{ "cells": [ { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "nbsphinx": "hidden" }, "source": [ "# Random Signals and LTI-Systems\n", "\n", "*This jupyter notebook is part of a [collection of notebooks](../index.ipynb) on various topics of Digital Signal Processing. Please direct questions and suggestions to [Sascha.Spors@uni-rostock.de](mailto:Sascha.Spors@uni-rostock.de).*" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Measurement of Acoustic Impulse Responses\n", "\n", "The propagation of sound from one position (e.g. transmitter) to another (e.g. receiver) conforms reasonable well to the properties of a linear time-invariant (LTI) system. Consequently, the impulse response $h[k]$ characterizes the propagation of sound between theses two positions. Impulse responses have various applications in acoustics. For instance as [head-related impulse responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-related_transfer_function) (HRIRs) or room impulse responses (RIRs) for the characterization of room acoustics. \n", "\n", "The following example demonstrates how an acoustic impulse response can be estimated with [correlation-based system identification techniques](correlation_functions.ipynb#System-Identification) using the soundcard of a computer. The module [`sounddevice`](http://python-sounddevice.readthedocs.org/) provides access to the soundcard via [`portaudio`](http://www.portaudio.com/)." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 1, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "import numpy as np\n", "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n", "import scipy.signal as sig\n", "import sounddevice as sd" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "### Generation of the Measurement Signal\n", "\n", "We generate white noise with a uniform distribution between $\\pm 0.5$ as the excitation signal $x[k]$" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 2, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "fs = 44100 # sampling rate\n", "T = 5 # length of the measurement signal in sec\n", "Tr = 2 # length of the expected system response in sec\n", "\n", "x = np.random.uniform(-0.5, 0.5, size=T * fs)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "### Playback of Measurement Signal and Recording of Room Response\n", "\n", "The measurement signal $x[k]$ is played through the output of the soundcard and the response $y[k]$ is captured synchronously by the input of the soundcard. The length of the played/captured signal has to be of equal length when using the soundcard. The measurement signal $x[k]$ is zero-padded so that the captured signal $y[k]$ includes the complete system response.\n", "\n", "Be sure not to overdrive the speaker and the microphone by keeping the input level well below 0 dB." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 3, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Playback level: -6.02060087394 dB\n", "Input level: -2.23183822753 dB\n" ] } ], "source": [ "x = np.concatenate((x, np.zeros(Tr * fs)))\n", "y = sd.playrec(x, fs, channels=1)\n", "sd.wait()\n", "y = np.squeeze(y)\n", "\n", "print(\"Playback level: \", 20 * np.log10(max(x)), \" dB\")\n", "print(\"Input level: \", 20 * np.log10(max(y)), \" dB\")" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "### Estimation of the Acoustic Impulse Response\n", "\n", "The acoustic impulse response is estimated by cross-correlation $\\varphi_{yx}[\\kappa]$ of the output with the input signal. Since the cross-correlation function (CCF) for finite-length signals is given as $\\varphi_{yx}[\\kappa] = \\frac{1}{K} \\cdot y[\\kappa] * x[-\\kappa]$, the computation of the CCF can be speeded up with the fast convolution method." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 4, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "h = 1 / len(y) * sig.fftconvolve(y, x[::-1], mode=\"full\")\n", "h = h[fs * (T + Tr) : fs * (T + 2 * Tr)]" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 5, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "image/png": 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QVd1+JBBAtn3yk9XZ7jbbFJZtvXXp+gRAAOg4QiCAkgYN6rltfec7yXT6VO3R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\nUXjYS9LrPdlIlFTO/ntT0hG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"text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "plt.figure(figsize=(10, 5))\n", "t = 1 / fs * np.arange(len(h))\n", "plt.plot(t, h)\n", "plt.axis([0.0, 1.0, -1.1 * np.max(np.abs(h)), 1.1 * np.max(np.abs(h))])\n", "plt.xlabel(r\"$t$ in s\")\n", "plt.ylabel(r\"$\\hat{h}[k]$\")" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "nbsphinx": "hidden" }, "source": [ "**Copyright**\n", "\n", "This notebook is provided as [Open Educational Resource](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_educational_resources). Feel free to use the notebook for your own purposes. The text is licensed under [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), the code of the IPython examples under the [MIT license](https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT). Please attribute the work as follows: *Sascha Spors, Digital Signal Processing - Lecture notes featuring computational examples*." ] } ], "metadata": { "anaconda-cloud": {}, "kernelspec": { "display_name": "Python 3", "language": "python", "name": "python3" }, "language_info": { "codemirror_mode": { "name": "ipython", "version": 3 }, "file_extension": ".py", "mimetype": "text/x-python", "name": "python", "nbconvert_exporter": "python", "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", "version": "3.7.9" }, "nbsphinx": { "execute": "never" } }, "nbformat": 4, "nbformat_minor": 1 }