has realization
b has realization c =Def c realizes b
As for realizes
realizes
(Elucidation) b realizes c means: b is a process & c is a realizable entity that inheres in d & for all t, if b has participant d at t then c exists at t & the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c
A disposition to go bald is realized in a balding process; a role of student is realized in studying processes; the pumping function of a heart is realized in processes of pumping.
participates in at some time
b participates in p at some time =Def for some time t (p has participant b at t)
has participant at some time
p has participant c at some time =Def for some time t (b is a process, c is a continuant, and c participates in p some way at t
is concretized by at some time
a g-dependent continuant c is concretized at some time by an s-dependent continuant or process b =Def for some time t, b concretizes c at t)
concretizes at some time
an s-dependent continuant b concretizes a g-dependent continuant c at some time =Def for some time t (c is the pattern or content which b shares at t with actual or potential copies)
preceded by
b preceded by c =Def b precedes c
The temporal region occupied by the second half of the match is preceded by the temporal region occupied by the first half of the match.
precedes
(Elucidation) If o, o' are occurrents and t is the temporal extent of o and t' is the temporal extent of o' then o precedes o' means: either last instant of o is before first instant of o' or last instant of o = first instant of o' and neither o nor o' are temporal instants
The temporal region occupied by Mary's birth precedes the temporal region occupied by Mary's death. NOTE 1: Each temporal region is its own temporal extent. The temporal extent of a spatiotemporal region is the temporal region it temporally projects onto. The temporal extent of a process or process boundary that occupies temporal region t is t. NOTE 2: Precedes defines a strict partial order on occurrents.
occurs in
b occurs in c =Def b is a process or a process boundary and c is a material entity or immaterial entity & there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies spatiotemporal region r & for all t, if b exists at t then c exists at t & there exist spatial regions s and s' where b spatially projects onto s at t & c occupies spatial region s' at t & s is a continuant part of s' at t
A process of digestion occurs in the interior of an organism, a process of loading artillery rounds into a tank cannon occurs in the interior of the tank.
located in at all times
b located in c at all times =Def for all times t, b exists at t implies (b and c are independent continuants and not spatial regions, and the spatial region which b occupies at t is a (proper or improper) continuant part of the spatial region which c occupies at t)
generically depends on at some time
g-depends on
a g-dependent continuant b g-depends on an independent continuant c at some time =Def for some time t (there inheres in c an s-dependent continuant which concretizes b at t)
is carrier of at some time
b is carrier of c at some time =Def for some time t (c g-depends on b at t)
exists at
(Elucidation) exists at is a relation between a particular and some temporal region at which the particular exists
First World War exists at 1914-1916, Mexico exists at January 1, 2000.
has continuant part at all times
b has continuant part c at all times =Def for all times t, b exists at t implies (b and c are continuants & b is a part of c at t)
has proper continuant part at all times
b has proper continuant part c at all times =Def c proper continuant part of b at all times
has material basis at all times
b has material basis c at all times =Def For all times t, b exists at t implies (b is a disposition & c is a material entity & there is some d bearer of b & c continuant part of d at t & d has disposition b because c continuant part of d at t)
has member part at some time
b has member part c at some time =Def for some time t (c member part of b at t)
has occurrent part
(Elucidation) b has occurrent part c means: c is a part of b & b and c are occurrents
Mary's life has occurrent part Mary's 5th birthday.
has proper occurrent part
b has proper occurrent part c =Def b has occurrent part c & b and c are not identical
As for has occurrent part.
has temporal part
b has temporal part c =Def c temporal part of b
Your life has temporal part the first year of your life.
location of at some time
b location of c at some time =Def for some time t (c located in b at t)
material basis of at some time
b material basis of c at some time =Def at some time t (c has material basis b at t)
member part of at some time
b member part of c at some time =Def for some time t (b is an object & there is at t a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of c into objects x1, ..., xn (for some n ≠ 1) with b = xi (for some 1 <= i <= n))
occurrent part of
(Elucidation) b occurrent part of c =Def b is a part of c & b and c are occurrents
Mary's 5th birthday is an occurrent part of Mary's life; the first set of the tennis match is an occurrent part of the tennis match.
proper temporal part of
b proper temporal part of c =Def b temporal part of c & not (b = c)
As for temporal part of.
proper continuant part of at all times
b proper continuant part of c at all times =Def for all times t, b exists at t implies (b continuant part of c at t & not (c proper continuant part of b at t))
proper occurrent part of
b proper occurrent part of c =Def b occurrent part of c & b and c are not identical
As for occurrent part of.
temporal part of
b temporal part of c =Def b occurrent part of c & either b and c are temporal regions or b and c are spatiotemporal regions & b temporally projects onto an occurrent part of the temporal region that c temporally projects onto or b and c are processes or process boundaries & b occupies a temporal region that is an occurrent part of the temporal region that c occupies
Your heart beating from 4pm to 5pm today is a temporal part of the process of your heart beating; the 4th year of your life is a temporal part of your life, as is the process boundary which separates the 3rd and 4th years of your life; the first quarter of a game of football is a temporal part of the whole game.
temporally projects onto
(Elucidation) temporally projects onto is a relation between a spatiotemporal region s and some temporal region which is the temporal extent of s
The world line of a particle temporally projects onto the temporal region extending from the beginning to the end of the existence of the particle.
material basis of at all times
b material basis of c at all times =Def for all times t, b exists at t implies (c has material basis b at t)
concretizes at all times
an s-dependent continuant b concretizes a g-dependent continuant c at all times =Def for all times t, b exists at t implies (c is the pattern or content which b shares at t with actual or potential copies)
is concretized by at all times
a g-dependent continuant c is concretized by an s-dependent continuant or process b at all times =Def for all times t, b exists at t implies (b concretizes c at t)
participates in at all times
b participates in p at all times =Def for all times t, b exists at t implies (p has participant b at t)
has participant at all times
p has participant c at all times =Def for all times t, b exists at t implies (b is a process, c is a continuant, and c participates in p some way at t)
location of at all times
b location of c at all times =Def for all times t, b exists at t implies (c located in b at t)
located in at some time
b located in c at some time =Def for some time t (b and c are independent continuants and not spatial regions, and the spatial region which b occupies at t is a (proper or improper) continuant part of the spatial region which c occupies at t)
has member part at all times
b has member part c at all times =Def for all times t, b exists at t implies (c member part b at t)
member part of at all times
b member part of c at all times =Def for all times t, b exists at t implies (b is an object & c is an object aggregate & there is at t a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of c into objects x1,..., xn (for some n ≠ 1) with b = xi (for some 1 <= i <= n))
has proper continuant part at some time
b has proper continuant part c at some time =Def c proper continuant part of b at some time
proper continuant part of at some time
b proper continuant part of c at some time =Def for some time t (b continuant part of c at t & not (c continuant part of b at t)
continuant part of at some time
b continuant part of c at some time =Def for some time t (b exists at t and c exists at t and b continuant part of c at t & t is a temporal region & b and c are continuants)
Milk teeth continuant part of human at some time; surgically removed tumour continuant part of organism at some time.
continuant part of at all times
b continuant part of c at all times =Def for all times t, (b exists at t, implies b continuant part of c at t & t is a temporal region & b and c are continuants)
Centre of mass of a material entity continuant part of material entity at all times; continuant fiat external boundary of an object continuant part of object at all times.
has continuant part at some time
b has continuant part c at some time =Def for some time t (b and c are continuants & b is a part of c at t)
has proper temporal part
b has proper temporal part c =Def c proper temporal part of b
As for has temporal part.
environs
b environs c =Def c occurs in b
Mouth environs process of mastication, city environs traffic.
history of
(Elucidation) b history of c if c is a material entity and b is a history that is the unique history of c
This life is the history of this organism.
has history
b has history c =Def c history of b
This organism has history this life.
specifically depended on by
s-depended on by
b s-depended on by c =Def c specifically depends on b
Coloured object s-depended on by colour.
specifically depends on
s-depends on
(Elucidation) b specifically depends on c means: b and c do not share common parts & b is of a nature such that at all times t it cannot exist at t unless c exists at t & b is not a boundary of c
A shape s-depends on the shaped object, hue, saturation and brightness of a colour sample s-depend on each other.
The analogue of s-dependence for occurrents is has participant.
bearer of
b bearer of c =Def c inheres in b
A patch of ink is the bearer of a colour quality; an organism is the bearer of a temperature quality.
inheres in
b inheres in c =Def b is a specifically dependent continuant & c is an independent continuant that is not a spatial region & b s-depends on c
A shape inheres in a shaped object; a mass inheres in a material entity.
occupies temporal region
p occupies temporal region t =Def the spatiotemporal region occupied by p temporally projects onto t
The Second World War occupies the temporal region September 1, 1939 - September 2, 1945.
occupies spatiotemporal region
(Elucidation) p occupies spatiotemporal region s is a relation between an occurrent p and the spatiotemporal region s which is its spatiotemporal extent
A particle emitted by a nuclear reactor occupies the spatiotemporal region which is its trajectory.
occupies spatial region at some time
an independent continuant c that is not a spatial region occupies spatial region r at some time =Def for some time t (every continuant part of c occupies some continuant part of r at t and no continuant part of c occupies any spatial region that is not a continuant part of r at t)
occupies spatial region at all times
an independent continuant c that is not a spatial region occupies spatial region r at all times =Def for all times t, b exists at t implies (every continuant part of c occupies some continuant part of r at t and no continuant part of c occupies any spatial region that is not a continuant part of r at t)
spatially projects onto at some time
b spatially projects onto c at some time =Def for some time t (b is a spatiotemporal region and c is a spatial region and c is the spatial extent of b at t)
spatially projects onto at all times
b spatially projects onto c at all times =Def for all times t, b exists at t implies (b is a spatiotemporal region and c is a spatial region and c is the spatial extent of b at t)
has material basis at some time
b has material basis c at some time =Def For some time t (b is a disposition & c is a material entity & there is some d bearer of b & c continuant part of d at t & d has disposition b because c continuant part of d at t)
generically depends on at all times
a g-dependent continuant b g-depends on an independent continuant c at all times =Def for all times t, b exists at t implies (there inheres in c an s-dependent continuant which concretizes b at t)
is carrier of at all times
b is carrier of c at all times =Def for all times t, b exists at t implies (c g-depends on b at t)
first instant of
temporal instant t first instant of temporal region t' =Def t precedes all temporal parts of t' other than t
An hour starting at midnight yesterday has first instant midnight yesterday.
has first instant
t has first instant t' =Def t' first instant of t
The first hour of a year has first instant midnight on December 31.
last instant of
temporal instant t last instant of temporal region t' =Def all temporal parts of t' other than t precede t
Last midnight is the last instant of yesterday.
has last instant
t has last instant t' =Def t' last instant of t
The last hour of a year has last instant midnight December 31.
entity
(Elucidation) An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist
Julius Caesar, the Second World War, your body mass index, Verdi's Requiem.
continuant
(Elucidation) A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity
A human being, a tennis ball, a cave, a region of space, someone's temperature.
occurrent
(Elucidation) An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the start or end of such an entity or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region
As for process, history, process boundary, spatiotemporal region, zero-dimensional temporal region, one-dimensional temporal region, temporal interval, temporal instant.
independent continuant
b is an independent continuant =Def b is a continuant which is such that there is no c such that b s-depends on c and no c such that b g-depends on c
An atom, a molecule, an organism, a heart, a chair, the bottom right portion of a human torso, a leg; the interior of your mouth; a spatial region; an orchestra.
spatial region
(Elucidation) A spatial region is a continuant entity that is a continuant part of the spatial projection of a portion of spacetime at a given time
As for zero-dimensional spatial region, one-dimensional spatial region, two-dimensional spatial region, three-dimensional spatial region.
temporal region
(Elucidation) A temporal region is an occurrent over which processes can unfold
As for zero-dimensional temporal region and one-dimensional temporal region.
two-dimensional spatial region
(Elucidation) A two-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is a whole consisting of a surface together with zero or more surfaces and/or spatial regions of lower dimension as parts
The surface of a sphere-shaped part of space, an infinitely thin plane in space.
spatiotemporal region
(Elucidation) A spatiotemporal region is an occurrent that is an occurrent part of spacetime
The spatiotemporal region occupied by the development of a cancer tumour, the spatiotemporal region occupied by an orbiting satellite.
'Spacetime' here refers to the maximal instance of the universal spatiotemporal region.
process
(Elucidation) p is a process =Def p is an occurrent that has some temporal proper part and for some time t, p has some material entity as participant
An act of selling, the life of an organism, a process of sleeping, a process of cell-division, a beating of the heart, a process of meiosis, the taxiing of an aircraft, the programming of a computer.
realizable entity
(Elucidation) b is a realizable entity means: b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type some instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type
The role of being a doctor, the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet, the function of your reproductive organs, the disposition of your blood to coagulate, the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity.
zero-dimensional spatial region
(Elucidation) A zero-dimensional spatial region is one or a collection of more than one spatially disjoint points in space
The spatial region occupied at some time instant by the North Pole.
quality
(Elucidation) a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized
The colour of a tomato, the ambient temperature of this portion of air, the length of the circumference of your waist, the shape of your nose, the shape of your nostril, the mass of this piece of gold.
specifically dependent continuant
b is a specifically dependent continuant =Def b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region & which is such that b s-depends on c
(with one bearer) The mass of this tomato, the pink colour of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its centre, the smell of this portion of mozzarella, the disposition of this fish to decay, the role of being a doctor, the function of this heart: to pump blood, the shape of this hole; (with multiple bearers:) John's love for Mary, the ownership relation between John and this statue, the relation of authority between John and his subordinates.
On the multiple bearers case, see relational quality.
role
externally-grounded realizable entity
(Elucidation) b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be & b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed
The priest role, the student role, the role of subject in a clinical trial, the role of a stone in marking a property boundary, the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighbouring administrative territories, the role of a building in serving as a military target.
one-dimensional spatial region
(Elucidation) A one-dimensional spatial region is a whole consisting of a line together with zero or more lines and/or points as parts
An edge of a cube-shaped portion of space, a line connecting two points, two parallel lines extended in space.
object aggregate
(Elucidation) an object aggregate is a material entity consisting exactly of a plurality (≥1) of objects as member parts which together form a unit
A symphony orchestra, the aggregate of bearings in a constant velocity axle joint, the nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere, a collection of cells in a blood biobank. NOTE 1: 'Exactly' means that there are no parts of the object aggregate other than its member parts. NOTE 2: The unit can, at certain times, consist of exactly one object, for example, when a fire brigade loses all but one of its members, but it must at some time have a plurality of member parts.
three-dimensional spatial region
(Elucidation) A three-dimensional spatial region is a whole consisting of a spatial volume together with zero or more spatial volumes and/or spatial regions of lower dimension as parts
A cube-shaped region of space, a sphere-shaped region of space, the region of space occupied by all and only the planets in the solar system at some point in time.
site
(Elucidation) b is a site means: b is a three-dimensional immaterial entity whose boundaries either (1) (partially or wholly) coincide with the boundaries of one or more material entities or (2) have locations determined in relation to some material entity
A hole in a portion of cheese, a rabbit hole, the Grand Canyon, the Piazza San Marco, the kangaroo-joey-containing hole of a kangaroo pouch, your left nostril (a fiat part - the opening - of your left nasal cavity), the lumen of your gut, the hold of a ship, the interior of the trunk of your car, hole in an engineered floor joist; An air traffic control region of type A is determined in terms of elevation above mean sea level of lower and upper boundaries.
object
(Elucidation) an object is a material entity which manifests causal unity & is of a type instances of which are maximal relative to the sort of causal unity manifested
An organism, a fish tank, a planet, a laptop, a valve, a block of marble, an ice cube.
A description of three primary sorts of causal unity is provided in Basic Formal Ontology 2.0. Specification and User’s Guide
g-dependent continuant
(Elucidation) a generically dependent continuant is an entity that exists in virtue of the fact that there is at least one of what may be multiple copies; it is the content or the pattern that the multiple copies share
The pdf file on your laptop, the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop; the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule; the content that is shared by a string of dots and dashes written on a page and the transmitted Morse code signal; the content of a sentence; an engineering blueprint.
generically dependent continuant
process boundary
p is a process boundary =Def p is a temporal part of a process & p has no proper temporal parts
The boundary between the 2nd and 3rd year of your life.
one-dimensional temporal region
(Elucidation) A one-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region is a whole that has a temporal interval and zero or more temporal intervals and temporal instants as parts
The temporal region during which a process occurs.
material entity
(Elucidation) A material entity is an independent continuant that at all times at which it exists has some portion of matter as continuant part
A human being, the undetached arm of a human being, an aggregate of human beings.
immaterial entity
a is an immaterial entity =Def a is an independent continuant which is such that there is no time t when it has a material entity as continuant part at t
As for fiat point, fiat line, fiat surface, site.
relational quality
b is a relational quality =Def b is a quality and there exists c and d such that b and c are not identical, & b s-depends on c & b s-depends on d
A marriage bond, an instance of love, an obligation between one person and another.
zero-dimensional temporal region
(Elucidation) A zero-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is a whole consisting of one or more separated temporal instants as parts
A temporal region that is occupied by a process boundary; the moment at which a finger is detached in an industrial accident.
history
(Elucidation) A history is a process that is the sum of the totality of processes taking place in the spatiotemporal region occupied by the material part of a material entity
The life of an organism from the beginning to the end of its existence.
temporal interval
(Elucidation) a temporal interval is a one-dimensional temporal region that is continuous, thus without gaps or breaks
The year 2018.
A one-dimensional temporal region can include as parts not only temporal intervals but also temporal instants separated from other parts by gaps.
temporal instant
(Elucidation) a temporal instant is a zero-dimensional temporal region that has no proper temporal part
The millennium.