neck between the sternal heads of the sternocleidomastoid muscles. This area is situated just above the manubrium of the sternum and is a visible landmark in the neck.
According to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory, acupoints are specifically chosen sites of acupuncture manipulation, and also the basis for studying the mechanism of acupuncture. Stimulating different acupoints on the body surface could provide various therapeutic benefits.
Fang Li, Tian He, Qian Xu, Li-Ting Lin, Hui Li, Yan Liu, Guang-Xia Shi, Cun-Zhi Liu, What is the Acupoint? A preliminary review of Acupoints, Pain Medicine, Volume 16, Issue 10, October 2015, Pages 1905–1915, https://doi.org/10.1111/pme.12761
ready for release
Class has undergone final review, is ready for use, and will be included in the next release. Any class lacking "ready_for_release" should be considered likely to change place in hierarchy, have its definition refined, or be obsoleted in the next release. Those classes deemed "ready_for_release" will also derived from a chain of ancestor classes that are also "ready_for_release."
Orifice at the opposite end of an animal's digestive tract from the mouth. Its function is to expel feces, unwanted semi-solid matter produced during digestion, which, depending on the type of animal, may be one or more of: matter which the animal cannot digest, such as bones; food material after all the nutrients have been extracted, for example cellulose or lignin; ingested matter which would be toxic if it remained in the digestive tract; and dead or excess gut bacteria and other endosymbionts.
In the lungfish, sharks and rays the rectum opens into the cloaca which also receives wastes (urine) from the kidneys and material from the reproductive organs. In bony fish the rectum reaches the outside environment through the anus, which is normally situated just in front the urinary and reproductive openings. However in some fish the digestive tract may be curled back on itself, and in the Electric Eel (Electrophorus electricus) the anus is situated in the fish's throat. -- http://www.earthlife.net/fish/digestion.html
opening of terminal part of digestive tract
The most superficial muscle of the triceps surae group, in the posterior portion of the lower hindleg.
The most superficial calf muscle in the posterior part of the leg. [TFD][VHOG]
The most prominent ventral muscle of the shank is the gastrocnemius, the 'calf' muscle. In mammals, it has two heads, resulting from the fusion of two different phylogenetic predecessors.[well established][VHOG]
In mammals this muscle has two heads[ISBN:0073040584]
involved in standing, walking, running and jumping
A laterally positioned sesamoid bone found in close proximity with and occasionally fused to the ulnare.
Organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work[GO].
Portion of tissue composed of contractile fibers.[TAO]
It seems clear that the metazoan ancestor inherited from its unicellular descendants an actin cytoskeleton and motor-proteins of the myosin superfamily. Within metazoans, these two molecules were arranged into effective contractile units, the muscles. The basic trends for muscle evolution are already expressed in the diploblastic taxa.[well established][VHOG]
An epithelial tube or tree of tibes that transports blood away from the heart[modified from AEO definition].
Note that in FMA an artery is a tree, whereas AEO/JB defines it as a tube; FMA includes a separate class for what it calls the trunk. Classification in this ontology may currently (Jan 2012) represent a mix of both schemes, although we are gradually revising in the direction of the AEO scheme.
Part of the circulatory system composed of blood vessels which carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.[AAO]
The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG]
Some arthropods have primitive arterial systems but this term refers to arteries in a true closed circulatory system.
Sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals.
The organ of hearing and of equilibrium. [TFD][VHOG]
Both vertebrate and invertebrate auditory organs are thought to have evolved from primitive mechanosensors, but the nature of the ancestral structure and the evolutionary trajectories followed in distinct animal lineages remain unknown. In particular, we do not know how many types of mechanosensor existed in the protostome-deuterostome ancestor from which insects and vertebrates evolved or whether the PDA had an auditory organ.[well established][VHOG]
The largest of the laryngeal cartilages.
The largest cartilage of the larynx, having two broad processes that join anteriorly to form the Adam's apple. [TFD][VHOG]
[In anura] a dorsal pair of arytenoid cartilages (...), which support vocal cords, and a ventral pair (often fused) of cricoid cartilage (...). These cartilages are regarded as derivatives of posterior visceral arches of ancestors. Together they constitute the larynx, a structure characteristic of tetrapods. (...) [In mammals] Paired arytenoid cartilages help support and control the vocal cords. The cricoid cartilage is single. Two additional cartilages are present that are lacking in other vertebrates: a large ventral thyroid cartilage (...) and a cartilage in the epiglottis.[well established][VHOG]
A vessel through which blood circulates in the body.
consider adopting the EMAPA superclass 'vascular element', which includes microvasculature (e.g. capillaries), vascular plexus
Any of the vessels through which blood circulates in the body. [XAO:0001011_][VHOG]
Any of the vessels through which blood circulates in the body.[AAO]
annelids have blood vessels, but this class is not applicable to annelids.
FMA:63183 Blood vessel is categorized as 'general anatomical term'. Suggestion to map to region of vascular tree from Terry H at JAX
An intersegmental rod-shaped bone that forms in the peritoneal membrane and attach to the vertebral parapophyses.
Endochondral bone that is intersegmental and rod-shaped, forming in the peritoneal membrane and attached to the vertebral parapophyses. Ribs protect and support internal organs.[TAO]
Endochondral, rodlike element that articulates with the transverse process and parapophysis (double-headed rib), or with the transverse process only (single-headed rib); it extends into the body wall and provides a site for muscle attachment.[AAO]
In most vertebrates, ribs surround the chest. In some species, especially snakes, ribs may provide support and protection for the entire body
They protect and support internal organs and enable lungs to expand by expanding the chest.
Subdivision of trunk proper, which is demarcated from the pelvis by the inferior surface of the pelvic diaphragm and from the lower limbs by the perineofemoral lines; together with the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis, it constitutes the trunk[FMA].
FMA has class anal part of perineum, which may be the same as what EHDAA2 calls perineum
A large superficial muscle that extends longitudinally from the occipital bone to the lower thoracic vertebrae and laterally to the spine of the scapula (shoulder blade). Its functions are to move the scapulae and support the arm. The trapezius has three functional regions: the superior region (descending part), which supports the weight of the arm; the intermediate region (transverse part), which retracts the scapulae; and the inferior region (ascending part), which medially rotates and depresses the scapulae. [WP,unvetted].
The sternomastoid and the three parts of the trapezius are branchiomeric muscles that have secondarily acquired an attachment to the pectoral girdle. They evolved from the fish cucullaris.[well established][VHOG]
The ossified form of a vertebral element, a skeletal element that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column.
Consider changing name to make distinction from inferred superclass 'vertebral element' clear
we follow FMA in making this an irregular bone - however vertebra have 'epiphyses' which are currently classified as belonging to long bones
Endochondral bone that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column.[TAO]
Main component of the vertebral column. It consists of two essential parts, a dorsal neural arch and a ventral centrum.[AAO]
The central portion of the common tendon of the quadriceps femoris. It is attached to the apex of the PATELLA and to the lower part of the tubercle of the TIBIA.
central band of tendon of quadriceps femoris
The metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP) are of the condyloid kind, formed by the reception of the rounded heads of the metacarpal bones into shallow cavities on the proximal ends of the first phalanges, with the exception of that of the thumb, which presents more of the characters of a ginglymoid joint. Arthritis of the MCP is a distinguishing feature of Rheumatoid Arthritis, as opposed to the distal interphalangeal joint in osteoarthritis. [WP,unvetted].
we follow FMA in making these joints part of digits. We include carpometacarpophalangeal joint as a synonym - these joints connect to the carpometacarpus - this is not necessarily inconsistent with the relationship for this class to metacarpal bone, as the carpometacarpus could be considered to have a metacarpal as part
The firm fibrocartilaginous joint in the median plane between the two opposing surfaces of the pubic bones, which are united by an interpubic disc of fibrocartilage as well as the superior and arcuate pubic ligaments.
Medial attachment of the two halves of the pelvic girdle.[AAO]
In birds, the pubic symphysis is present only in the ostrich, and the two hip bones are usually widely separated, making it easier to lay large eggs - Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 188-192. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.
Vertebra prominens is the proper name for the seventh cervical vertebra. The most distinctive characteristic of this vertebra is the existence of a long and prominent spinous process which is palpable from the skin surface, hence the name. This spinous process is thick, nearly horizontal in direction, not bifurcated, but terminating in a tubercle to which the lower end of the ligamentum nuchae is attached. The seventh cervical vertebra (C7) has the most prominent spinous process only in about 70% of people; in the remainder, either C6 or T1 (the first thoracic vertebra) will be the most prominent. The transverse processes are of considerable size, their posterior roots are large and prominent, while the anterior are small and faintly marked; the upper surface of each has usually a shallow sulcus for the eighth spinal nerve, and its extremity seldom presents more than a trace of bifurcation. The foramen transversarium may be as large as that in the other cervical vertebrae, but is generally smaller on one or both sides; occasionally it is double, sometimes it is absent. On the left side it occasionally gives passage to the vertebral artery; more frequently the vertebral vein traverses it on both sides; but the usual arrangement is for both artery and vein to pass in front of the transverse process, and not through the foramen. Sometimes the anterior root of the transverse process attains a large size and exists as a separate bone, which is known as a cervical rib.
elements are to be defined spatially/topologically. all mammals have 7 cervical vertebrae
The seventh thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified].
A nail that is part of a manual digit 5.
Near the middle of the occipital squama is the external occipital protuberance, and extending lateralward from it on either side is the superior nuchal line, and above this the faintly marked highest nuchal line. It is less pronounced in females. The inion is the highest point of the external occipital protuberance. a projection on the external surface of the squamous part of the occipital bone in the midline.
The external occipital protuberance is a bony prominence occuring on the large area ventral to the external sagittal crest. It functions as the attachment site for the funicular part of the nuchal ligament[MURDOCH:734].
An endochondral element that is part of a autopod region.
The dorsum of hand (dorsal area) is the corresponding area on the posterior part of the hand. This refers to the back of the hand, which is opposite of the palm side of the hand.
The scapular region refers to the area on the posterior thoracic wall corresponding to the location of the scapula (shoulder blade). It encompasses the structures overlying and surrounding the scapula, including associated muscles such as the trapezius, deltoid, and rotator cuff muscles.
The tendon of the muscle that flexes and abducts the wrist, located in the anterior forearm.
The tendon of the muscle that flexes and adducts the hand at the wrist.
Eight Confluent Points refer to the eight points on the limbs where the main meridians communicate with the eight extra meridians. They are Neiguan (PC 6). Gongsun (SP 4), Houxi (SJ 3), Shenmai (BL 62). Waiguan (TE 5), Zulinqi (GB 41 ), Lieque (LU 7) and Zhaohai (KI 6), which are respectively connected with the Yin Link Vessel. Thoroughfare Vessel, governor Vessel, Yang Heel Vessel. Yang Link Vessel, Belt Vessel, Conception Vessel and Yin Heel Vessel. The Eight Confluent Points are used to treat a variety of disorders of the corresponding eight extra meridians.
"Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion” (1999) ISBN-13: 978-7119017587
The major preaxial endochondral bone in the anterior zeugopod[Phenoscape].
One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the fore-epipodium; it is located on the lateral side of the ulna. Its upper end articulates with both the humerus and the ulna, whereas the lower articulates with the carpals.[AAO]
Due to the presence of the radius in Tetrpodomorph fish this element is not inherently linked to the presence of digits or flexor musculature. The corresponding bone in the posterior fin/limb is the tibia.[Phenoscape]. In four-legged animals, the radius is the main load-bearing bone of the lower forelimb. Its structure is similar in most terrestrial tetrapods, but it may be fused with the ulna in some mammals (such as horses) and reduced or modified in animals with flippers or vestigial forelimbs [ISBN:0-03-910284-X]
The metatarsus or metatarsal bones are a group of five long bones in the pes located between the tarsal bones of the hind- and mid-pes and the phalanges of the toes. Lacking individual names, the metatarsal bones are numbered from the medial side (side of big toe): the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal. The metatarsals are analogous to the metacarpal bones of the manus. [WP,unvetted].
The postaxial bone of the proximal tarsals series[Phenoscape].
synonymous with the fibulare of basal tetrapods.
A horn-like keratin structure covering the dorsal aspect of the terminal phalanges of fingers and toes[WP].
Use this class for both the nails of primates and the homologous claws of mammals such as mouse.
A primate's nail consists of the unguis alone; the subunguis has disappeared
The nails of humans and the claws are moth are highly similar. Both species have a proximal nail fold, cuticle, nail matrix, nail bed, nail plate, and hyponychium. Distinguishing features are the shape of the nail and the presence of an extended hyponychium in the mouse [PMC3579226]
A bone that is part of the metacarpal skeleton.
A metacarpal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of manual digit 4.
The fourth metacarpal bone (metacarpal bone of the ring finger) is shorter and smaller than the third. The base is small and quadrilateral; its superior surface presents two facets, a large one medially for articulation with the hamate, and a small one laterally for the capitate. On the radial side are two oval facets, for articulation with the third metacarpal; and on the ulnar side a single concave facet, for the fifth metacarpal[Wikipedia:Fourth_metacarpal_bone].
A metacarpal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of manual digit 5.
Dumb-bell shaped bones of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with carpal 5(4) proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit V(IV) distally.[AAO]
The fifth metacarpal bone (metacarpal bone of the little finger or pinky finger) is the most lateral metacarpal[Wikipedia:Fifth_metacarpal_bone].
FMA also has FMA:36782 ! Bone of fifth metacarpal bone
A metatarsal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5.
Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with tarsal 5 or the distal head of the tibiale-fibulare proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit V distally.[AAO]
The fifth metatarsal bone is recognized by a rough eminence, the tuberosity, on the lateral side of its base. The base articulates behind, by a triangular surface cut obliquely in a transverse direction, with the cuboid; and medially, with the fourth metatarsal. On the medial part of its dorsal surface is inserted the tendon of the Peronæus tertius and on the dorsal surface of the tuberosity that of the Peronæus brevis. A strong band of the plantar aponeurosis connects the projecting part of the tuberosity with the lateral process of the tuberosity of the calcaneus. The plantar surface of the base is grooved for the tendon of the Abductor digiti quinti, and gives origin to the Flexor digiti quinti brevis. The base of the metatarsal is often injured and a particularly notorious fracture is the Jones fracture. When the tuberosity is broken, it is called a pseudo-Jones fracture or a dancer's fracture. This is a common fracture of the fifth metatarsal. Stress fractures are common in the fifth metatarsal among athletes[Wikipedia:Fifth_metatarsal_bone].
The first lumbar vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified].
The second lumbar vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified].
The first thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified].
The second thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified].
The third thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified].
The fifth thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified].
The sixth thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified].
Skeletal element that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column.
we include a distinct subclass for bony vertebra
In contrast to lampreys and jawed vertebrates, hagfishes were thought to lack vertebrae. Now, long overlooked vertebral rudiments have been analysed in hagfish, suggesting that vertebrae existed in the last common ancestor of all vertebrates.[well established][VHOG]
Typically an endochondral element, in salamanders there is an argument that vertebral development is perichondral and not preformed in cartilage
The anterior boundary of the axilla, formed by the lower border of the pectoralis major muscle.
The nipple line is an imaginary horizontal reference line running around the body at the level of the nipples.
The area of the thorax on the lateral body wall, containing portions of the serratus anterior and intercostal muscles.
A vertical line running down the lateral thorax from the apex of the axilla to the hip.
The second opening in the posterior sacrum for sacral nerve passage.
The fourth opening in the posterior sacrum for sacral nerve passage.
The biceps femoris tendon is the rounded tendon that attaches the muscle bellies of the long and short heads of the biceps femoris muscle to the head of the fibula.
The anatomical space between the seventh and eighth ribs, containing intercostal muscles, vessels, and nerves.
Midclavicular line is an important vertical reference line on the anterior chest wall. It connects the midclavicular point (superiorly) with the middle of the inguinal ligament (inferiorly).
Your iliotibial band is a strong, thick band of tissue that runs down the outside of your thigh. It extends all the way from the hip bone to the top of the shinbone.
The demarcation at the posterior margin of the scalp where hair growth begins, near the nape of the neck.
The Eight Influential Points refer to the specific points which have particular effects in treatment of disorders relating to the zang-fu organs, qi, blood, tendon, pulse and vessels, bone and marrow. Each of the Eight Influential Points overlaps the other point.
alternative label
A label for a class or property that can be used to refer to the class or property instead of the preferred rdfs:label. Alternative labels should be used to indicate community- or context-specific labels, abbreviations, shorthand forms and the like.
Consider re-defing to: An alternative name for a class or property which can mean the same thing as the preferred name (semantically equivalent, narrow, broad or related).
overlaps
A muscle that originates in the upper two-thirds of the lateral surface of the tibia and inserts into the medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bones of the foot. Its acts to invert the foot. It is situated on the lateral side of the tibia; it is thick and fleshy above, tendinous below. This muscle overlaps the anterior tibial vessels and deep peroneal nerve in the upper part of the leg. [WP,unvetted]. The M. tibialis cranialis is a muscle that flexes the tarsometatarsus. It originates on the craniodistal aspect of the femur and proximal tibiotarsus and inserts on the cranial surface of the tarsometarsus[EvoWiki].
A muscle in the forelimb stylopod which in humans has several functions, the most important being to rotate the forearm and to flex the elbow. [WP,unvetted].
Anatomical line demarcating the boundary between forehead and scalp.
The triangular ridge on the dorsal aspect of the scapula which separates the supra- from the infraspinatous fossa and where the trapezius and deltoid muscles are attached.
the cleithrum, the major shoulder bone of extinct land vertebrate ancestors,.. appears to survive as the scapular spine in living mammals[Matsuoka, PMC1352163]
The olecranon is a large, thick, curved bony eminence of the forearm that projects behind the elbow. It is situated at the upper (proximal) end of the ulna, one of the two bones in the forearm. When the hand faces forward the olecranon faces towards the back (posteriorly). It is bent forward at the summit so as to present a prominent lip which is received into the olecranon fossa of the humerus in extension of the forearm. Its base is contracted where it joins the body and the narrowest part of the upper end of the ulna. Its posterior surface, directed backward, is triangular, smooth, subcutaneous, and covered by a bursa. Its superior surface is of quadrilateral form, marked behind by a rough impression for the insertion of the Triceps brachii; and in front, near the margin, by a slight transverse groove for the attachment of part of the posterior ligament of the elbow-joint. Its anterior surface is smooth, concave, and forms the upper part of the semilunar notch. Its borders present continuations of the groove on the margin of the superior surface; they serve for the attachment of ligaments, viz. , the back part of the ulnar collateral ligament medially, and the posterior ligament laterally. From the medial border a part of the Flexor carpi ulnaris arises; while to the lateral border the anconeus muscle is attached.
Large and thick process situated at the proximal (upper) end of the ulna. Its inner face forms the medial articular surface that articulates with the humeral head.[AAO]
The eyebrow is an area of thick, delicate hairs above the eye that follows the shape of the lower margin of the brow ridges. Their main function is to protect the eye, but they are also important to human communication and facial expression. It is not uncommon for people to modify their eyebrows by means of hair addition or removal, make up, or piercings.
An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage.
A dentary bone that is the only bone in one of the lateral halves of the lower jaw skeleton.
consider merging with dentary - for now we make it a mammal-specific subclass.
Note in ZFA 'mandible' is a syn for the ventral mandibular arch, which is a portion of the 1st pharyngeal arch; however the term 'mandibular symphysis' refers to the dentary
'mandible' also refers to either the upper OR lower part of the beak in birds
A long bone is a bone that has a shaft and 2 ends and is longer than it is wide. Long bones have a thick outside layer of compact bone and an inner medullary cavity containing bone marrow. The ends of a long bone contain spongy bone and an epiphyseal plate or line depending on the stage of development. The epiphyseal plate is a hyaline cartilage, where new bone growth takes place, lengthening the bone prior to adulthood. Bone lengthening ceases when this cartilage is lost, leaving a remnant referred to as an epiphyseal line.
Endochondral_ossification is an essential process during the rudimentary formation of long bones, with the exception of the clavicle[Wikipedia:Endochondral_ossification]. The medial and and lateral ends undergo EO, the mid-portion is formed by a process with features of EO & IO (the process is shared by the mandible)[ISBN:9780397517251]
Anatomical space that is a concavity, shallow depression, or groove on a bone.[TAO]
General Anatomical term in FMA; not restricted to bone in ncit; surface feature in VSAO; note that entities named 'fossa' are cavities in FMA, hence placement here
Organ consisting of skeletal tissue. Encompasses whole bones, fused bones, cartilaginious elements, teeth, dermal denticles.
Organ entity that is typically involved in mechanical support and may have different skeletal tissue compositions at different stages.[VSAO]
Organ entity that may have different tissue compositions at different stages and is typically involved in mechanical support.[TAO]
An anatomical structure that has more than one cell as a part.
pedal digit metatarsal endochondral element
A pedal digit metatarsal bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.
The anatomical space between the first and second ribs, containing intercostal muscles, vessels, and nerves.
The anatomical space between the second and third ribs, containing intercostal muscles, vessels, and nerves.
The space between the third and fourth ribs, containing intercostal muscles, vessels, and nerves.
The space between the sixth and seventh ribs, containing intercostal muscles, vessels, and nerves.
An object property that relates a meridian to the organ it is associated with according to traditional Chinese medicine theory (e.g., the Lung Meridian is associated with the Lung). Used to express the organ affiliation of a meridian as an OWL axiom.
A thoracic vertebra endochondral element that is composed primarily of a bone tissue.
Thoracic vertebrae in all species are defined as those vertebrae which also carry a pair of ribs, and lie caudal to the cervical vertebrae. In humans, they are distinguished by the presence of facets on the sides of the bodies for articulation with the heads of the ribs, and facets on the transverse processes of all, except the eleventh and twelfth, for articulation with the tubercles of the ribs
Tissue with cells that deposit non-polarized extracellular matrix including connective tissue fibers and ground substance.
One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. It is largely a category of exclusion rather than one with a precise definition, but there are certain characteristics shared by all or most tissues in this category, such as involvement in structure and support, derived from mesoderm, and characterized largely by the traits of non-living tissue.[AAO]
Portion of tissue that consists of mesodermally derived cells and intercellular matrix comprised of protein fibers and carbohydrates, which supports, ensheathes and binds together other tissues.[TAO]
Tissue with cells that deposit non-polarized extracellular matrix including connective tissue fibers and ground substance.[VSAO]
A major subdivision of a mature or developing limb, including both skeletal elements (or the mesenchyme that gives rise to the skeletal elements) and associated tissues, such as muscle, connective tissue, integument. Examples: autopod region, zeugopod region, stylopod region, metapodial region, arm region. Excludes the limb girdles.
TODO - align this with the CARO2 class 'appendage segment'; note the FMA class does not appear to require repetition
FMA has both limb segment and free limb segment, the former includes the girdles. Note that MA uses the term more generally and includes A,S,Z,S+Z(arm/leg), whereas FMA is just A,S,Z
An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the ectoderm.
A skeletal element that has the potential to participate in endochondral ossification, and may participate in intramembranous ossification.
The mastoid process is a conical prominence projecting from the undersurface of the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. It is located just behind the external acoustic meatus, and lateral to the styloid process. Its size and form vary somewhat; it is larger in the male than in the female. This process serves for the attachment of the posterior belly of the digastric, sternocleidomastoid, splenius capitis, and longissimus capitis muscles. The word is derived from the Greek 'masto-', alluding to its resemblance to the breast.
The anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) is an important landmark of surface anatomy. It refers to the anterior extremity of the iliac crest of the pelvis, which provides attachment for the inguinal ligament, the sartorius muscle, and the tensor fasciae latae. ASIS provides a clue in identifying some other clinical landmarks, including: McBurney's point Gardner's line Roser-NC)laton line A - Anterior (front, like the face) S - Superior (towards the head, opposite to feet) I - Iliac S - Spine.
manual digit metacarpus endochondral element
A manual digit metacarpus bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.
manual digit metacarpus skeletal element
Each of the twelve main meridians has a Yuan-Primary Point, which is located on the limbs. The Chinese character (Yuan) means primary qi in this context. The chapter "The 66th Medical Problem" in Classic of Medical Problems describes the relation between the Yuan-Primary Points and Yuan-Primary Qi. The Yuan-Primary Qi, originating below the umbilicus and between the kidneys, is dispersed to the zang-fu organs and further to the limbs via Triple Energizer. The sites where the Yuan-Primary Qi is retained are Yuan-Primary Points, which are used to treat disorders of the zang-fu organs. In the yin meridians, the Yuan-Primary Poims overlap with the Shu-Stream Points of the Five Shu Points. Each yang meridian, however, has its Yuan-Primary Point other than the Shu-Stream Point.
The names of the five shu points image the flow of meridian q i as the flow of water. The Jing-Well point is situated in the place where the meridian q i starts to bubble.
Back-Shu points are specific points on the back where the qi of the respective zang-fu organs is infused. It is stated in Chapter 51 of Miraculous Pivot that "in the Back-Shu Points you are looking for the reactionary spots of tenderness and soreness, or the points on which pressure exerted relieves pain and discomforts of the patient". Situated close to their respectively related zang-fu organs, the Back-Shu points present abnormal reactions to the dysfunction of their corresponding zang-fu organs. They are often used for disorders of the internal organs.
As the major part in the meridian system, the twelve main meridians share the following features. Each with its own acupuncture points is distributed on a fixed portion of the body surface; each pertains to either a zang or a fu organ (those that pertain to the zang organ communicating with the fu organ, and vice versa). The twelve main meridians link one another in a fixed order. A cyclical now of qi is maintained by the connection of the meridians of the hand and foot, yin and yang, exterior and interior.
D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Page 65. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
The names of the five shu points image the flow of meridian q i as the flow of water. The Shu-Stream point is where the meridian qi flourishes. In the yin meridians, the Yuan-Primary Poims overlap with the Shu-Stream Points of the Five Shu Points. Each yang meridian, however, has its Yuan-Primary Point other than the Shu-Stream Point.
The names of the five shu points image the flow of meridian q i as the flow of water. The Jing-River point is where the meridian qi is pouring abundantly.
Front-Mu points are those points on the chest and abdomen where the qi of the respective zang-fu organs is infused and converged. Located close to their corresponding zang-fu organs, the Front-Mu points play a significant role in the diagnosis and treatment of the disorders of the internal organs.
The names of the five shu points image the flow of meridian q i as the flow of water. The Ying-Spring point is where the meridian qi starts to gush.
independent continuant
a chair
a heart
a leg
a molecule
a spatial region
an atom
an orchestra.
an organism
the bottom right portion of a human torso
the interior of your mouth
b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002])
A continuant that is a bearer of quality and realizable entity entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything.
adjacent to
Anatomical structure which is a subdivision of a whole organism, consisting of components of multiple anatomical systems, largely surrounded by a contiguous region of integument.
Reflects CARO2. todo - check the inclusion of FMA 'cardinal body part here', and check child terms for consistency
A subdivision of the autopod that has as part a series of phalanges together with associated vasculature, musculature, integument and nerves. It is continuous with the metapodial subdivision of the autopod, but does not include the metapodials. In species such as humans, fully formed digits are distinct, whereas in other species the digits may be connected by interdigital webbing, or may be completely unseparated (for example, in cetaceans).
this class represents the entire organism subdivision encompassing soft tissue as well as the underlying skeletal framework. The class represents the phalangeal part only - historically the term 'digit' has also been used to represent the unit consisting of a series of phalanges together with a metapodial bone. We may in future relabel this class to avoid confusion with this concept, but the class will continue to represent the phalangeal portion
Our reinterpretation of the distal fin endoskeleton of Panderichthys removes the final piece of evidence supporting the formerly popular hypothesis that tetrapod digits are wholly new structures without homologues in sarcopterygian fish fins. This hypothesis, which was based partly on the complete absence of plausible digit homologues in Panderichthys (then the closest known relative of tetrapods), has already been called into question by the discovery of digit-like radials in Tiktaalik and the fact that Hox gene expression patterns closely resembling those associated with digit formation in tetrapods occur in the distal fin skeletons of paddlefish and Australian lungfish. Our new data show that Panderichthys is not an anomaly: like Tiktaalik and other fish members of the Tetrapodomorpha, it has distal radials that can be interpreted as digit homologues.[well established][VHOG]
digit (phalangeal portion) plus soft tissue
Any structure that is placed on one side of the left-right axis of a bilaterian.
This class is primarily to implement taxon constraints. It may be removed in the future.
The space between the fifth and sixth ribs, containing intercostal muscles, vessels, and nerves.
He-sea points are where the qi collects and begins to head deeper into the body.
A disease is a disposition to undergo pathological processes that exists in an organism because of one or more disorders in that organism.
has characteristic
bearer of
this apple is bearer of this red color
this vase is bearer of this fragility
Inverse of characteristic_of
A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist.
bearer_of
is bearer of
The central circular aperture of the iris through which light rays enter the eye.
The circular orifice in the centre of the iris, through which light enters into the eye. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG]
Terminal segment of free limb, immediately distal to the zeugopod region. The fully developed autopod consists of the autopod skeleton plus associated structures such as integument, muscle tissue, vasculature etc. The autopod is divided into mesopodial, metapodiual, and acropodial segments. Examples: human hand, mouse paw, human foot.
Naming conventions for pod terms under discussion within phenoscape group; note that this refers to the limb segment, not just the skeleton.
Mesopodial segment of the pes, including the tarsal skeleton and associated tissues.
this term refers to the limb segment. See also: tarsal bones and tarsal skeleton
MA has both tarsus (part of foot, has tarsal bone) and ankle (part of hindlimb, has joint, nerve, skin).
An organism subdivision that includes the pectoral girdle skeleton and associated soft tissue. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). Examples: There are only two instances in an organism, right and left pectoral girdle regions.
this class describes the organism subdivision, NOT the skeleton within. See also: skeleton of pectoral girdle (UBERON:0007831).
An organism subdivision that includes the pectoral girdle skeleton. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). There is only one instance of the pectoral girdle region per organism.[VSAO]
Note that this class describes the central subdivision of the pectoral girdle complex, NOT the skeleton within.[VSAO]
The major postaxial endochondral bone in the posterior zeugopod[Phenoscape].
One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the hind-epipodium; it is a rather more slender bone than the tibia but of about the same length.[AAO]
Each of twelve main meridians has, on the limbs, a Luo-Connecting Point to link its exteriorly-interiorly related meridian. Each of the Governor and Conception vessels., and the Major Collateral of the spleen has its Luo-Connecting Point on the trunk. They are termed "the Fifteen Luo-Connecting Points". A Luo-Connecting Point is used to treat disorders involving the two exteriorly-interiorly related meridians and those in the area supplied by the two meridians.
Material anatomical entity that is a single connected structure with inherent 3D shape generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome.
A paired dermal or endochondral bone that is part of the pectoral girdle. The clavicle may be in contact with the interclavicle or coracoid and forms an attachment site for pectoral musculature. [PHENOSCAPE:ad].
Slender, paired bones of intramembranous origin that invest the anterior margins of the procoracoids.[AAO]
relationship loss: part_of zonal element (AAO:0000936)[AAO]
In early tetrapods, the connecting skull bone, the posttemporal, and adjoining shoulder bones, supracleithrum and postcleithrum (=anocleithrum), are absent, leaving a dermal shoulder girdle composed of the remaining ventral elements: the paired cleithrum and clavicle, and an unpaired midventral interclavicle that joins both halves of the girdle across the midline. (...) Several dermal elements of the shoulder persist in early synapsids. The clavicle and interclavicle are present in therapsids and monotremes, but in marsupials and placentals, the interclavicle is absent, the clavicle often is reduced in size, and the scapula becomes the predominant shoulder element.[well established][VHOG]
The clavicle first appears as part of the skeleton in primitive bony fish, where it is associated with the pectoral fin; they also have a bone called the cleithrum. In such fish, the paired clavicles run behind and below the gills on each side, and are joined by a solid symphysis on the fish's underside. They are, however, absent in cartilagenous fish and in the vast majority of living bony fish, including all of the teleosts[ISBN 0-03-910284-X].
In most birds and mammals the clavicles are the only dermal elements in the trunk, and is the only membrane bone associated with the pectoral girdle in these taxa. However, there can be secondary cartilage, or subsequent endochondral ossification, or fusion with endochondral elements. In rodents, the lateral ends of the clavicle are endochondral but the main portion is dermal.
FMA and MA differ in whether they consider this part of the shoulder
The Achilles tendon is a tendon of the posterior leg. It serves to attach the plantaris, gastrocnemius (calf) and soleus muscles to the calcaneus (heel) bone.
in FMA this is a ligament, and part of the muscle
A zone of soft tissue located on the posterior of the lateral side of the pelvic region corresponding to the gluteal muscles.
The Xi-Cleft Point is the site where the qi and blood of the meridian are deeply converged. Each of the twelve main meridians and the four extra meridians (Yin Heel Vessel. Yang Heel Vessel. Yin Link Vessel and Yang Link Vessel) has a Xi-Cleft Point on the limbs, amounting to sixteen in all. The Xi-Cleft Point is used to treat acute disorders in the area supplied by its pertaining meridian and those of its pertaining zang or fu organ.
connects
The major preaxial endochondral bone in the posterior zeugopod[Phenoscape].
One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the hind-epipodium; it is a straight, simple bone whose section is more or less rectangular at the ends and circular at its central portion.[AAO]
Non-material anatomical entity of one dimension, which forms a boundary of an anatomical surface or is a modulation of an anatomical surface.
A limb segment that is part of a hindlimb.
The space between the fourth and fifth ribs, containing intercostal muscles, vessels, and nerves.
A paired muscle in the superficial layers of the anterior portion of the neck. It acts to flex and rotate the head. It also acts as an accessory muscle of inspiration, along with the scalene muscles of the neck. [WP,unvetted].
TODO: sternocleidomastoid = sternomastoid + Cleidomastoideus. Origin: from manubrium sterni (sterno) and clavicle (cleido) and it's insertion at the mastoid process of the temporal bone.
Projection of skin containing the outlets for 15-20 lactiferous ducts arranged cylindrically around the tip.
a male mouse has no nipples - mammary tissue regresses during embryonic development
FMA makes this part of the breast, whereas in MA it is part of the mammary gland -
Nipple being part_of mammary gland is due to a practical modelling in uberon that treats mammary gland as including adnexa. A GCI asserts that nipple is part of the breast in humans. For discussion of this, please refer to https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1873.
A limb segment that is part of a forelimb.
The anterior skin fold of the elbow, marking the transition between the upper arm and forearm, overlying the cubital fossa.
Dense regular connective tissue that connects muscle to bone[VSAO].
Dense regular connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.[VSAO]
Phylogenetically, tendinous tissue first appears in the invertebrate chordate Branchiostoma as myosepta. This two-dimensional array of collagen fibers is highly organized, with fibers running along two primary axes. In hagfish the first linear tendons appear and the myosepta have developed specialized regions with unidirectional fiber orientation - a linear tendon within the flat sheet of myoseptum.[well established][VHOG]
in FMA, tendon is an organ component that with parts dense-irregular-connective-tissue of tendon and dense-irregular-connective-tissue of tendon sheath; we follow VSAO in making it a subtype of the former. In VSAO tendons connect muscle to bone; in WP the def states integument (e.g. auricular muscles) - but JB confirms this is not actually tendon but aponeurosis
The subdivision of the vertebrate body between the thorax and pelvis. The ventral part of the abdomen contains the abdominal cavity and visceral organs. The dorsal part includes the abdominal section of the vertebral column.
Vertebrate specific. In arthropods 'abdomen' is the most distal section of the body which lies behind the thorax or cephalothorax. If need be we can introduce some grouping class
Subdivision of abdominal segment of trunk which in humans is demarcated from the front of the abdomen by the posterior surface of the anterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia and the anterior surface of the lumbar vertebral column; together with the front of the abdomen, it constitutes the abdomen[Modified from FMA].
overlaps with region sometimes called 'loin'
The dorsal wrist crease is the skin fold that forms on the back (dorsal) side of the wrist, often visible when the hand is extended. It marks the junction between the forearm and the hand and is located near the proximal ends of the metacarpal bones.
The major postaxial endochondral bone in the anterior zeugopod[Phenoscape].
One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the fore-epipodium; it is located on the medial (inner) side of the radius. The upper end of the ulna articulates with the lower end of the humerus forming a strong hinge joint with the carpals, whereas the lower articulates with the carpals.[AAO]
The corresponding bone in the posterior fin/limb is the fibula.
A mesopodium that is part of a manus. Includes as parts the carpal skeleton and associated tissues[cjm]. The anatomical region surrounding the carpus including the distal parts of the bones of the forearm and the proximal parts of the metacarpus or five metacarpal bones and the series of joints between these bones, thus referred to as wrist joints. This region also includes the carpal tunnel, the anatomical snuff box, the flexor retinaculum, and the extensor retinaculum[WP,unvetted].
Anatomical structure that performs a specific function or group of functions [WP].
Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
CARO v1 does not include a generic 'organ' class, only simple and compound organ. CARO v2 may include organ, see https://github.com/obophenotype/caro/issues/4
Anatomical structure that consists of two or more adjacent skeletal structures, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue[VSAO].
Anatomical cluster that consists of two or more adjacent bones or cartilages, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue.[VSAO]
Anatomical cluster which consists of two or more adjacent bones or cartilages, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue.[TAO]
In human anatomy, the distal phalanges of the four fingers and toes articulate proximally with the intermediate phalanges at the distal interphalangeal joints (DIP); in the thumb and big toe, with only two phalanges, the distal phalanges articulate proximally with the proximal phalanges. The distal phalanges carry and shape nails and claws and are therefore occasionally referred to as the ungual phalanges. The distal phalanges are cone-shaped in most mammals, including most primates, but relatively wide and flat in humans.
Malleolus is the name for the bony prominence on each side of the ankle.
In bovids, the distal end of the fibula is present only as the lateral malleolus, a separate bone that articulates with the lateral side of the distal tibia.
The elbow is the region surrounding the elbow-joint-the ginglymus or hinge joint in the middle of the arm. Three bones form the elbow joint: the humerus of the upper arm, and the paired radius and ulna of the forearm. The bony prominence at the very tip of the elbow is the olecranon process of the ulna, and the inner aspect of the elbow is called the antecubital fossa. [WP,unvetted,human-specific].
This is the visible skin fold or line at the back of the knee, formed when the knee is flexed. It is a superficial feature and serves as a landmark for the location of the popliteal fossa beneath.
A segment of the hindlimb that corresponds to the joint connecting a hindlimb stylopod and zeugopod.
A large sesamoid bone found in the distal femur/proximal tibial region of the hindlimb of tetrapods. The patella is the attachment site for proximal hindlimb tendons.[PHENOSCAPE:ad].
The patella, also known as the knee cap or kneepan, is the largest sesamoid bone in the human body. The primary functional role of the patella is knee extension. The patella has convergently evolved in placental mammals and birds; marsupials have only rudimentary, non-ossified patellae. In more primitive tetrapods, including living amphibians and reptiles, the muscle tendons from the upper leg are attached directly to the tibia, and the patella is not present. See also: fabella.
The palmar wrist crease is the transverse skin fold that appears on the palm side of the wrist when the hand is flexed. It marks the boundary between the forearm and the palm and is located approximately at the level of the distal radius and ulna.
attached to
An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the mesoderm.
Endochondral bone that is dorsoventrally compressed and provides attachment site for muscles of the pectoral appendage.
Endochondral bone that is located medial to the cleithrum, and articulates ventrally with the coracoid, medially with the mesocoracoid when the later is present and posteriorly with the upper one to three proximal radials. The scapula develops from the scapulocoracoid cartilage and belongs to the primary pectoral girdle. It may be perforated by the scapular foramen or it may be notched ventr and forms together with a similar notch of the coracoid the scapulocoracoid foramen[TAO:0000583].
Paired bony elements of endochondral origin. They are situated at the level of the jaw articulation, in a vertical position, with the suprascapular margin being dorsal and the glenoid end being ventral.[AAO]
relationship loss: has pars glenoidalis of scapula (AAO:0000753)[AAO]
relationship loss: part_of scapular area (AAO:0000935)[AAO]
present in all tetrapods with even vestiges of anterior limbs, e.g., turtles & birds & mammals.
chick scapula is of dual origin and segmentally organized
A prominent bony projection on the medial aspect of the distal tibia, forming part of the ankle joint.
The part of the forelimb extending from the shoulder to the autopod[cjm].
currently declared as overlapping hand, as AOs disagree over whether some wrist parts are in the arm or hand
this class refers to the combination of the stylopod and zeugopod of a forelimb. Sometimes (cf FMA), 'arm' denotes the stylopod only; sometimes (cf MA), 'arm' denotes the part of the forelimb covering both (i.e. shoulder to hand). Also note distinction between arm and forelimb: hand is part of forelimb, but not part of arm
Distal segment of the fore limb, including carpal region, metacarpal region and digits.
like all limb segments, this class encompasses both the unformed hand region of the embryo to the fully formed structure complete with skeleton
The part of the hindlimb between pelvis and the knee, corresponding to the femur.
A subdivision of an organism along the anterior-posterior axis in the pelvic region immediately posterior to the lumbar region and anterior to the caudal region. Sometimes an intermediate region is defined between the sacral and caudal.
Amphibians - 1 sacral vertebra; Living reptiles & most birds - 2 sacral vertebrae; Most mammals - 3 to 5 sacral vertebrae. TODO - split sacral from sacrococcygeal
A muscle organ that consists of skeletal muscle tissue ensheathed in epimysium, that develops from myotome and that is innervated by some somatic motor neuron. Skeletal muscles are typically attached (via a tendon) to a bone but there are exceptions (e.g. intrinsic tongue muscles).
The demarcation at the anterior margin of the scalp where hair growth begins.
Small Intestine Meridian of Hand-Taiyang
The inferior portion of the abdomen, located below the umbilicus and above the pelvic region.
Extra points are experiential points with specific names and definite locations, but are not attributed to the fourteen meridians. They are effective in the treatment of certain diseases. Although scattered over the body, they are still related to the meridians system. Some extra points are distributed along the courses of the fourteen meridians, for example, Yimang (Extra I) i; related to the Governor Vessel, Lanwei (Extra 18) to the Stomach Meridian of Foot-Yangming.
D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Page 116. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
Large Intestine Meridian of Hand-Yangming
has part
my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity)
this year has part this day (occurrent parthood)
a core relation that holds between a whole and its part
Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part.
Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'.
has_part
Triple Energizer Meridian of Hand-Shaoyang
The middle limb segment of the pectoral free limb, between the autopod and stylopod segments. Includes as parts the forelimb zeugopodial skeleton, which includes as parts the radius and ulna, or their cartilage precursors, or evolutionary variants.
The middle forelimb region. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_Boston_etc.:_McGraw-Hill, Function, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.321, see_Kardong_KV][VHOG]
Naming conventions for pod terms under discussion within phenoscape group. TODO - add distinct term for skeleton and place AAO class here
middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb
zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb
The superior portion of the abdomen, located above the umbilicus and below the ribcage.
Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species.
A subdivision of the head that has as parts the layers deep to the surface of the anterior surface, including the mouth, eyes, and nose (when present). In vertebrates, this includes the facial skeleton and structures superficial to the facial skeleton (cheeks, mouth, eyeballs, skin of face, etc).
Subdivision of head which consists of the viscerocranium and all layers superficial to it. Examples: There is only one face.
The area that extends from the median ocellus to the oral foramen[HAO].
The face develops from outward growth of tissue located rostral to the cranium & pharynx. The lower jaw and most of the upper jaw are formed by growth of the first pharyngeal (branchial) arch. The upper incisor region and the nose and forehead (frontal region) are formed from tissue located rostral to the neural tube (frontonasal prominence)
An organism subdivision that extends from the head to the pectoral girdle, encompassing the cervical vertebral column.
true necks are considered to be present when the pectoral girdle is separate from the skull - Tiktaalik is the earliest known fish to have a true neck.
Skeletal element that is composed of bone tissue.
Also called osseous tissue, (Latin: os). Is a type of hard endoskeletal connective tissue found in many vertebrate animals. Bone is the main tissue of body organs that support body structures, protect internal organs, (in conjunction with muscles) facilitate movement; and are involved with cell formation, calcium metabolism, and mineral storage.[AAO]
Portion of tissue which is calcified connective tissue making up the structural elements of the skeletal system.[TAO]
Skeletal element that is composed of bone tissue.[VSAO]
relationship loss: subclass specialized connective tissue (AAO:0000571)[AAO]
The 'new animal phylogeny' reveals that many of the groups known to biomineralize sit among close relatives that do not, and it favours an interpretation of convergent or parallel evolution for biomineralization in animals. (...) Whether this 'biomineralization toolkit'of genes reflects a parallel co-option of a common suite of genes or the inheritance of a skeletogenic gene regulatory network from a biomineralizing common ancestor remains an open debate.[debated][VHOG]
The middle limb segment of the pelvic free limb, between the autopod and stylopod segments. Includes as parts the hindlimb zeugopodial skeleton, which includes as parts the tibia and fibula, or their cartilage precursors, or evolutionary variants.
FMA:24979 denotes the middle segment (zeugopod), its placement here is correct. See obo-anatomy archives for discussion
Subdivision of thorax, which in humans is the posterior part of the thorax and is demarcated from the chest by the external surface of the posterolateral part of the rib cage and the anterior surface of the thoracic vertebral column; together with the chest, it constitutes the thorax.
Distal portion of the hind limb, including tarsal region, metatarsal region and digits.
Subdivision of thorax which is anterior to the plane of the posterior boundary of the middle mediastinum.
The pit in the center of the abdominal wall marking the point where the umbilical cord entered in the fetus.
A vertical line running along the posterior midline of the back, aligned with the spinous processes of the vertebrae.
The head is the anterior-most division of the body [GO].
Organism subdivision that is the part of the body consisting of the cranial and pharyngeal regions.[AAO]
Organism subdivision which is the part of the body which consists of the cranial and pharygeal regions.[TAO]
Vertebrate evolution has been characterized by a fresh and vast array of cranial structures that collectively form the head.[well established][VHOG]
A vertical line running along the midline of the anterior body surface, aligned with the sternum. On the anterior abdominal and chest walls, the anterior median line can be seen extending from the jugular notch, crossing over the sternum and linea alba in their midline, and reaching out to the midline pubic symphysis.
An object property that relates an acupoint to its designated special acupoint role class (e.g., LU 1 hasSpecialPointDesignation Front-Mu Point of the Lung Role). It is the inverse of isSpecialPointDesignationOf and is a sub-property of the RO relation 'bearer of' (RO:0000053). Used in OWL axioms to classify acupoints as special points.
Acupuncture points of the fourteen meridians, also known as "meridian points," acupuncture points of the fourteen meridians are distributed along the twelve main meridian, the Governor Vessel and the Conception Vessel, totally amounting to 361.
D. Liangyue, G. Yijun, H. Shuhui, et al. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Revised ed. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press; 1999. Page 115. ISBN 978-7-119-01758-7.
An object property that relates an acupoint to the meridian it belongs to (e.g., LU 1 isMemberAcupointOf Lung Meridian). It is the inverse of hasMemberAcupoint and a sub-property of the RO relation 'member of collection' (RO:0002350).
An object property that relates an acupoint to the general body region on whose surface it is located (e.g., LU 1 locatedOnTheSurfaceOf Anterior Thoracic Region). It is a sub-property of the RO relation 'located in' (RO:0001025) and corresponds to the annotation property hasSurfaceLocation.
This class serves as a generic "placeholder" superclass for all unclassified imported terms referenced by some of the asserted axioms in the TARA Acupoints ontology and its knowledge base. Its subclasses are terms imported from the UBERON, MONDO, and HPO ontologies. Note 1: Each subclass reuses the exact IRI and label from its source ontology, without any additional logical axioms from the source ontology. This design choice avoids importing the full UBERON, MONDO, and HP ontologies while still preserving the labels required by the referencing axioms, and it eliminates the reasoning overhead those imports would impose on the core TARA ontology classes. Note 2: The full classification and axioms for the terms under this class can be obtained at query time by loading the external ontologies (UBERON, MONDO, HPO) alongside the TARA Acupoints ontology into a high-performance graph database such as Stardog or GraphDB.
An object property that relates an acupoint to one or more specific anatomical structures in whose vicinity it is located on the body surface (e.g., LU 1 locatedInRelationTo First Intercostal Space, Infraclavicular Fossa, and Anterior Median Line, all within the Anterior Thoracic Region). It is a sub-property of the RO relation 'located in' (RO:0001025) and corresponds to the annotation property hasRelatedLocation.
part of
is part of
my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity)
this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood)
a core relation that holds between a part and its whole
Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other.
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'.
part_of
This is redundant with the more specific 'independent and not spatial region' constraint. We leave in the redundant axiom for use with reasoners that do not use negation.