Ontology engineer: Patricia Kügler Domain expert: Max Marian
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
tribAIn - Derived from the ancient Greek word “tribein” (= rubbing) and the acronym “AI” (= Artificial Intelligence)
To sign, from where a concept or definition comes from. If used as Annotation to rdfs:comment, it is the source of the comment. If used as Annotation to a concept or property, it signs the source of it. If the concept and the definition is from the same source, it is sufficient to sign only the concept.
This annotation property is used to document a specific ID, which signs the physical individual, which was used as counterbody in the experimental setup.
The annotation property for explicit stating the textual description of a experimental hypothesis or research question, which is described, for instance in a publication.
The annotation property for explicit stating the textual description of a results interpretation, which is described, for instance in a publication.
The relation is used to seperate all parameters from the variable which is the target of the scientific study
A relation to sign the physical constituants of the samples used in the test series. Physical constituants can be "Substrate", "Assembly", "Part", "Lubricant", "Material", etc. The physical constituants of the sample carry information about preprocessing, thus if different preprocessing of different sample parts is used in the test series, the physical constituants can be related to the classes "Sample", "SampleGroup" or "TestSeries" via the relation usedIn.
An event of measurement within a measurement series. Every measurement must have one metric event to sign which parameters are measured at which event.
"Properties or qualities as distinguished from any particular embodiment of the properties/qualities in a physical medium. Instances of Abstract can be said to exist in the same sense as mathematical objects such as sets and relations, but they cannot exist at a particular place and time without some physical encoding or embodiment."
Additives are auxiliary substances or additions that are mixed into lubricants in small quantities in order to achieve or improve certain properties.
Substances (liquid or gas) surrounding the contacting bodies. The ambient medium is defined by its type, composition and material properties.
Silicone compounds which increase surface tension in order to discourage foam formation.
Suppress the rate of oxidative degradation of the hydrocarbon molecules within the lubricant at low temperatures.
Form protective 'tribofilms' on metal parts, suppressing wear. They come in two classes depending on the strength with which they bind to the surface. Popular examples include phosphate esters and zinc dithiophosphates.
The master drawing, which groups all regarding engineering drawings.
In physics, binding energy (also called separation energy) is the minimum energy required to disassemble a system of particles into separate parts.
Biolubricants, or bio-based lubricants, are generally perceived asenvironmentally friendly, biodegradable and non-toxic lubricantswhich are derived from renewable resources such as plant oils andanimal fats.
Any number of three-dimensional solid bodies in the focus of the tribological investigation which are contacting the counter body/bodies. The body is defined by its shape and material properties.
A bouncing-like collision of two bodies.
The representation of an assembly wihtin CAD software, for instance signing a .asm file in a database.
The representation of a part wihtin CAD software, for instance signing a .prt file in a database.
A binary compound of carbon with an element of lower or comparable electronegativity.
Refers to the broad and general process by which a material's structure and properties are probed and measured. The scope of the term often differs; some definitions limit the term's use to techniques which study the microscopic structure and properties of materials, while others use the term to refer to any materials analysis process including macroscopic techniques such as mechanical testing, thermal analysis and density calculation.
The ratio between the force necessary to move one surface horizontally over another and the pressure between the two surfaces.
Cat.IV: Component investigations (original or simplified) under practical operating conditions.
A composite material made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties that, when combined, produce a material with characteristics different from the individual components.
A computational experiment is a scientific experiment which investigates cause-effect relations between known and unknown (target) variables by manipulating the computational (non-physical) domain adequate to the real-world domain.
The relative amount of a particular substance contained within a solution or mixture or in a particular volume of space.
A physical interaction between two things (e.g. bodies).
Any SelfConnectedObject that expresses content. This content may be a Proposition, e.g. when the ContentBearingObject is a Sentence or Text, or it may be a representation of an abstract or physical object, as with an Icon, a Word or a Phrase.
Any Object or Process that expresses content. This covers Objects that contain a Proposition, such as a book, as well as ManualSignLanguage, which may similarly contain a Proposition.
A factor that is multiplied with the result of an equation to correct for a known amount of systematic error.
Alkaline materials, such as alkylsulfonate salts, that absorb acids that would corrode metal parts.
Any number of three-dimensional bodies (solid, liquid or gas) which are contacting the body/bodies in the focus of the tribological investigation. The counter body is defined by its shape and material properties.
A solid geometrical figure with straight parallel sides and a circular or oval cross section.
Value which is measured by DMS (e.g. pressure or force).
An detail drawing contains information about geometry, dimensions, tolerances, material, surface quality etc.
Ensure the cleanliness of engine components by preventing the formation of deposits on contact surfaces at high temperatures.
A Device is an Artifact whose purpose is to serve as an instrument in a specific subclass of Process.
A device is an experimental equipment that processes data according to a set of instructions.
Collins Softback English Dictionary, HarperCollins Publishers, Glasgow, 1993
The length of the space between two points.
A domain model is a description of relationships (e.g. logical/ mathematical) between known and unknown variables of the experimental domain.
A domain of an experiment is a field of study in which an experiment is designed to discover new knowledge. Here used to sign which domain is affected by the results of the experiment.
The property of matter and radiation which is manifest as a capacity to perform work (such as causing motion or the interaction of molecules).
An error is the difference between observations or computations from the true values, or to values that are accepted as being true.
USGS glossary (biology.usgs.gov/npsveg/glossary.html)
An experimental conclusion is a conclusion inferred from experimental observations and other experimental data.
An experimental design strategy is a collection of typical techniques applied to an experimental design.
Experimental equipment is the set of tools, devices, materials, computer systems assembled for performing the experiment.
An experimental factor is a known variable of the model of the domain which the object of the experiment can control/vary in order to determine of a value of target variables.
An experimental hypothesis is a statement about cause-effect relations between known and unknown (target) variables of the domain of the experiment "that shall be in accordance with known facts*" to be verified at the experiment. Here also used in a wider sense as "Research Goal".
The Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press, 2 Ed., 1989
An experimental model is a description of dependencies (e.g. logical/mathematical) between experimental factors, others known variables, and unknown variables. The experimental model is obtained from the domain model by fixing experimental factors from the list of known controllable variables and the target variables from the list of unknown variables.
In the case of tribological experiments, there exist not only experimental factors or variables to describe the model of a tribological experiment. Moreover, there are different models which form a reference model or method (e.g. domain models of interactions, tribo-elements or stress collective).
Experimental results are the set of facts and conclusions, obtained as a result of the interpretation of the experimental observations, which increase/decrease the probability of a research hypothesis of the experiment.
Form protective films on sliding metal parts. These agents are often sulfur compounds, such as dithiophosphates.
The role of a factor which can be an input to a process/procedure or an output of it.
An academic or applied discipline with recognized experts and with a core of accepted theory or practice. Note that FieldOfStudy is a subclass of Proposition, because a FieldOfStudy is understood to be a body of abstract, informational content, with varying degrees of certainty attached to each element of this content.
Strength or energy as an attribute of physical action or movement. An influence tending to change the motion of a body or produce motion or stress in a stationary body. The magnitude of such an influence is often calculated by multiplying the mass of the body and its acceleration.
Reduce friction and wear, particularly in the boundary lubrication regime where surfaces come into direct contact.
The area in which friction forces apear.
Properties of an tribological system regarding the force that opposes the relative motion or tendency of such motion of two surfaces in contact.
Parameters, which are concerned with shape, size, relative position and space.
Elements, which have a specific, describable form. Often they are the basis for every other geometry.
Grease is a semisolid lubricant consisting of a soap emulsified with mineral or vegetable oil.
A group of experimental objects is a collection of studying in a scientific investigation objects.
Heat treating is a group of industrial, thermal and metalworking processes used to alter the physical, and sometimes chemical, properties of a material
A quantity representing the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere or in a gas.
The representation form of the experimental hypothesis.
Industrial processes are procedures involving chemical, physical, electrical or mechanical steps to aid in the manufacturing of an item or items, usually carried out on a very large scale. Industrial processes are the key components of heavy industry.
For instance, within a production process different materials are an Input in a manufacturing subprocess.
What is put in, taken in, or operated on by any process or system.
Used to sign which kind of interaction between at least two things (e.g. parts, surfaces) exist.
Substances (solid, liquid or gas) that can come into contact between body and counterbody from the environment or from the contacting bodies. The interfacial medium is defined by its type, composition and material properties.
A logical representation of the hypothesis, e.g. a logical programm.
A logical model is a representation of an experimental model where the relationship between the variables is logical.
A lubricant is a substance, usually organic, introduced to reduce friction between surfaces in mutual contact, which ultimately reduces the heat generated when the surfaces move. It may also have the function of transmitting forces, transporting foreign particles, or heating or cooling the surfaces.
Cat.II: Examination of original complete tribotechnical systems under practical operating conditions on a test bench.
Cat.I: Examination of original complete tribotechnical systems under original operating conditions.
A material is a substance or mixture of substances that constitutes an object. Materials can be pure or impure, living or non-living matter. Materials can be classified based on their physical and chemical properties, or on their geological origin or biological function.
Signs contact pairs between different material.
Properties a material has independent of the amount of material.
A mathematical representation of the hypothesis e.g. a function.
A mathematical model is a representation of an experimental model where the relationship between the variables is mathematical.
A measurement error is an error involving the observation of a physical quantity.
Arley, N. & Buch , K.R., Introduction to the theory of probability and statistics. New York : Wiley London. Chapman & Hall, 1950. 236p https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470316849.oth1
The measurement series groups single measurement points as single objects for each measured parameter as a series. For instance, a series of all measured COFs from one test series is a measurement series for the parameter COF.
Lubricating base oils derived from crude oil.
A simplified description, especially a mathematical one, of a system or process, to assist calculations and predictions.
A model representation is a formalized description of the experimental model, for instance a text or formulas.
Cat.VI: Fundamental research on friction and wear behavior with special test samples under arbitrary, but defined conditions.
An object of an experiment is "on whom an experiment is made." For instance: a <plant>, a <robot>.
A value or component to quantify the the stress collective on the contacting bodies of the tribosystem.
Every Process has an output, which is the result of the process. For instance, a production process has a complete product as an output.
The amount of something produced by a person, machine, or industry.
A numerical or other measurable factor forming one of a set that defines a system or sets the conditions of its operation.
Pressure which is measured in vaccuum. The range of measurement is less precise as Pirani.
A physical experiment is a scientific experiment which investigates cause-effect relations between known and unknown variables by manipulating the real-world (physical) domain.
Physical objects in the engineering domain, such as materials and lubricants for the tribological domain or even parts and assemblies in general engineering design.
A value or component that may be expressed in numbers.
Pressure which is measured in vaccuum. The range of measurement is more precise as penning, thus is used for fine vacuum.
Ratio of lateral strain to axial strain.
Finishing processes for smoothing a workpiece's surface using an abrasive.
Compounds that prevent crystallization of waxes. Long chain alkylbenzenes adhere to small crystallites of wax, preventing crystal growth.
A Predicate is a sentence-forming Relation. Each tuple in the Relation is a finite, ordered sequence of objects. The fact that a particular tuple is an element of a Predicate is denoted by '(*predicate* arg_1 arg_2 .. arg_n)', where the arg_i are the objects so related. In the case of BinaryPredicates, the fact can be read as `arg_1 is *predicate* arg_2' or `a *predicate* of arg_1 is arg_2.
The force per unit area exerted by [,for instance,] a fluid against a surface with which it is in contact.
A sequence-dependent specification. Some examples are ComputerPrograms, finite-state machines, cooking recipes, musical scores, conference schedules, driving directions, and the scripts of plays and movies.
Product role (Final output); Residue role (How it is processed).
Propositions are Abstract entities that express a complete thought or a set of such thoughts. As an example, the formula ' (instance Yojo Cat)' expresses the Proposition that the entity named Yojo is an element of the Class of Cats. Note that propositions are not restricted to the content expressed by individual sentences of a Language. They may encompass the content expressed by theories, books, and even whole libraries. It is important to distinguish Propositions from the ContentBearingObjects that express them. A Proposition is a piece of information, e.g. that the cat is on the mat, but a ContentBearingObject is an Object that represents this information. A Proposition is an abstraction that may have multiple representations: strings, sounds, icons, etc. For example, the Proposition that the cat is on the mat is represented here as a string of graphical characters displayed on a monitor and/or printed on paper, but it can be represented by a sequence of sounds or by some non-latin alphabet or by some cryptographic form.
Experimental uncertanties that can be revealed by repeating the measurements.
The group of specimens, which the samplegroup is compared with.
A reference against which the sample is tested.
A related domain of an experiment is a domain (field of study) to which belong used in the experiment methods, materials, experimental objects, or other entities involved into the experiment, but is not considered as the domain of the experiment.
The Class of relations. There are three kinds of Relation: Predicate, Function, and List. Predicates and Functions both denote sets of ordered n-tuples. The difference between these two Classes is that Predicates cover formula-forming operators, while Functions cover term-forming operators. A List, on the other hand, is a particular ordered n-tuple.
Ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor to the equilibrium vapor pressure of water at a given temperature.
A specification of experimental conclusion due to the domain of tribology. Within tribological experiments, assertions about friction and wear performance are two of the main task in experimental investigation.
Diagrams are a typical outcome for interpreting experimental results in the domain of tribology.
(role ?OBJECT ?ENTITY) means that ?OBJECT - a Role holder, plays a Role ?ENTITY in some context. In EXPO we always consider the context: experiment. For example in context of experiment an object <human> can play the role <subject of experiment> if the human is "one who executes the experiment" (OED) or the role if the human is one "on whom an experiment is made." (OED).
Relative movement between bodies in point or line contact (idealised), whose speeds in the contact surface are equal in magnitude and direction and in which at least one body performs a rotational movement about an axis of rotation lying in the instantaneous contact surface.
For an object rotating about a fixed axis, the speed of rotation is the number of turns (revolutions) of the object per unit time.
Atkins&Escudier (2013). A Dictionary of Mechanical Engineering. Oxford University Press
The length of time during a process or procedure.
A physical unit in the international SI system, which is based on the metre, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, candela, and mole, together with a set of prefixes to indicate multiplication or division by a power of ten.
A sample is "a portion drawn from a population (EXPO: <parent group>), the study of which is intended to lead to statistical estimates of the attributes of the whole population.".
The group of specimens, which are the object of the investigation.
A scientific experiment is a research method which permits the investigation of cause-effect relations between known and unknown (target) variables of the field of study (domain). An experimental result cannot be known with certainty in advance.
Tangential relative movement of a solid body in contact with another.
Distance covered by motions in a tribological experiment.
Solid lubricants are materials that, despite being in the solid phase, are able to reduce friction between two surfaces sliding against each other without the need for a liquid oil medium.
Cat.V: Examination with component-like test samples under simplified stress collectives.
The rate at which someone or something moves or operates or is able to move or operate.
A round solid figure, or its surface, with every point on its surface equidistant from its centre.
A rotation is a circular movement of an object around a center (or point) of rotation.
Alloy of iron and carbon and possibly other elements.
ISO 683-[...]: heat-treated steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels
Both things, which have contact to each other are from steel. E.g. Body and Counterbody within tribological testing are both steel parts.
Mechanical stress expresses the internal forces of a body, which are caused by a external mechanical load or external forces.
The stress collective is the definition of all kinematic conditions and operational factors, which operate on the system structure.
Structural materials are materials used or studied primarily for their mechanical properties.
A subject of an experimental is: "one who executes the experiment" For instance: a <human>, a <robot>.
Base material, which is processed. For instance, a coating is applied on this material.
Roughness is the deviation of the real surface from its ideal form.
The artificial execution of useful chemical reactions to obtain one or several products.
Petroleum-derived lubricant produced using synthetic hydrocarbons.
Cat.III: Examination of original individual aggregates under practical conditions.
Experimental uncertainties which cannot be revealed by repeating the measurements. e.g. stopping the time with a stopwatch which runs consistently slow, all times will be underestimated and the repetition will not reveal the error.
A target variable is an unknown variable of the domain model about which the experiment is designed to discover new knowledge.
Within the domain of tribology used for the variable which is varied to investigate the influence of this variable on tribological behavior (friction and wear behavior).
A technical description is a representation of technical information about experimental equipment or a subject (robot) in order to provide the user with information about a technology's purpose and functions, components and construction, and operation and maintenance?
The representation of assemblies and parts as technical drawing.
A techical standard is a documented and accessable norm or specification for repeatable technical tasks (e.g. DIN, ANSI)
The degree or intensity of heat present in a substance or object, especially as expressed according to a comparative scale and shown by a thermometer or perceived by touch.
Consists of different samples which are tested and an overall result is built from the coherent series.
The indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole. - https://www.lexico.com/definition/time
Entity with a structure to perform a technical function consisting of at least two interacting bodies in relative motion and any environmental factor that affects their interaction.
The description of tribosystems is based on a detailed assessment of relevant system inputs, outputs and losses, as well as an overall description of the system structure.
Parameters which are especially used within the domain of tribology
The tribological standard method for experiments containing a tribosystem, a stress collective and some interactions.
Tribological measurement and testing technology, known as tribometry, ranges from investigations of complete technical systems under real operating conditions to laboratory model tests with simple test specimens.
Ultrasonic cleaning is a process that uses ultrasound to agitate a fluid.
A quantity chosen as a standard in terms of which other quantities may be expressed.
A quantity which during a calculation is assumed to vary or be capable of varying in value (mathematics).
Compounds that allow lubricants to remain viscous at higher temperatures.
An electromotive force or potential difference expressed in volts.
Basic elements which have a volume, thus they have three dimensions (3D).
Properties of an tribological system regarding the damaging, gradual removal or deformation of material at solid surfaces.
Ratio of linear stress to linear Strain.
A group of chrystalline material with only one layer of atoms.
an exact point of time in the format xsd:dateTimeStamp.