{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "button": false,
    "new_sheet": false,
    "run_control": {
     "read_only": false
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# Class Diagrams\n",
    "\n",
    "This is a simple viewer for class diagrams.  Customized towards the book."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "button": false,
    "new_sheet": false,
    "run_control": {
     "read_only": false
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "**Prerequisites**\n",
    "\n",
    "* _Refer to earlier chapters as notebooks here, as here:_ [Earlier Chapter](Debugger.ipynb)."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "button": false,
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.562164Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.562019Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.608897Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.608536Z"
    },
    "new_sheet": false,
    "run_control": {
     "read_only": false
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "skip"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import bookutils.setup"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## Synopsis\n",
    "<!-- Automatically generated. Do not edit. -->\n",
    "\n",
    "To [use the code provided in this chapter](Importing.ipynb), write\n",
    "\n",
    "```python\n",
    ">>> from fuzzingbook.ClassDiagram import <identifier>\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "and then make use of the following features.\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "The function `display_class_hierarchy()` function shows the class hierarchy for the given class (or list of classes). \n",
    "* The keyword parameter `public_methods`, if given, is a list of \"public\" methods to be used by clients (default: all methods with docstrings).\n",
    "* The keyword parameter `abstract_classes`, if given, is a list of classes to be displayed as \"abstract\" (i.e. with a cursive class name).\n",
    "\n",
    "```python\n",
    ">>> display_class_hierarchy(D_Class, abstract_classes=[A_Class])\n",
    "```\n",
    "![](PICS/ClassDiagram-synopsis-1.svg)\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "button": false,
    "new_sheet": true,
    "run_control": {
     "read_only": false
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## Getting a Class Hierarchy"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.611022Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.610871Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.612614Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.612354Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "skip"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import inspect"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Using `mro()`, we can access the class hierarchy.  We make sure to avoid duplicates created by `class X(X)`."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.614410Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.614261Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.616379Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.616079Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# ignore\n",
    "from typing import Callable, Dict, Type, Set, List, Union, Any, Tuple, Optional"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.617851Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.617741Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.619949Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.619692Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def class_hierarchy(cls: Type) -> List[Type]:\n",
    "    superclasses = cls.mro()\n",
    "    hierarchy = []\n",
    "    last_superclass_name = \"\"\n",
    "\n",
    "    for superclass in superclasses:\n",
    "        if superclass.__name__ != last_superclass_name:\n",
    "            hierarchy.append(superclass)\n",
    "            last_superclass_name = superclass.__name__\n",
    "\n",
    "    return hierarchy"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Here's an example:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.621570Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.621358Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.623609Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.623281Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class A_Class:\n",
    "    \"\"\"A Class which does A thing right.\n",
    "    Comes with a longer docstring.\"\"\"\n",
    "\n",
    "    def foo(self) -> None:\n",
    "        \"\"\"The Adventures of the glorious Foo\"\"\"\n",
    "        pass\n",
    "\n",
    "    def quux(self) -> None:\n",
    "        \"\"\"A method that is not used.\"\"\"\n",
    "        pass"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.625049Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.624943Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.626562Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.626324Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class A_Class(A_Class):\n",
    "    # We define another function in a separate cell.\n",
    "\n",
    "    def second(self) -> None:\n",
    "        pass"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.628028Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.627939Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.629903Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.629654Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class B_Class(A_Class):\n",
    "    \"\"\"A subclass inheriting some methods.\"\"\"\n",
    "\n",
    "    VAR = \"A variable\"\n",
    "\n",
    "    def foo(self) -> None:\n",
    "        \"\"\"A WW2 foo fighter.\"\"\"\n",
    "        pass\n",
    "\n",
    "    def bar(self, qux: Any = None, bartender: int = 42) -> None:\n",
    "        \"\"\"A qux walks into a bar.\n",
    "        `bartender` is an optional attribute.\"\"\"\n",
    "        pass"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.631245Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.631145Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.632795Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.632551Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "SomeType = List[Optional[Union[str, int]]]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.634452Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.634294Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.636127Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.635853Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class C_Class:\n",
    "    \"\"\"A class injecting some method\"\"\"\n",
    "\n",
    "    def qux(self, arg: SomeType) -> SomeType:\n",
    "        return arg"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.637707Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.637564Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.639509Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.639227Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class D_Class(B_Class, C_Class):\n",
    "    \"\"\"A subclass inheriting from multiple superclasses.\n",
    "    Comes with a fairly long, but meaningless documentation.\"\"\"\n",
    "\n",
    "    def foo(self) -> None:\n",
    "        B_Class.foo(self)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.640893Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.640792Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.642418Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.642171Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class D_Class(D_Class):\n",
    "    pass  # An incremental addiiton that should not impact D's semantics"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.643826Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.643740Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.647039Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.646723Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[__main__.D_Class,\n",
       " __main__.B_Class,\n",
       " __main__.A_Class,\n",
       " __main__.C_Class,\n",
       " object]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class_hierarchy(D_Class)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## Getting a Class Tree"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "We can use `__bases__` to obtain the immediate base classes."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.668591Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.668451Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.670648Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.670369Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(__main__.D_Class,)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "D_Class.__bases__"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "`class_tree()` returns a class tree, using the \"lowest\" (most specialized) class with the same name."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.672147Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.672038Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.674398Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.674153Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def class_tree(cls: Type, lowest: Optional[Type] = None) -> List[Tuple[Type, List]]:\n",
    "    ret = []\n",
    "    for base in cls.__bases__:\n",
    "        if base.__name__ == cls.__name__:\n",
    "            if not lowest:\n",
    "                lowest = cls\n",
    "            ret += class_tree(base, lowest)\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            if lowest:\n",
    "                cls = lowest\n",
    "            ret.append((cls, class_tree(base)))\n",
    "\n",
    "    return ret"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.675757Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.675651Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.677740Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.677492Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[(__main__.D_Class, [(__main__.B_Class, [(__main__.A_Class, [])])]),\n",
       " (__main__.D_Class, [(__main__.C_Class, [])])]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class_tree(D_Class)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.679156Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.679059Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.681037Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.680801Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "__main__.D_Class"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class_tree(D_Class)[0][0]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.682709Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.682476Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.684217Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.683900Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "assert class_tree(D_Class)[0][0] == D_Class"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "`class_set()` flattens the tree into a set:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.685780Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.685664Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.688230Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.687779Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def class_set(classes: Union[Type, List[Type]]) -> Set[Type]:\n",
    "    if not isinstance(classes, list):\n",
    "        classes = [classes]\n",
    "\n",
    "    ret = set()\n",
    "\n",
    "    def traverse_tree(tree: List[Tuple[Type, List]]) -> None:\n",
    "        for (cls, subtrees) in tree:\n",
    "            ret.add(cls)\n",
    "            for subtree in subtrees:\n",
    "                traverse_tree(subtrees)\n",
    "\n",
    "    for cls in classes:\n",
    "        traverse_tree(class_tree(cls))\n",
    "\n",
    "    return ret"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.690059Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.689928Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.692379Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.692032Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{__main__.A_Class, __main__.B_Class, __main__.C_Class, __main__.D_Class}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class_set(D_Class)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.694320Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.694161Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.696022Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.695743Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "assert A_Class in class_set(D_Class)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.697480Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.697367Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.698955Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.698718Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "assert B_Class in class_set(D_Class)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.700384Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.700297Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.702113Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.701864Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "assert C_Class in class_set(D_Class)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.704112Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.703954Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.705679Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.705415Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "assert D_Class in class_set(D_Class)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.707248Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.707148Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.709423Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.709032Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{__main__.A_Class, __main__.B_Class, __main__.C_Class}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 24,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class_set([B_Class, C_Class])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "### Getting Docs"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.710867Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.710762Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.712454Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.712153Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "A_Class.__doc__"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.714178Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.714054Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.716726Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.716417Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'A Class which does A thing right.\\n    Comes with a longer docstring.'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 26,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "A_Class.__bases__[0].__doc__"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.718647Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.718531Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.721014Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.720751Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'A_Class'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "A_Class.__bases__[0].__name__"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.722504Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.722394Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.724534Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.724271Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<function __main__.D_Class.foo(self) -> None>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "D_Class.foo"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.726198Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.726057Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.727867Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.727528Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "D_Class.foo.__doc__"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.729960Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.729811Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.731987Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.731707Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'The Adventures of the glorious Foo'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 30,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "A_Class.foo.__doc__"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.733787Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.733657Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.735800Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.735433Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def docstring(obj: Any) -> str:\n",
    "    doc = inspect.getdoc(obj)\n",
    "    return doc if doc else \"\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.737426Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.737309Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.739674Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.739339Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'A Class which does A thing right.\\nComes with a longer docstring.'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 32,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "docstring(A_Class)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.741467Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.741345Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.743649Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.743361Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'A WW2 foo fighter.'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 33,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "docstring(D_Class.foo)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.745169Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.745056Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.746780Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.746457Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def unknown() -> None:\n",
    "    pass"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.748873Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.748654Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.751279Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.750903Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "''"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 35,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "docstring(unknown)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.752929Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.752796Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.754391Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.754148Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "skip"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import html"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.755862Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.755773Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.757394Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.757113Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "skip"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import re"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.759333Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.759188Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.761539Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.761122Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def escape(text: str) -> str:\n",
    "    text = html.escape(text)\n",
    "    assert '<' not in text\n",
    "    assert '>' not in text\n",
    "    text = text.replace('{', '&#x7b;')\n",
    "    text = text.replace('|', '&#x7c;')\n",
    "    text = text.replace('}', '&#x7d;')\n",
    "    return text"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.763470Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.763150Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.765710Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.765399Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'f(foo=&#x7b;&#x7d;)'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 39,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "escape(\"f(foo={})\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.767554Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.767324Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.769681Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.769363Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def escape_doc(docstring: str) -> str:\n",
    "    DOC_INDENT = 0\n",
    "    docstring = \"&#x0a;\".join(\n",
    "        ' ' * DOC_INDENT + escape(line).strip()\n",
    "        for line in docstring.split('\\n')\n",
    "    )\n",
    "    return docstring"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.771466Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.771336Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.773507Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.773185Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "&#x27;Hello&#x0a;&#x7b;You&#x7c;Me&#x7d;&#x27;\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(escape_doc(\"'Hello\\n    {You|Me}'\"))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "button": false,
    "new_sheet": false,
    "run_control": {
     "read_only": false
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## Getting Methods and Variables"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.775176Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.775031Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.778746Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.778441Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[('VAR', 'A variable'),\n",
       " ('__class__', type),\n",
       " ('__delattr__', <slot wrapper '__delattr__' of 'object' objects>),\n",
       " ('__dict__', mappingproxy({'__module__': '__main__', '__doc__': None})),\n",
       " ('__dir__', <method '__dir__' of 'object' objects>),\n",
       " ('__doc__', None),\n",
       " ('__eq__', <slot wrapper '__eq__' of 'object' objects>),\n",
       " ('__format__', <method '__format__' of 'object' objects>),\n",
       " ('__ge__', <slot wrapper '__ge__' of 'object' objects>),\n",
       " ('__getattribute__', <slot wrapper '__getattribute__' of 'object' objects>),\n",
       " ('__gt__', <slot wrapper '__gt__' of 'object' objects>),\n",
       " ('__hash__', <slot wrapper '__hash__' of 'object' objects>),\n",
       " ('__init__', <slot wrapper '__init__' of 'object' objects>),\n",
       " ('__init_subclass__', <function D_Class.__init_subclass__>),\n",
       " ('__le__', <slot wrapper '__le__' of 'object' objects>),\n",
       " ('__lt__', <slot wrapper '__lt__' of 'object' objects>),\n",
       " ('__module__', '__main__'),\n",
       " ('__ne__', <slot wrapper '__ne__' of 'object' objects>),\n",
       " ('__new__', <function object.__new__(*args, **kwargs)>),\n",
       " ('__reduce__', <method '__reduce__' of 'object' objects>),\n",
       " ('__reduce_ex__', <method '__reduce_ex__' of 'object' objects>),\n",
       " ('__repr__', <slot wrapper '__repr__' of 'object' objects>),\n",
       " ('__setattr__', <slot wrapper '__setattr__' of 'object' objects>),\n",
       " ('__sizeof__', <method '__sizeof__' of 'object' objects>),\n",
       " ('__str__', <slot wrapper '__str__' of 'object' objects>),\n",
       " ('__subclasshook__', <function D_Class.__subclasshook__>),\n",
       " ('__weakref__', <attribute '__weakref__' of 'A_Class' objects>),\n",
       " ('bar',\n",
       "  <function __main__.B_Class.bar(self, qux: Any = None, bartender: int = 42) -> None>),\n",
       " ('foo', <function __main__.D_Class.foo(self) -> None>),\n",
       " ('quux', <function __main__.A_Class.quux(self) -> None>),\n",
       " ('qux',\n",
       "  <function __main__.C_Class.qux(self, arg: List[Union[str, int, NoneType]]) -> List[Union[str, int, NoneType]]>),\n",
       " ('second', <function __main__.A_Class.second(self) -> None>)]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 42,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "inspect.getmembers(D_Class)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.780289Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.780203Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.783064Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.782785Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def class_items(cls: Type, pred: Callable) -> List[Tuple[str, Any]]:\n",
    "    def _class_items(cls: Type) -> List:\n",
    "        all_items = inspect.getmembers(cls, pred)\n",
    "        for base in cls.__bases__:\n",
    "            all_items += _class_items(base)\n",
    "\n",
    "        return all_items\n",
    "\n",
    "    unique_items = []\n",
    "    items_seen = set()\n",
    "    for (name, item) in _class_items(cls):\n",
    "        if name not in items_seen:\n",
    "            unique_items.append((name, item))\n",
    "            items_seen.add(name)\n",
    "\n",
    "    return unique_items"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.784713Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.784619Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.786569Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.786288Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def class_methods(cls: Type) -> List[Tuple[str, Callable]]:\n",
    "    return class_items(cls, inspect.isfunction)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.788306Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.788159Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.791015Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.790703Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def defined_in(name: str, cls: Type) -> bool:\n",
    "    if not hasattr(cls, name):\n",
    "        return False\n",
    "\n",
    "    defining_classes = []\n",
    "\n",
    "    def search_superclasses(name: str, cls: Type) -> None:\n",
    "        if not hasattr(cls, name):\n",
    "            return\n",
    "\n",
    "        for base in cls.__bases__:\n",
    "            if hasattr(base, name):\n",
    "                defining_classes.append(base)\n",
    "                search_superclasses(name, base)\n",
    "\n",
    "    search_superclasses(name, cls)\n",
    "\n",
    "    if any(cls.__name__ != c.__name__ for c in defining_classes):\n",
    "        return False  # Already defined in superclass\n",
    "\n",
    "    return True"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.792641Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.792457Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.794707Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.794097Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "assert not defined_in('VAR', A_Class)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.796636Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.796479Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.798461Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.798206Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "assert defined_in('VAR', B_Class)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 48,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.800176Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.800029Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.801872Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.801574Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "assert not defined_in('VAR', C_Class)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.803700Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.803530Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.805604Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.805245Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "assert not defined_in('VAR', D_Class)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.807236Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.807119Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.809191Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.808935Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def class_vars(cls: Type) -> List[Any]:\n",
    "    def is_var(item: Any) -> bool:\n",
    "        return not callable(item)\n",
    "\n",
    "    return [item for item in class_items(cls, is_var) \n",
    "            if not item[0].startswith('__') and defined_in(item[0], cls)]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 51,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.810683Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.810573Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.813321Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.812872Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[('bar',\n",
       "  <function __main__.B_Class.bar(self, qux: Any = None, bartender: int = 42) -> None>),\n",
       " ('foo', <function __main__.D_Class.foo(self) -> None>),\n",
       " ('quux', <function __main__.A_Class.quux(self) -> None>),\n",
       " ('qux',\n",
       "  <function __main__.C_Class.qux(self, arg: List[Union[str, int, NoneType]]) -> List[Union[str, int, NoneType]]>),\n",
       " ('second', <function __main__.A_Class.second(self) -> None>)]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 51,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class_methods(D_Class)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.815289Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.815153Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.817778Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.817378Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[('VAR', 'A variable')]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 52,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class_vars(B_Class)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "We're only interested in \n",
    "\n",
    "* functions _defined_ in that class\n",
    "* functions that come with a docstring"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.819361Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.819245Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.821165Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.820914Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def public_class_methods(cls: Type) -> List[Tuple[str, Callable]]:\n",
    "    return [(name, method) for (name, method) in class_methods(cls) \n",
    "            if method.__qualname__.startswith(cls.__name__)]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 54,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.822699Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.822578Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.824809Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.824490Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def doc_class_methods(cls: Type) -> List[Tuple[str, Callable]]:\n",
    "    return [(name, method) for (name, method) in public_class_methods(cls) \n",
    "            if docstring(method) is not None]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.826748Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.826486Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.829184Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.828685Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[('foo', <function __main__.D_Class.foo(self) -> None>)]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 55,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "public_class_methods(D_Class)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.831250Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.830910Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.833449Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.833202Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[('foo', <function __main__.D_Class.foo(self) -> None>)]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 56,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "doc_class_methods(D_Class)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 57,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.835431Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.835268Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.837951Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.837655Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def overloaded_class_methods(classes: Union[Type, List[Type]]) -> Set[str]:\n",
    "    all_methods: Dict[str, Set[Callable]] = {}\n",
    "    for cls in class_set(classes):\n",
    "        for (name, method) in class_methods(cls):\n",
    "            if method.__qualname__.startswith(cls.__name__):\n",
    "                all_methods.setdefault(name, set())\n",
    "                all_methods[name].add(cls)\n",
    "\n",
    "    return set(name for name in all_methods if len(all_methods[name]) >= 2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 58,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.839903Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.839771Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.842352Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.842052Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'foo'}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 58,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "overloaded_class_methods(D_Class)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## Drawing Class Hierarchy with Method Names"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 59,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.844029Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.843891Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.845658Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.845318Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "skip"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from inspect import signature"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 60,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.847301Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.847180Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.848979Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.848581Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "skip"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import warnings"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 61,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.850770Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.850602Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.852703Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.852341Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "skip"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import os"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 62,
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.854724Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.854548Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.883246Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-04-27T13:59:35.882773Z"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def display_class_hierarchy(classes: Union[Type, List[Type]], *,\n",
    "                            public_methods: Optional[List] = None,\n",
    "                            abstract_classes: Optional[List] = None,\n",
    "                            include_methods: bool = True,\n",
    "                            include_class_vars: bool = True,\n",
    "                            include_legend: bool = True,\n",
    "                            local_defs_only: bool = True,\n",
    "                            types: Dict[str, Any] = {},\n",
    "                            project: str = 'fuzzingbook',\n",
    "                            log: bool = False) -> Any:\n",
    "    \"\"\"Visualize a class hierarchy.\n",
    "`classes` is a Python class (or a list of classes) to be visualized.\n",
    "`public_methods`, if given, is a list of methods to be shown as \"public\" (bold).\n",
    "  (Default: all methods with a docstring)\n",
    "`abstract_classes`, if given, is a list of classes to be shown as \"abstract\" (cursive).\n",
    "  (Default: all classes with an abstract method)\n",
    "`include_methods`: if set (default), include all methods\n",
    "`include_legend`: if set (default), include a legend\n",
    "`local_defs_only`: if set (default), hide details of imported classes\n",
    "`types`: type names with definitions, to be used in docs\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    from graphviz import Digraph  # type: ignore\n",
    "\n",
    "    if project == 'debuggingbook':\n",
    "        CLASS_FONT = 'Raleway, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif'\n",
    "        CLASS_COLOR = '#6A0DAD'  # HTML 'purple'\n",
    "    else:\n",
    "        CLASS_FONT = 'Patua One, Helvetica, sans-serif'\n",
    "        CLASS_COLOR = '#B03A2E'\n",
    "\n",
    "    METHOD_FONT = \"'Fira Mono', 'Source Code Pro', 'Courier', monospace\"\n",
    "    METHOD_COLOR = 'black'\n",
    "\n",
    "    if isinstance(classes, list):\n",
    "        starting_class = classes[0]\n",
    "    else:\n",
    "        starting_class = classes\n",
    "        classes = [starting_class]\n",
    "\n",
    "    title = starting_class.__name__ + \" class hierarchy\"\n",
    "\n",
    "    dot = Digraph(comment=title)\n",
    "    dot.attr('node', shape='record', fontname=CLASS_FONT)\n",
    "    dot.attr('graph', rankdir='BT', tooltip=title)\n",
    "    dot.attr('edge', arrowhead='empty')\n",
    "    edges = set()\n",
    "    overloaded_methods: Set[str] = set()\n",
    "\n",
    "    drawn_classes = set()\n",
    "\n",
    "    def method_string(method_name: str, public: bool, overloaded: bool,\n",
    "                      fontsize: float = 10.0) -> str:\n",
    "        method_string = f'<font face=\"{METHOD_FONT}\" point-size=\"{str(fontsize)}\">'\n",
    "\n",
    "        if overloaded:\n",
    "            name = f'<i>{method_name}()</i>'\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            name = f'{method_name}()'\n",
    "\n",
    "        if public:\n",
    "            method_string += f'<b>{name}</b>'\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            method_string += f'<font color=\"{METHOD_COLOR}\">' \\\n",
    "                             f'{name}</font>'\n",
    "\n",
    "        method_string += '</font>'\n",
    "        return method_string\n",
    "\n",
    "    def var_string(var_name: str, fontsize: int = 10) -> str:\n",
    "        var_string = f'<font face=\"{METHOD_FONT}\" point-size=\"{str(fontsize)}\">'\n",
    "        var_string += f'{var_name}'\n",
    "        var_string += '</font>'\n",
    "        return var_string\n",
    "\n",
    "    def is_overloaded(method_name: str, f: Any) -> bool:\n",
    "        return (method_name in overloaded_methods or\n",
    "                (docstring(f) is not None and \"in subclasses\" in docstring(f)))\n",
    "\n",
    "    def is_abstract(cls: Type) -> bool:\n",
    "        if not abstract_classes:\n",
    "            return inspect.isabstract(cls)\n",
    "\n",
    "        return (cls in abstract_classes or\n",
    "                any(c.__name__ == cls.__name__ for c in abstract_classes))\n",
    "\n",
    "    def is_public(method_name: str, f: Any) -> bool:\n",
    "        if public_methods:\n",
    "            return (method_name in public_methods or\n",
    "                    f in public_methods or\n",
    "                    any(f.__qualname__ == m.__qualname__\n",
    "                        for m in public_methods))\n",
    "\n",
    "        return bool(docstring(f))\n",
    "\n",
    "    def frame_module(frameinfo: Any) -> str:\n",
    "        return os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(frameinfo.frame.f_code.co_filename))[0]\n",
    "\n",
    "    def callers() -> List[str]:\n",
    "        frames = inspect.getouterframes(inspect.currentframe())\n",
    "        return [frame_module(frameinfo) for frameinfo in frames]\n",
    "\n",
    "    def is_local_class(cls: Type) -> bool:\n",
    "        return cls.__module__ == '__main__' or cls.__module__ in callers()\n",
    "\n",
    "    def class_vars_string(cls: Type, url: str) -> str:\n",
    "        cls_vars = class_vars(cls)\n",
    "        if len(cls_vars) == 0:\n",
    "            return \"\"\n",
    "\n",
    "        vars_string = f'<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" ' \\\n",
    "                      f'cellspacing=\"0\" ' \\\n",
    "                      f'align=\"left\" tooltip=\"{cls.__name__}\" href=\"#\">'\n",
    "\n",
    "        for (name, var) in cls_vars:\n",
    "            if log:\n",
    "                print(f\"    Drawing {name}\")\n",
    "\n",
    "            var_doc = escape(f\"{name} = {repr(var)}\")\n",
    "            tooltip = f' tooltip=\"{var_doc}\"'\n",
    "            href = f' href=\"{url}\"'\n",
    "            vars_string += f'<tr><td align=\"left\" border=\"0\"' \\\n",
    "                           f'{tooltip}{href}>'\n",
    "\n",
    "            vars_string += var_string(name)\n",
    "            vars_string += '</td></tr>'\n",
    "\n",
    "        vars_string += '</table>'\n",
    "        return vars_string\n",
    "\n",
    "    def class_methods_string(cls: Type, url: str) -> str:\n",
    "        methods = public_class_methods(cls)\n",
    "        # return \"<br/>\".join([name + \"()\" for (name, f) in methods])\n",
    "        methods_string = f'<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" ' \\\n",
    "                         f'cellspacing=\"0\" ' \\\n",
    "                         f'align=\"left\" tooltip=\"{cls.__name__}\" href=\"#\">'\n",
    "\n",
    "        public_methods_only = local_defs_only and not is_local_class(cls)\n",
    "\n",
    "        methods_seen = False\n",
    "        for public in [True, False]:\n",
    "            for (name, f) in methods:\n",
    "                if public != is_public(name, f):\n",
    "                    continue\n",
    "\n",
    "                if public_methods_only and not public:\n",
    "                    continue\n",
    "\n",
    "                if log:\n",
    "                    print(f\"    Drawing {name}()\")\n",
    "\n",
    "                if is_public(name, f) and not docstring(f):\n",
    "                    warnings.warn(f\"{f.__qualname__}() is listed as public,\"\n",
    "                                  f\" but has no docstring\")\n",
    "\n",
    "                overloaded = is_overloaded(name, f)\n",
    "\n",
    "                sig = str(inspect.signature(f))\n",
    "                # replace 'List[Union[...]]' by the actual type def\n",
    "                for tp in types:\n",
    "                    tp_def = str(types[tp]).replace('typing.', '')\n",
    "                    sig = sig.replace(tp_def, tp)\n",
    "                sig = sig.replace('__main__.', '')\n",
    "\n",
    "                method_doc = escape(name + sig)\n",
    "                if docstring(f):\n",
    "                    method_doc += \":&#x0a;\" + escape_doc(docstring(f))\n",
    "\n",
    "                if log:\n",
    "                    print(f\"    Method doc: {method_doc}\")\n",
    "\n",
    "                # Tooltips are only shown if a href is present, too\n",
    "                tooltip = f' tooltip=\"{method_doc}\"'\n",
    "                href = f' href=\"{url}\"'\n",
    "                methods_string += f'<tr><td align=\"left\" border=\"0\"' \\\n",
    "                                  f'{tooltip}{href}>'\n",
    "\n",
    "                methods_string += method_string(name, public, overloaded)\n",
    "\n",
    "                methods_string += '</td></tr>'\n",
    "                methods_seen = True\n",
    "\n",
    "        if not methods_seen:\n",
    "            return \"\"\n",
    "\n",
    "        methods_string += '</table>'\n",
    "        return methods_string\n",
    "\n",
    "    def display_class_node(cls: Type) -> None:\n",
    "        name = cls.__name__\n",
    "\n",
    "        if name in drawn_classes:\n",
    "            return\n",
    "        drawn_classes.add(name)\n",
    "\n",
    "        if log:\n",
    "            print(f\"Drawing class {name}\")\n",
    "\n",
    "        if cls.__module__ == '__main__':\n",
    "            url = '#'\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            url = cls.__module__ + '.ipynb'\n",
    "\n",
    "        if is_abstract(cls):\n",
    "            formatted_class_name = f'<i>{cls.__name__}</i>'\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            formatted_class_name = cls.__name__\n",
    "\n",
    "        if include_methods or include_class_vars:\n",
    "            vars = class_vars_string(cls, url)\n",
    "            methods = class_methods_string(cls, url)\n",
    "            spec = '<{<b><font color=\"' + CLASS_COLOR + '\">' + \\\n",
    "                formatted_class_name + '</font></b>'\n",
    "            if include_class_vars and vars:\n",
    "                spec += '|' + vars\n",
    "            if include_methods and methods:\n",
    "                spec += '|' + methods\n",
    "            spec += '}>'\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            spec = '<' + formatted_class_name + '>'\n",
    "\n",
    "        class_doc = escape('class ' + cls.__name__)\n",
    "        if docstring(cls):\n",
    "            class_doc += ':&#x0a;' + escape_doc(docstring(cls))\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            warnings.warn(f\"Class {cls.__name__} has no docstring\")\n",
    "\n",
    "        dot.node(name, spec, tooltip=class_doc, href=url)\n",
    "\n",
    "    def display_class_trees(trees: List[Tuple[Type, List]]) -> None:\n",
    "        for tree in trees:\n",
    "            (cls, subtrees) = tree\n",
    "            display_class_node(cls)\n",
    "\n",
    "            for subtree in subtrees:\n",
    "                (subcls, _) = subtree\n",
    "\n",
    "                if (cls.__name__, subcls.__name__) not in edges:\n",
    "                    dot.edge(cls.__name__, subcls.__name__)\n",
    "                    edges.add((cls.__name__, subcls.__name__))\n",
    "\n",
    "            display_class_trees(subtrees)\n",
    "\n",
    "    def display_legend() -> None:\n",
    "        fontsize = 8.0\n",
    "\n",
    "        label = f'<b><font color=\"{CLASS_COLOR}\">Legend</font></b><br align=\"left\"/>' \n",
    "\n",
    "        for item in [\n",
    "            method_string(\"public_method\",\n",
    "                          public=True, overloaded=False, fontsize=fontsize),\n",
    "            method_string(\"private_method\",\n",
    "                          public=False, overloaded=False, fontsize=fontsize),\n",
    "            method_string(\"overloaded_method\",\n",
    "                          public=False, overloaded=True, fontsize=fontsize)\n",
    "        ]:\n",
    "            label += '&bull;&nbsp;' + item + '<br align=\"left\"/>'\n",
    "\n",
    "        label += f'<font face=\"Helvetica\" point-size=\"{str(fontsize + 1)}\">' \\\n",
    "                 'Hover over names to see doc' \\\n",
    "                 '</font><br align=\"left\"/>'\n",
    "\n",
    "        dot.node('Legend', label=f'<{label}>', shape='plain', fontsize=str(fontsize + 2))\n",
    "\n",
    "    for cls in classes:\n",
    "        tree = class_tree(cls)\n",
    "        overloaded_methods = overloaded_class_methods(cls)\n",
    "        display_class_trees(tree)\n",
    "\n",
    "    if include_legend:\n",
    "        display_legend()\n",
    "\n",
    "    return dot"
   ]
  },
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      "Drawing class D_Class\n",
      "    Drawing foo()\n",
      "    Method doc: foo(self) -&gt; None:&#x0a;A WW2 foo fighter.\n",
      "Drawing class B_Class\n",
      "    Drawing VAR\n",
      "    Drawing bar()\n",
      "    Method doc: bar(self, qux: Any = None, bartender: int = 42) -&gt; None:&#x0a;A qux walks into a bar.&#x0a;`bartender` is an optional attribute.\n",
      "    Drawing foo()\n",
      "    Method doc: foo(self) -&gt; None:&#x0a;A WW2 foo fighter.\n",
      "Drawing class A_Class\n",
      "    Drawing foo()\n",
      "    Method doc: foo(self) -&gt; None:&#x0a;The Adventures of the glorious Foo\n",
      "    Drawing quux()\n",
      "    Method doc: quux(self) -&gt; None:&#x0a;A method that is not used.\n",
      "    Drawing second()\n",
      "    Method doc: second(self) -&gt; None\n",
      "Drawing class C_Class\n",
      "    Drawing qux()\n",
      "    Method doc: qux(self, arg: SomeType) -&gt; SomeType\n"
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    "display_class_hierarchy(D_Class, types={'SomeType': SomeType},\n",
    "                        project='debuggingbook', log=True)"
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   "source": [
    "display_class_hierarchy(D_Class, types={'SomeType': SomeType},\n",
    "                        project='fuzzingbook')"
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   "source": [
    "Here is a variant with abstract classes and logging:"
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     "text": [
      "Drawing class A_Class\n",
      "    Drawing quux()\n",
      "    Method doc: quux(self) -&gt; None:&#x0a;A method that is not used.\n",
      "    Drawing foo()\n",
      "    Method doc: foo(self) -&gt; None:&#x0a;The Adventures of the glorious Foo\n",
      "    Drawing second()\n",
      "    Method doc: second(self) -&gt; None\n",
      "Drawing class B_Class\n",
      "    Drawing VAR\n",
      "    Drawing bar()\n",
      "    Method doc: bar(self, qux: Any = None, bartender: int = 42) -&gt; None:&#x0a;A qux walks into a bar.&#x0a;`bartender` is an optional attribute.\n",
      "    Drawing foo()\n",
      "    Method doc: foo(self) -&gt; None:&#x0a;A WW2 foo fighter.\n"
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    "display_class_hierarchy([A_Class, B_Class],\n",
    "                        abstract_classes=[A_Class],\n",
    "                        public_methods=[\n",
    "                            A_Class.quux,\n",
    "                        ],\n",
    "                        log=True)"
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   "source": [
    "## Synopsis"
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    "The function `display_class_hierarchy()` function shows the class hierarchy for the given class (or list of classes). \n",
    "* The keyword parameter `public_methods`, if given, is a list of \"public\" methods to be used by clients (default: all methods with docstrings).\n",
    "* The keyword parameter `abstract_classes`, if given, is a list of classes to be displayed as \"abstract\" (i.e. with a cursive class name)."
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    "## Exercises"
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    "Enjoy!"
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