The Bibliographic Ontology
type: Ontology
version info: http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/1.3/
description: The Bibliographic Ontology describes bibliographic things on the semantic Web in RDF. This ontology can be used as a citation ontology, as a document classification ontology, or simply as a way to describe any kind of document in RDF. It has been inspired by many existing document description metadata formats, and can be used as a common ground for converting other bibliographic data sources.
creator: Bruce D'Arcus
creator: Frederick Giasson

description
type: AnnotationProperty
scope note: Used to describe a bibliographic resource.
type: DatatypeProperty

title
type: AnnotationProperty
scope note: Used to describe the title of a bibliographic resource
type: ObjectProperty

agent
type: ObjectProperty
change note: Used to link an agent (a person) to an event (a conference, an hearing, etc.)

place
type: ObjectProperty
scope note: Used to relate an event such as a conference to the geographical place where it happens, for example Paris.

product
type: ObjectProperty
scope note: Used to link an event such as a conference to an outcome (a product) of that event, for example, an article, a proceeding, etc.

sub event
type: ObjectProperty
scope note: Used to link big events with smaller events such as workshops that happen in the context of a conference.

time
type: ObjectProperty
scope note: Used to describe the timing of an event. For example, when a conference starts and stops.

contributor
type: ObjectProperty
scope note: Used to link a bibliographic item to one of its contributor: can be an author, an editor, a publisher, etc.

format
type: ObjectProperty
example: <dcterms:format> <dcterms:MediaTypeOrExtent> <rdf:value>text/html</rdf:value> <rdfs:label>HTML</rdfs:label> </dcterms:MediaTypeOrExtent> </dcterms:format>
scope note: Used to describe the format of a bibliographic resource.

isReferencedBy
type: ObjectProperty
scope note: Used to relate a reference citation to a bibliographic resource.

language
type: ObjectProperty
scope note: Used to link a bibliographic resource to the language used to express it.

publisher
type: ObjectProperty
scope note: Used to link a bibliographic item to its publisher.

rights
type: ObjectProperty
scope note: Used to describe rights related to a bibliographic resource.

subject
type: ObjectProperty
scope note: Used to describe the subject of a bibliographic resource.

affirmedBy
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A legal decision that affirms a ruling.
range: Decision
domain: Decision
sub property of: subsequentLegalDecision

annotates
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Critical or explanatory note for a Document.
term status: stable
sub property of: relation
domain: Note
range: Resource

list of authors
type: ObjectProperty
term status: stable
comment: An ordered list of authors. Normally, this list is seen as a priority list that order authors by importance.
domain: Document
sub property of: list of contributors
range: Class
  union of: List
  union of: Seq

cited by
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a document to another document that cites the first document.
term status: unstable
domain: Document
range: Document
inverse of: cites

cites
type: ObjectProperty
term status: unstable
comment: Relates a document to another document that is cited by the first document as reference, comment, review, quotation or for another purpose.
sub property of: references
domain: Document
range: Document

list of contributors
type: ObjectProperty
term status: stable
comment: An ordered list of contributors. Normally, this list is seen as a priority list that order contributors by importance.
domain: Document
range: Class
  union of: List
  union of: Seq

court
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A court associated with a legal document; for example, that which issues a decision.
term status: unstable
domain: Legal Document
range: Organization

degree
type: ObjectProperty
term status: unstable
comment: The thesis degree.
editorial note: We are not defining, using an enumeration, the range of the bibo:degree to the defined list of bibo:ThesisDegree. We won't do it because we want people to be able to define new degress if needed by some special usecases. Creating such an enumeration would restrict this to happen.
domain: Thesis
range: Thesis degree

director
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A Film director.
term status: stable
sub property of: contributor
domain: audio-visual document
range: Agent

distributor
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Distributor of a document or a collection of documents.
term status: stable
range: Agent
domain: Class
  union of: Collection
  union of: Document

editor
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A person having managerial and sometimes policy-making responsibility for the editorial part of a publishing firm or of a newspaper, magazine, or other publication.
term status: stable
sub property of: contributor
range: Agent
domain: Class
  union of: Collection
  union of: Document

list of editors
type: ObjectProperty
comment: An ordered list of editors. Normally, this list is seen as a priority list that order editors by importance.
term status: stable
domain: Document
sub property of: list of contributors
range: Class
  union of: List
  union of: Seq

interviewee
type: ObjectProperty
term status: stable
comment: An agent that is interviewed by another agent.
sub property of: contributor
domain: Agent
range: Agent

interviewer
type: ObjectProperty
comment: An agent that interview another agent.
term status: stable
sub property of: contributor
range: Agent
domain: Agent

issuer
type: ObjectProperty
comment: An entity responsible for issuing often informally published documents such as press releases, reports, etc.
term status: unstable
sub property of: publisher
range: Agent
domain: Class
  union of: Collection
  union of: Document

organizer
type: ObjectProperty
term status: unstable
comment: The organizer of an event; includes conference organizers, but also government agencies or other bodies that are responsible for conducting hearings.
domain: Event
range: Agent

owner
type: ObjectProperty
term status: unstable
comment: Owner of a document or a collection of documents.
range: Agent
domain: Class
  union of: Collection
  union of: Document

performer
type: ObjectProperty
term status: stable
sub property of: contributor
domain: Performance
range: Agent

presented at
type: ObjectProperty
term status: unstable
comment: Relates a document to an event; for example, a paper to a conference.
sub property of: produced in
domain: Document
range: Event

presents
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates an event to associated documents; for example, conference to a paper.
term status: unstable
sub property of: product
range: Document
domain: Event
inverse of: presented at

producer
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Producer of a document or a collection of documents.
term status: stable
range: Agent
domain: Class
  union of: Collection
  union of: Document

recipient
type: ObjectProperty
comment: An agent that receives a communication document.
term status: stable
domain: Personal Communication Document
range: Agent

reproducedIn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The resource in which another resource is reproduced.
term status: unstable
sub property of: isPartOf
range: Document
domain: Document

reversedBy
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A legal decision that reverses a ruling.
range: Decision
domain: Decision
sub property of: subsequentLegalDecision

review of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a review document to a reviewed thing (resource, item, etc.).
term status: stable
sub property of: relation
domain: Document
range: Resource

status
type: ObjectProperty
term status: stable
comment: The publication status of (typically academic) content.
editorial note: We are not defining, using an enumeration, the range of the bibo:status to the defined list of bibo:DocumentStatus. We won't do it because we want people to be able to define new status if needed by some special usecases. Creating such an enumeration would restrict this to happen.
domain: Document
range: Document Status

subsequentLegalDecision
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A legal decision on appeal that takes action on a case (affirming it, reversing it, etc.).
sub property of: isReferencedBy
domain: Decision
range: Decision

transcript of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a document to some transcribed original.
term status: unstable
sub property of: relation
domain: Document
range: Resource

translation of
type: ObjectProperty
term status: stable
comment: Relates a translated document to the original document.
sub property of: isVersionOf
range: Document
domain: Document

translator
type: ObjectProperty
term status: stable
comment: A person who translates written document from one language to another.
sub property of: contributor
range: Agent
domain: Class
  union of: Collection
  union of: Document

value
type: ObjectProperty
scope note: Used to describe the content of a bibo:Document and othr bibliographic resouces. We suggest to use this property instead of the deprecated "bibo:content" one.

based near
type: ObjectProperty
scope note: Used to link an agent, related to bibliographic things, to a place where it is based near: can be a city, a monument, a building, etc.

depiction
type: ObjectProperty
scope note: Used to link an agent with an image that depict it.

homepage
type: ObjectProperty
scope note: Used to link an agent to its homepage (which is a web page accessible using a URL).

created
type: DatatypeProperty
scope note: Used to describe the creation date of a bibliographic item
sub property of: date

date
type: DatatypeProperty
scope note: Use to link a bibliographic item to the date of an event. Check dcterms:created and other for proper specializations for this property

issued
type: DatatypeProperty
scope note: Used to describe the issue date of a bibliographic resource
sub property of: date

abstract
type: DatatypeProperty
term status: stable
comment: A summary of the resource.
range: Literal
domain: Resource

date argued
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: The date on which a legal case is argued before a court. Date is of format xsd:date
term status: unstable
domain: Legal Document
range: Literal

chapter
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: An chapter number
term status: unstable
domain: Book Section
sub property of: locator
range: Literal

content
type: DatatypeProperty
deprecated: true
history note: bibo:content has been deprecated; we recommend to use "rdf:value" for this purpose. Here is the rational behind this choice: http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-primer-20040210/#rdfvalue
term status: unstable
comment: This property is for a plain-text rendering of the content of a Document. While the plain-text content of an entire document could be described by this property.
domain: Document
range: Literal

edition
type: DatatypeProperty
term status: stable
comment: The name defining a special edition of a document. Normally its a literal value composed of a version number and words.
domain: Document
range: Literal

issue
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: An issue number
term status: stable
domain: Issue
sub property of: locator
range: Literal

locator
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: A description (often numeric) that locates an item within a containing document or collection.
term status: stable
domain: Document
range: Literal

number of pages
type: DatatypeProperty
term status: stable
comment: The number of pages contained in a document
domain: Document
range: Literal

number of volumes
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: The number of volumes contained in a collection of documents (usually a series, periodical, etc.).
term status: stable
domain: Collection
range: Literal

number
type: DatatypeProperty
term status: stable
comment: A generic item or document number. Not to be confused with issue number.
domain: Document
range: Literal

page end
type: DatatypeProperty
term status: stable
comment: Ending page number within a continuous page range.
domain: Document
sub property of: locator
range: Literal

page start
type: DatatypeProperty
term status: stable
comment: Starting page number within a continuous page range.
domain: Document
sub property of: locator
range: Literal

pages
type: DatatypeProperty
term status: stable
comment: A string of non-contiguous page spans that locate a Document within a Collection. Example: 23-25, 34, 54-56. For continuous page ranges, use the pageStart and pageEnd properties.
domain: Document
sub property of: locator
range: Literal

prefix name
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: The prefix of a name
term status: stable
range: Literal
domain: Agent

section
type: DatatypeProperty
term status: unstable
comment: A section number
example: Di Rado, Alicia. 1995. Trekking through college: Classes explore modern society using the world of Star trek. Los Angeles Times, March 15, sec. A, p. 3.
domain: Document
sub property of: locator
range: Literal

short title
type: DatatypeProperty
term status: stable
comment: The abbreviation of a title.
domain: Document
range: Literal

suffix name
type: DatatypeProperty
term status: stable
comment: The suffix of a name
range: Literal
domain: Agent

uri
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Universal Resource Identifier of a document
term status: stable
sub property of: identifier
range: Literal
domain: Class
  union of: Collection
  union of: Document

volume
type: DatatypeProperty
term status: stable
comment: A volume number
domain: Document
sub property of: locator
range: Literal

localityName
type: DatatypeProperty
scope note: Used to name the locality of a publisher, an author, etc.

family name
type: DatatypeProperty
scope note: This is the property we choose to use to describe the family name of a person related to a bibliographic resource.

givenname
type: DatatypeProperty
scope note: This is the property we choose to describe the given name of a Person related to a bibliographic resource. This is the first name of a person.

Event
type: Class
scope note: Used to describe bibliographic related events such as conferences, hearing, etc.

Agent
type: Class
equivalent class: Agent
editorial note: BIBO assert that a dcterms:Agent is an equivalent class to foaf:Agent. This means that all the individuals belonging to the foaf:Agent class also belongs to the dcterms:Agent class. This way, dcterms:contributor can be used on foaf:Person, foaf:Organization, foaf:Agent and foaf:Group. Even if this link is not done in neither the FOAF nor the DCTERMS ontologies this is a wide spread fact that is asserted by BIBO.

Academic Article
type: Class
subclass of: Article
term status: stable
comment: A scholarly academic article, typically published in a journal.

Article
type: Class
subclass of: Document
term status: stable
comment: A written composition in prose, usually nonfiction, on a specific topic, forming an independent part of a book or other publication, as a newspaper or magazine.

audio document
type: Class
subclass of: Document
term status: stable
comment: An audio document; aka record.

audio-visual document
type: Class
subclass of: Document
comment: An audio-visual document; film, video, and so forth.
term status: stable

Bill
type: Class
subclass of: Legislation
comment: Draft legislation presented for discussion to a legal body.
term status: stable

Book
type: Class
subclass of: Document
term status: stable
comment: A written or printed work of fiction or nonfiction, usually on sheets of paper fastened or bound together within covers.

Book Section
type: Class
subclass of: document part
term status: unstable
comment: A section of a book.

Brief
type: Class
subclass of: Legal Case Document
comment: A written argument submitted to a court.
term status: unstable

Chapter
type: Class
subclass of: Book Section
comment: A chapter of a book.
term status: unstable

Code
type: Class
subclass of: Periodical
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hasPart
  min cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hasPart
  all values from: Legislation
term status: stable
comment: A collection of statutes.

Collected Document
type: Class
subclass of: Document
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hasPart
  all values from: Document
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hasPart
  min cardinality: 1
term status: stable
comment: A document that simultaneously contains other documents.

Collection
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hasPart
  all values from: Class
    union of: Collection
    union of: Document
comment: A collection of Documents or Collections
term status: stable

Conference
type: Class
subclass of: Event
term status: stable
comment: A meeting for consultation or discussion.

Court Reporter
type: Class
subclass of: Periodical
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hasPart
  min cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hasPart
  all values from: Legal Document
comment: A collection of legal cases.
term status: stable

Document
type: Class
equivalent class: Document
comment: A document (noun) is a bounded physical representation of body of information designed with the capacity (and usually intent) to communicate. A document may manifest symbolic, diagrammatic or sensory-representational information.
term status: stable

document part
type: Class
subclass of: Document
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: isPartOf
  max cardinality: 1
comment: a distinct part of a larger document or collected document.
term status: unstable

Document Status
type: Class
comment: The status of the publication of a document.
term status: stable

Edited Book
type: Class
subclass of: Collected Document
comment: An edited book.
term status: stable

EMail
type: Class
subclass of: Personal Communication Document
term status: stable
comment: A written communication addressed to a person or organization and transmitted electronically.

Excerpt
type: Class
subclass of: document part
comment: A passage selected from a larger work.
term status: stable

Film
type: Class
subclass of: audio-visual document
comment: aka movie.
term status: stable

Hearing
type: Class
subclass of: Event
comment: An instance or a session in which testimony and arguments are presented, esp. before an official, as a judge in a lawsuit.
term status: stable

Image
type: Class
equivalent class: Image
subclass of: Document
term status: stable
comment: A document that presents visual or diagrammatic information.

Interview
type: Class
subclass of: Event
term status: stable
comment: A formalized discussion between two or more people.

Issue
type: Class
subclass of: Collected Document
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hasPart
  min cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hasPart
  all values from: Article
comment: something that is printed or published and distributed, esp. a given number of a periodical
term status: stable

Journal
type: Class
subclass of: Periodical
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hasPart
  min cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hasPart
  all values from: Issue
term status: stable
comment: A periodical of scholarly journal Articles.

Legal Case Document
type: Class
subclass of: Legal Document
term status: unstable
comment: A document accompanying a legal case.

Decision
type: Class
subclass of: Legal Case Document
term status: unstable
comment: A document containing an authoritative determination (as a decree or judgment) made after consideration of facts or law.

Legal Document
type: Class
subclass of: Document
term status: stable
comment: A legal document; for example, a court decision, a brief, and so forth.

Legislation
type: Class
subclass of: Legal Document
term status: unstable
comment: A legal document proposing or enacting a law or a group of laws.

Letter
type: Class
subclass of: Personal Communication Document
term status: stable
comment: A written or printed communication addressed to a person or organization and usually transmitted by mail.

Magazine
type: Class
subclass of: Periodical
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hasPart
  min cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hasPart
  all values from: Issue
comment: A periodical of magazine Articles. A magazine is a publication that is issued periodically, usually bound in a paper cover, and typically contains essays, stories, poems, etc., by many writers, and often photographs and drawings, frequently specializing in a particular subject or area, as hobbies, news, or sports.
term status: stable

Manual
type: Class
subclass of: Document
comment: A small reference book, especially one giving instructions.
term status: unstable

Manuscript
type: Class
subclass of: Document
comment: An unpublished Document, which may also be submitted to a publisher for publication.
term status: stable

Map
type: Class
subclass of: Image
comment: A graphical depiction of geographic features.
term status: unstable

Multivolume Book
type: Class
subclass of: Collection
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hasPart
  all values from: Book
comment: A loose, thematic, collection of Documents, often Books.
term status: stable

Newspaper
type: Class
subclass of: Periodical
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hasPart
  min cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hasPart
  all values from: Issue
term status: stable
comment: A periodical of documents, usually issued daily or weekly, containing current news, editorials, feature articles, and usually advertising.

Note
type: Class
subclass of: Document
term status: stable
comment: Notes or annotations about a resource.

Patent
type: Class
subclass of: Document
comment: A document describing the exclusive right granted by a government to an inventor to manufacture, use, or sell an invention for a certain number of years.
term status: stable

Performance
type: Class
subclass of: Event
term status: unstable
comment: A public performance.

Periodical
type: Class
subclass of: Collection
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hasPart
  min cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hasPart
  all values from: Issue
term status: stable
comment: A group of related documents issued at regular intervals.

Personal Communication
type: Class
subclass of: Event
term status: stable
comment: A communication between an agent and one or more specific recipients.

Personal Communication Document
type: Class
subclass of: Document
comment: A personal communication manifested in some document.
term status: stable

Proceedings
type: Class
subclass of: Book
term status: unstable
comment: A compilation of documents published from an event, such as a conference.

Quote
type: Class
subclass of: Excerpt
comment: An excerpted collection of words.
term status: stable

Reference Source
type: Class
subclass of: Document
term status: unstable
comment: A document that presents authoritative reference information, such as a dictionary or encylopedia .

Report
type: Class
subclass of: Document
comment: A document describing an account or statement describing in detail an event, situation, or the like, usually as the result of observation, inquiry, etc..
term status: stable

Series
type: Class
subclass of: Collection
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hasPart
  all values from: Document
comment: A loose, thematic, collection of Documents, often Books.
term status: stable

Slide
type: Class
subclass of: document part
comment: A slide in a slideshow
term status: unstable

Slideshow
type: Class
subclass of: Document
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hasPart
  all values from: Slide
comment: A presentation of a series of slides, usually presented in front of an audience with written text and images.
term status: stable

Specification
type: Class
subclass of: Document
term status: testing
comment: A document describing a specification.

Standard
type: Class
subclass of: Specification
term status: stable
comment: A document describing a standard: a specification organized through a standards body.

Statute
type: Class
subclass of: Legislation
comment: A bill enacted into law.
term status: stable

Thesis
type: Class
subclass of: Document
comment: A document created to summarize research findings associated with the completion of an academic degree.
term status: stable

Thesis degree
type: Class
term status: stable
comment: The academic degree of a Thesis

Webpage
type: Class
subclass of: Document
term status: unstable
comment: A web page is an online document available (at least initially) on the world wide web. A web page is written first and foremost to appear on the web, as distinct from other online resources such as books, manuscripts or audio documents which use the web primarily as a distribution mechanism alongside other more traditional methods such as print.

Website
type: Class
subclass of: Collection
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hasPart
  min cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hasPart
  all values from: Webpage
term status: unstable
comment: A group of Webpages accessible on the Web.

Workshop
type: Class
subclass of: Event
comment: A seminar, discussion group, or the like, that emphasizes zxchange of ideas and the demonstration and application of techniques, skills, etc.
term status: stable

Agent
type: Class
scope note: Used to describe any "agent" related to bibliographic items. Such agents can be persons, organizations or groups of any kind.

Organization
type: Class
scope note: Ued to describe an organization related to bibliographic items such as a publishing company, etc.

Person
type: Class
scope note: Used to describe a Person related to a bibliographic ite such as an author, an editor, etc.

Bruce D'Arcus
type: Thing
type: NamedIndividual
type: Person

Frederick Giasson
type: Thing
type: NamedIndividual
type: Person

M.A.
type: Thing
type: Thesis degree
type: NamedIndividual
term status: stable
comment: masters degree in arts

M.S.
type: Thing
type: Thesis degree
type: NamedIndividual
term status: stable
comment: masters degree in science

PhD degree
type: Thing
type: Thesis degree
type: NamedIndividual
comment: PhD degree
term status: stable

accepted
type: Thing
type: Document Status
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Accepted for publication after peer reviewing.
term status: stable

draft
type: Thing
type: Document Status
type: NamedIndividual
term status: stable
comment: Document drafted

forthcoming
type: Thing
type: Document Status
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Document to be published
term status: stable

legal
type: Thing
type: Document Status
type: NamedIndividual
term status: stable
comment: Legal document

non peer reviewed
type: Thing
type: Document Status
type: NamedIndividual
term status: stable
comment: A document that is not peer reviewed

peer reviewed
type: Thing
type: Document Status
type: NamedIndividual
comment: The process by which articles are chosen to be included in a refereed journal. An editorial board consisting of experts in the same field as the author review the article and decide if it is authoritative enough for publication.
term status: stable

published
type: Thing
type: Document Status
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Published document
term status: stable

rejected
type: Thing
type: Document Status
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Rejected for publication after peer reviewing.
term status: stable

unpublished
type: Thing
type: Document Status
type: NamedIndividual
term status: stable
comment: Unpublished document