_WIP - NOT READY FOR PRODUCTION_ The Academic Event Ontology (AEON) is used to represent information regarding academic events. The ontology supports the identification, development, management, evaluation, and impact assessment of events, components of events and event series, as well as identification and reuse of works presented or developed at events. The ontology is independent of knowledge, creative domain, or topics related to events. AEON is focused on events and assumes the representation of many entities associated with events such as attendees, locations, academic works, datetimes, and processes are defined in compatible ontologies.
AEON is being developed as a part of the ConfIDent project (https://projects.tib.eu/confident).
maps to
Relates an entity in the ontology to the name of the variable that is used to represent it in the code that generates the BFO OWL file from the lispy specification.
Really of interest to developers only
BFO OWL specification label
Relates an entity in the ontology to the term that is used to represent it in the the CLIF specification of BFO2
BFO CLIF specification label
editor preferred term
The concise, meaningful, and human-friendly name for a class or property preferred by the ontology developers. (US-English)
PERSON:Daniel Schober
example of usage
A phrase describing how a term should be used and/or a citation to a work which uses it. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding, such as widely know prototypes or instances of a class, or cases where a relation is said to hold.
has curation status
PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg
PERSON:Bill Bug
PERSON:Melanie Courtot
definition
The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with.
editor note
An administrative note intended for its editor. It may not be included in the publication version of the ontology, so it should contain nothing necessary for end users to understand the ontology.
term editor
Name of editor entering the term in the file. The term editor is a point of contact for information regarding the term. The term editor may be, but is not always, the author of the definition, which may have been worked upon by several people
20110707, MC: label update to term editor and definition modified accordingly. See https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/115.
alternative label
A label for a class or property that can be used to refer to the class or property instead of the preferred rdfs:label. Alternative labels should be used to indicate community- or context-specific labels, abbreviations, shorthand forms and the like.
Consider re-defing to: An alternative name for a class or property which can mean the same thing as the preferred name (semantically equivalent, narrow, broad or related).
alternative term
definition source
Formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007
Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w
has obsolescence reason
Relates an annotation property to an obsolescence reason. The values of obsolescence reasons come from a list of predefined terms, instances of the class obsolescence reason specification.
curator note
term tracker item
the URI for an OBI Terms ticket at sourceforge, such as https://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/772/
An IRI or similar locator for a request or discussion of an ontology term.
Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg
The 'tracker item' can associate a tracker with a specific ontology term.
imported from
elucidation
person:Alan Ruttenberg
Person:Barry Smith
Primitive terms in a highest-level ontology such as BFO are terms which are so basic to our understanding of reality that there is no way of defining them in a non-circular fashion. For these, therefore, we can provide only elucidations, supplemented by examples and by axioms
has associated axiom(nl)
has associated axiom(fol)
may be identical to
A annotation relationship between two terms in an ontology that may refer to the same (natural) type but where more evidence is required before terms are merged.
David Osumi-Sutherland
VFB
Edges asserting this should be annotated with to record evidence supporting the assertion and its provenance.
has axiom label
term replaced by
Use on obsolete terms, relating the term to another term that can be used as a substitute
Person:Alan Ruttenberg
Add as annotation triples in the granting ontology
This is an annotation used on an object property to indicate a logical characterstic beyond what is possible in OWL.
logical characteristic of object property
'part disjoint with' 'defined by construct' """ PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> PREFIX : <http://example.org/ CONSTRUCT { [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty :part_of ; owl:someValuesFrom ?a ; owl:disjointWith [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty :part_of ; owl:someValuesFrom ?b ] ] } WHERE { ?a :part_disjoint_with ?b . }
Links an annotation property to a SPARQL CONSTRUCT query which is meant to provide semantics for a shortcut relation.
An assertion that holds between an OWL Object Property and a temporal interpretation that elucidates how OWL Class Axioms that use this property are to be interpreted in a temporal context.
A relation obtaining between an 'sociocultural event format' and an 'organized sociocultural event', in which the former determines the planned sociocultural conventions of the latter.
specifies event format of
A relation obtaining between an 'organized sociocultural event' and an 'sociocultural event format specification' that determines the planned sociocultrural conventions of the 'organized sociocultural event'.
has event format
has DID
A relation obtaining between an entity and a distributed identifier document (DID) that is used to denote the verifiable, decentralized digital identity of an entity.
has distributed identifier
A relation obtaining between an 'academic event' and an academic field descriptor that is used to describe the scientific subject of the planned process according to some controlled vocabulary or thesaurus.
has academic field descriptor
A relation obtaining between a obi:'planned process' and an 'event topic descriptor' that is used to descibe the theme of the planned process.
has event topic decriptor
A relation obtaining between a obi:'planned process' and an 'event fee specification'.
has event fee specification
see inverse relation 'has deadline
Given the fact that deadlines are specified in various planned processes this term should probably be regarded as a placeholder which ought to be defined in a broader ontology, maybe something like IAO?
specifies deadline of
a relation between a planned process and a deadline specification
has deadline
A relation obtaining between a digital iao:information content entity and its corresponding ISO 26324 conform digital object identifier.
has DOI
{"wikidata": {"uri": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P227", "label": "GND_ID"}, "gnd": {"uri": "https://d-nb.info/standards/elementset/gnd#gndIdentifier", "label": "GND-Identifier"}}
A relation obtaining between an entity and the 'GND identifier' used by the German national library to denote this entity.
has GND identifier
A relation obtaining between a person or organization and the 'international standard name identifier' used to denote the person or organization in the ISNI database.
has ISNI
A relation obtaining between a person and the 'ORCID' used to denote the person in the ORCID database.
has ORCID
A relation obtaining between a person and the 'ROR identifier' used to denote the entity in the ROR database.
has ROR
{"wikidata": {"uri": null, "label": "itemID"}, "openresearch": {"uri": "https://www.openresearch.org/wiki/Property:Wikidataid", "label": "Wikidataid"}}
A relation obtaining between an entity and the Wikidata identifier used to denote this entity in the Wikidata database.
has Wikidata QID
has QID
A relation obtaining between an academic event series and an academic event. It is used to express that the academic event series has a specific academic event as its part.
event series of
A relation obtaining between organized sociocultural events that partly overlap in their duration because they share a location, but which are otherwise regarded distinct from each other. Typically a smaller or less known event is said to be co-located with a bigger or more more known event.
co-located with event
A relation obtaining between organized sociocultural events that share some of the planning and/or organizing process, but which are otherwise considered destinct from each other.
joint event of
{"wikidata": {"uri": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P179", "label": "part_of_the_seriesLabel"}, "openresearch": {"uri": "https://www.openresearch.org/wiki/Property:Event_in_series", "label": "Event_in_series"}}
A relation obtaining between an academic event and an academic event series. It is used to express that the academic event is part of a specific event series.
part of event series
see also inverse property: A relation obtaining between an academic event and another academic event or event series. An umbrelle event/series is a superordinate event/series that combines several smaller academic events/series at the same time.
umbrella event of
{"wikidata": {"uri": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P17", "label": "countryLabel"}, "openresearch": {"uri": "https://www.openresearch.org/wiki/Property:Has_location_country", "label": "Has_location_country"}}
A relation obtaining between a bfo:occurent and the country in which it occurs.
occurs in country
{"wikidata": {"uri": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P276", "label": "locationLabel"}, "openresearch": {"uri": "https://www.openresearch.org/wiki/Property:Has_location_city", "label": "Has_location_city"}, "gnd": {"uri": "https://d-nb.info/standards/elementset/gnd#placeOfConferenceOrEvent", "label": "Place of conference or event"}}
A relation obtaining between a bfo:occurent and the city in which it occurs.
occurs in city
{"wikidata": {"uri": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P131", "label": "located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entityLabel"}, "openresearch": {"uri": "https://www.openresearch.org/wiki/Property:Has_location_state", "label": "Has_location_state"}}
A relation obtaining between a bfo:occurent and the province in which it occurs.
occurs in province
A relation obtaining between a bfo:occurent and the event venue in which it occurs.
occurs in event venue
see also inverse property: A relation obtaining between an 'academic field descriptor' and a obi:'planned process', in which the former is used to descibe the scientific subject of the latter according to some controlled vocabulary or thesaurus.
describes academic field of
A relation obtaining between an organized sociocultural event and another organized sociocultural event. A collocated organized sociocultural event is an organized sociocultural event that takes place at the same location and time as another organized sociocultural event.
The former inverse relation "co-located with event" (AEON_0000082) was made symetric, making this relation obsolete.
obsolete_has co-located event
A relation obtaining between an organized sociocultural event and another organized sociocultural event. A joint organized sociocultural event is an organized sociocultural event that shares some of the planning and/or organizing logistics with another organized sociocultural event, but is otherwise independent from it.
The former inverse relation "joint event of" (AEON:0000083) was made symmetric, making this relation obsolete.
obsolete_has joint event
A relation obtaining between an organized sociocultural event and another organized sociocultural event or event series. An umbrella organized sociocultural event is a superordinate event that combines several smaller organized sociocultural events at the same time.
has umbrella event
A relation obtaining between an 'event fee specification' and a obi:'planned process'.
specifies event fee of
see also inverse property: A relation obtaining between an 'event topic descriptor' and a obi:'planned process', in which the former is used to descibe the theme of the latter.
describes event topic of
{"wikidata": {"uri": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P5127", "label": "WikiCFP_conference_series_ID"}}
A relation obtaining between an 'academic event' or 'academic event series' and the WikiCFP identifier used to denote this 'academic event' or 'academic event series' in the wikiCFP database.
has WikiCFP identifier
A relation that relates an entity with its Twitter account.
It is still an open question if this relation is the best way to relate a Twitter account to some entity that has a representation on this social media plattform. At present, 2022-08-26, no BFO based ontology that properly represents scocial media plattforms could be identified.
has Twitter account
is part of
my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity)
this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood)
a core relation that holds between a part and its whole
Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other.
Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'.
part_of
part of
has part
my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity)
this year has part this day (occurrent parthood)
a core relation that holds between a whole and its part
Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part.
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'.
has_part
realized in
this disease is realized in this disease course
this fragility is realized in this shattering
this investigator role is realized in this investigation
is realized by
realized_in
[copied from inverse property 'realizes'] to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003])
Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a realizable entity and a process, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process
realizes
this disease course realizes this disease
this investigation realizes this investigator role
this shattering realizes this fragility
to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003])
Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process
occurs in
b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
occurs_in
unfolds in
unfolds_in
Paraphrase of definition: a relation between a process and an independent continuant, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant
site of
[copied from inverse property 'occurs in'] b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
Paraphrase of definition: a relation between an independent continuant and a process, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant
contains process
This document is about information artifacts and their representations
A (currently) primitive relation that relates an information artifact to an entity.
7/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg. Following discussion with Jonathan Rees, and introduction of "mentions" relation. Weaken the is_about relationship to be primitive. We will try to build it back up by elaborating the various subproperties that are more precisely defined. Some currently missing phenomena that should be considered "about" are predications - "The only person who knows the answer is sitting beside me" , Allegory, Satire, and other literary forms that can be topical without explicitly mentioning the topic.
Smith, Ceusters, Ruttenberg, 2000 years of philosophy
is about
A person's name denotes the person. A variable name in a computer program denotes some piece of memory. Lexically equivalent strings can denote different things, for instance "Alan" can denote different people. In each case of use, there is a case of the denotation relation obtaining, between "Alan" and the person that is being named.
A primitive, instance-level, relation obtaining between an information content entity and some portion of reality. Denotation is what happens when someone creates an information content entity E in order to specifically refer to something. The only relation between E and the thing is that E can be used to 'pick out' the thing. This relation connects those two together. Freedictionary.com sense 3: To signify directly; refer to specifically
2009-11-10 Alan Ruttenberg. Old definition said the following to emphasize the generic nature of this relation. We no longer have 'specifically denotes', which would have been primitive, so make this relation primitive. g denotes r =def r is a portion of reality there is some c that is a concretization of g every c that is a concretization of g specifically denotes r
Conversations with Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters, Bjoern Peters, Michel Dumontier, Melanie Courtot, James Malone, Bill Hogan
denotes
inverse of the relation 'denotes'
Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Mike Conlon
denoted by
has_specified_output
The inverse property of is_specified_output_of
PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
is_specified_output_of
A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process. The presence of the continuant at the end of the process is explicitly specified in the objective specification which the process realizes the concretization of.
Alan Ruttenberg
Relating a legal person or organization to an organization in the case where the legal person or organization has a role as member of the organization.
2009/10/01 Alan Ruttenberg. Barry prefers generic is-member-of. Question of what the range should be. For now organization. Is organization a population? Would the same relation be used to record members of a population
JZ: Discussed on May 7, 2012 OBI dev call. Bjoern points out that we need to allow for organizations to be members of organizations. And agreed by the other OBI developers. So, human and organization were specified in 'Domains'. The textual definition was updated based on it.
2009/09/28 Alan Ruttenberg. Fucoidan-use-case
inheres in
this fragility is a characteristic of this vase
this red color is a characteristic of this apple
a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the characteristic) and any other entity (the bearer), in which the characteristic depends on the bearer for its existence.
inheres_in
Note that this relation was previously called "inheres in", but was changed to be called "characteristic of" because BFO2 uses "inheres in" in a more restricted fashion. This relation differs from BFO2:inheres_in in two respects: (1) it does not impose a range constraint, and thus it allows qualities of processes, as well as of information entities, whereas BFO2 restricts inheres_in to only apply to independent continuants (2) it is declared functional, i.e. something can only be a characteristic of one thing.
characteristic of
bearer of
this apple is bearer of this red color
this vase is bearer of this fragility
Inverse of characteristic_of
A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist.
bearer_of
is bearer of
has characteristic
participates in
this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation
this input material (or this output material) participates in this process
this investigator participates in this investigation
a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
participates_in
has participant
this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot
this investigation has participant this investigator
this process has participant this input material (or this output material)
a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time.
has_participant
A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The journal article (a generically dependent continuant) is concretized as the quality (a specifically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant).
An investigator reads a protocol and forms a plan to carry out an assay. The plan is a realizable entity (a specifically dependent continuant) that concretizes the protocol (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on the investigator (an independent continuant). The plan is then realized by the assay (a process).
A relationship between a generically dependent continuant and a specifically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. A generically dependent continuant may be concretized as multiple specifically dependent continuants.
is concretized as
A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The quality (a specifically dependent continuant) concretizes the journal article (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant).
A relationship between a specifically dependent continuant and a generically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. Multiple specifically dependent continuants can concretize the same generically dependent continuant.
concretizes
this catalysis function is a function of this enzyme
a relation between a function and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A function inheres in its bearer at all times for which the function exists, however the function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists.
function_of
is function of
This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020.
function of
this red color is a quality of this apple
a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A quality inheres in its bearer at all times for which the quality exists.
is quality of
quality_of
quality of
this investigator role is a role of this person
a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A role inheres in its bearer at all times for which the role exists, however the role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.
is role of
role_of
role of
this enzyme has function this catalysis function (more colloquially: this enzyme has this catalysis function)
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a function, in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many functions, and its functions can exist for different periods of time, but none of its functions can exist when the bearer does not exist. A function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists.
has_function
has function
this apple has quality this red color
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many qualities, and its qualities can exist for different periods of time, but none of its qualities can exist when the bearer does not exist.
has_quality
has quality
this person has role this investigator role (more colloquially: this person has this role of investigator)
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.
has_role
has role
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a disposition, in which the disposition specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
has disposition
disposition of
A part of relation that applies only between occurrents.
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for relations between occurrents involving the relative timing of their starts and ends.
A relation that holds between two occurrents. This is a grouping relation that collects together all the Allen relations.
temporally related to
starts
Every insulin receptor signaling pathway starts with the binding of a ligand to the insulin receptor
x starts with y if and only if x has part y and the time point at which x starts is equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: α(y) = α(x) ∧ ω(y) < ω(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
starts with
ends
x ends with y if and only if x has part y and the time point at which x ends is equivalent to the time point at which y ends. Formally: α(y) > α(x) ∧ ω(y) = ω(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
ends with
p has output c iff c is a participant in p, c is present at the end of p, and c is not present in the same state at the beginning of p.
has output
c involved_in p if and only if c enables some process p', and p' is part of p
involved in
An organism that is a member of a population of organisms
is member of is a mereological relation between a item and a collection.
member of
has member is a mereological relation between a collection and an item.
has member
output of
c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' regulates some p
c involved in or regulates p if and only if either (i) c is involved in p or (ii) c is involved in regulation of p
OWL does not allow defining object properties via a Union
involved in or involved in regulation of
A relationship between a material entity and a process where the material entity has some causal role that influences the process
"has ocurrent part" is a relation that holds between a whole occurrent (process) and its part.
A data property which is intended to be used for the literal representation of a deadline specification in the xsd:dateTimeStamp format
deadline datetime value
A shortend representation of a planned process name that has been formed from the initial components of a planned process name representation, usually using individual initial letters.
planned process acronym
{"crossref": {"api_proceedings_endpoint_uri": "https://api.crossref.org/types/proceedings/works?select=event", "json_api_key": {"event": "number"}}}
The ordinal number of an academic event, if it is a part of an event series.
event number
{"wikidata": {"uri": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P582", "label": "end_time"}, "openresearch": {"uri": "https://www.openresearch.org/wiki/Property:End_date", "label": "End_date"},"crossref": {"api_proceedings_endpoint_uri": "https://api.crossref.org/types/proceedings/works?select=event", "json_api_key": {"event": "end"}}}
A data property to provide the planned end date of an organized sociocultural event in the xsd:dateTimeStamp format.
end date
{"wikidata": {"uri": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P580", "label": "start_time"}, "openresearch": {"uri": "https://www.openresearch.org/wiki/Property:Start_date", "label": "Start_date"},"crossref": {"api_proceedings_endpoint_uri": "https://api.crossref.org/types/proceedings/works?select=event", "json_api_key": {"event": "start"}}}
start date
This data property associates a telephone number with a contributor
It needs to be discussed, if we need this information to be modeled more finegrained using e.g. iao:'email address' (see also https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/130). For now it seems sufficient to have a data property.
phone number value
This data property associates an email adress with a contributor.
email address value
An academic event metric that provides a rate consiting of the number of accepted papers devided by the number of submitted papers.
acceptance rate
An academic event metric that provides the literal value for the number of papers that where accepted to be present at an academic event.
accepted papers
An academic event metric that provides the literal value for the number of short papers that where accepted to be present at an academic event.
accepted short papers
A data property to provide a literal value for the coordinates of an organanized sociocultural event venue.
coordinates
{"wikidata": {"uri": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P2257", "label": "event_interval_inmonths"}}
An data property that provides the literal value of the timespan until the next event in a series takes place.
event frequency
A data property that determines whether an academic event takes/took place as planned or was canceled, delayed, planned or postponed.
It is still an open question whether a data property suffices for this.
maps_to: DataCite:dateType --- allowed value mapping ConfIDent → DataCite scheduled → valid postponed → updated cancled → withdrawn
event status
A data property that can be used to literally specify a sociocultural event format when the sublcasses of 'sociocultural event format' defined in AEON do not fit for a given event format.
event type other
An academic event metric to provide the literal value of the CORE rank. See also: https://www.core.edu.au/conference-portal
CORE ranking
The literal, numerical (decimal) value of an event fee that is specified in an event fee specification.
event fee value
{"wikidata": {"uri": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P2936", "label": "language_usedLabel"}}
This data property should be used to provide the language that is officially spoken at an event. Its xsd:string range should preferrably be encoded in the ISO 639-1 standard (e.g. German would be "de").
It needs to be discussed, if a data property is sufficient for our use case, or if it might be better to model the officially spoken language of an academic event as a generically dependent continuant that participates in this planned process as sugessted by the developers of the language ontology (https://github.com/vivo-ontologies/language-ontology/wiki/Usage).
event language
A data property to provide a literal value for the location (e.g. address) of an organized sociocultural event.
This is an artefact from a very early version of AEON that is most likely to be obsoleted, as there should be better ways to model the locations of an academic event.
location
A data property to provide the meeting link to a virtual event.
not needed at the moment, but might be reactivated if needed
obsolete_meeting URL
A data property to provide a literal value for an academic event metric.
Using data properties for the modeling of academic event metrics was the first adhoc way of representing this. It thus needs to be discussed and worked on.
academic event metric value
{"openresearch": {"uri": "https://www.openresearch.org/wiki/Property:Attendees", "label": "Attendees"}}
An academic event metric that provides a literal value for the number of attendees of an academic event.
number of attendess
An academic event metric that provides a literal value for the numer of tracks of an academic event.
number of tracks
A data property to provide the previously planned end date of an organized sociocultural event in the xsd:dateTimeStamp format, when the planned end date has been rescheduled.
previous end date
A data property to provide the previously planned start date of an organized sociocultural event in the xsd:dateTimeStamp format, when the planned start date has been rescheduled.
previous start date
An academic event metric to be used to provide the literal value of the number of times the proceedings of an academic event have being cited.
proceeding cite count
{"wikidata": {"uri": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P856", "label": "official_website"}, "openresearch": {"uri": "https://www.openresearch.org/wiki/Property:Homepage", "label": "Homepage"}}
A data property that provides the official website of a planned process.
event website
An academic event series metric to be used to provide the literal value of the number of times the series was being cited.
series cite count
The literal string value of an event fee currency that is specified in an event fee specification.
This data property should have a value from the controlled list defined by the ISO_4217 standard (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217).
event fee currency
{"wikidata": {"uri": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P2047", "label": "duration"}, "gnd": {"uri": "https://d-nb.info/standards/elementset/gnd#dateOfConferenceOrEvent", "label": "Date of conference or event"}}
A data property that assigns a time duration to an academic event.
not needed, as it could be calculated from the start and end data properties
obsolete_duration
A data property of an event sponsor role with which to describe the kind of sponsorship that was provided.
It is still an open question as to how the various types of sponsor roles need to be modeled with regard to differentiating between something like "gold sponsor" and other possible sponsor demarcatins used in different contexts.
sponsor type
An academic event metric that provides the literal value for the number of papers that where submitted to be present at an academic event.
submitted papers
A data property to provide a literal value for more information about an event venue.
event venue literal
A data property to provide a website for an event venue.
venue website
A data property of a call for submission that is used to provide the URL of the submission system which ought to be used.
submission link
has representation
12th arrondissement of Paris
I feel sick to my stomach every Tuesday
'has representation' is a data property that attaches between an information content entity and a value that contains linguistically or computationally coded text.
Further processing may enable the value to be represented in a component data structure such as an OBI value specification.
{"wikidata": {"uri": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1656682", "label": "eventLabel"}, "openresearch": {"uri": "https://www.openresearch.org/wiki/Category:Event", "label": "Event"}, "gnd": {"uri": "https://d-nb.info/standards/elementset/gnd#ConferenceOrEvent", "label": "Conference or Event"}}
The 19th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC2020) is an academic event.
An organized sociocultural event that refers to a gathering of researchers (not necessarily academics) in which these researches have the chance to present and discuss their work and possible future collaborations, according to a certain sociocultural format that is specified more or less explicitly in the announcement of the academic event.
Defining the boundaries that set academic events apart is hard from an ontological perspective, as the labels used for demarcation, such as conference, congress or annual meeting, vary depending on sociocultural contexts. Sometimes they are used synonymously and sometimes to demark their difference.
TODO: * It needs to be discussed, if we need the "process boundary" class to describe the start and end of an academic event or event series. * It needs to be discussed, if we need the "temporal region" and "spatiotemporal region" classes to describe the duration and manifestation in spacetime of an academic event or event series.
academic event
scientific event
wissenschaftliche Veranstaltung
{"wikidata": {"uri": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15900647", "label": "conference_seriesLabel"}, "openresearch": {"uri": "https://www.openresearch.org/wiki/Category:Event_series", "label": "Event_series"}, "gnd": {"uri": "https://d-nb.info/standards/elementset/gnd#SeriesOfConferenceOrEvent", "label": "Series of conference or event"}}
International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC)
An academic event that is the ordered set of all recurring academic events of a destinct identity. This destinct identity is usually demarked by a shared name that only differs with regard to some ordnial symbol, such as 1st or the year of the academic event.
An internal identifier is an iao:identifier that is only meant to be used inside the reference system, such as an application, in which it is declared.
The alternative term "ConfIDent ID" is used here, as the ontology is being developed by the ConfIDent project (https://projects.tib.eu/en/confident) to be used in its service. Thus the internal identifier is called "ConfIDent ID". You will probably want to change that in your implementation.
internal identifier
The parts of an academic event website that state: the official name of an academic event, its topic and academic field, when it is going to take place and where, what the schedule/program is, what kind of deadlines have to be adhered to for submitting work to be present, whether or not one has to pay to attend and how much, etc.
A sociocultural event format that states that the primary purpose (objective) of an organised sociocultural event is to facilitate a knowledge exchange between the participants of that event within the context of an academic field.
academic event format
The contributor role inheres in a person or organization that participates in a planned process by somehow contributing to it.
deprecated_aeon contributor role
A role that inheres in a person or organization that is somehow responsible for the planning, management and realization of an organized sociocultural event.
In the context of academic events this role would be the one held by a group pf people often refered to as the event's "general committee".
event organizer role
OBSOLETE An event organizer role that inheres in a person who is a member of an event committee and thus performs certain actions associated with the objectives/functions of that event committee.
DEPRECATION REASON: This role is not needed, as the oostt:"committee member role" relation is sufficient enough.
deprecated_event committee member role
An event organizer role that inheres in a person who is designated to be responsible for the actions and outcomes of an event committee.
event committee chair role
A role that inheres in a person who is designated to answer inquiries regarding an organized sociocultural event.
A possible parent class is OMRSE:"role in human social processes" (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OMRSE_00002072), which wasn't used due to the error reported in https://github.com/ufbmi/OMRSE/issues/188#issuecomment-1272083405. Another possible parent could be ICO:"contact person role" (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ICO_0000230), which could also be a child of OMRSE:"role in human social processes", but isn't. However, ICO:"contact person role" wasn't reused due to the intended type restriction stated in its rdfs:comment.
event contact person role
A role that inheres in a person who contributes to an event, such as a conference, by attending it. For this role to be realized, there needs to be some kind of event accreditation sub-process.
event attendee role
The moderating role inheres in a person that contributes to a planned process by facilitating the communication.
event moderator role
Someone who reviews a manuscript submitted for publication or presentation at an academic event bears a reviewer role.
A role that inheres in a person who is designated to analyse and judge the information (e.g. text or code) that is the specified input of a particular reviewing process. This role is realized when the reviewing process has been completed as intended.
The Contributor Role Ontology CRO contains a role that seems equivalent (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CRO_0000101), but which cannot be used instead, as long as https://github.com/data2health/contributor-role-ontology/issues/135 is not sufficiently answered.
peer-review role
human reviewer role
A role that inheres in a person who speaks about a certain topic at a organized sociocultural event, either in form of presenting or teaching information to an audience.
Could be replaced with the CRO equivalent, if the proposal made in https://github.com/data2health/contributor-role-ontology/issues/134 is being accepted and merged.
invited speaker role
presenter role
A presenter role that inheres in a person who participates in an organized sociocultural event by holding a keynote speech.
keynote speaker role
A role that inheres in a person or organization who provides money, material ressources or special services needed in the realization of an organized sociocultural event in return of being officially credited for this role.
PS 2-9-2020: There is still the open question on how to best model different sponsor types (e.g. gold, silver, bronze...).
The difference of this role to the obi:'sponsor role' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000243) is that the latter has the constraint to be a sponsor of scientific studies.
event sponsor role
DOI
A digital object identifier (DOI) is an iao:identifier that persitently denotes a digital object acording to the ISO standard 26324.
digital object identifier
A 'GND identifier' is a iao:'centrally registered identifier' that denotes an entity in "The Integrated Authority File (GND)" of the German national library.
An 'ISNI' (International Standard Name Identifier) is a iao:'centrally registered identifier' that denotes persons and organizations in the ISNI database.
International Standard Name Identifier
OBSOLETE An 'ORCID' is a iao:'centrally registered identifier' that denotes authors and contributors of scholarly communication in the ORCID database.
Open Researcher and Contributor ID
A 'ROR identifier' is a iao:'centrally registered identifier' that denotes an organization in the ROR database.
research organization registry identifier
QID
A 'Wikidata QID identifier' is a iao:'centrally registered identifier' that denotes an entity in the Wikidata database.
q number
wikidata q number
"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/"^^ xsd:anyURI
Wikidata QID
deprecated_city
deprecated_country
deprecated_province
An event venue is a site where an event takes place.
event venue
DDC 410 Linguistics, OECD 6.02 Languages and literature, ...
A data item that contextualizes a obi:'planned process' or an iao:'infornation content entity' by providing a reference to a controlled vocalulary that codifies the subdevisions of knowledge taught and researched at the college or university level.
academic discipline category
academic field descriptor
"AI, knowledge graphs, cloud computing" could be a set of keywords that denote the main topics covered by a specific conference.
"The future of knowlegde graphs in the humanities" could be a 'topic' of an interdisciplinary oriented computer sciences conference.
An information content entity that describes the central theme of a planned process.
event theme description
The instances of this class can be terms from a controlled vocabulary or thesaurus, phrases or just keywords.
event topic descriptor
The Zoom room in which an online conference is being held is a virtual location, that exists as long as the IT infrastructure on which it runs (is being realized) is not failing or turned off by an agent with the capability to do so.
The service Twitter provides is a virtual location, in which the Twitter users can communicate with each other in a mostly text-based mode.
A realizable entity that provides a digital space for humans and computers to interact with one another in various digital modes (e.g. text, audio, video, tactile). It specifically depends on the IT infrastructure that is used to realize the virtual location in the planned process of running certain code on certain computers.
not needed at the moment, but might be reactivated, if needed
virtual site
obsolete_virtual location
A conditional specification that, as part of a plan specification, specifies the currency and the amount of money that has to be paid by participants of an event depending on their role in that event.
event fee specification
A 'decentralized identifier document' (DID) is an iao:identifier that denotes a verifiable, decentralized digital identity of an entity.
decentralized identifier document
A committee that has a role of being responsible for a certain part of the organization and realization of an event. Event committees are usually formed in the planning process of social events, such as academic events, that are, due to their size and objectives, too big or complex to be organized by just a one or few people.
general event committee
event committee
A conditional specification that, as part of a plan specification or an action specification, defines until when a specified action has to be carried out.
deadline specification
An abstract deadline is a submission deadline that, as part of a call for abstracts of an academic event, specifies the date until which a contribution to a planned process in form of an abstract has to be submitted.
abstract deadline
A camera-ready deadline is a submission deadline that, as part of a call for papers of an academic event, specifies the date until which a contribution to a planned process that is ready for publishing has to be submitted.
camera-ready deadline
A demo deadline is a submission deadline that, as part of a call for papers of an academic event, specifies the date until which a contribution to a planned process in form of a demonstration has to be submitted.
demo deadline
A deadline specification that specifies until when a participant of a planned process has to inform another participant of that process about something concering the plan of the process.
Given the fact that notification deadlines are specified in various planned processes this term should probably be regarded as a placeholder which ought to be defined in a broader ontology, maybe something like IAO?
notification deadline
A paper deadline is a submission deadline that, as part of a call for papers of an academic event, specifies the date until which a contribution to a planned process in form of a paper has to be submitted.
paper deadline
A poster deadline is a submission deadline that, as part of a call for papers of an academic event, specifies the date until which a contribution to a planned process in form of a poster has to be submitted.
poster deadline
A deadline specification that determines until when a participant (agent) of a planned process has to submit something to someone or somewhere associated with the further processing of this said something.
Given the fact that submission deadlines are specified in various planned processes this term should probably be regarded as a placeholder which ought to be defined in a broader ontology, maybe something like IAO?
submission deadline
A tutorial deadline is a submission deadline that, as part of a call for papers of an academic event, specifies the date until which a contribution to a planned process in form of a tutorial has to be submitted.
tutorial deadline
A workshop deadline is a submission deadline that, as part of a call for papers of an academic event, specifies the date until which a contribution to a planned process in form of a workshop has to be submitted.
workshop deadline
A call for submissions that calls for paper submissions.
CFP
call for papers
A call for submissions that calls for abstract submissions.
call for abstracts
An identifier that is a proper name identifying a planned process.
TODO: request term from IAO
planned process name
"Our research colloquium serves as the key meeting point for all fellows to share, discuss, and support each other’s work. Participation in the colloquium allows fellows to reflect on their ongoing research and gain knowledge of current research done in other academic fields. Unlike most academic settings, the program deliberately promotes a cross-disciplinary dialogue. In order to cultivate such exchanges, we organize theory and methodology workshops, invite public intellectuals and artists, screen films, and explore Berlin on thematic city walks. Throughout the academic year, the colloquium thus serves as a base to develop the projects and build cooperation between our researchers."
A sociocultural event format that specifies the general set-up of an event labeled as a colloquium.
colloquium format
An academic event whose sociocultural event format denotes it as a colloqium.
A possible definition could be the following, where one can also see how the definition depends on certain planned objectives, conditions and actions: A colloquium is an academic event that usually lasts only a few hours and serves to discuss a specific topic. Colloquia are usually part of the academic exchange in everyday university life with only one speaker, but can also take place on special occasions (anniversaries, start or end of the lecture phase, etc.) and can have more than one speaker.
academic colloquium
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloquium (meaning 1 & 2)
A sociocultural event format that specifies the general set-up of an event labeled as a conference.
conference format
An academic event whose sociocultural event format denotes it as a conference.
A possible literature based definition could be the following, where one can also see how the definition depends on certain planned objectives, conditions and actions: A conference is an academic event that lasts up to several days and serves as a forum for presentations on a specific topic or subject area. In addition to subject-specific conferences, there are also interdisciplinary conferences which allow both a broader focus and more specific questions on a particular (academic) problem. Conferences often have a highly formalized structure of parallel, clearly defined sessions with several short presentations and plenary sessions with invited (keynote) speakers who are considered multipliers in their (research) field. Ideally, the selection of the speakers and their contributions is subject to a review process.
academic conference
Casserly, P. (2019). Symposium vs. conference, what’s the difference? A symposium versus a conference. What’s the actual difference? And how does it affect organising or submitting to one? Ex Ordo. https://www.exordo.com/blog/symposium-vs-conference/
Hansen, Thomas Trøst; Pedersen, David Budtz; Foley, Carmel (PRE-PRINT). Academic Event: an empirically-grounded typology and their academic impact. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3727/152599519X15506259856598.
A sociocultural event format that specifies the general set-up of an event labeled as a forum.
forum format
An academic event whose sociocultural event format denotes it as a forum.
A forum is an academic event that usually is public and involves audience discussion.
academic forum
A sociocultural event format that specifies the general set-up of an event labeled as a hackathon.
hackathon format
An academic event in which computer programmers and others involved in software development, including graphic designers, interface designers, project managers, domain experts, and others collaborate intensively in a design sprint-like manner on software projects.
academic hackathon
Briscoe, G., & Mulligan, C. (2014). Digital innovation: the hackathon phenomenon (Creativeworks London). https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/11418
A sociocultural event format that specifies the general set-up of an event labeled as a seminar.
seminar format
An academic event that has the function to instruct a small group or small groups, often for recurring meetings, on some particular subject, in which everyone present is usually encouraged to participate.
academic seminar
A sociocultural event format that specifies the general set-up of an event labeled as a session.
session format
An academic event that is a clearly defined part of a larger academic event, such as an academic conference or track. A session is usually formally accompanied by a session chair, who assumes the function of a moderator.
academic event session
A sociocultural event format that specifies the general set-up of an event labeled as a symposium.
symposium format
An academic event whose sociocultural event format denotes it as a symposium.
A possible literature based definition could be the following: A symposium is a specific type of conference with a narrower thematic focus, with fewer participants and of shorter duration. The degree of structuring lies between a classic conference and a workshop, allows more discussion than the larger conference, but is usually more formalized than the workshop.
academic symposium
Canadian Institute for Knowledge Development (CIKD). (2019). Difference between scientific events. NCM Conferences blog. https://ncmconferences.com/difference-between-scientific-events/
A talk format that puts the topic (theme) of the oganized sociocultural event of which it is a part into a certain context, usually this context refers to the state of the art.
keynote speach format
keynote format
An academic event talk that contextualizes the larger academic event of which it is a part, according to some keynote format.
keynote
keynote lecture
academic keynote speech
A sociocultural event format that specifies the general set-up of an event labeled as a track.
track format
An academic event that, as a part of a larger academic event, has the function to group even smaller parts of the academic event, like sessions and talks, according to a shared theme or topic. It usually has dedicated chairs and program committees.
stream
academic event track
A sociocultural event format that specifies the general set-up of an event labeled as a tutorial and which has as a main objective a transfer of knowledge.
tutorial format
An academic event that has the function to educate the audience on a certain topic. A tutorial is often realized as an academic event talk or academic event session.
academic tutorial
A sociocultural event format that specifies the general set-up of an event labeled as a workshop and usually contains group work.
workshop format
An academic event that is usually smaller than a conference, focuses on a specific topic or problem, usually lasts one or two days and offers space for discussion and the development of content and solutions.
academic workshop
Alston, J. M. (2019). What's the difference between a conference, a seminar, a workshop and a symposium? Conference Monkey Insights. https://conferencemonkey.org/insight/whats-the-difference-between-a-conference-a-seminar-a-workshop-and-a-symposium-1075915
A sociocultural event format that specifies the general set-up of an event labeled as a congress.
congress format
An academic event whose sociocultural event format denotes it as a a congress. It usually is a larger type of conference with regard to the number of participants and organizers.
A possible literature based definition could be the following: A congress is a conference that is characterised by a larger number of participants (often several hundred) and is oftentimes organised jointly by large, established (e.g. specialised societies) and/or several institutions. Congresses have a broader thematic focus than simple conferences, take place in certain cycles, but can still target an exclusive group of participants (e.g. representatives of a single discipline).
academic congress
A sociocultural event format that specifies the general set-up of an oral presentation, which is usually only a part of a grander organized sociocultural event.
oral speech format
presentation format
talk format
presentation
An academic event that is a unit of a larger academic event, such as an academic event session or conference, in which a specific topic is being orally presented in a rather short way as specified according to some talk format.
speech
academic event talk
A session format that specifies the general set-up of an event in which someone presents a poster to an audience.
poster session format
An academic event session at which poster papers are presented.
academic poster session
A sociocultural event format that specifies the general set-up and common identity of a series of recurring organized sociocultural events.
event series format
An event organizer role that inheres in a person or organization who is responsible for aquiring and managing the sponsors of an event.
event sponsor aquisition and management role
An event organizer role that inheres in a person or organization responsible for the on-site planning, management and coordination of an event.
local event organizer role
An event organizer role that inheres in a person or organization who is responsible for the development of the event program according to the chosen event format specification. This includes such tasks as inviting suitable presenters, evaluating, reviewing, accepting or declining the work submitted for presentation as well as determining the schedule of the event.
event program development role
An event organizer role that inheres in a person or organization who is responsible for the promotion and public relations of an event.
event promoter role
An event organizer role that is being realized by its bearer in the processes that are associated with the job of balancing the event budged.
event finances accounting role
An event committee that has the role to manage the general/overall organiation of an event.
organizing committee
general organizing event committee
An event committee that has the role to take care of the aquisition and management of the sponsor(s) involved in the organization of an academic event.
sponsorship event committee
An event committee that has the role to manage all the local organizational aspects associated with the realization of an academic event.
local event committee
An event committee that has the role of managing the buget of an event.
finance event committee
An event committee that has an event program development role.
program event committee
An event committee that has the role to promote the event and manage all inquiries associated with its public relations.
public relations event committee
A plan specification that is a part of an academic event format in which the organizers of an academic event call for prospective contributors to submit work that fits the topic(s) of the academic event and provide the details about what kind of work is allowed to be submitted, until when and how.
call for contributions
call for submissions
A call for submissions that calls for poster submissions.
call for posters
A call for submissions that calls for video submissions.
call for videos
An information content entity that represents the Twitter account of an entity.
It needs to be discussed where to subsume this class more precisely and in which ontology this should be defined. At present, 2022-08-26, no BFO based ontology that properly represents scocial media plattforms could be identified.
Twitter account
An event organizer role that inheres in a person or organization who is designated to be responsible for maintaining an event series.
event series maintainer role
An identifier that consists of two letters, is part of the ISO 3166-1, and designates countries, dependent territories, and special areas of geographical interest.
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBIB_0000620 was not yet used due to the fact that it has a subclassOf axiom that clashes with the used ENVO classes for country (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_00000009) see also: https://github.com/OBOFoundry/COB/issues/138 wrt the problem of OBO classes to reuse for country, city and region --> it is still an open question whetehr to consider these a bfo:material entity or a bfo:site, if I (PS) understood it right.
Two-letter country codes defined in ISO 3166-1, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), to designate countries, dependent territories, and special areas of geographical interest.
ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code
An sociocultural event format that specifies the mode in which the participants of an organized sociocultural event have to be present, whether virtually or in person.
event presence format
An event presence format that specifies that one can participate in an organized sociocultural event either in person on site or virtually via some social meeting software solution.
hybrid presence format
An event presence format that specifies that one can participate in an organized sociocultural event only virtually via some social meeting software solution.
online presence format
An event presence format that specifies that one can participate in an organized sociocultural event only in person on site.
in person presence format
An organized sociocultural event in which the participants can only attend in person on site.
in person event
An organized sociocultural event in which the participants can attend only virtually.
online event
An organized sociocultural event in which the participants can attend either virtually or in person on site.
hybrid event
A plan specification that defines an organized sociocultural event by providing its topic or purpose, as well as implicit and explicit details on who is suppose to attend and how this event is planned to be carried out by its participants, in terms of achieving particular objectives, fulfilling particular conditions and performing particular actions.
When we speak of implicit details in the definition of this class, we mean the fact that, apart from explicitly providing information about e.g. the location and participation conditions of such an event in its announcement, details regarding its sociocultural format often remains tacit and are implied by the use of commonly known event type labels. Saying for example, "We're happy to announce the 11th international conference on sociolinguistics.", implies this 'conference' to be planned and executed by legitimate organizers, to have a certain formal code of conduct expected to be adhered to by the participants, or that is intended for a rather large and diverse audience. Similarly denoting an organized sociocultural event as a "birthday party", implies that one has to be invited to attend, or that one would be considered rude if one were to 'steel the show' from the person being celebrated.
sociocultural event format
A process that is a planned gathering of people organized by one or more people for a particular purpose, often with a particular theme and to be realized within a particular sociocultural format. It may be one-time, occasional or sporadic, or recurring/periodic.
There are certain children of this “organized sociocultural event” class, that are most likely unproblematic to define using an Aristotelian approach, such as "party", "online event", "business event", "networking event" or "academic event". All of these are organised sociocultural events (OSCEs) with a rather clear theme, purpose and shared implied event format. A party, for example, will in most cultures be an OSCE that serves the purpose to celebrate something and its format will in most cases be rightly expected to be informal. Similarly, a business event will in most cultures be considered an OSCE with the primary goal of doing some form of business and thus its participants are expected to adhere to certain conventions on how to behave according to the sociocultural context of the particular OSCE. However, as soon as we try to get more specific in the definition of possible OSCE subclasses, we run into the problem of finding appropriate differentia criteria and that there is a multitude of possible combinations of such very general concepts. For example, we would need to define an "online business networking party" class, if we needed to represent an OSCE that entails all of these aspects as central part of its theme and context dependent sociocultural event format. Thus, the children of OSCEs should not be understood as universal classes but rather always as defined classes, if we need to take into account that the labels, used to denote the concepts representing the various types of OSCEs, differ depending on the social and cultural context in which they are used. In other words these concepts might better be understood as sociocultural constructs or prototypes. The dimensions in which OSCEs are to be defined by their sociocultural event format are the obvious "what", "when", "who", "where", and "how" questions. As planned processes they are determined by a plan to facilitate a gathering of people according to some kind of purpose or theme and sociocultural format. Yet, such a plan is not something we can easily make assertions about, since it resides in the brains of the participants of an OSCEs. What we can make assertions about is the communicated information from which the specification of an OSCE plan can be derived. What the organizers of an OSCE have stated about their plan, makes up the sociocultural format that defines the characteristics of an OSCE. Hence, we narrow the OBI pattern of defining a planned process via its plan specification, by introducing a special type of plan specification, called sociocultural event format, to define this class and its children, well knowing that this adds a layer of complexity usually not needed in human communication, but needed to enable machine reasoning. This class is only defined as a placeholder in AEON and should actually better be defined in a more general OBO based or BFO aligned ontology. Its current inclusion in AEON is thus meant only as a demonstration of the proposed organized sociocultural event pattern.
organized meeting
planned gathering
organized sociocultural event
An organized sociocultural event that is the set of all recurring organized sociocultural events of a destinct identity. This destinct identity is usually demarked by a shared name that only differs with regard to some ordnial symbol, such as 1st or the year of the organized sociocultural event.
organized sociocultural event series
An academic event series that consists of academic events of a workshop format.
academic workshop series
An academic event series that consists of academic events of a conference format.
academic conference series
A sociocultural event format that states that the primary purpose (objective) of an organised sociocultural event is to facilitate a busines communication and actions between its participants and which specifies the formal mode of this communication process.
business event format
An objective specifiaction that describes one of the main goals of a planned process to be the facilitation of an exchange of knowledge between the participants of this planned process.
knowledge exchange objective
An organized sociocultural event that refers to a gathering of people in which these people engage in some kind of business communication or action, according to their work related roles and a certain sociocultural format that is specified more or less explicitly in the announcement of such an event.
business event
An objective specifiaction that describes one of the main goals of a planned process to be the facilitation of business related comminucation and actions between the participants of this planned process.
business objective
A talk format that specifies the active involvement of the otherwise passive audience of a talk, by allowing a discussion on the presented topic or by having some sort of audience feedback integrated into the talk.
interactive talk format
A talk format that specifies a talk to be very brief, usually around 5 minutes long.
lightning talk
flash talk format
A sociocultural event format that specifies the general set-up of an organized sociocultural event in which the characteristics of an entity are made clear by the means of presenting examples.
demonstration format
A session format that has as part some demonstration format.
demo session format
A session format that is often used in online events and that has the aim to initialise a change from a monodirectional presentation based fromat to a more interactive one, by encouraging the participants of the session to engage in deeper discussions.
breakout session format
An academic event session that offers its participants a break from passively listening to presentations, by encouraging engagement and interaction, and providing a venue for interesting and in-depth discussions that could influence the direction of a research project, spark ideas for new studies, or set the foundation for long-lasting partnerships between researchers.
academic breakout session
An academic event session in which companies have the chance to present their work or services to an academic audience, as a means of doing business, public relations, networking or all of these.
industr conference track
academic industry session
An academic event track that has the purpose to facilitate the knowledge exchange between industry and academia.
academic industry track
An academic event talk that is very brief (usually around 5 minutes).
academic flash talk
An academic event track that has the goal to allow exemplary demonstrations of of work that has been implemented in a particular context and that fits into the topic (theme) of the academic event of which this track is a part of.
academic demo track
An academic event series that consists of academic events of a symposium format.
academic symposium series
An academic event series that consists of academic events of a tutorial format.
academic tutorial series
A plan specification that provides a list or table of the start and end times of all the sociocultural events that are planned as parts of a larger organized sociocultural event.
sociocultural event schedule
A deadline specification that specifies until when some kind of registration or RSVP process has to be completed in order to be allowed to attend a sociocultural event.
RSVP deadline
event registration deadline
A data item that contains assertions about meassurable aspects of an academic event, such as the number of its participants, submitted and accepted papers.
For the moment (Sep 2022) a further subtyping of this class is not intended and specific data properties are used to associate event metrics via this class with an academic event.
academic event metric
A publication that is an aggregation of information content entities that are about an academic event, such as its sociocultural event format, its call for contributions, its location, its topics and associated academic field.
academic event description
An event fee specification that, as part of a plan specification, defines the currency and amount of money a person has to pay to attend an event.
attendance fee specification
An event fee specification that, as part of a plan specification, defines the currency and amount of money a sponsor has to pay to sponsor an event.
sponsor fee specification
creating a data set
A planned process that has a data set as its specified output.
William R. Hogan
data set creation
dataset creation
dataset creating
Julius Caesar
Verdi’s Requiem
the Second World War
your body mass index
BFO 2 Reference: In all areas of empirical inquiry we encounter general terms of two sorts. First are general terms which refer to universals or types:animaltuberculosissurgical procedurediseaseSecond, are general terms used to refer to groups of entities which instantiate a given universal but do not correspond to the extension of any subuniversal of that universal because there is nothing intrinsic to the entities in question by virtue of which they – and only they – are counted as belonging to the given group. Examples are: animal purchased by the Emperortuberculosis diagnosed on a Wednesdaysurgical procedure performed on a patient from Stockholmperson identified as candidate for clinical trial #2056-555person who is signatory of Form 656-PPVpainting by Leonardo da VinciSuch terms, which represent what are called ‘specializations’ in [81
Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf
An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001])
entity
An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts.
BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240
Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants
A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002])
if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001])
if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002])
if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002])
(forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002]
(forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001]
(forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002]
(forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002]
continuant
An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time.
BFO 2 Reference: every occurrent that is not a temporal or spatiotemporal region is s-dependent on some independent continuant that is not a spatial region
BFO 2 Reference: s-dependence obtains between every process and its participants in the sense that, as a matter of necessity, this process could not have existed unless these or those participants existed also. A process may have a succession of participants at different phases of its unfolding. Thus there may be different players on the field at different times during the course of a football game; but the process which is the entire game s-depends_on all of these players nonetheless. Some temporal parts of this process will s-depend_on on only some of the players.
Occurrent doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the sum of a process and the process boundary of another process.
Simons uses different terminology for relations of occurrents to regions: Denote the spatio-temporal location of a given occurrent e by 'spn[e]' and call this region its span. We may say an occurrent is at its span, in any larger region, and covers any smaller region. Now suppose we have fixed a frame of reference so that we can speak not merely of spatio-temporal but also of spatial regions (places) and temporal regions (times). The spread of an occurrent, (relative to a frame of reference) is the space it exactly occupies, and its spell is likewise the time it exactly occupies. We write 'spr[e]' and `spl[e]' respectively for the spread and spell of e, omitting mention of the frame.
An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [077-002])
Every occurrent occupies_spatiotemporal_region some spatiotemporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [108-001])
b is an occurrent entity iff b is an entity that has temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [079-001])
(forall (x) (if (Occurrent x) (exists (r) (and (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x r))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [108-001]
(forall (x) (iff (Occurrent x) (and (Entity x) (exists (y) (temporalPartOf y x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [079-001]
occurrent
a chair
a heart
a leg
a molecule
a spatial region
an atom
an orchestra.
an organism
the bottom right portion of a human torso
the interior of your mouth
A continuant that is a bearer of quality and realizable entity entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything.
b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002])
For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001])
For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002])
(forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001]
(forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002]
(iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002]
independent continuant
BFO 2 Reference: Spatial regions do not participate in processes.
Spatial region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the union of a spatial point and a spatial line that doesn't overlap the point, or two spatial lines that intersect at a single point. In both cases the resultant spatial region is neither 0-dimensional, 1-dimensional, 2-dimensional, or 3-dimensional.
A spatial region is a continuant entity that is a continuant_part_of spaceR as defined relative to some frame R. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [035-001])
All continuant parts of spatial regions are spatial regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [036-001])
(forall (x y t) (if (and (SpatialRegion x) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)) (SpatialRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [036-001]
(forall (x) (if (SpatialRegion x) (Continuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [035-001]
spatial region
Temporal region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of a temporal instant and a temporal interval that doesn't overlap the instant. In this case the resultant temporal region is neither 0-dimensional nor 1-dimensional
A temporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of time as defined relative to some reference frame. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [100-001])
All parts of temporal regions are temporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [101-001])
Every temporal region t is such that t occupies_temporal_region t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [119-002])
(forall (r) (if (TemporalRegion r) (occupiesTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [119-002]
(forall (x y) (if (and (TemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (TemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [101-001]
(forall (x) (if (TemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [100-001]
temporal region
an infinitely thin plane in space.
the surface of a sphere-shaped part of space
A two-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of two dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [039-001])
(forall (x) (if (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [039-001]
two-dimensional spatial region
the spatiotemporal region occupied by a human life
the spatiotemporal region occupied by a process of cellular meiosis.
the spatiotemporal region occupied by the development of a cancer tumor
A spatiotemporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of spacetime. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [095-001])
All parts of spatiotemporal regions are spatiotemporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [096-001])
Each spatiotemporal region at any time t projects_onto some spatial region at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [099-001])
Each spatiotemporal region projects_onto some temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [098-001])
Every spatiotemporal region occupies_spatiotemporal_region itself.
Every spatiotemporal region s is such that s occupies_spatiotemporal_region s. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [107-002])
(forall (r) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [107-002]
(forall (x t) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (exists (y) (and (SpatialRegion y) (spatiallyProjectsOntoAt x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [099-001]
(forall (x y) (if (and (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (SpatioTemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [096-001]
(forall (x) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [095-001]
(forall (x) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (exists (y) (and (TemporalRegion y) (temporallyProjectsOnto x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [098-001]
spatiotemporal region
a process of cell-division, \ a beating of the heart
a process of meiosis
a process of sleeping
the course of a disease
the flight of a bird
the life of an organism
your process of aging.
An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t.
p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003])
BFO 2 Reference: The realm of occurrents is less pervasively marked by the presence of natural units than is the case in the realm of independent continuants. Thus there is here no counterpart of ‘object’. In BFO 1.0 ‘process’ served as such a counterpart. In BFO 2.0 ‘process’ is, rather, the occurrent counterpart of ‘material entity’. Those natural – as contrasted with engineered, which here means: deliberately executed – units which do exist in the realm of occurrents are typically either parasitic on the existence of natural units on the continuant side, or they are fiat in nature. Thus we can count lives; we can count football games; we can count chemical reactions performed in experiments or in chemical manufacturing. We cannot count the processes taking place, for instance, in an episode of insect mating behavior.Even where natural units are identifiable, for example cycles in a cyclical process such as the beating of a heart or an organism’s sleep/wake cycle, the processes in question form a sequence with no discontinuities (temporal gaps) of the sort that we find for instance where billiard balls or zebrafish or planets are separated by clear spatial gaps. Lives of organisms are process units, but they too unfold in a continuous series from other, prior processes such as fertilization, and they unfold in turn in continuous series of post-life processes such as post-mortem decay. Clear examples of boundaries of processes are almost always of the fiat sort (midnight, a time of death as declared in an operating theater or on a death certificate, the initiation of a state of war)
(iff (Process a) (and (Occurrent a) (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)) (exists (c t) (and (MaterialEntity c) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [083-003]
process
an atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y
certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer
children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways.
the cell wall is disposed to filter chemicals in endocytosis and exocytosis
BFO 2 Reference: Dispositions exist along a strength continuum. Weaker forms of disposition are realized in only a fraction of triggering cases. These forms occur in a significant number of cases of a similar type.
b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002])
If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002])
(forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002]
(forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002]
disposition
the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity.
the disposition of your blood to coagulate
the function of your reproductive organs
the role of being a doctor
the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet
A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances.
To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002])
All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002])
(forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002]
(forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002]
realizable entity
A zero-dimensional spatial region is a point in space. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [037-001])
(forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [037-001]
zero-dimensional spatial region
the ambient temperature of this portion of air
the color of a tomato
the length of the circumference of your waist
the mass of this piece of gold.
the shape of your nose
the shape of your nostril
a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001])
If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001])
(forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001]
(forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001]
quality
Reciprocal specifically dependent continuants: the function of this key to open this lock and the mutually dependent disposition of this lock: to be opened by this key
of one-sided specifically dependent continuants: the mass of this tomato
of relational dependent continuants (multiple bearers): John’s love for Mary, the ownership relation between John and this statue, the relation of authority between John and his subordinates.
the disposition of this fish to decay
the function of this heart: to pump blood
the mutual dependence of proton donors and acceptors in chemical reactions [79
the mutual dependence of the role predator and the role prey as played by two organisms in a given interaction
the pink color of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its center
the shape of this hole.
the smell of this portion of mozzarella
A continuant that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same.
b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003])
Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc.
(iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003]
specifically dependent continuant
John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married.
the priest role
the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighboring administrative territories
the role of a building in serving as a military target
the role of a stone in marking a property boundary
the role of subject in a clinical trial
the student role
A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts.
BFO 2 Reference: One major family of examples of non-rigid universals involves roles, and ontologies developed for corresponding administrative purposes may consist entirely of representatives of entities of this sort. Thus ‘professor’, defined as follows,b instance_of professor at t =Def. there is some c, c instance_of professor role & c inheres_in b at t.denotes a non-rigid universal and so also do ‘nurse’, ‘student’, ‘colonel’, ‘taxpayer’, and so forth. (These terms are all, in the jargon of philosophy, phase sortals.) By using role terms in definitions, we can create a BFO conformant treatment of such entities drawing on the fact that, while an instance of professor may be simultaneously an instance of trade union member, no instance of the type professor role is also (at any time) an instance of the type trade union member role (any more than any instance of the type color is at any time an instance of the type length).If an ontology of employment positions should be defined in terms of roles following the above pattern, this enables the ontology to do justice to the fact that individuals instantiate the corresponding universals – professor, sergeant, nurse – only during certain phases in their lives.
b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001])
(forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001]
role
or with divisions drawn by cognitive subjects for practical reasons, such as the division of a cake (before slicing) into (what will become) slices (and thus member parts of an object aggregate). However, this does not mean that fiat object parts are dependent for their existence on divisions or delineations effected by cognitive subjects. If, for example, it is correct to conceive geological layers of the Earth as fiat object parts of the Earth, then even though these layers were first delineated in recent times, still existed long before such delineation and what holds of these layers (for example that the oldest layers are also the lowest layers) did not begin to hold because of our acts of delineation.Treatment of material entity in BFOExamples viewed by some as problematic cases for the trichotomy of fiat object part, object, and object aggregate include: a mussel on (and attached to) a rock, a slime mold, a pizza, a cloud, a galaxy, a railway train with engine and multiple carriages, a clonal stand of quaking aspen, a bacterial community (biofilm), a broken femur. Note that, as Aristotle already clearly recognized, such problematic cases – which lie at or near the penumbra of instances defined by the categories in question – need not invalidate these categories. The existence of grey objects does not prove that there are not objects which are black and objects which are white; the existence of mules does not prove that there are not objects which are donkeys and objects which are horses. It does, however, show that the examples in question need to be addressed carefully in order to show how they can be fitted into the proposed scheme, for example by recognizing additional subdivisions [29
the FMA:regional parts of an intact human body.
the Western hemisphere of the Earth
the division of the brain into regions
the division of the planet into hemispheres
the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body
the upper and lower lobes of the left lung
BFO 2 Reference: Most examples of fiat object parts are associated with theoretically drawn divisions
b is a fiat object part = Def. b is a material entity which is such that for all times t, if b exists at t then there is some object c such that b proper continuant_part of c at t and c is demarcated from the remainder of c by a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [027-004])
(forall (x) (if (FiatObjectPart x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y) (and (Object y) (properContinuantPartOfAt x y t)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [027-004]
fiat object part
an edge of a cube-shaped portion of space.
A one-dimensional spatial region is a line or aggregate of lines stretching from one point in space to another. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [038-001])
(forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [038-001]
one-dimensional spatial region
a collection of cells in a blood biobank.
a swarm of bees is an aggregate of members who are linked together through natural bonds
a symphony orchestra
an organization is an aggregate whose member parts have roles of specific types (for example in a jazz band, a chess club, a football team)
defined by fiat: the aggregate of members of an organization
defined through physical attachment: the aggregate of atoms in a lump of granite
defined through physical containment: the aggregate of molecules of carbon dioxide in a sealed container
defined via attributive delimitations such as: the patients in this hospital
the aggregate of bearings in a constant velocity axle joint
the aggregate of blood cells in your body
the nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere
the restaurants in Palo Alto
your collection of Meissen ceramic plates.
An entity a is an object aggregate if and only if there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of a into objects
BFO 2 Reference: object aggregates may gain and lose parts while remaining numerically identical (one and the same individual) over time. This holds both for aggregates whose membership is determined naturally (the aggregate of cells in your body) and aggregates determined by fiat (a baseball team, a congressional committee).
ISBN:978-3-938793-98-5pp124-158#Thomas Bittner and Barry Smith, 'A Theory of Granular Partitions', in K. Munn and B. Smith (eds.), Applied Ontology: An Introduction, Frankfurt/Lancaster: ontos, 2008, 125-158.
b is an object aggregate means: b is a material entity consisting exactly of a plurality of objects as member_parts at all times at which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [025-004])
(forall (x) (if (ObjectAggregate x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y z) (and (Object y) (Object z) (memberPartOfAt y x t) (memberPartOfAt z x t) (not (= y z)))))) (not (exists (w t_1) (and (memberPartOfAt w x t_1) (not (Object w)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [025-004]
object aggregate
a cube-shaped region of space
a sphere-shaped region of space,
A three-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of three dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [040-001])
(forall (x) (if (ThreeDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [040-001]
three-dimensional spatial region
Manhattan Canyon)
a hole in the interior of a portion of cheese
a rabbit hole
an air traffic control region defined in the airspace above an airport
the Grand Canyon
the Piazza San Marco
the cockpit of an aircraft
the hold of a ship
the interior of a kangaroo pouch
the interior of the trunk of your car
the interior of your bedroom
the interior of your office
the interior of your refrigerator
the lumen of your gut
your left nostril (a fiat part – the opening – of your left nasal cavity)
b is a site means: b is a three-dimensional immaterial entity that is (partially or wholly) bounded by a material entity or it is a three-dimensional immaterial part thereof. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [034-002])
(forall (x) (if (Site x) (ImmaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [034-002]
site
atom
cell
cells and organisms
engineered artifacts
grain of sand
molecule
organelle
organism
planet
solid portions of matter
star
BFO 2 Reference: BFO rests on the presupposition that at multiple micro-, meso- and macroscopic scales reality exhibits certain stable, spatially separated or separable material units, combined or combinable into aggregates of various sorts (for example organisms into what are called ‘populations’). Such units play a central role in almost all domains of natural science from particle physics to cosmology. Many scientific laws govern the units in question, employing general terms (such as ‘molecule’ or ‘planet’) referring to the types and subtypes of units, and also to the types and subtypes of the processes through which such units develop and interact. The division of reality into such natural units is at the heart of biological science, as also is the fact that these units may form higher-level units (as cells form multicellular organisms) and that they may also form aggregates of units, for example as cells form portions of tissue and organs form families, herds, breeds, species, and so on. At the same time, the division of certain portions of reality into engineered units (manufactured artifacts) is the basis of modern industrial technology, which rests on the distributed mass production of engineered parts through division of labor and on their assembly into larger, compound units such as cars and laptops. The division of portions of reality into units is one starting point for the phenomenon of counting.
BFO 2 Reference: Each object is such that there are entities of which we can assert unproblematically that they lie in its interior, and other entities of which we can assert unproblematically that they lie in its exterior. This may not be so for entities lying at or near the boundary between the interior and exterior. This means that two objects – for example the two cells depicted in Figure 3 – may be such that there are material entities crossing their boundaries which belong determinately to neither cell. Something similar obtains in certain cases of conjoined twins (see below).
BFO 2 Reference: To say that b is causally unified means: b is a material entity which is such that its material parts are tied together in such a way that, in environments typical for entities of the type in question,if c, a continuant part of b that is in the interior of b at t, is larger than a certain threshold size (which will be determined differently from case to case, depending on factors such as porosity of external cover) and is moved in space to be at t at a location on the exterior of the spatial region that had been occupied by b at t, then either b’s other parts will be moved in coordinated fashion or b will be damaged (be affected, for example, by breakage or tearing) in the interval between t and t.causal changes in one part of b can have consequences for other parts of b without the mediation of any entity that lies on the exterior of b. Material entities with no proper material parts would satisfy these conditions trivially. Candidate examples of types of causal unity for material entities of more complex sorts are as follows (this is not intended to be an exhaustive list):CU1: Causal unity via physical coveringHere the parts in the interior of the unified entity are combined together causally through a common membrane or other physical covering\. The latter points outwards toward and may serve a protective function in relation to what lies on the exterior of the entity [13, 47
BFO 2 Reference: an object is a maximal causally unified material entity
BFO 2 Reference: ‘objects’ are sometimes referred to as ‘grains’ [74
b is an object means: b is a material entity which manifests causal unity of one or other of the types CUn listed above & is of a type (a material universal) instances of which are maximal relative to this criterion of causal unity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [024-001])
object
The entries in your database are patterns instantiated as quality instances in your hard drive. The database itself is an aggregate of such patterns. When you create the database you create a particular instance of the generically dependent continuant type database. Each entry in the database is an instance of the generically dependent continuant type IAO: information content entity.
the pdf file on your laptop, the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop
the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule.
A continuant that is dependent on one or other independent continuant bearers. For every instance of A requires some instance of (an independent continuant type) B but which instance of B serves can change from time to time.
b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001])
(iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001]
generically dependent continuant
the function of a hammer to drive in nails
the function of a heart pacemaker to regulate the beating of a heart through electricity
the function of amylase in saliva to break down starch into sugar
BFO 2 Reference: In the past, we have distinguished two varieties of function, artifactual function and biological function. These are not asserted subtypes of BFO:function however, since the same function – for example: to pump, to transport – can exist both in artifacts and in biological entities. The asserted subtypes of function that would be needed in order to yield a separate monoheirarchy are not artifactual function, biological function, etc., but rather transporting function, pumping function, etc.
A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001])
(forall (x) (if (Function x) (Disposition x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [064-001]
function
the boundary between the 2nd and 3rd year of your life.
p is a process boundary =Def. p is a temporal part of a process & p has no proper temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [084-001])
Every process boundary occupies_temporal_region a zero-dimensional temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [085-002])
(forall (x) (if (ProcessBoundary x) (exists (y) (and (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion y) (occupiesTemporalRegion x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [085-002]
(iff (ProcessBoundary a) (exists (p) (and (Process p) (temporalPartOf a p) (not (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [084-001]
process boundary
the temporal region during which a process occurs.
BFO 2 Reference: A temporal interval is a special kind of one-dimensional temporal region, namely one that is self-connected (is without gaps or breaks).
A one-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is extended. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [103-001])
(forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [103-001]
one-dimensional temporal region
a flame
a forest fire
a human being
a hurricane
a photon
a puff of smoke
a sea wave
a tornado
an aggregate of human beings.
an energy wave
an epidemic
the undetached arm of a human being
BFO 2 Reference: Material entities (continuants) can preserve their identity even while gaining and losing material parts. Continuants are contrasted with occurrents, which unfold themselves in successive temporal parts or phases [60
BFO 2 Reference: Object, Fiat Object Part and Object Aggregate are not intended to be exhaustive of Material Entity. Users are invited to propose new subcategories of Material Entity.
BFO 2 Reference: ‘Matter’ is intended to encompass both mass and energy (we will address the ontological treatment of portions of energy in a later version of BFO). A portion of matter is anything that includes elementary particles among its proper or improper parts: quarks and leptons, including electrons, as the smallest particles thus far discovered; baryons (including protons and neutrons) at a higher level of granularity; atoms and molecules at still higher levels, forming the cells, organs, organisms and other material entities studied by biologists, the portions of rock studied by geologists, the fossils studied by paleontologists, and so on.Material entities are three-dimensional entities (entities extended in three spatial dimensions), as contrasted with the processes in which they participate, which are four-dimensional entities (entities extended also along the dimension of time).According to the FMA, material entities may have immaterial entities as parts – including the entities identified below as sites; for example the interior (or ‘lumen’) of your small intestine is a part of your body. BFO 2.0 embodies a decision to follow the FMA here.
A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002])
Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002])
every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002])
(forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002]
(forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002]
(forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002]
material entity
b is a continuant fiat boundary = Def. b is an immaterial entity that is of zero, one or two dimensions and does not include a spatial region as part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [029-001])
BFO 2 Reference: In BFO 1.1 the assumption was made that the external surface of a material entity such as a cell could be treated as if it were a boundary in the mathematical sense. The new document propounds the view that when we talk about external surfaces of material objects in this way then we are talking about something fiat. To be dealt with in a future version: fiat boundaries at different levels of granularity.More generally, the focus in discussion of boundaries in BFO 2.0 is now on fiat boundaries, which means: boundaries for which there is no assumption that they coincide with physical discontinuities. The ontology of boundaries becomes more closely allied with the ontology of regions.
BFO 2 Reference: a continuant fiat boundary is a boundary of some material entity (for example: the plane separating the Northern and Southern hemispheres; the North Pole), or it is a boundary of some immaterial entity (for example of some portion of airspace). Three basic kinds of continuant fiat boundary can be distinguished (together with various combination kinds [29
Continuant fiat boundary doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary and a one dimensional continuant fiat boundary that doesn't overlap it. The situation is analogous to temporal and spatial regions.
Every continuant fiat boundary is located at some spatial region at every time at which it exists
(iff (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ImmaterialEntity a) (exists (b) (and (or (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion b)) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))) (not (exists (c t) (and (SpatialRegion c) (continuantPartOfAt c a t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [029-001]
continuant fiat boundary
BFO 2 Reference: Immaterial entities are divided into two subgroups:boundaries and sites, which bound, or are demarcated in relation, to material entities, and which can thus change location, shape and size and as their material hosts move or change shape or size (for example: your nasal passage; the hold of a ship; the boundary of Wales (which moves with the rotation of the Earth) [38, 7, 10
immaterial entity
The Equator
all geopolitical boundaries
all lines of latitude and longitude
the line separating the outer surface of the mucosa of the lower lip from the outer surface of the skin of the chin.
the median sulcus of your tongue
a one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary is a continuous fiat line whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [032-001])
(iff (OneDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [032-001]
one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
On a somewhat higher level of complexity are what we shall call rate process profiles, which are the targets of selective abstraction focused not on determinate quality magnitudes plotted over time, but rather on certain ratios between these magnitudes and elapsed times. A speed process profile, for example, is represented by a graph plotting against time the ratio of distance covered per unit of time. Since rates may change, and since such changes, too, may have rates of change, we have to deal here with a hierarchy of process profile universals at successive levels
One important sub-family of rate process profiles is illustrated by the beat or frequency profiles of cyclical processes, illustrated by the 60 beats per minute beating process of John’s heart, or the 120 beats per minute drumming process involved in one of John’s performances in a rock band, and so on. Each such process includes what we shall call a beat process profile instance as part, a subtype of rate process profile in which the salient ratio is not distance covered but rather number of beat cycles per unit of time. Each beat process profile instance instantiates the determinable universal beat process profile. But it also instantiates multiple more specialized universals at lower levels of generality, selected from rate process profilebeat process profileregular beat process profile3 bpm beat process profile4 bpm beat process profileirregular beat process profileincreasing beat process profileand so on.In the case of a regular beat process profile, a rate can be assigned in the simplest possible fashion by dividing the number of cycles by the length of the temporal region occupied by the beating process profile as a whole. Irregular process profiles of this sort, for example as identified in the clinic, or in the readings on an aircraft instrument panel, are often of diagnostic significance.
The simplest type of process profiles are what we shall call ‘quality process profiles’, which are the process profiles which serve as the foci of the sort of selective abstraction that is involved when measurements are made of changes in single qualities, as illustrated, for example, by process profiles of mass, temperature, aortic pressure, and so on.
b is a process_profile =Def. there is some process c such that b process_profile_of c (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [093-002])
b process_profile_of c holds when b proper_occurrent_part_of c& there is some proper_occurrent_part d of c which has no parts in common with b & is mutually dependent on b& is such that b, c and d occupy the same temporal region (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [094-005])
(forall (x y) (if (processProfileOf x y) (and (properContinuantPartOf x y) (exists (z t) (and (properOccurrentPartOf z y) (TemporalRegion t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion y t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion z t) (not (exists (w) (and (occurrentPartOf w x) (occurrentPartOf w z))))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [094-005]
(iff (ProcessProfile a) (exists (b) (and (Process b) (processProfileOf a b)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [093-002]
process profile
a marriage bond, an instance of requited love, an obligation between one person and another.
b is a relational quality = Def. for some independent continuants c, d and for some time t: b quality_of c at t & b quality_of d at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [057-001])
(iff (RelationalQuality a) (exists (b c t) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (IndependentContinuant c) (qualityOfAt a b t) (qualityOfAt a c t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [057-001]
relational quality
a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary (surface) is a self-connected fiat surface whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [033-001])
(iff (TwoDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [033-001]
two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
the geographic North Pole
the point of origin of some spatial coordinate system.
the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona meet
zero dimension continuant fiat boundaries are not spatial points. Considering the example 'the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona meet' : There are many frames in which that point is zooming through many points in space. Whereas, no matter what the frame, the quadripoint is always in the same relation to the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona.
a zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary is a fiat point whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [031-001])
(iff (ZeroDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [031-001]
zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
a temporal region that is occupied by a process boundary
right now
the moment at which a child is born
the moment at which a finger is detached in an industrial accident
the moment of death.
temporal instant.
A zero-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is without extent. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [102-001])
(forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [102-001]
zero-dimensional temporal region
A history is a process that is the sum of the totality of processes taking place in the spatiotemporal region occupied by a material entity or site, including processes on the surface of the entity or within the cavities to which it serves as host. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [138-001])
history
A primary administrative division of a country, such as a state in the United States.
A political association with effective dominion over a geographic area.
Place or area with clustered or scattered buildings and a permanent human population.
A geographical region whose affairs and population are administered by an authority.
A site which has its extent determined by the presence or influence of one or more components of an environmental system or the processes occurring therein.
Formerly, this class was an experimental class and a subclass of "environmental feature". It is now aligned to BFO. The class was not obsoleted as the core semantics maintained their stability through its transition.
A settlement with a high density of buildings and inhabitants.
See also: http://www.ecotope.org/anthromes/v1/guide/urban/12_dense_settlements/default.aspx
The thresholds for what makes a settlment "dense" can be determined as needed. If there is a specific threshold that should be added to ENVO, please make a new class request.
dense settlement
conditional specification
A directive information entity that specifies what should happen if the trigger condition is fulfilled.
PlanAndPlannedProcess Branch
OBI branch derived
objective specification
In the protocol of a ChIP assay the objective specification says to identify protein and DNA interaction.
A directive information entity that describes an intended process endpoint. When part of a plan specification the concretization is realized in a planned process in which the bearer tries to effect the world so that the process endpoint is achieved.
2009-03-16: original definition when imported from OBI read: "objective is an non realizable information entity which can serve as that proper part of a plan towards which the realization of the plan is directed."
2014-03-31: In the example of usage ("In the protocol of a ChIP assay the objective specification says to identify protein and DNA interaction") there is a protocol which is the ChIP assay protocol. In addition to being concretized on paper, the protocol can be concretized as a realizable entity, such as a plan that inheres in a person. The objective specification is the part that says that some protein and DNA interactions are identified. This is a specification of a process endpoint: the boundary in the process before which they are not identified and after which they are. During the realization of the plan, the goal is to get to the point of having the interactions, and participants in the realization of the plan try to do that.
Answers the question, why did you do this experiment?
PERSON: Barry Smith
PERSON: Bjoern Peters
PERSON: Jennifer Fostel
goal specification
OBI Plan and Planned Process/Roles Branch
Pour the contents of flask 1 into flask 2
A directive information entity that describes an action the bearer will take.
OBI Plan and Planned Process branch
action specification
information carrier
In the case of a printed paperback novel the physicality of the ink and of the paper form part of the information bearer. The qualities of appearing black and having a certain pattern for the ink and appearing white for the paper form part of the information carrier in this case.
A quality of an information bearer that imparts the information content
12/15/09: There is a concern that some ways that carry information may be processes rather than qualities, such as in a 'delayed wave carrier'.
2014-03-10: We are not certain that all information carriers are qualities. There was a discussion of dropping it.
data item
Data items include counts of things, analyte concentrations, and statistical summaries.
An information content entity that is intended to be a truthful statement about something (modulo, e.g., measurement precision or other systematic errors) and is constructed/acquired by a method which reliably tends to produce (approximately) truthful statements.
2/2/2009 Alan and Bjoern discussing FACS run output data. This is a data item because it is about the cell population. Each element records an event and is typically further composed a set of measurment data items that record the fluorescent intensity stimulated by one of the lasers.
2009-03-16: data item deliberatly ambiguous: we merged data set and datum to be one entity, not knowing how to define singular versus plural. So data item is more general than datum.
2009-03-16: removed datum as alternative term as datum specifically refers to singular form, and is thus not an exact synonym.
2014-03-31: See discussion at http://odontomachus.wordpress.com/2014/03/30/aboutness-objects-propositions/
JAR: datum -- well, this will be very tricky to define, but maybe some information-like stuff that might be put into a computer and that is meant, by someone, to denote and/or to be interpreted by some process... I would include lists, tables, sentences... I think I might defer to Barry, or to Brian Cantwell Smith JAR: A data item is an approximately justified approximately true approximate belief
PERSON: Chris Stoeckert
PERSON: Jonathan Rees
data
symbol
a serial number such as "12324X"
a stop sign
a written proper name such as "OBI"
An information content entity that is a mark(s) or character(s) used as a conventional representation of another entity.
20091104, MC: this needs work and will most probably change
2014-03-31: We would like to have a deeper analysis of 'mark' and 'sign' in the future (see https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/154).
PERSON: James A. Overton
based on Oxford English Dictionary
information content entity
Examples of information content entites include journal articles, data, graphical layouts, and graphs.
A generically dependent continuant that is about some thing.
2014-03-10: The use of "thing" is intended to be general enough to include universals and configurations (see https://groups.google.com/d/msg/information-ontology/GBxvYZCk1oc/-L6B5fSBBTQJ).
information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some digital_entity in obi before split (040907). information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some physical_document in obi before split (040907). Previous. An information content entity is a non-realizable information entity that 'is encoded in' some digital or physical entity.
An information content entity whose concretizations indicate to their bearer how to realize them in a process.
2009-03-16: provenance: a term realizable information entity was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000337) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was "is the specification of a process that can be concretized and realized by an actor" with alternative term "instruction".It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term.
2013-05-30 Alan Ruttenberg: What differentiates a directive information entity from an information concretization is that it can have concretizations that are either qualities or realizable entities. The concretizations that are realizable entities are created when an individual chooses to take up the direction, i.e. has the intention to (try to) realize it.
8/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg: Changed label from "information entity about a realizable" after discussions at ICBO
Werner pushed back on calling it realizable information entity as it isn't realizable. However this name isn't right either. An example would be a recipe. The realizable entity would be a plan, but the information entity isn't about the plan, it, once concretized, *is* the plan. -Alan
directive information entity
curation status specification
The curation status of the term. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value.
Better to represent curation as a process with parts and then relate labels to that process (in IAO meeting)
data set
Intensity values in a CEL file or from multiple CEL files comprise a data set (as opposed to the CEL files themselves).
A data item that is an aggregate of other data items of the same type that have something in common. Averages and distributions can be determined for data sets.
2009/10/23 Alan Ruttenberg. The intention is that this term represent collections of like data. So this isn't for, e.g. the whole contents of a cel file, which includes parameters, metadata etc. This is more like java arrays of a certain rather specific type
2014-05-05: Data sets are aggregates and thus must include two or more data items. We have chosen not to add logical axioms to make this restriction.
person:Allyson Lister
person:Chris Stoeckert
data about an ontology part
Data about an ontology part is a data item about a part of an ontology, for example a term
plan specification
PMID: 18323827.Nat Med. 2008 Mar;14(3):226.New plan proposed to help resolve conflicting medical advice.
A directive information entity with action specifications and objective specifications as parts that, when concretized, is realized in a process in which the bearer tries to achieve the objectives by taking the actions specified.
A directive information entity with action specifications and objective specifications as parts, and that may be concretized as a realizable entity that, if realized, is realized in a process in which the bearer tries to achieve the objectives by taking the actions specified.
2009-03-16: provenance: a term a plan was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000344) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was " a plan is a specification of a process that is realized by an actor to achieve the objective specified as part of the plan". It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term.
2014-03-31: A plan specification can have other parts, such as conditional specifications.
2022-01-16 Updated definition to that proposed by Clint Dowloand, IAO Issue 231.
Alternative previous definition: a plan is a set of instructions that specify how an objective should be achieved
Clint Dowland
2/3/2009 Comment from OBI review. Action specification not well enough specified. Conditional specification not well enough specified. Question whether all plan specifications have objective specifications. Request that IAO either clarify these or change definitions not to use them
obsolescence reason specification
The reason for which a term has been deprecated. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value.
The creation of this class has been inspired in part by Werner Ceusters' paper, Applying evolutionary terminology auditing to the Gene Ontology.
PERSON: Melanie Courtot
document
A journal article, patent application, laboratory notebook, or a book
A collection of information content entities intended to be understood together as a whole
PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
publication
journal article, newspaper story, book, etc.
A document that is the output of a publishing process.
PERSON: Jie Zheng
published document
Revisit the term in Octorber 2020. Improve the defintion.
denotator type
The Basic Formal Ontology ontology makes a distinction between Universals and defined classes, where the formal are "natural kinds" and the latter arbitrary collections of entities.
A denotator type indicates how a term should be interpreted from an ontological perspective.
Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters
A planned process of making information, such as literature, music, and software etc., available to the public for sale or for free.
Person: Jie Zheng
VEuPathDB
publishing process
The sentence "The article has Pubmed ID 12345." contains a CRID that has two parts: one part is the CRID symbol, which is '12345'; the other part denotes the CRID registry, which is Pubmed.
A symbol that is part of a CRID and that is sufficient to look up a record from the CRID's registry.
PERSON: Bill Hogan
Original proposal from Bjoern, discussions at IAO calls
centrally registered identifier symbol
An information content entity that consists of a CRID symbol and additional information about the CRID registry to which it belongs.
2014-05-05: In defining this term we take no position on what the CRID denotes. In particular do not assume it denotes a *record* in the CRID registry (since the registry might not have 'records').
Alan, IAO call 20101124: potentially the CRID denotes the instance it was associated with during creation.
Note, IAO call 20101124: URIs are not always CRID, as not centrally registered. We acknowledge that CRID is a subset of a larger identifier class, but this subset fulfills our current needs. OBI PURLs are CRID as they are registered with OCLC. UPCs (Universal Product Codes from AC Nielsen)are not CRID as they are not centrally registered.
centrally registered identifier
PubMed is a CRID registry. It has a code set of PubMed identifiers associated with journal articles.
A code set of CRID records, each consisting of a CRID symbol and additional information which was recorded in the code set through an assigning a centrally registered identifier process.
Justin Whorton
centrally registered identifier registry
A centrally registered identifier that is issued by ORCID (https://orcid.org/) and used to persistantly identify oneself as a human researcher or contributor.
"You can connect your iD with your professional information — affiliations, grants, publications, peer review, and more. You can use your iD to share your information with other systems, ensuring you get recognition for all your contributions, saving you time and hassle, and reducing the risk of errors." [https://orcid.org/]
This class was originally defined in Apollo_SV (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/APOLLO_SV_00000496) but due to it being more in scope of IAO, it was decided to add it to IAO and deprecate its Apollo_SV equivalent. (2022-10-25)
Open Researcher and Contributor Identifier
ORCID identifier
identifier
An information content entity that is the outcome of a dubbing process and is used to refer to one instance of entity shared by a group of people to refer to that individual entity.
Mathias Brochhausen
proper name
Sep 29, 2016: The current definition has been amended from the previous version: "A proper name is an information content entity that is the outcome of a dubbing process and is used to refer to one instance of entity shared by a group of people to refer to that individual entity." to more accuratly reflect the necessary and sufficient condition on the class. (MB)
A planned process that provides a reference to an individual entity shared by a group of subscribers to refer to that individual entity.
dubbing process
naming
identifier creating process
An identifier referring to an individual entity that is ascribed personhood by the user of the identifier.
Personal names "today usually comprises a given name bestowed at birth or at a young age plus a surname. It is nearly universal for a human to have a name; except in rare cases, for example feral children growing up in isolation, or infants orphaned by natural disaster for whom no written record survives.[citation needed] The Convention on the Rights of the Child specifies that a child has the right from birth to a name. Certain isolated tribes, such as the Machiguenga of the Amazon, also lack personal names." (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_name)
Personal names to not include names of fictional characters, e.g. Sherlock Holmes.
Sep 29, 2016: The comment that including the wikipedia definition of personal name is not to be interpreted in a way that restricts this class to only contain strings of letters. A numerical or alphanumerical identifier that denotes a human is being is a personal name, too. (MB)
personal name
An information content entity that is a collection of other information content entities that has been created to identify or annotate things in a specified domain, and where the intention of its creators is that the collection has a one-to-one correspondence with those things.
code map
code system
codeset
coding system
controlled vocabulary
Code sets might include non-entities/things (e.g. missing thumbs).
Does not imply absence vs. presence of any taxonomy.
Does not imply that aggregated entities denote particulars, universals, or defined classes (a.k.a. attributive collections) or even that they denote only one of these three types of entities.
Each aggregated entity is often (but not necessarily) associated with a text string—variously called a “description,” “name,” “title,” or “label”—that helps humans reach the target of denotation. When there is no such string, it is almost always because the entities take the form of human language words. For example, a “sex” or “gender” code set could contain “MALE” and “FEMALE,” or even “M” and “F” (by convention, we understand what these mean).
For National Drug Codes (NDCs) and similar code sets, there doesn’t even have to be a single, fully-concretized copy somewhere (for example, for NDCs there is no centralized database or repository where they all live as one instance of concretization of code set). The code set can be “distributively” concretized. This seems like an unusual exception, but it also likely applies to Universal Product Codes (UPCs) and their follow on Global Trade Item Numbers (GTINs).
For each given domain, there can potentially exist multiple code sets. The multiplicity of code sets is partially due to the different specific purposes of those code sets.
Many code sets are created for a specific purpose in addition to merely identifying or annotating core ideas of a specified domain.
The information content entities do not denote each other.
code set
An organization that is operated without the principal goal of making a financial profit.
Yongqun He
nonprofit organization
An organization which has the principle goal of earning financial profit.
profit organization
A planned process that involves a human being and is intended to initiate a communication with another human being.
Contacting is the process of one human being starting a communication process with another human being. Contacting can be done using all modes of communication used by humans.
contacting
planned process
Injecting mice with a vaccine in order to test its efficacy
A process that realizes a plan which is the concretization of a plan specification.
'Plan' includes a future direction sense. That can be problematic if plans are changed during their execution. There are however implicit contingencies for protocols that an agent has in his mind that can be considered part of the plan, even if the agent didn't have them in mind before. Therefore, a planned process can diverge from what the agent would have said the plan was before executing it, by adjusting to problems encountered during execution (e.g. choosing another reagent with equivalent properties, if the originally planned one has run out.)
We are only considering successfully completed planned processes. A plan may be modified, and details added during execution. For a given planned process, the associated realized plan specification is the one encompassing all changes made during execution. This means that all processes in which an agent acts towards achieving some objectives is a planned process.
6/11/9: Edited at workshop. Used to include: is initiated by an agent
This class merges the previously separated objective driven process and planned process, as they the separation proved hard to maintain. (1/22/09, branch call)
organization
PMID: 16353909.AAPS J. 2005 Sep 22;7(2):E274-80. Review. The joint food and agriculture organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives and its role in the evaluation of the safety of veterinary drug residues in foods.
An entity that can bear roles, has members, and has a set of organization rules. Members of organizations are either organizations themselves or individual people. Members can bear specific organization member roles that are determined in the organization rules. The organization rules also determine how decisions are made on behalf of the organization by the organization members.
BP: The definition summarizes long email discussions on the OBI developer, roles, biomaterial and denrie branches. It leaves open if an organization is a material entity or a dependent continuant, as no consensus was reached on that. The current placement as material is therefore temporary, in order to move forward with development. Here is the entire email summary, on which the definition is based: 1) there are organization_member_roles (president, treasurer, branch editor), with individual persons as bearers 2) there are organization_roles (employer, owner, vendor, patent holder) 3) an organization has a charter / rules / bylaws, which specify what roles there are, how they should be realized, and how to modify the charter/rules/bylaws themselves. It is debatable what the organization itself is (some kind of dependent continuant or an aggregate of people). This also determines who/what the bearer of organization_roles' are. My personal favorite is still to define organization as a kind of 'legal entity', but thinking it through leads to all kinds of questions that are clearly outside the scope of OBI. Interestingly enough, it does not seem to matter much where we place organization itself, as long as we can subclass it (University, Corporation, Government Agency, Hospital), instantiate it (Affymetrix, NCBI, NIH, ISO, W3C, University of Oklahoma), and have it play roles. This leads to my proposal: We define organization through the statements 1 - 3 above, but without an 'is a' statement for now. We can leave it in its current place in the is_a hierarchy (material entity) or move it up to 'continuant'. We leave further clarifications to BFO, and close this issue for now.
animal
fungus
plant
virus
A material entity that is an individual living system, such as animal, plant, bacteria or virus, that is capable of replicating or reproducing, growth and maintenance in the right environment. An organism may be unicellular or made up, like humans, of many billions of cells divided into specialized tissues and organs.
10/21/09: This is a placeholder term, that should ideally be imported from the NCBI taxonomy, but the high level hierarchy there does not suit our needs (includes plasmids and 'other organisms')
13-02-2009: OBI doesn't take position as to when an organism starts or ends being an organism - e.g. sperm, foetus. This issue is outside the scope of OBI.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism
an organization consisting of persons who bear committee member role where that organization is appointed by an organization or members of an organization to realize a role.
J. Neil Otte
A group of individuals appointed by an organization or organization leader to complete a specific task or to fulfill a specific set of responsibilities.
Dec 10, 2016: The definition originally stated that the committee was realizing a function. After review of the BFO definition of function I decided to change it to "role". M. Brochhausen
committee
a role that, if realized, is realized in the organization context of a committee.
Neil J Otte
The duties and responsibilities assigned to the member(s) of a committee.
committee member role
A 'wikiCFP identifier' is a iao:'centrally registered identifier' that denotes an 'academic event' or 'academic event series' in the wikiCFP database.
wikiCFP ID
wikiCFP identifier
example to be eventually removed
failed exploratory term
The term was used in an attempt to structure part of the ontology but in retrospect failed to do a good job
metadata complete
Class has all its metadata, but is either not guaranteed to be in its final location in the asserted IS_A hierarchy or refers to another class that is not complete.
organizational term
Term created to ease viewing/sort terms for development purpose, and will not be included in a release
ready for release
Class has undergone final review, is ready for use, and will be included in the next release. Any class lacking "ready_for_release" should be considered likely to change place in hierarchy, have its definition refined, or be obsoleted in the next release. Those classes deemed "ready_for_release" will also derived from a chain of ancestor classes that are also "ready_for_release."
metadata incomplete
Class is being worked on; however, the metadata (including definition) are not complete or sufficiently clear to the branch editors.
uncurated
Nothing done yet beyond assigning a unique class ID and proposing a preferred term.
pending final vetting
All definitions, placement in the asserted IS_A hierarchy and required minimal metadata are complete. The class is awaiting a final review by someone other than the term editor.
placeholder removed
terms merged
An editor note should explain what were the merged terms and the reason for the merge.
term imported
This is to be used when the original term has been replaced by a term imported from an other ontology. An editor note should indicate what is the URI of the new term to use.
term split
This is to be used when a term has been split in two or more new terms. An editor note should indicate the reason for the split and indicate the URIs of the new terms created.
universal
Hard to give a definition for. Intuitively a "natural kind" rather than a collection of any old things, which a class is able to be, formally. At the meta level, universals are defined as positives, are disjoint with their siblings, have single asserted parents.
A Formal Theory of Substances, Qualities, and Universals, http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bfo/SQU.pdf
defined class
A defined class is a class that is defined by a set of logically necessary and sufficient conditions but is not a universal
"definitions", in some readings, always are given by necessary and sufficient conditions. So one must be careful (and this is difficult sometimes) to distinguish between defined classes and universal.
named class expression
A named class expression is a logical expression that is given a name. The name can be used in place of the expression.
named class expressions are used in order to have more concise logical definition but their extensions may not be interesting classes on their own. In languages such as OWL, with no provisions for macros, these show up as actuall classes. Tools may with to not show them as such, and to replace uses of the macros with their expansions
to be replaced with external ontology term
Terms with this status should eventually replaced with a term from another ontology.
requires discussion
A term that is metadata complete, has been reviewed, and problems have been identified that require discussion before release. Such a term requires editor note(s) to identify the outstanding issues.
The term was added to the ontology on the assumption it was in scope, but it turned out later that it was not.
This obsolesence reason should be used conservatively. Typical valid examples are: un-necessary grouping classes in disease ontologies, a phenotype term added on the assumption it was a disease.
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VIVO 2021 organizing committee member role of Christian Hauschke
AEON development workflow - how I managed to never open the command line and yet have automated workflows
Open research information for responsible research assessment
Ontology development
The VIVO 2020 Ontology-related topics that deals with Ontology development
Ontologies of interest in the representation of scholarship
The VIVO 2020 Ontology-related topics that deals with Ontologies of interest in the representation of scholarship
Ontological communities and best practices
The VIVO 2020 Ontology-related topics that deals with Ontological communities and best practices
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