{
"004": {
"countryName": "Afghanistan",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://mcit.gov.af/sites/default/files/2018-12/Electronic%20Transactions%20and%20Electronic%20Signatures%20Act%20%28for%20comments-final%29.pdf","Electronic Transactions and Electronic Signatures Act"]
],
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": false,
"Cybercrime": [
["http://laws.moj.gov.af/ShowLawPashto.aspx","Cyber Crime Code - Section 12 (in Arabic)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"008": {
"countryName": "Albania",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://aksk.gov.al/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/ligji10273.pdf","Law 10273 on Electronic Document"],
["https://aksk.gov.al/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/ligji107.pdf","Law 107 on Electronic Identification and Trusted Services"],
["https://aksk.gov.al/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/ligji9880.pdf","Law 9880 of 25/02/2008 on Electronic Signatures (in English, official translation)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://wipolex-res.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/al/al027en.html","On Consumer Protection no 9902"],
["https://wilmap.stanford.edu/entries/law-no-10128-electronic-commerce","The E-commerce Law 10128"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.idp.al/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/LDP_english_version_amended_2014.pdf","Law No. 9887 on the Protection of Personal Data, 2008 (in English)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/uploads/res/law-no-2-2017-on-cybersecurity_html/Law_No_22017_on_Cybersecurity.pdf","Law No. 02/2017 - On cybersecurity (in English)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.tatime.gov.al/eng/d/8/45/0/667/the-addenda-and-amendments-to-the-instruction-on-value-added-tax-come-into-force","Instruction No. 5, dated 22/02/2019 “On some addenda and amendments to the Instruction No. 6, dated 30/01/2015 “On Value Added Tax in the Republic of Albania"]
]
},
"012": {
"countryName": "Algeria",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.droit-afrique.com/uploads/Algerie-Decret-2019-89-transaction-commerciales-electroniques.pdf","Décret exécutif n° 19-89 du 28 Joumada Ethania 1440
correspondant au 5 mars 2019 fixant les modalités
de conservation et de transmission des registres des
transactions commerciales électroniques au centre
national du registre de commerce."],
["https://www.droit-afrique.com/uploads/Algerie-Loi-2018-05-commerce-electronique.pdf","Loi n° 18-05 du 10 mai 2018 relative au commerce électronique (en Français)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.joradp.dz/FTP/jo-francais/2018/F2018028.pdf","Link"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.joradp.dz/Jo2000/2018/034/FP10.pdf","Loi n° 18-07 du 10 juin 2018 relative à la protection des personnes physiques dans le traitement des données à caractère personnel (in French)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["#","Law n°09-04 of August 5, 2009"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"020": {
"countryName": "Andorra",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.bopa.ad/bopa/022006/Documents/61282.pdf","Llei 6/2009 del 29 de desembre, de signatura electronica (in Catalan)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.bopa.ad/bopa/025032/Pagines/7FB8E.aspx","Llei 13/2013, del 13 de juny, de competència efectiva I protecció del consumidor"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.bopa.ad/bopa/033119/Pagines/CGL20211115_08_58_32.aspx","Law 29/2021Personal Data Protection Law"]
],
"Cybercrime": false,
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.bopa.ad/bopa/034086/Pagines/CGL20220715_13_23_43.aspx","Law 24/2022"]
]
},
"024": {
"countryName": "Angola",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.lexlink.eu/codigo/angola/14579/codigos/por-tema","Regulamento das Tecnologias e dos Serviços da Sociedade da Informação, Decreto Presidencial n.º202/11 (in Portuguese)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://media2.mofo.com/documents/Law_22_11_Data_Privacy_Law.pdf","Lei No. 22/11 da Protecção de Dados Pessoais de 17 de Junho (in Portuguese)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/pt/ao/ao026pt.pdf","Codigo Penal Republica de Angola, 2020 (In Portuguese)"],
["https://apd.ao/fotos/frontend_1/editor2/110620_lei_23-11_de_20_junho-das_comunicacoes_electronicas_e_dos_servicos.pdf","Lei de Combate à Criminalidade no Domíno das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação e dos Serviços da Sociedade da Informação"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.ucm.minfin.gov.ao/cs/groups/public/documents/document/aw4x/mjm3/~edisp/minfin1237860.pdf","A Lei nº 7/19, de 24 de Abril"]
]
},
"028": {
"countryName": "Antigua and Barbuda",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://laws.gov.ag/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/a2016-10.pdf","Electronic Transactions (Amendment) Act, 2016 (in English)"],
["http://laws.gov.ag/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Electronic-Transactions-Act-2013.pdf","Electronic Transactions Act 2013 (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://laws.gov.ag/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Cnsumer-Protection-Bill-2023.pdf","Consumer Protection Act, 2023"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["http://laws.gov.ag/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/a2013-10.pdf","Data Protection Act 2013 (in English)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["http://www.oas.org/juridico/spanish/cyb_ant_computer_misuse_2006.pdf","Computer Misuse Act 2006 (in English)"],
["http://laws.gov.ag/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/No.-25-of-2018-Electronic-Crimes-Amendment-Act-2018.pdf","Electronic Crimes (Amendment) Act in 2018"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"032": {
"countryName": "Argentina",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/235000-239999/235975/norma.htm","Artículo 288 del Código Civil y Comercial Argentino"],
["https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/ley-27446-311583/normas-modifican","Ley 27446"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["http://www.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/0-4999/638/texact.htm","Ley 24.240 de Defensa al Consumidor - Consumer Protection Act (in Spanish)"],
["http://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/105000-109999/107456/norma.htm","Resolución 104/2005, Derecho a la Información del Consumidor en las Transacciones Comerciales Efectuadas a través de Internet en el marco del MERCOSUR (in Spanish)"],
["http://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/335000-339999/337759/norma.htm","Resolución N° 137/2020 de la Secretaría de Comercio Interior sobre Sistema de Conciliación por Medios Electrónicos (SICOME) (in Spanish)"],
["http://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/340000-344999/341933/norma.htm","Resolución N° 270/2020 de la Secretaría de Comercio Interior que incorpora la Resolución N° 37/2019 del Grupo Mercado Común relativa a la protección del consumidor en el comercio electrónico. (in Spanish)"],
["http://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/340000-344999/341935/norma.htm","Resolución N° 271/2020 de la Secretaría de Comercio Interior sobre la obligación del proveedor de publicar en su web los contratos de adhesión que utilicen para instrumentar sus vínculos con el consumidor, así como también, el “botón de baja” "],
["http://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/345000-349999/348345/norma.htm","Resolución N° 274/2021 de la Secretaría de Comercio Interior sobre Ventanilla Única Federal para la interposición y tratamiento de reclamos (in Spanish)"],
["http://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/310000-314999/310734/norma.htm","Resolución N° 316/2018 de la Secretaría de Comercio Interior sobre obligatoriedad de contar con un Botón de Baja en la web del proveedor (in Spanish)"],
["http://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/340000-344999/342869/norma.htm","Resolución N° 424/2020 de la Secretaría de Comercio Interior sobre la obligación del proveedor de incluir el “botón de arrepentimiento” en sus páginas o aplicaciones web. (in Spanish)"],
["http://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/340000-344999/343540/norma.htm","Resolución N° 449/2020 de la Secretaría de Comercio Interior sobre el deber del proveedor de informar sus puntos de venta y medios de pago aceptados, incluyendo los electrónicos. (in Spanish)"],
["InfoLEG - Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos - Argentina","Resolución N° 616/2020 de la Secretaría de Comercio Interior sobre Procedimiento de Celebración de Audiencias por Medios Electrónicos (in Spanish)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["http://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/0-4999/804/norma.htm","Constitución de la Nación Argentina, Ley Nº 24.430, Sancionada el 15 de Diciembre de 1994 (in Spanish)"],
["http://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/315000-319999/318245/norma.htm","Convenio 108 aprobado por Ley Nº 27.483 (in Spanish)"],
["http://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/70000-74999/70368/norma.htm","Decreto 1558/2001 (in Spanish)"],
["InfoLEG - Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos - Argentina","Disposición 60 - E/2016 (in Spanish)"],
["http://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/60000-64999/64790/norma.htm","Ley 25.326 de Protección de los Datos Personales (in Spanish)"],
["InfoLEG - Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos - Argentina","Resolución 159/2018 - RESOL-2018-159-APN-AAIP (in Spanish)"],
["http://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/315000-319999/318874/norma.htm","Resolución 4/2019, RESOL-2019-4-APN-AAIP"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con4_uibd.nsf/DC01F607A15322CB05257A780077B4F9/$FILE/CODIGO_PENAL_DE_LA_NACION_ARGENTINA.pdf","Codigo Penal de la Nacion Argentina (in Spanish)"],
["http://www.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/140000-144999/141790/norma.htm","Ley 26.388 de Ley de Delitos Informáticos (in Spanish)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/ley-27430-305262","Ley 27430"]
]
},
"051": {
"countryName": "Armenia",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://www.parliament.am/law_docs/150105HO40eng.pdf","Electronic Document and Electronic Signature Law"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["http://www.parliament.am/legislation.php?sel=show&ID=1506&lang=eng","Law on the Protection of Consumer Rights of the Republic of Armenia"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["http://www.foi.am/u_files/file/Personaldataprotectionlaw_ENG.pdf","Law of the Republic of Armenia on the Protection of Personal Data (in English)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["http://parliament.am/legislation.php?sel=show&ID=7645&lang=arm#12.38","Criminal Code of the Republic of Armenia, 2021"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.minfin.am/website/images/website/Tax_Code_HO-165-N_04102016_26052021_ENG.docx","Armenia Tax Code (2022)"]
]
},
"036": {
"countryName": "Australia",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2011C00445","Electronic Transactions Act 1999, amended in 2011 (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2019C00149","Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (formerly known
as the Trade Practices Act 1974) - The consumer law
protections are found in Schedule 2 of the Competition
and Consumer Act and are generally referred to as the
Australian Consumer Law (ACL)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2015C00089","Privacy Act 1988 (in English)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2004A04868/latest/text","Criminal Code Act No. 12 of 1995 as amended in 2024 (in English)"],
["http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2012A00120","Cybercrime Legislation Amendment Act No.120/2012 (In English)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.skatteetaten.no/globalassets/bedrift-og-organisasjon/voec/norwegian-vat-act-112020.pdf","Australia's Goods and Services Tax"]
]
},
"040": {
"countryName": "Austria",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/Erv/ERV_2001_1_152/ERV_2001_1_152.pdf","Federal Act governing certain legal aspects of electronic commercial and legal transactions (E-Commerce Act – ECG)"],
["https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/BgblPdf/1999_190_1/1999_190_1.pdf","Signaturgesetz - SigG, BGBl. I Nr. 190/1999 (in German)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=20003383","Federal Act Concerning the Distance Marketing of Consumer Financial Services (Distance Financial Services Act – FernFinG) (in German)"],
["RIS - Konsumentenschutzgesetz - Bundesrecht konsolidiert, Fassung vom 19.08.2021 (bka.gv.at)","Federal Act Establishing Provisions for the Protection of Consumers (Consumer Protection Law – KSchG) (in German)"],
["https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10002864","Federal Act Governing the Liability for a Defective Product (Product Liability Act - PHG) (in German)"],
["https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/NormDokument.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=20006780&FassungVom=2021-08-19&Artikel=&Paragraf=6&Anlage=&Uebergangsrecht=","Federal Act on Consumer Credit Agreements and other Forms of Credit for the Benefit of Consumers (Consumer Credit Act - VkrG) (in German)"],
["RIS - Fern- und Auswärtsgeschäfte-Gesetz - Bundesrecht konsolidiert, Fassung vom 19.08.2021 (bka.gv.at)","Federal Act on Distance Contracts and Off-Premises Contracts (FAGG) (in German)"],
["https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=20009859&FassungVom=2018-07-01","Federal Act on Package Travel (PRG) (in German)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/Erv/ERV_1999_1_165/ERV_1999_1_165.html","Federal Act concerning the Protection of Personal Data (DSG) (in German)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.bmj.gv.at/dam/jcr:63dde421-86f2-4e4f-86aa-b03d6b93f33f/Cybercrime_und_Gesch%C3%A4ftsgeheimnisse_Text.pdf","Bundesgesetz, mit dem das Strafgesetzbuch und das Bundesgesetz gegen den unlauteren
Wettbewerb 1984 – UWG geändert werden"],
["https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10002296","Criminal Code 1974 as amended 2019 (in German)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32006L0112","VAT Directive (2006/112/EC), the Council Implementing Regulation (EU 282/2011)"]
]
},
"031": {
"countryName": "Azerbaijan",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://cis-legislation.com/document.fwx?rgn=9111","Law of the Azerbaijan Republic about Electronic Trading, 2005 (amended in 2018)"],
["https://cis-legislation.com/document.fwx?rgn=7428","Law of the Azerbaijan Republic about the Digital Signature and the Electronic Document"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/legislation/details/9209","Law of the Azerbaijan Republic about Electronic Commerce"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["http://www.e-qanun.az/framework/19675","Law on Personal Data 2010 (in Azerbaijani)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/8304/file/Azerbaijan_CC_am2018_en.pdf","Criminal Code of Azerbaijan"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["Tax Code of Azerbaijan: 2022 Tax Amendments (caspianlegalcenter.az)","Tax Code of Azerbaijan: 2022 Tax Amendments"]
]
},
"044": {
"countryName": "Bahamas",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://f.hubspotusercontent00.net/hubfs/8779058/delete-technology-2021/pdf/ElectronicCommunicationsandTransactionsAct_1.pdf","The Electronic Communications and Transactions Act, 2006 (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["http://laws.bahamas.gov.bs/cms/images/LEGISLATION/BILLS/2023/2023-0002/2023-0002.pdf","Consumer Protection Bill (2023)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["http://laws.bahamas.gov.bs/cms/images/LEGISLATION/PRINCIPAL/2003/2003-0003/DataProtectionPrivacyofPersonalInformationAct_1.pdf","Data Protection (Privacy of Personal Information) Act 2003 (in English)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["http://laws.bahamas.gov.bs/cms/images/LEGISLATION/PRINCIPAL/2003/2003-0002/ComputerMisuseAct_1.pdf","Computer Misuse Act 2003, Sections 9, 1, 12 (in English)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://bahamasbudget.gov.bs/media/filer_public/9f/c0/9fc0d770-bdec-4e65-8661-a50855f3635a/value_added_tax_amendment_bill_2020_-_copy_to_be_laid.pdf","Value Added Tax (Amendment) Act, 2020"]
]
},
"048": {
"countryName": "Bahrain",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.mola.gov.bh/MediaManager/Media/Documents/Laws/Batch3/L5418.pdf","Legislative Decree No. 54 of 2018
Promulgating the Electronic Communications and Transactions Law"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.bahrain.bh/wps/wcm/connect/e09613c1-8ce0-45cb-a589-c77f96e80077/LAW+NO.+%2835%29+OF+2012+WITH+RESPECT+TO+CONSUMER+PROTECTION.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=o8-7Wp0#:~:text=This%20Law%20aims%20to%20protect,his%20normal%20use%20of%20products.&text=Right%20to%20obtain%20accurate%20data,purchased%2C%20used%20or%20provided%20thereto.","Consumer Protection Law No. 35/2012"],
["https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/legislation/details/19671","Executive regulation (No. 66/2014) for the consumer protection law"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["Law in Bahrain - DLA Piper Global Data Protection Laws of the World (dlapiperdataprotection.com)","10 Ministerial Resolutions Supplementing the PDPL (Personal Data Protection Law)"],
["https://bahrainbusinesslaws.com/laws/Personal-Data-Protection-Law","Law No. (30) of 2018
with Respect to Personal Data Protection Law"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=98472&p_count=96226&p_classification=01.04&p_classcount=2271","Law No. 60 /2014 about Information and Telecommunication Crimes (In arabic)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.nbr.gov.bh/","Decree-Law No. 48 2018"],
["XNl1TNX0PUH8Gpvod4ogSN9u3RaKezRLjJ9HjYBW.pdf (amazonaws.com)","VAT Public Clarification VAT/PC/20/3"]
]
},
"050": {
"countryName": "Bangladesh",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://samsn.ifj.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Bangladesh-ICT-Act-2006.pdf","The Information and Communication Technology Act, 2006. Amended in 2008 and 2013. (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://dncrp.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/dncrp.portal.gov.bd/page/6654dd6a_537a_4838_9017_712db7c60cd9/consumer%20act-2009.pdf","Consumer Rights Protection Act, 2009 (in English)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["http://www.cirt.gov.bd/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Data-Protection-Act-Draft-23.pdf","Data Protection Act (Draft), 2023 (in Bengali)"],
["http://www.cirt.gov.bd/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Digital-Security-Act-2018.pdf","Digital Security Act, 2018"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.cirt.gov.bd/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Digital-Security-Act-2018-English-version.pdf","National Digital Security laws Act No.46/2018 (in English)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://nbr.gov.bd/uploads/acts/18.pdf","The Value Added Tax and Supplementary Duty Act, 2012 (VAT & SD Act 2012)"]
]
},
"052": {
"countryName": "Barbados",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.barbadosparliament.com/bills/details/27","Electronic Transactions (Amendment) Act 2014"],
["https://admin.theiguides.org/Media/Documents/Electronic%20Transactions%20Act.pdf","Electronic Transactions Act, 2001 (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/ElectronicTransactionsCAP308B.pdf","Electronic Transactions Act CAP 308B (2001)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.barbadosparliament.com/uploads/bill_resolution/7b81b59260896178b5aa976fdb87bfee.pdf","Bill - Data Protection passed in Senate and House of Assembly, 2019 (in English)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["http://www.oas.org/juridico/spanish/cyb_bbs_computer_misuse_2005.pdf","Computer Misuse Act of 2005 - CMA (in English)"],
["https://www.barbadosparliament.com/bills/details/741","Cybercrime Bill 2024"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.barbadosparliament.com/bills/details/367","Value Added Tax (Amendment) Act, 2019-19 (Act)"]
]
},
"112": {
"countryName": "Belarus",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://pravo.by/document/?guid=3871&p0=P31000060","Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus dated 01.02.2010 No. 60 “On measures to improve the use of the national segment of the Internet” (in Belarusian)"],
["https://pravo.by/document/?guid=12551&p0=H11800143","Law of 08.11.2018 No. 143-З “On Amendments and Addenda to the Law of the Republic of Belarus “On Electronic Document and Electronic Digital Signature"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["http://pravo.by/document/?guid=3871&p0=H10200090","Consumer Protection Law No. 90-Z/2002 (in Russian)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://cpd.by/en/national-regulation/the-belarusian-data-protection-act/","Personal Data Protection of 7 May 2021
No. 99-Z (Data Protection Law)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/legislation/details/20145","Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus No. 275-Z of 9 July, 1999 (as amended up to Law of the Republic of Belarus No. 253-Z of November 11, 2019)"],
["https://www.rti-rating.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/LAW-OF-THE-REPUBLIC-OF-BELARUS-on-information-informatization-and-protection-of-information.pdf","Law No 455-Z \"On Information, Informatization and Protection of Information of Republic of Belarus"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://pravo.by/upload/docs/op/H12000072_1609448400.pdf","The Law No. 72-З “On Amendments to the Tax Code of the Republic of Belarus”"]
]
},
"056": {
"countryName": "Belgium",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/cgi_loi/change_lg.pl?language=fr&la=F&table_name=loi&cn=2013022819","Code de droit économique, Livre XII. – Droit de l’économie électronique, Titre 2. – Certaines règles relatives au cadre juridique pour les services de confiance (articles XII.24 - XII.35) (in French)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/cgi_loi/change_lg.pl?language=fr&la=F&cn=2013022819&table_name=loi","Code de droit économique"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.dataprotectionauthority.be/publications/act-of-30-july-2018.pdf","Act of 30 July 2018 on the Protection of Natural Persons with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://etaamb.openjustice.be/fr/loi-du-28-novembre-2000_n2001009035.html","Belgian Criminal Code, as amended by the Act of 28 November 2000 on cybercrime, and the Act of 15 May 2006 on cybercrime"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32006L0112","VAT Directive (2006/112/EC), the Council Implementing Regulation (EU 282/2011)"]
]
},
"084": {
"countryName": "Belize",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.nationalassembly.gov.bz/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Electronic-Transactions-Bill-2021-updated.pdf","Electronic Transactions Act, 2021"]
],
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.nationalassembly.gov.bz/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Act-No-45-of-2021-Data-Protection-Act.pdf","Data Protection Act 2021"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.nationalassembly.gov.bz/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Act-No.-32-of-2020-Cybercrime.pdf#:~:text=AN%20ACT%20to%20combat%20cybercrime%20by%20creating%20offences,connected%20therewith%20orincidental%20thereto.%20%28Gazetted%207th%20October%2C%202020%29","Cybercrime Act 2020"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"204": {
"countryName": "Benin",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.afapdp.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Benin-Loi-2017-20-Portant-code-du-numerique-en-Republique-du-Benin.pdf","Loi No. 20/2017 portant code du numérique en République du Bénin. (in French)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.afapdp.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Benin-Loi-2017-20-Portant-code-du-numerique-en-Republique-du-Benin.pdf","Loi No. 20/2017 portant code du numérique en République du Bénin. (in French)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://apdp.bj/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Loi-No-2009-du-22Mai-2009-Version-Anglaise.pdf","Loi n° 2009-09 of may 22, 2009Dealing with the protection of Personally Identifiable Information (PII)
in the Republic of Benin."],
["https://www.afapdp.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Benin-Loi-2017-20-Portant-code-du-numerique-en-Republique-du-Benin.pdf","Loi n° 2017-20 portant code du numérique en République du Bénin (in French)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["#","Loi No. 2011-20 portant lutte contre la corruption et autres infractions connexes en République du Bénin"],
["#","Loi No. 2018-16 portant Code Pénal"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.skatteetaten.no/globalassets/bedrift-og-organisasjon/voec/norwegian-vat-act-112020.pdf","Note No. 0426/DC/SGM/DGI/DLC/DCFR of 22 March 2023 on the implementation of value-added tax (“VAT”) for digital services in accordance with article 224 of the General Tax Code."]
]
},
"064": {
"countryName": "Bhutan",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://oag.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Bhutan-Information-Communications-and-Media-Act-2006English.pdf","Bhutan Information Communications and Media Act 2018 (in Dzongkha)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.dit.gov.bt/information-communications-and-media-act-bhutan-2018","Bhutan Information, Communications and Media Act 2018 (in English and Dzongkha)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["Penal Code underChapter 31 (Computer Offences) - https://www.rbp.gov.bt/Forms/PCB%202004.pdf","Link"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.mof.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/GSTAct2020.pdf","Goods and Services Tax Act 2020"]
]
},
"068": {
"countryName": "Bolivia (Plurinational State of)",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.lexivox.org/norms/BO-L-N164.html?dcmi_identifier=BO-L-N164&format=html","Ley general de Telecomunicaciones, Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación Ley No 164 - 8 Agosto 2011 (in Spanish)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["#","Bill of Personal Data Protection"]
],
"Cybercrime": false,
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://diputados.gob.bo/leyes/pl-n-164-2021-2022/","PL N° 164/2020-2021"]
]
},
"070": {
"countryName": "Bosnia and Herzegovina",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://advokat-prnjavorac.com/zakoni/Zakon_o_elektronskom_potpisu_BiH.pdf","Službeni Glasnik BiH 91/06 (Law of 14/11/2006) (in Bosnian)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["#","Law on Personal Data Protection (the Draft Law)"],
["https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4d2ee2b72.pdf","Law on the Protection of Personal Data No. 49/06 ('the Law')"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["http://www.tuzilastvobih.gov.ba/?opcija=sadrzaj&kat=4&id=40&jezik=e","Criminal Code (in English)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"072": {
"countryName": "Botswana",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.bocra.org.bw/sites/default/files/documents/Electronic-Communications-and-Transactions-Act-2014.pdf","Electronic communication and transactions Act No. 14/2014 (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.bocra.org.bw/sites/default/files/documents/05%20Act%2020%EF%80%A204%EF%80%A22018%20CONSUMER%20PROTECTION.pdf", "Consumer Protection Act 2018"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.dataguidance.com/sites/default/files/data_protection_bill_2024.pdf","Data Protection Act 2024"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.bocra.org.bw/sites/default/files/documents/18%20Act%2029-06-2018%20Cybercrime%20and%20Computer%20Related%20Crimes.pdf","Cybercrime and Computer Related Crimes Act 2018"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"076": {
"countryName": "Brazil",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2011-2014/2013/Decreto/D7962.htm","Decreto Federal n.º 7.962/13 - Lei do e-Commerce & No. 10,271/2020 (in Portuguese)"],
["https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2011-2014/2014/lei/l12965.htm","LEI Nº 12.965, DE 23 DE ABRIL DE 2014 Estabelece princípios, garantias, direitos e deveres para o uso da Internet no Brasil"],
["http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/mpv/Antigas_2001/2200-2.htm","Medida Provisória Nº 2.200-2, de 24 de Agosto de 2001 Institui a Infra-Estrutura de Chaves Públicas Brasileira – ICP-Brasil, e dá outras providências (in Portuguese)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2011-2014/2013/decreto/d7962.htm","Decree n. 7.962/2013 - Regulates the Consumer Protection Code regarding E-Commerce"],
["http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Leis/L8078compilado","Law 8.078/90 - Consumer Protection Code"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.dataguidance.com/sites/default/files/lgpd_translation.pdf","General Data Protection Law (LGPD), Federal Law no. 13,709/2018"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2011-2014/2012/lei/l12737.htm"," Lei Nº 12.737/ 2012, amending the Penal Code"],
["http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2019-2022/2021/lei/l14155.htm","Lei Nº 14.155 (May 2021), amending the Penal Code and Criminal Procedure Code (with impact on cybercrime offences and competence)"],
["http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2007-2010/2008/lei/l11829.htm","Lei No. 11,829/2008 (in Portuguese)"],
["http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2011-2014/2014/lei/l12965.htm","Lei No. 12.965, de 23 de Abril de 2014 (in Portuguese)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["http://normas.receita.fazenda.gov.br/sijut2consulta/link.action?idAto=131702","Normative Instruction 2146/2023"],
["http://normas.receita.fazenda.gov.br/sijut2consulta/link.action?idAto=131703","Ordinance 612/2023"],
["https://legis.senado.leg.br/sdleg-getter/documento?dm=9432922","PEC No. 45/2019"]
]
},
"096": {
"countryName": "Brunei Darussalam",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://www.agc.gov.bn/AGC%20Images/LOB/PDF/Electronic%20Transactions%20(chp.196).pdf","Electronic Transactions Act No. 196 (revised in 2008) (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["#","Consumer Protection (Fair Trading) (Amendment) Order,
2015"],
["http://agc.gov.bn/AGC%20Images/LAWS/Gazette_PDF/20","Consumer Protection (Fair Trading) Order, 2011"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": false,
"Cybercrime": [
["http://www.agc.gov.bn/AGC%20Images/LOB/PDF/Computer%20Misuse.pdf","Computer Misuse Act, Revised in 2007 (in English)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"100": {
"countryName": "Bulgaria",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.lex.bg/laws/ldoc/2135180800","Law on Electronic Document and Electronic Signature (promulgated SG 34/01) (in Bulgarian)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://psc.egov.bg/documents/20124/0/CONSUMER+PROTECTION+ACT_37.pdf","Bulgarian Consumers Protection Act"],
["#","Digital Content and Digital Services and Sale of Goods Act"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://dv.parliament.bg/DVWeb/showMaterialDV.jsp;jsessionid=17AC48BEC0100FB28FDA0294DE0C9CC0?idMat=135056","Personal Data Protection Act (“PDPA”)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["http://www.vks.bg/english/vksen_p04_04.htm","The Crimial Code, Chap. 9 (in English)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32006L0112","VAT Directive (2006/112/EC), the Council Implementing Regulation (EU 282/2011)"]
]
},
"854": {
"countryName": "Burkina Faso",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.arcep.bf/download/loi-10-11-2009-n045-2009/","Loi N°045-2009/AN du 10 Novembre 2009 portant reglementation des services et des transactions électroniques (in French)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["http://www.afapdp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Burkina-Faso-Loi-portant-protection-des-donn%C3%A9es-%C3%A0-caract%C3%A8re-personnel-20042.pdf","Loi n° 010-2004/AN Portant Protection des Données à Caractère Personnel (in French)"],
["http://www.justice.gov.bf/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Loi-n%C2%B0001-2021AN-portant-protection-des-personnes-a-l-egard-du-traitement-des-donnees-a-caractere-personnel.pdf","Loi n°001-2021/an portant protection des personnes a l’egard du traitement des donnees a caractere personnel"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["http://lexprafaso.justice.gov.bf/Public/Index","Loi N°025-2018/AN portant Code Pénal"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"108": {
"countryName": "Burundi",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://arct.gov.bi/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/decret.pdf","Decree No 100/97 of 18 April 2014"]
],
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": false,
"Cybercrime": [
["https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/v3/sherloc/legdb/search.html?lng=en#?c=%7B%22filters%22:%5B%7B%22fieldName%22:%22en%23__el.legislation.crimeTypes_s%22,%22value%22:%22Cybercrime%22%7D%5D,%22sortings%22:%22%22,%22match%22:%22burundi%22,%22termMatch%22:%22burundi%22%7D","Penal Code Act No. 1/95 of 22 April 2009 (in French)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"116": {
"countryName": "Cambodia",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.ccfdg.gov.kh/pdf-view/?filename=https://www.ccfdg.gov.kh/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Khmer_Law-on-E-Commerce.pdf","Law on Electronic Commerce (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://data.opendevelopmentmekong.net/dataset/law-on-consumer-protection/resource/1ad116e5-3097-4375-8101-9a1fe49bed19","Law on Consumer Protection, promulgated by Royal Code No. NS/RKM/ 1119/016, dated on 02-11-2019 (in Khmer)"],
["https://www.ccfdg.gov.kh/pdf-view/?filename=https://www.ccfdg.gov.kh/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Khmer_Law-on-E-Commerce.pdf","Law on Electronic Commerce (in English)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.ccfdg.gov.kh/pdf-view/?filename=https://www.ccfdg.gov.kh/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Khmer_Law-on-E-Commerce.pdf","Article 32 of the Law on Electronic Commerce (2019) (in English)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["#","Draft Cybercrime law, 2023."]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.dfdl.com/insights/legal-and-tax-updates/cambodia-non-resident-vat-e-commerce-update/","Instruction No. 2520 GDT on the Adjustment on the Implementation of Value Added Tax on E-Commerce Transactions (Instruction 2520)"],
["https://www.tax.gov.kh/u6rhf7ogbi6/gdtstream/1a2d9029-2e2c-494f-a078-6547b88cd42d","Sub-Decree 65 and Prakas 542 MEF.P"]
]
},
"120": {
"countryName": "Cameroon",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.mincommerce.gov.cm/sites/default/files/documents/loi-n-2010-021-du-21-decembre-2010-regissant-le-commerce-electronique-au-cameroun.pdf","Loi No 2010/021 of 21 decembre 2010 Régissant le commerce électronique au Cameroun (in French)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.fratel.org/documents/2011/12/201105-Cameroun-Loi_cadre_protection_consommateur.pdf","Loi Cadre No 2011/012 du 06 mai 2011 portant protection
du consommateur au Cameroun"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["http://www.art.cm/sites/default/files/documents/loi_2010-012_cybersecurite_cybercriminalite.pdf","Loi n*2010/012 du 21 décembre 2010 relative à la cybersécurité et à la cybercriminalité (in French)"],
["https://www.minpostel.gov.cm/images/Les_textes/Lois/Loi_2013-013_communications_electroniques.pdf","loi n°2010/013 du 21 decembre 2010 regissant les communications electroniques au cameroun"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/v3/sherloc/legdb/search.html?lng=en#?c=%7B%22filters%22:%5B%7B%22fieldName%22:%22en%23__el.legislation.crimeTypes_s%22,%22value%22:%22Cybercrime%22%7D%5D,%22sortings%22:%22%22,%22match%22:%22cameroon%22,%22termMatch%22:%22cameroon%22%7D","Cybersecurity and Cybercrime Law from 2010 - Loi No 2010/012 (in French)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.impots.cm/en/actualites/general-tax-code-edited-1st-january-2023","Cameroon General Tax Code"]
]
},
"124": {
"countryName": "Canada",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/P-8.6.pdf","Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, S.C. 2000, c. 5 (in English and French)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["#","Consumer Protection are found in provincial and territorial consumer protection statutes regulating common consumer transactions (“Consumer Protection Statutes”)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.parl.ca/DocumentViewer/en/44-1/bill/C-27/first-reading"," Bill C-27"],
["https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/P-8.6.pdf","Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (in English and French)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["http://www.fightspam.gc.ca/eic/site/030.nsf/eng/home","Canada's anti-spam legislation (CASL)"],
["https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/annualstatutes/2014_31/page-1.html","Protecting Canadians from Online Crime Act 2015"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/E-15/index.html","Excise Tax Act (the \"Act\")"]
]
},
"132": {
"countryName": "Cape Verde",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://www.uaipit.com/uploads/legislacion/files/1374220608_13._Decree-Law_No._33.2007_of_September_24,_2007,_regulating_the_Use_of_Digital_Signatures_PT.pdf","Decree-Law No. 33/2007 Use of digital Signature (in Portuguese)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://passageiro.aac.cv/doc/l-88-v-1988-31-dez.pdf","Law nº 88 / V / 1998, of December 31 "]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": false,
"Cybercrime": [
["http://www.cnpd.cv/leis/Lei%20de%20Cibercrime.pdf","Lei No. 8 IX 2017 - Lei de Cibercrime (in Portuguese)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"148": {
"countryName": "Chad",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.arcep.td/lois.html","Law No. 08 / PR / 2015 of 10 February 2015 concerning electronic transactions"]
],
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://arcep.td/sites/default/files/Loi-N%C2%B007-PR-2015.pdf","Law 007/PR/2015 on the Protection of Personal Data (in French and Arabic)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://arcep.td/lois.html","Law no 009/PR/2015 from 10 February 2015, on Cybersecurity and the fight against Cybercrime"],
["https://www.dlapiperdataprotection.com/system/modules/za.co.heliosdesign.dla.lotw.data_protection/functions/handbook.pdf?country-1=TD","Ordinance No. 008/PCMT/20022 on the Cybersecurity in the Republic of Chad"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"152": {
"countryName": "Chile",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?idNorma=201668","Decree 181 (in Spanish)"],
["http://bcn.cl/2rp7z","Decree 6 (in Spanish)"],
["http://web.uchile.cl/archivos/derecho/CEDI/Normativa/Ley%2019.799%20Sobre%20Documentos%20Electr%F3nicos,%20Firma%20Electr%F3nica%20y%20Servicios%20de%20Certificaci%F3n%20de%20Dicha%20Firma.pdf","Law 19.799, La Ley de Documentos Electrónicos, Firma Electrónica y Servicios de Certificación (in Spanish)"],
["http://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=266348","Law 20.217 (in Spanish)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?i=1165504","Decreto 6 aprueba reglamento de comercio electrónico"],
["https://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=61438","Ley sobre Protección de los Derechos de los
Consumidores"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.camara.cl/legislacion/ProyectosDeLey/tramitacion.aspx?prmID=11661&prmBoletin=11144-07","Boletín N° 11144-07 (in Spanish)"],
["http://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=141599","Law 19.628 (in Spanish)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?idNorma=1177743","Law No. 21.459/2022"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.sii.cl/vat/circular_42_esp.pdf","Circular 42"]
]
},
"156": {
"countryName": "China",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://ipkey.eu/sites/default/files/documents/resources/PRC_E-Commerce_Law.pdf","E-Commerce Law of the People's Republic of China"],
["https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/legislation/details/6559","Electronic Signatures Law of the People’s Republic of China of 2004 (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://ipkey.eu/sites/default/files/documents/resources/PRC_E-Commerce_Law.pdf","Consumer Rights and Interests Protection Law of the People's Republic of China (in English, unofficial translation)"],
["http://mg.mofcom.gov.cn/article/policy/201912/20191202923971.shtml","The E-Commerce Law"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/translation-cybersecurity-law-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china-effective-june-1-2017/","Cybersecurity Law"],
["https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/translation-data-security-law-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china/","Data Security Law"],
["https://www.china-briefing.com/news/the-prc-personal-information-protection-law-final-a-full-translation/","Personal Information Protection Law"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/translation-cybersecurity-law-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china-effective-june-1-2017/","Cybersecurity Law 2017"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"170": {
"countryName": "Colombia",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.funcionpublica.gov.co/eva/gestornormativo/norma.php?i=50583","Decreto 2364 de 2012"],
["https://www.funcionpublica.gov.co/eva/gestornormativo/norma.php?i=4276#:~:text=%E2%80%9CPor%20medio%20de%20la%20cual,y%20se%20dictan%20otras%20disposiciones.%E2%80%9D","LEY 527 DE 1999"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/es/co/co103es","Consumer Statute. Law 1480 of 2012 (in Spanish)"],
["https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/legislation/details/14828","Right of withdrawal on E Commerce"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.funcionpublica.gov.co/eva/gestornormativo/norma_pdf.php?i=49981","Ley 1581 de 2012 - Marco general de la protección de los datos personales en Colombia (in Spanish)"]
],
"Cybercrime": false,
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.funcionpublica.gov.co/eva/gestornormativo/norma.php?i=199883","Law 2277 of 2022"]
]
},
"188": {
"countryName": "Costa Rica",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://www.pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?param1=NRTC&nValor1=1&nValor2=55666&nValor3=60993&strTipM=TC","Ley de Certificados, Firmas Digitales y Documentos Electrónicos, Ley No. 8454 (in Spanish)"],
["http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/es/text.jsp?file_id=220799","Ley N° 63: Código Civil (in Spanish)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?param1=NRTC&nValor1=1&nValor2=85162&nValor3=110031&strTipM=TC","Decree No. 40703-MEIC on consumer protection in the context of electronic commerce of October 25, 2017."],
["http://www.pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?nValor1=1&nValor2=26481","Ley de Promoción de la Competencia y Defensa Efectiva del Consumidor
N° 7472"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://wipolex-res.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/cr/cr007en.pdf","Ley : 7975 del 04/01/2000 ; Ley de Información No Divulgada"],
["http://www.oas.org/es/sla/ddi/docs/CR4%20Ley%20de%20Protecci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20Persona%20frente%20al%20Tratamiento%20de%20sus%20Datos%20Personales.pdf","Ley de protección de la persona frente al tratamiento de sus datos personales - Ley n.º 8968 (in Spanish)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.oas.org/dil/esp/codigo_penal_costa_rica.pdf","Código Penal Ley N° 4573 (in Spanish)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?nValor1=1&nValor2=87720","Law No. 202 N ° 9635 (Strengthening public finances)"]
]
},
"384": {
"countryName": "Côte d'Ivoire",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://www.droit-afrique.com/upload/doc/cote-divoire/RCI-Loi-2013-546-transactions-electroniques.pdf","Loi n°2013-546 du 30 juillet 2013 relative aux transactions électroniques (in French)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["http://www.industrie.gouv.ci/fichier/loi-n-2016-412-du-15-juin-2016-relative-a-la-consommation.pdf","Loi n°2016‐412 du 15 juin 2016 relative à la
consommation"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["http://media.mofo.com/files/PrivacyLibrary/3979/Cote-d-voire-loi_2013_450.pdf","Loi n° 2013-450 du 19 juin 2013 relative à la protection des données à caractère personnel (in French)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://cybercrimactu.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/loi_2013_451.pdf","Loi No. 2013-451 du juin 2013 relative a la lutte contre la cybercriminalite (in French)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.igf.finances.gouv.ci/document/loi-de-finances-n-2021-899-du-21-decembre-2021-portant-budget-de-letat-pour-lannee-2022/","Finance Law No. 2021-899"]
]
},
"191": {
"countryName": "Croatia",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.hnb.hr/documents/20182/529405/e-electronic-money-act_64-2018.pdf/9906dc50-efef-467c-90c5-293db538b41b","Electronic Document Act (Croatian Zakon o elektroničkoj ispravi; “EDA"],
["https://narodne--novine-nn-hr.translate.goog/clanci/sluzbeni/2002_01_10_242.html?_x_tr_sl=hr&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc","Electronic Signature Act (in English, provisional translation)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.hnb.hr/documents/20182/2135754/e-zakon-o-zastiti-potrosaca_19-2022.pdf/d73aa75d-d282-107b-9aea-b2ffd4b02d75?t=1654865939985","Consumer Protection Act (in Croatian)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2018_05_42_805.html","Act on the Implementation of the General Data Protection Regulation (in Croatian: Zakon o provedbi Opće uredbe o zaštiti podataka) (the “Implementation Act”)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.legislationline.org/documents/action/popup/id/17815","Criminal Code (in Croatian)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32006L0112","VAT Directive (2006/112/EC), the Council Implementing Regulation (EU 282/2011)"]
]
},
"192": {
"countryName": "Cuba",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["#","Bill - General rules for the practice of electronic commerce - eCommerce Decree"],
["https://www.mincom.gob.cu/sites/default/files/marcoregulatorio/r_49_-01_prioridad_de_etecsa_a_entidades_de_comercio_electronico.pdf","Resolución 49/2001 del Ministro de la Informática y las Comunicaciones (in Spanish)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text/586230","Personal Data Protection law (Law 149/2022)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.gacetaoficial.gob.cu/sites/default/files/goc-2021-o92.pdf","Decree-Law 35 and Resolution 105"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"196": {
"countryName": "Cyprus",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.cylaw.org/nomoi/indexes/2018_1_55.html","Law 55(I)/2018"],
["http://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/5503/1/1756-2377-1-SM.pdf","Law on the Legal Framework for Electronic Signatures and Associated Matters of 2004, Law No. 188(I)/2004 (in English, unofficial translation)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["#","Law on Certain Legal Aspects of Information Society Services in Particular Electronic Commerce and Associated Matters of 2004 (Law 156(I)/2004) (the Commerce Law)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.dataprotection.gov.cy/dataprotection/dataprotection.nsf/All/2B53605103DCE4A4C225826300362211","The Protection of Physical Persons Against the Processing of Personal Data and Free Movement of such Data Law 125(I)/2018"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.olc.gov.cy/olc/olc.nsf/ECB669A2EBF5FE75C225871100236DEC/$file/The%20Convention%20of%20the%20Council%20of%20Europe%20on%20Cybercrime%20(Ratification)%20Law%20of%202004%20-%20L.22(III)-2004.pdf","The Cyprus Law No 22 (III) - 2004 ratifying the Convention on Cybercrime (In Greek)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"180": {
"countryName": "Democratic Republic of the Congo",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://droitnumerique.cd/code-du-numerique-congolais-rdc-pdf/","Digital Code 2023"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://droitnumerique.cd/code-du-numerique-congolais-rdc-pdf/","Le Code du Numérique (The Digital Code) Law No 023/10 of March 13, 2023"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["#","Digital Code 2023 (Code du Numérique, in Title III)"]
],
"Cybercrime": false,
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"208": {
"countryName": "Denmark",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://w0.dk/~chlor/www.retsinformation.dk/lov/l6193.html","Lov om elektroniske signaturer Nr. 417 (in Danish)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2017/426","Marketing Practices Act (in English)"],
["https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2015/524","The Consumer complaint Act"],
["https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2013/1457","The Consumer Contracts Act"],
["https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2016/193","the Contracts Act"],
["https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2014/140","the Sale of Goods Act"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=201319","Databeskyttelsesloven (the “Data Protection Act”)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/6372/file/Denmark_Criminal_Code_am2005_en.pdf","Criminal Code (in English)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32006L0112","VAT Directive (2006/112/EC), the Council Implementing Regulation (EU 282/2011) "]
]
},
"212": {
"countryName": "Dominica",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://www.dominica.gov.dm/laws/2013/Electronic%20Transactions%20Act,%202013%20Act%2019%20of%202013.pdf","Electronic Transactions Act, Act 19/2013 (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["#","ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS ACT, 2013"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": false,
"Cybercrime": [
["#","Electronic Crimes Bill 2013"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"214": {
"countryName": "Dominican Republic",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://dgii.gov.do/legislacion/reglamentos/Documents/2003/335-03.pdf","Decreto 335-03 que aprueba el Reglamento de Aplicación de la Ley 126-02 sobre Comercio Electrónico, Documento y Firma Digital de fecha 08 de abril de 2003 (in Spanish)"],
["https://dgii.gov.do/legislacion/leyesTributarias/Documents/Otras%20Leyes%20de%20Inter%C3%A9s/32-23.pdf","Law 32-23 (the Electronic Invoicing Law)"],
["https://wdalaw.com/espanol/pdf/ley-126-02.pdf","Ley No.126-02, sobre el Comercio Electrónico, Documentos y Firmas Digitales, del 4 de septiembre de 2002 (in Spanish)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["http://proconsumidor.gob.do/transparencia/index.php/le","Ley General de Protección de los Derechos del
consumidor o usuario No.358-05"],
["https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text/244490","Reglamento de aplicación a la ley No.358-05"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://indotel.gob.do/media/6200/ley_172_13.pdf","Ley No. 172-13, sobre Protección de Datos de Carácter Personal del 13 de diciembre de 2013 (in English)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["http://www.oas.org/juridico/PDFs/repdom_ley5307.pdf","Ley 53-07 sobre Crímenes y Delitos de Alta Tecnología (in Spanish)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.uaipit.com/en/documents-record?/4626","Law 11-92"]
]
},
"218": {
"countryName": "Ecuador",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.bce.ec/images/transparencia2015/juridico/reglamentoalaleydecomercioelectronico.pdf","General Regulation to the Law on Electronic Commerce, Electronic Signatures and Data Messages"],
["https://www.telecomunicaciones.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/11/Ley-de-Comercio-Electronico-Firmas-y-Mensajes-de-Datos.pdf","The Law on Electronic Commerce, Electronic Signatures and Data Messages"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text/513735"," Ley Orgánica de Defensa del Consumidor (modificada hasta el 16 de enero de 2015)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.finanzaspopulares.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/ley_organica_de_proteccion_de_datos_personales.pdf"," Personal Data Protection Organic Law"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.registroficial.gob.ec/index.php/registro-oficial-web/publicaciones/suplementos/item/12339-suplemento-al-registro-oficial-no-107","Ley Organica Reformatoria al Código Orgánico Integral Penal, 2019"],
["https://newsite.cite.com.ec/ley-organica-reformatoria-del-codigo-organico-integral-penal-para-prevenir-y-combatir-la-violencia-sexual-digital-y-fortalecer-la-lucha-contra-los-delitos-informaticos/","Ley orgánica reformatoria del código orgánico integral penal para prevenir y combatir la violencia sexual digital y fortalecer la lucha contra los delitos informáticos, 2021"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.sri.gob.ec/ley-organica-de-simplificacion-y-progresividad-tributaria","Ley Orgánica de Simplificación y Progresividad Tributaria – Servicio
de Rentas Internas"]
]
},
"818": {
"countryName": "Egypt",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/legislation/details/13546","Law No. 15/2004 on E-Signatures and ITIDA (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["http://www.cpa.gov.eg/Portals/0/Law/English%20version%20CPA%20LAW.pdf","Consumer Protection New Law issued by Law No. 181 of year 2018"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://mcit.gov.eg/Upcont/Documents/Reports%20and%20Documents_1232021000_Law_No_151_2020_Personal_Data_Protection.pdf","Personal Data Protection Law, Law No. 151 of 2020 (in Arabic)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.escc.gov.eg/cyber_crime_law.pdf","Cyber Crime Law (Law No. 175 of 2018) (in English)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.acs.org.eg/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Minister-of-Finance-Decree-24-2023-free-translation_2.pdf","Decree 24/2023, which amended the Executive Regulations (“ER”) of the Value Added Tax Law"],
["https://eta.gov.eg/sites/default/files/2023-03/digital-service-guide-english.pdf","VAT guidelines for digital
services and other remote
services provided by
non-residents"]
]
},
"222": {
"countryName": "El Salvador",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.transparencia.gob.sv/institutions/rree/documents/408850/download","Ley de firma electrónica"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.asamblea.gob.sv/sites/default/files/documents/decretos/BAA0E931-E117-487D-8900-A1D9876D5FBE.pdf","Electronic Commerce Law (Ley de Comercio Electrónico) "]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.finanzaspopulares.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/ley_organica_de_proteccion_de_datos_personales.pdf","Ley de Protección de Datos Personales y Habeas Data"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.diariooficial.gob.sv/","Executive Order Number 163 , 2022"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"233": {
"countryName": "Estonia",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/527102016001/consolide","Electronic Identification and Trust Services for Electronic Transactions Act"],
["https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/501042015003/consolide","Law No. RT I 2004, 87, 593 Electronic Communications Act"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/521012014011/consolide","Consumer Protection Act (in English)"],
["https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/501042015003/consolide","Electronic Communications Act"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/523012019001/consolide","Personal Data Protection Act (the “PDPA”)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=11685","Criminal Code (in English and Estonian)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32006L0112","VAT Directive (2006/112/EC), the Council Implementing Regulation (EU 282/2011)"]
]
},
"748": {
"countryName": "Eswatini",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.esccom.org.sz/legislation/ELECTRONIC%20COMMUNICATIONS%20TRANSACTIONS%20ACT.pdf","Electronic Communications and Transactions Act, 2022"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.esccom.org.sz/consumers/Consumer_Protection_Regulations.pdf","Swaziland Communications Commission
(Consumer Protection) Regulations, 2015"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.esccom.org.sz/legislation/DATA%20PROTECTION%20ACT.pdf","Data Protection Act No. 5 of 2022"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["#","Computer Crime and Cybercrime Act No.6 of 2022"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"231": {
"countryName": "Ethiopia",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.metaappz.com/References/ethiopian_laws/federal/pr_1205_2020/en/pdf#gsc.tab=0","Electronic Transaction Proclamation No. 1205/2020"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/eth216473.pdf","The Investment Regulation No. 474/2020"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["#","Personal Data Protection Proclamation 1321/2024"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://natlex.ilo.org/dyn/natlex2/r/natlex/fe/details?p3_isn=103967&cs=1EgE1Uxl7xGCnn8gYewkJnr4Xxxj72WiFYEHqEsEPqjeQRxHLcNOv3NxpErncb5QJdUzSw51dcQ8hsfUCAm8MDA","Computer Crime Proclamation No. 958/2016"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"242": {
"countryName": "Fiji",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://www.parliament.gov.fj/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Act-8-Electronic-Transactions-Amendment-Act.pdf","Electronic Transactions (Amendment) Act 2017 (in English)"],
["https://investinfiji.today/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Fiji-Electronic-Transactions-Promulgation-2008.pdf","Electronique Transaction Act. 25/2008 (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": false,
"Cybercrime": [
["1110 (laws.gov.fj)","Cybercrime Act 2021 (in English)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.parliament.gov.fj/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Bill-No.-6-Value-Added-Tax-Budget-Amendment-Bill-2023.pdf","Value Added Tax (Budget Amendment) Act 2023"]
]
},
"246": {
"countryName": "Finland",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/2009/en20090617.pdf","The Finnish Act on Strong Electronic Identification and Electronic Trust Services (617/2009)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/kaannokset/1978/en19780038.pdf","Consumer Protection Act (in English, unofficial translation)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/2018/20181050","Finnish Data Protection Act (1050/2018) (the “Data Protection Act”)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://finlex.fi/fi/laki/kaannokset/2004/en20040516_20110365.pdf","Act on protection on privacy in electronic communication (in English unnofficial translation)"],
["http://finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1889/en18890039.pdf","The Criminal Code of Finland (in English, unofficial translation)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32006L0112","VAT Directive (2006/112/EC), the Council Implementing Regulation (EU 282/2011)"]
]
},
"250": {
"countryName": "France",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000412673&dateTexte=&categorieLien=id","Décret no 2002-535 du avril 18, 2002 relatif à l’évaluation et à la certification de la sécurité offerte parles produits et les systèmes des technologies de l’information (in French)"],
["https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000000801164","Loi n° 2004-575 du 21 juin 2004 pour la confiance dans l'économie numérique"],
["https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000042607095","LOI n° 2020-1508 du 3 décembre 2020 portant diverses dispositions d'adaptation au droit de l'Union européenne en matière économique et financière"],
["http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000399095&dateTexte=&categorieLien=id","Loi No 2000-230 du 13 mars 2000 portant adaptation du droit de la preuve aux technologies de l’information et relative á la signature électronique (in French)"],
["https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000044125847","Ordonnance n° 2021-1247 du 29 septembre 2021 relative à la garantie légale de conformité pour les biens, les contenus numériques et les services numériques"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/texte_lc/LEGITEXT000006069565/","Code de la consommation"],
["https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000044546235","Ordonnance n° 2021-1734 du 22 décembre 2021 transposant la directive 2019/2161 du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 27 novembre 2019 et relative à une meilleure application et une modernisation des règles de l'Union en matière de protection "],
["https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/section_lc/LEGITEXT000005634379/LEGISCTA000006083281/#LEGISCTA000006083281","Code de commerce: Partie législative (Articles L110-1 à L960-5)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/LEGITEXT000006068624","French Data Protection Act (as amended by the Law No. 2018-493 of 20 June 2018 on the protection of personal data and by the Decree No. 2018-687 of 1 August 2018) (the “FDPA”)"],
["https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000037800506","Order No. 2018-1125 of 12 December 2018 reorganising the FDPA and various provisions concerning the protection of personal data"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070719","Code Pénal (in French)"],
["https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000000222052","Loi n° 2001-1062 du 15 novembre 2001 relative à la sécurité quotidienne"],
["http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000801164","Loi n° 2004-575 du 21 juin 2004 pour la confiance dans l'économie numérique (in French)"],
["https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000000810527","LOI n° 2005-493 du 19 mai 2005 autorisant l'approbation de la convention sur la cybercriminalité et du protocole additionnel à cette convention relatif à l'incrimination d'actes de nature raciste et xénophobe commis par le biais de "]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32006L0112","VAT Directive (2006/112/EC), the Council Implementing Regulation (EU 282/2011)"]
]
},
"266": {
"countryName": "Gabon",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://journal-officiel.ga/18190-025-2021-/","Law No. 025/2021 of 28 December 2021 Regulating Electronic Transactions in Gabon"]
],
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["http://www.afapdp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Gabon-Loi-relative-%C3%A0-la-protection-des-donn%C3%A9es-personnelles-du-4-mai-20112.pdf","Loi n°001/2011 relative à la protection des données à caractère personnel (in French)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["http://www.droit-afrique.com/uploads/Gabon-Ordonnance-2018-15-cybersecurite-cybercriminalite.pdf","Ordinance n°15/PR/2018 of 23 February 2018 on Cybersecurity and Cybercrime"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://journal-officiel.ga/17567-018-2021/","Loi N° 018/2021 du 11/08/2021 portant modification de certaines dispositions de la loi n°044/2020 du 11 janvier 2021 déterminant les ressources et les charges de l’Etat pour l’année 2021"]
]
},
"270": {
"countryName": "Gambia",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://pura.gm/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/IC-Info-Comms-Act-2009.pdf","Information and Communications Act No. 2 of 2009 (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["GAMBIA-CONSUMER-PROTECTION-ACT-2014.pdf","Gambia Consumer Protection Act 2014"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["http://www.pura.gm/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Data-Protection-and-Privacy-Draft-Policy-and-Strategy-August-2019.pdf"," Data protection and Privacy Policy"],
["http://www.pura.gm/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/IC-Info-Comms-Act-2009.pdf","Information and Communications Act No. 2 of 2009 (in English)"],
["#","Personal Data Protection and Privacy Act 2025"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://pura.gm/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/IC-Info-Comms-Act-2009.pdf","Information and Communication Act 2009"],
["#","Cybercrime Bill 2023 (draft)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"268": {
"countryName": "Georgia",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://matsne.gov.ge/en/document/view/3654557?publication=0"," Law of Georgia on Electronic Documents and Electronic Trust Services"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://gcca.gov.ge/index.php?m=376&lng=eng","The Law on e-Commerce"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://gc-pfiles.mfa.gov.ge/DocFiles//2023/12/14/LegalAct/31/03db4098-78f9-4449-a957-ce6995c114ae.pdf","Law of Georgia on Personal Data Protection (in English)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://legiscan.com/GA/text/SB315/2017","Bill - SB 315 - Computer crime (n English)"],
["https://matsne.gov.ge/en/document/download/16426/157/en/pdf","Criminal Code"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.iota-tax.org/news/taxation-digital-services-georgia#:~:text=Starting%20from%20October%201%2C%202021,shall%20register%20and%20pay%20Value","Tax Code of Georgia and Order № 996"]
]
},
"276": {
"countryName": "Germany",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_bgb/","The Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB)"],
["https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/vdg/BJNR274510017.html","The Vertrauensdienstegesetz (VDG)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_bgb/","The German Civil Code (“BGB”)"],
["https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_uwg/englisch_uwg.html","The Unfair Competition Act (“UWG”)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bdsg_2018/BJNR209710017.html","Bundesdatenschutzgesetz - BDSG (in German)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stgb/BJNR001270871.html","Penal Code, Strafgesetzbuch"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32006L0112","VAT Directive (2006/112/EC), the Council Implementing Regulation (EU 282/2011)"]
]
},
"288": {
"countryName": "Ghana",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://cyrilla.org/pt/entity/ev6gjrliya/text-search?searchTerm=access%20to%20info&file=15991654684586qaon7fahe.pdf&page=3","Electronic Transactions Act, 2008"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["#","Electronic Transactions Act, of 2008 (Act 772)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["http://media.mofo.com/files/PrivacyLibrary/3981/GHANAbill.pdf","Data Protection Act (Act No. 843) 2012 - DPA (in English)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://csdsafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Cybersecurity-Act-2020-Act-1038.pdf","Cybersecurity Act 2020"],
["https://nita.gov.gh/theevooc/2017/12/Electronic-Communications-Act-775.pdf","Electronic Communication Act 2008 Act No. 775 (In English)"],
["https://ir.parliament.gh/bitstream/handle/123456789/1813/ELECTRONIC%20TRANSACTIONS%20ACT%2C%202008%20%28ACT%20772%29.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","Electronic Transactions Act 2008, Act No. 772 (in English)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://gra.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Value-Added-Tax-Amendment-Act-2022-Act-1082.pdf","Value Added Tax (Amendment) Act 2022 (Act 1082)"]
]
},
"300": {
"countryName": "Greece",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.kodiko.gr/nomothesia/document/642277/apofaseis-837-2017","Decision No. 837/1B/2017. “Regulation for the Provision of Trust Services” (Government Gazette 4396/B/14-12-2017) EETT Regulation)"],
["https://www.kodiko.gr/nomothesia/document/640620/nomos-4727-2020","Law 4727/2020 on digital governance and electronic communications (Government Gazette A’ 184/23.09.2020)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.kodiko.gr/nomothesia/document/792152/nomos-4933-2022","Law 4933/2022"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.dpa.gr/APDPXPortlets/htdocs/documentSDisplay.jsp?docid=66,121,83,229,125,127,247,242","Law No. 4624/2019 Hellenic Data Protection Authority (HDPA) (in Greek)"],
["https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32016R0679","The General Data Protection Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2016/679) (GDPR)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["http://www.cybercc.gr/en/legislation/","Criminal Code"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"308": {
"countryName": "Grenada",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://grenadaparliament.gd/storage/2021/08/Act-No.-21-of-2013-Electronic-Transactions.pdf","Electronic Transactions Act, 2013"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://grenadaparliament.gd/storage/2021/09/Virtual_Asset_Business_Bill_20211.pdf","Virtual Assets Business Act 2021"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://grenadaparliament.gd/ova_doc/data-protection-bill-08032023-with-final-hor-amendments/","Data Protection Act, No. 1 of 2023"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://grenadaparliament.gd/storage/2021/08/Act-No.-23-of-2013-Electronic-Crimes-Act.pdf","Electronic Crimes Act Act No. 23 of 2013"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"320": {
"countryName": "Guatemala",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.congreso.gob.gt/assets/uploads/info_legislativo/decretos/2008/47-2008.pdf","Decreto No. 47-2008 Ley para el Reconocimiento de las Comunicaciones y Firmas Electrónicas (in Spanish)"],
["https://www.rpsc.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/LEY-PARA-EL-RECONOCIMIENTO-DE-LAS-COMUNICACIONES-Y-FIRMAS-ELECTRONICAS-19-11-2020.pdf","Ley para el Reconocimiento de las Comunicaciones y Firmas Electrónicas No135/2009 (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.mineduc.gob.gt/CENTROS_EDUCATIVOS_PRIVADOS/documents/Ley_de_protecci%C3%B3n_al_consumidor_y_usuario.pdf","Ley de Protección al Consumidor y Usuario. Decreto 06-2003 (in Spanish)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www-congreso-gob-gt.translate.goog/detalle_pdf/iniciativas/5971?_x_tr_sl=es&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc#gsc.tab=0","iniciativa de ley presentada por el representante jose alejandro de leon maldonado."]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.soy502.com/sites/default/files/decreto-39-2022.pdf","Decreto 39-2022, Ley de Prevención y Protección Contra la Ciberdelincuencia"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.leyestributariasguatemala.com/criterios-sat/criterio-sat-2-2017","Criterion 2-2017"],
["https://www.tse.org.gt/images/UECFFPP/leyes/decreto_27-92-iva.pdf","Ley del Impuesto al Valor Agregado, VAT Act 27-92"]
]
},
"324": {
"countryName": "Guinea",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.arpt.gov.gn/loi-2016-035-an-relative-aux-transactions-electroniques/","Loi sur les transactions électroniques 35/2016 (in French)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://cyrilla.org/fr/entity/1wwmph3f444","Law L/2016/035/AN of 28 July 2016 on electronic transactions"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://mpten.gov.gn/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/loi_l2016037an_relative_a_la_cybersecurite_et_protection_des_do.pdf","Loi L/2016/037/AN relative à la cyber-sécurité et la protection des données à caractère personnel (in French)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.afapdp.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Guinee-loi_2016037an_relative_a_la_cybersecurite_et_protection_des_donees.pdf","Loi No. 37/2016 Relative à la cyber sécurité (in French)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"624": {
"countryName": "Guinea-Bissau",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://arn.gw/activeapp/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/3.-%C2%A6SUP.-B.-O.-N.-%C2%A6-21-2010.pdf","Law nº 5/2010, of May 27 [Official Bulletin n°21] Relating to the Fundamentals Law of Information and Communication Technology (ICT)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": false,
"Cybercrime": false,
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"328": {
"countryName": "Guyana",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://officialgazette.gov.gy/images/gazette2023/aug/Extra_16AUGUST2024Act12of2023.pdf","Electronic Communications and Transactions Act 12 of 2023"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["http://parliament.gov.gy/publications/acts-of-parliament/consumer-affairs-act-2011/","Consumer Affairs Act 2011 (in English)"],
["https://www.parliament.gov.gy/publications/acts-of-parliament/electroniccommunicationsandtransactionsact12of2023","Electronic Communications and Transactions Act 12 of 2023"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.parliament.gov.gy/chamber-business/bill-status/dataprotectionbill2023"," Data Protection Bill No. 14 of 2023"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://officialgazette.gov.gy/images/gazettes-files/Extra_13AUG2018Act16of2018.pdf","Cybercrime Act 2018"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"332": {
"countryName": "Haiti",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://www.omrh.gouv.ht/Media/Publications/3-Decrets/moniteur_20_29012016.pdf","Décret du 29 janvier 2016 portant sur la signature électronique (in French)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": false,
"Cybercrime": false,
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"340": {
"countryName": "Honduras",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://www.informatica-juridica.com/ley/law-no-20-of-2014-concerning-electronic-transactions/","Ley No. 202014 Sobre Comercio Electrónico (in English)"],
["http://www.notarioshonduras.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Ley-Firmas-electronicas.pdf","Ley Sobre Firma Electrónicas - Descreto No. 149-2013 (in Spanish)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.tsc.gob.hn/web/leyes/Acuerdo-084-2021.pdf","Reglamento de la ley de protección al consumidor"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["http://www.oas.org/es/sla/ddi/docs/H2%20LeyDeTransparencia.pdf","Ley de trasnparencia y accesso a la información pública DECRETO No. 170‐2006 (in Spanish)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.tsc.gob.hn/web/leyes/Decreto_130-2017.pdf","Codigo Penal de Honduras (in Spanish)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"348": {
"countryName": "Hungary",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://net.jogtar.hu/jogszabaly?docid=a1400045.kor","45/2014. (II. 26.) Government Decree the detailed rules of contracts between the consumer and the business (in Hungarian)"],
["http://njt.hu/cgi_bin/njt_doc.cgi?docid=193173.377340","Act CCXXII of 2015 on the general rules of e-administration and trust services (in Hungarian)"],
["http://njt.hu/cgi_bin/njt_doc.cgi?docid=57566.370194","Act CVIII of 2001 on Electronic Commerce and on Information Society Services (in Hungarian)"],
["https://tdziegler.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/civil_code.pdf","Act V of 2013 on the Civil Code: Chapter XVI
Special Provisions Relating to Contracts Concluded by Electronic Means (Section 6:82-6:85) (in Hungarian)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["http://njt.hu/cgi_bin/njt_doc.cgi?docid=30909.370304 ","Act CLV of 1997 on Consumer Protection (in Hungarian)"],
["http://njt.hu/cgi_bin/njt_doc.cgi?docid=199343.331821","Government Decree 453/2016. (XII.19.) on the amendments of Government Decree No. 45/2014. (II.26.) (in Hungarian)"],
["http://njt.hu/cgi_bin/njt_doc.cgi?docid=199002.370459","Government Decree No. 387/2016. (XII.2.) on the Designation of the Consumer Protection Authority (in Hungarian)"],
["http://njt.hu/cgi_bin/njt_doc.cgi?docid=167547.349711","Government Decree No. 45/2014. (II.26) on the Detailed Provisions of Contracts Concluded between Consumers and Companies (in Hungarian)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["http://njt.hu/translated/doc/J2011T0112P_20200101_FIN.PDF ","Act CXII of 2011 on the right to informational self-determination and on the freedom of information (in Hungarian)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://thb.kormany.hu/download/a/46/11000/Btk_EN.pdf","Act C of 2012 on the Criminal Code (in English)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32006L0112","VAT Directive (2006/112/EC), the Council Implementing Regulation (EU 282/2011)"]
]
},
"352": {
"countryName": "Iceland",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.stjornarradid.is/media/atvinnuvegaraduneyti-media/media/Acrobat/Act-No-30-2002-on-Electronic-Commerce-and-other-Electronic-Services.pdf","Act No 30/2002 on Electronic
Commerce and other Electronic Services"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.althingi.is/lagas/150b/2003048.html","Consumer purchase"],
["https://www.althingi.is/lagas/nuna/2016016.html","Consumer Rights"],
["https://www.althingi.is/lagas/nuna/2005057.html","Unfair commercial practices"],
["https://www.althingi.is/lagas/nuna/2002030.html","Law on electronic commerce and other electronic services 30/2002"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.althingi.is/lagas/149a/2018090.html","Act No. 90/2018 on Data Protection and the Processing of Personal Data (in Icelandic: Lög nr. 90/2018 um persónuvernd og vinnslu persónuupplýsinga) (the “Data Protection Act”)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.government.is/library/Files/General_Penal_Code_sept.-2015.pdf","General Penal Code (in English)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"356": {
"countryName": "India",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://meity.gov.in/content/information-technology-act-2000","Information Technology Act 2000 (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["http://www.consumeraffairs.nic.in/","The Consumer Protection Act 2019"],
["https://consumeraffairs.nic.in/theconsumerprotection/consumer-protection-e-commerce-rules-2020","Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Rules, 2020"],
["https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1999","Information Technology Act, 2000"],
["https://www.meity.gov.in/writereaddata/files/Information%20Technology%20%28Intermediary%20Guidelines%20and%20Digital%20Media%20Ethics%20Code%29%20Rules%2C%202021%20%28updated%2006.04.2023%29-.pdf","\"The Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021"],
["https://enforcementdirectorate.gov.in/sites/default/files/Act%26rules/Foreign%20Exchange%20Management%20%28Non-Debt%20Instrument%29%20Rules%2C%202019%20-%20without%20amendment_2.pdf","Foreign Exchange Management (Non - Debt Instruments) Rules, 2019"],
["https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/19664/1/legalmetrology_act_2009.pdf","Legal Metrology Act, 2009"],
["https://wbconsumers.gov.in/writereaddata/ACT%20&%20RULES/Relevant%20Act%20&%20Rules/Sales%20of%20Goods%20Act,%201930.pdf","The Sale of Goods Act, 1930"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://prsindia.org/billtrack/digital-personal-data-protection-bill-2023","Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Bill"],
["https://www.dataguidance.com/sites/default/files/in098en.pdf","Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules, 2011 (SPDI Rules)"],
["https://eprocure.gov.in/cppp/rulesandprocs/kbadqkdlcswfjdelrquehwuxcfmijmuixngudufgbuubgubfugbububjxcgfvsbdihbgfGhdfgFHytyhRtMjk4NzY=#:~:text=%5B9th%20June%2C%202000%5D%20An,communication%20and%20storage%20of%20information%2C","Information Technology Act 2000 (in English)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.meity.gov.in/writereaddata/files/itact2000/it_amendment_act2008.pdf","The Information Technology Act of 2000, amended in 2008 - ITA (in English)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://icmai.in/upload/Taxation/Top_Stories/ITN/ITN_2205_2023.pdf","Notification No. 34/2023-CUSTOMS (N.T)"],
["https://gstcouncil.gov.in/282023-central-tax-dt31-jul-2023","Notification No.28/2023-Central Tax"],
["https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2023/248183.pdf","The Central Goods and Services Tax (Amendment) Act, 2023"],
["https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/Finance_Bill.pdf","The Finance Bill, 2023"],
["https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2023/248184.pdf","The Integrated Goods and Services Tax (Amendment) Act, 2023"]
]
},
"360": {
"countryName": "Indonesia",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/indonesia/8999766/act-no.-19-year-2016.html","Indonesian Law Number 19 of 2016 governing cyberspace"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["#","Government Regulation (PP) No. 80/2019 Concerning Trading Through Electronic Systems/Minister of Trade Regulation (Permendag) No. 50/2020"],
["https://www.aseanconsumer.org/file/pdf_file/04%20Law-No.-8-Concerning-Consumer-Protection.pdf","Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://jdih.setkab.go.id/PUUdoc/176837/Salinan_UU_Nomor_27_Tahun_2022.pdf","Law No. 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection (PDP Law)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/indonesia/8999766/act-no.-19-year-2016.html"," Law No.19/2016 (Electronic Information and Transactions Law)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/indonesia-issues-implementing-regulation-e-commerce-sector-key-features/","Regulation 50 of 2020"],
["https://peraturan.go.id/files2/permenkeu-no-48-pmk-03-2020-tahun-2020_terjemah.pdf","Regulation No. 48/PMK.03/2020"],
["https://www.taxathand.com/article/23201/Indonesia/2022/Regulations-governing-VAT-and-income-tax-treatment-of-cryptoasset-trading-issued","Regulation No. 68/PMK.03/2022"],
["https://www.pwc.com/id/en/taxflash/assets/english/2020/taxflash-2020-26.pdf","Regulation No. PER-12/PJ/2020"]
]
},
"364": {
"countryName": "Iran (Islamic Republic of)",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/ir/ir008en.pdf","The Electronic Commerce Law, 2004 (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://wipolex-res.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/ir/ir008en.html","Electronic Commerce Law and Consumer Rights Protection Act 2009"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["#"," Bill - Protection of Data and Privacy in the Cyber Space 2018"],
["http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/91715/106512/F1311829502/IRN91715.pdf","Electronic Commerce Law - General Law (in Persian)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://wwwex.ilo.org/dyn/natlex2/natlex2/files/download/91715/IRN91715.pdf","Law No. 71063 on Computer Crimes"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"368": {
"countryName": "Iraq",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.lexismiddleeast.com/eJournal/2016-04-05_52","Electronic payment Services Regulation No. 3 of 2014 (in English)"],
["https://iraqidinar.forumotion.com/t4371-the-law-of-electronic-signature-and-electronic-transactions","E-Signature Law of Iraq
no. ( 78) of 2012"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/irq149741.pdf","Consumer Protection Law No. (1) of 2010"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": false,
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/07/iraq-draft-laws-threaten-rights-to-freedom-of-expression-and-peaceful-assembly/","Draft Law on Cybercrimes"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"372": {
"countryName": "Ireland",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2000/en/act/pub/0027/print.html","Electronic Commerce Act, 2000 (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2014/act/29/enacted/en/","Competition and Consumer Protection Act 2014"],
["https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/legislation/legislation-files/european-union-consumer-information-cancellation-and-other-rights-regulations-2013-s-i-no-484-of-2013-.pdf","S.I. No. 484 of 2013"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2018/act/7/enacted/en/print","Data Protection Act 2018 (the “2018 Act”)"],
["https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2019/act/5/enacted/en/html?q=data+sharing+and+governance+","Data Sharing and Governance Act 2019"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2017/act/11/enacted/en/html","Criminal Justice (Offences Relating to Information Systems) Act 2017"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32006L0112","VAT Directive (2006/112/EC), the Council Implementing Regulation (EU 282/2011)"]
]
},
"376": {
"countryName": "Israel",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://portal.mycertiphi.com/documents/ESIGN_Israel.pdf","Electronic Signature Law, 5761-2001 (in English, unofficial translation)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/il/il026en.pdf","Consumer Protection Law, 5741-1981"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["#","Protection of Privacy Bill (Amendment No. 14), 5772-2021 (“Amendment 14”)"],
["https://www.gov.il/BlobFolder/legalinfo/legislation/en/ProtectionofPrivacyLaw57411981unofficialtranslatio.pdf","The Protection of Privacy Law, 1981 (\"Privacy Law\")"],
["https://www.gov.il/BlobFolder/legalinfo/data_security_regulation/en/PROTECTION%20OF%20PRIVACY%20REGULATIONS.pdf","The Protection of Privacy Regulations (Data Security), 2017 (\"Data Security Regulations\")"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/uploads/res/document/computer-law_html/Israel_Computers_Law_5755_1995.pdf","Computers Law of 1995 (in English)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.law.co.il/en/news/2016/04/11/Israeli-Guidelines-for-Taxing-Foreign-Companies-Online/","Circular 4/2016 “Online Activities of Foreign Corporations in Israel”, Value Added Tax Law, 1975"]
]
},
"380": {
"countryName": "Italy",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.agid.gov.it/it/agenzia/strategia-quadro-normativo/codice-amministrazione-digitale","Codice dell'amministrazione digitale"],
["https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2013/05/21/13A04284/sg","Presidential Decree 22 February 2013, “Technical rules on advanced electronic signature, qualified electronic signatures and digital signature"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["http://www.codicedelconsumo.it/Codice_del_consumo_english_version.pdf","Consumer Code - Legislative Decree no. 206 of 6 September 2005 - Part III - Title III - Chap I Consumer Rights (in English)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/atto/serie_generale/caricaDettaglioAtto/originario?atto.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=2018-09-04&atto.codiceRedazionale=18G00129&elenco30giorni=true","Legislative Decree No. 101/2018 setting out rules adapting Italian law to the GDPR, which amended Legislative Decree No. 196/2003 setting out the Italian privacy code (the “Italian Privacy Code”)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/legislation/details/2532","Law No. 547 of December 23, 1993, on Amendments to the Provisions of the Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure in Relation to Computer Criminality"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32006L0112","VAT Directive (2006/112/EC), the Council Implementing Regulation (EU 282/2011)"]
]
},
"388": {
"countryName": "Jamaica",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://laws.moj.gov.jm/library/statute/the-electronic-transactions-act","Electronic Transactions Act No 15 of 2006 (in English) (last amendment 2014)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://laws.moj.gov.jm/library/statute/the-consumer-protection-act","Consumer Protection Act, Act 9 of 1 June 2005 (in English) ammended 2015."]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://japarliament.gov.jm/attachments/article/341/The%20Data%20Protection%20Act,%202020%20No.%207.pdf","Data Protection Act 2020"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://japarliament.gov.jm/attachments/article/341/The%20Cybercrimes%20Act,%202015-final%20No.31.pdf","Cybercrimes Act 2015"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"392": {
"countryName": "Japan",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://www.cas.go.jp/jp/seisaku/hourei/data/aescb.pdf","Law Concerning Electronic Signatures and Certification Services, Law No. 102 of 2000 (in English, unofficial translation)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["#","Act for the Protection of Consumers who use Digital Platforms (Act No. 32 of 10 May 2021)"],
["http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/detail/?\nre=01&dn=1&x=0&y=0&co=1&ia=03&yo=&gn=&sy=&ht\n=&no=&bu=&ta=&ky=%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB%E8%\n80%85%E5%A5%91%E7%B4%84%E6%B3%95&page=1\n1","Act on Special Provisions to the Civil Code on Electronic Consumer Contracts (Act No. 95 of 29 June 2001) (Electronic Contract Act)"],
["http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/detail/?\nre=01&dn=1&x=0&y=0&co=1&ia=03&yo=&gn=&sy=&ht\n=&no=&bu=&ta=&ky=%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB%E8%\n80%85%E5%A5%91%E7%B4%84%E6%B3%95&page=1\n7","Act on Specified Commercial Transactions (Act No. 57 of 4 June 1976)"],
["http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/detail/?\nre=01&dn=1&x=0&y=0&co=1&ia=03&yo=&gn=&sy=&ht\n=&no=&bu=&ta=&ky=%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB%E8%\n80%85%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%B3%95&page=\n9","Basic Act on Consumer Policies"],
["http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/detail_download/?ff=09&id=2036","Consumer Contracts Act (Act No. 61 of 12 May 2000)"],
["https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/3339/en","Basic Act on the Formation of an Advanced Information and Telecommunications Network Society"],
["https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/3339/en","Unfair Competition Prevention Act"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["http://www.cas.go.jp/jp/seisaku/hourei/data/APPI.pdf","Act on the Protection of Personal Information (Act No. 57 of 2003; the “APPI”)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/download/3933/09/h11Aa001280401en14.0_h25A28.pdf","Act on prohibition of unauthorized computer access"],
["http://www.cas.go.jp/jp/seisaku/hourei/data/PC.pdf","Penal Code (in English, unofficial translation)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.mof.go.jp/english/policy/tax_policy/tax_reform/fy2023/05keyhighlight.pdf","FY2023 Tax Reform (Proposals)"],
["https://www.vatcalc.com/japan/japan-consumption-tax-on-digital-services-update/","Japanese Consumption Tax, 2015"]
]
},
"400": {
"countryName": "Jordan",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://abj.org.jo/download/electronic-transactions-law-law-no-15-of-2015","Law No. 15 of 2015 concerning Electronic Transactions"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.mit.gov.jo/Pages/viewpage?pageID=168","Consumer Protection law no. 7 by the year 2017"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.modee.gov.jo/ebv4.0/root_storage/en/eb_list_page/pdpl.pdf","Personal Data Protection Law No. (24) of 2023"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://perma.cc/7RSM-6S4K","Electronic Crimes Law (No. 17 of 2023)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"398": {
"countryName": "Kazakhstan",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://cis-legislation.com/document.fwx?rgn=80847"," Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan about Informatization"],
["http://cis-legislation.com/document.fwx?rgn=3148","Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan About the Electronic
Document and Electronic Digital Signature, 2003 (amended in 2020)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://cis-legislation.com/document.fwx?rgn=31140","Law of the republic of Kazakhstan of May 4, 2010 No. 274-IV ZRK About consumer protection (as amended on 19-04-2023)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["http://www.ilo.ch/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/96710/143635/F-393049228/KAZ-96710.pdf","Law No.94-V ZRK of 21 May 2013 on the Protection of Personal Data."]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://adilet.zan.kz/eng/docs/K970000167_","Criminal Code of Kazakhstan /Chapter 7 (In English, unofficial translation)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"404": {
"countryName": "Kenya",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://kenyalaw.org/kl/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/AmendmentActs/2020/BusinessLawsAmendmentAct2020.PDF","Business Laws Amendment Act"],
["https://infotradekenya.go.ke/media/Kenya%20Information%20Communications%20ACT.pdf","Kenya Information and Communication Act, Rev. 2009 (in English)"],
["http://kenyalaw.org/kl/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/AmendmentActs/2013/KenyaInformationandCommunications_Amendment_Act2013.pdf","Kenya Information and
Communications (Amendment) Act, 2013"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["http://www.parliament.go.ke/node/2568","Consumer Protection Act 2012"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["http://kenyalaw.org/kl/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/Acts/2019/TheDataProtectionAct__No24of2019.pdf","The Data Protection Act, 2019 (in English)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://nc4.go.ke/the-computer-misuse-and-cybercrimes-act/","Computer Misuse and Cybercrimes Act - CMCA"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://kra.go.ke/images/publications/Finance--Act-2022.pdf","Finance Bill 2022"],
["http://kenyalaw.org/kl/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/LegalNotices/2023/LN29_2023.pdf","Value Added Tax (Electronic, Internet
and Digital Marketplace Supply) Regulations, 2023,"]
]
},
"296": {
"countryName": "Kiribati",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.president.gov.ki/images/Gazettes/gaz2021/Electronic_Transactions_Act_2021.pdf","Electronic Transactions Act, 2021"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://mcic.gov.ki/consumer-protection-unit/","Consumer Protection Act 2001"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": false,
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.mict.gov.ki/publications/cybercrime-act-2021","Cybercrime Act 2021"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"414": {
"countryName": "Kuwait",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://www.informatica-juridica.com/ley/law-no-20-of-2014-concerning-electronic-transactions/","Law No. 20 of 2014 concerning Electronic Transactions (in Arabic)."]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/99831/119287/F-211409354/ku%201187.pdf","Law No. 39 of 2014 on Consumer Protection & Executive Regulation (2015)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.citra.gov.kw/sites/en/LegalReferences/Data_Privacy_Protection_Regulation.pdf","Decision No. 42 of 2021 on Data Privacy Protection Regulation"],
["http://www.informatica-juridica.com/etiqueta/law-no-20-of-2014-concerning-electronic-transactions/","Kuwait Law No. 20 of 2014, on Electronic Transactions (the “E-Commerce Law”)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.e.gov.kw/sites/kgoenglish/Forms/CAITLawNo.63of2015oncombatingInformationTechnologyCrimes.pdf","Law No. 63 /2015 combating cybercrimes (In arabic)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"418": {
"countryName": "Lao People's Democratic Republic",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://laoofficialgazette.gov.la/kcfinder/upload/files/Decree%20on%20Electronic%20Commerce%20No.296%20-%20Reduced.pdf","Decree on E-Commerce No. 296/GOV, 2021"],
["http://www.laoservicesportal.gov.la/index.php?r=site%2Fdisplaylegal&id=424","Law on Electronic Signatures (№ 59/NA, 12 December 2018) (“E-Signature Law”)"],
["https://laoofficialgazette.gov.la/kcfinder/upload/files/Law%20on%20Electronic%20Transactions%20.pdf","Law on Electronic Transactions No. 20/NA, 2012"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.vdb-loi.com/laos_publication/lao-pdrs-new-e-commerce-decree-what-to-look-out-for/","Decree on E-Commerce No. 296/GOV dated 12 April 2021 (“the Decree”)."],
["https://www.laotradeportal.gov.la/en-gb/site/display/1456","Law on Consumer Protection, 2010"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://laoofficialgazette.gov.la/kcfinder/upload/files/0918570.pdf","Law on Electronic Data Protection"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["http://www.laocert.gov.la/ftp_upload/Cyber_Crime_Law_EnVersion.pdf","Law no 61/NA on Prevention and Combating Cybercrime"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.laotradeportal.gov.la/en-gb/site/display/2569","Notification on the Implementation of the Tax Obligations of the E-Commerce and Digital Platform No. 0541/MOF, dated 24 February 2022"]
]
},
"428": {
"countryName": "Latvia",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://likumi.lv/ta/id/68521-elektronisko-dokumentu-likums","Eletronic Documents Act"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://likumi.lv/ta/en/en/id/23309-consumer-rights-protection-law","Consumer Rights Protection Law (in English)"],
["https://likumi.lv/ta/id/167759-negodigas-komercprakses-aizlieguma-likums","Unfair Commercial Practices Prohibition Law (UCPPL)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://likumi.lv/ta/en/en/id/300099-personal-data-processing-law","Personal Data Processing Law"],
["https://likumi.lv/ta/en/en/id/300099-personal-data-processing-law","Personal Data Processing Law (“PDPL”)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://likumi.lv/ta/en/en/id/88966-the-criminal-law","Criminal Code"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32006L0112","VAT Directive (2006/112/EC), the Council Implementing Regulation (EU 282/2011)"]
]
},
"422": {
"countryName": "Lebanon",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://cyrilla.org/en/entity/vrlqtpwf7ss","Law No. 81 Relating to Electronic Transactions and Personal Data"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.economy.gov.lb/en/what-we-provide/consumer-protection/legislation/","Conumer protection law number 659"],
["https://www.economy.gov.lb/en/what-we-provide/consumer-protection/legislation/","Promulgating Decree No.3380 for the year 2016 on the
advertisement of goods and services"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://cyrilla.org/api/files/1588765194459b2ei80i27m.pdf","Law No. 81/2018 relating to Electronic Transactions and Personal Data Law"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://cyrilla.org/en/entity/vrlqtpwf7ss","Law no 81/2018 relating to Electronic Transaction and Personal Data (in English)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"426": {
"countryName": "Lesotho",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://tradecca.thecommonwealth.org/document/lesotho-electronic-transactions-and-electronic-commerce-bill#:~:text=(1)%20A%20supplier%20offering%20goods,sufficient%20description%20of%20the%20main","Lesotho Electronic Transactions and Electronic Commerce Bill 2013"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["#"," Electronic Transactions and Electronic Commerce Bill"],
["https://www.centralbank.org.ls/images/Legislation/Supervision/Acts/Financial_Sector_All/Financial_Consumer_Protection_Act_7_of_2022.pdf","Financial Consumer Protection Act 2022"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["http://www.nic.ls/lsnic/community/policies/Data_Protection_Act_2011_Lesotho.pdf","Data Protection Act No. 19 2012 (in English)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["#","Computer Crime and Security Bill 2023 (Draft)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"430": {
"countryName": "Liberia",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/lbr_e/WTACCLBR15_LEG_18.pdf","Electronic Transactions Law, 2002 (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": false,
"Cybercrime": [
["https://mopt.gov.lr/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Final-Version-Cyber-Crime-Act-MOPT.pdf","Draft Cybercrime Act, 2021"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"434": {
"countryName": "Libya",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://lawsociety.ly/en/legislation/law-no-6-of-2022-concerning-electronic-transactions/","Law No. 6 of 2022 concerning Electronic Transactions"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://lawsociety.ly/en/legislation/law-no-6-of-2022-concerning-electronic-transactions/","Law No. 6 of 2022 concerning Electronic Transactions"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": false,
"Cybercrime": [
["https://lawsociety.ly/en/legislation/law-no-5-of-2022-regarding-combating-cybercrimes/","Law No. 5 of 2022- Regarding Combatting Cybcercrime"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"438": {
"countryName": "Liechtenstein",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.gesetze.li/konso/2003.215","Gesetz vom 18. September 2003 über elektronische Signaturen - Signaturgesetz (in German)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.ecolex.org/details/legislation/consumer-protection-act-lex-faoc166367/","The Liechtenstein Consumer Protection Act (KSchG)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.gesetze.li/konso/2018272000?search_text=datenschutz&search_loc=titel&lrnr=&lgblid_von=&observe_date=11.04.2019","Datenschutzgesetz (the “Data Protection Act”)"],
["https://www.gesetze.li/konso/2018415000?search_text=datenschutz&search_loc=titel&lrnr=&lgblid_von=&observe_date=11.04.2019","Datenschutzverordnung (the “Privacy Regulation”)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["http://www.llv.li/files/rdr/StGB-01%2001%202013.pdf","Criminal Code 1987 - Strafgesetzbuch, June 24, 1987, as amended, LR 311.0 (in German)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/2009/615/en","Value Added Tax Act, (VAT Act)"]
]
},
"440": {
"countryName": "Lithuania",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.e-tar.lt/portal/lt/legalAct/TAR.8A39C83848CB","Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania"],
["https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/994308704dfa11e88525a4bc7611b788","electronic identification and electronic operations reliability assurance services"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/e86e8310231911e6acbed8d454428fb7?jfwid=181l7lifma","Law on Consumer Protection (in English)"],
["https://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter3/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=315866","Law on the Unfair Commercial Practices (Consumer Protection)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=202094","Law on Legal Protection of Personal Data (in English)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/uploads/res/document/ltu/criminal_code_of_lithuania_html/Lithuania_Criminal_Code_2000_as_amd_2010.pdf","Criminal Code 2000 (in English)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32006L0112","VAT Directive (2006/112/EC), the Council Implementing Regulation (EU 282/2011)"]
]
},
"442": {
"countryName": "Luxembourg",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/code/civil/20200101","Article 1322-1 Code civil"],
["http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/loi/2000/08/14/n8/jo","Loi du 14 août 2000 relative au commerce électronique (in French)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/loi/2022/11/30/a591/jo","Law of November 30, 2022 amending the Consumer Code for the purposes of transposing Directive (EU) 2019/2161 of the European Parliament and of the Council of November 27, 2019 amending Council Directive 93/13/EEC and Directives 98/ 6/EC, "]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/loi/2018/08/01/a686/jo","Law of 1 August 2018 organising the National Commission on Data Protection and implementing the GDPR (the “Data Protection Law”)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/loi/2014/07/18/n1/jo","Loi sur la cybercriminalité (in French)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32006L0112","VAT Directive (2006/112/EC), the Council Implementing Regulation (EU 282/2011) "]
]
},
"450": {
"countryName": "Madagascar",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://edbm.mg/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Loi-2014_024_transactions_electroniques.pdf","Law No. 24/2018 on electronic transaction (in French)"],
["https://edbm.mg/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Loi-2014_025_signature_electronique.pdf","Law No. 25/2014 on Electronic Signature (in French)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.ecolex.org/.../loi-n-2015-014-sur-les-garanties-et-la-protection-des-conso","Loi n°2015-014 du 10/08/2015 sur les garanties et la protection des consommateurs"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["http://www.afapdp.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Madagascar-L-2014-038-du-09-01-15-sur-la-protection-des-donn%C3%A9es-%C3%A0-caract%C3%A8re-personnel.pdf","Law No. 38/2014 Protection of personal data (in French)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["http://www.afapdp.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Loi-n%C2%B02014-006_fr.pdf","Law No. 2014-006 on Combating Cybercrime"],
["http://www.justice.mg/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/L2016-031.pdf","Law No. 2016-031"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"454": {
"countryName": "Malawi",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://media.malawilii.org/files/legislation/akn-mw-act-2016-33-eng-2017-12-31.pdf","Electronic Transactions and Cyber Securiy Act, 2016"]
],
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.macra.org.mw/?wpdmpro=electronic-transaction-and-cyber-security-act-2016","Electronic Transactions and Cyber Security Act, 2016 (in English)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://malawilii.org/akn/mw/act/2016/33/eng@2017-12-31","Electronic Transactions and Cyber Security Act 2016 (No. 33 of 2016)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"458": {
"countryName": "Malaysia",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/my/my058en.pdf","Digital Signature Act 1997 (in English)"],
["https://aseanconsumer.org/file/post_image/Act%20658%20-%20Electronic%20Commerce%20Act%202006.pdf","Electronic Commerce Act 2006"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://aseanconsumer.org/file/post_image/Consumer%20Protection%20(Electronic%20Trade%20Transactions)%20Regulations%202012.pdf","Consumer Protection (Electronic Trade Transactions) Regulations 2012"],
["http://www.commonlii.org/my/legis/consol_act/eca2006182/","Electronic Commerce Act 2006"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["http://www.kkmm.gov.my/pdf/Personal%20Data%20Protection%20Act%202010.pdf","Personal Data Protection Act 2010 (in English)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://ccid.rmp.gov.my/Laws/Computer_Crime_Act_1997.pdf","Computer Crimes Act 1997 (in English)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://mysst.customs.gov.my/assets/document/SST%20Act/Sales%20Tax%20(Amendment)%20Act%202022.pdf","Sales Tax (Amendment) Bill 2022"]
]
},
"462": {
"countryName": "Maldives",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.gazette.gov.mv/gazette/6390","Electronic Transactions Bill (Law No: 2/2022)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.environment.gov.mv/v2/en/download/20154","Privacy and Personal Data Protection Bill (Draft)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["#","Maldives Penal Code (2023 amendment)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"466": {
"countryName": "Mali",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://ictpolicyafrica.org/fr/document/f74jabga6q9","Loi ° 2016-012/ du 6 mai 2016 Relative aux Transactions Echanges et Services Electroniques (in French)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["http://www.afapdp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Mali-Loi-sur-la-protection-des-donn%C3%A9es-personnelles-du-21-mai-2013.pdf","Loi sur la protection des données à caractère personnel - Loi n° 2013-015 du 21 mai 2013 (in French)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.malibuzz.tv/loi-n2019-056-du-05-decembre-2019-portant-repression-de-la-cybercriminalite-au-mali/","Loi No. 056 du 05 Décembre 2019 Portant Répression De La Cybercriminalité Au Mali (in French)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"470": {
"countryName": "Malta",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://legislation.mt/eli/cap/426/eng/pdf","Electronic Commerce Act 2002 (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://legislation.mt/eli/cap/378/eng/pdf","Consumer Affairs Act (Chapter 378 of the Laws of Malta) and any regulations made thereunder"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://maltacvs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Data-Protection-Act.pdf","Data Protection Act, Cap 586 (in English)"],
["idpc.org.mt/en/Legislation/SL%20586.09.pdf","SL 586.09 Restriction of the Data Protection (Obligations and Rights) Regulations"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://legislation.mt/eli/cap/9/eng","Part II, Title IX, Sub-title V on Computer Misuse (provisions 337B; 337C; 337D; 337E; 337F; 337G; 337H) of Criminal Law Code under Sub-title V"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32006L0112","VAT Directive (2006/112/EC), the Council Implementing Regulation (EU 282/2011)"]
]
},
"478": {
"countryName": "Mauritania",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.msgg.gov.mr/sites/default/files/2020-11/J.O.%201417F%20DU%2030.07.2018.pdf","Law No. 022-2018 relating to electronic transactions"],
["https://www.droit-afrique.com/uploads/Mauritanie-Loi-2021-14-services-moyens-paiement-electronique.pdf","loi 2021-014 relative aux services et moyens de paiement électronique"]
],
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["http://tic.gov.mr/IMG/pdf/imp1fr-2.pdf","Loi 2017-020 sur la protection des données à caractère personnel (in French)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["http://admin.theiguides.org/Media/Documents/mr007fr.pdf","Law No. 2016-007"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"480": {
"countryName": "Mauritius",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.mcci.org/media/36445/electronic-transaction-act-2000.pdf","Electronic Transactions Act 2000 (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://edbmauritius.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/e-Commerce-Scheme-Guideline-2021.pdf","The e-Commerce Scheme Guidelines"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/108724/134563/F686980207/MUS108724.pdf","Data Protection Act No. 20/2017 (in English)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/uploads/res/document/computer_misuse_and_cybercrime_act_2003_html/Computer_Misuse_and_Cybercrime_Act_2003.pdf","Computer Misuse and Cybercrime Act 2003 (in English)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.mra.mu/download/FA2020.pdf","Finance (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2020"]
]
},
"484": {
"countryName": "Mexico",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/2_110121.pdf","Código Civil Federal (in Spanish)"],
["https://mexico.justia.com/federales/codigos/codigo-de-comercio/","Código de Comercio (in Spanish)"],
["https://eservicios.impi.gob.mx/seimpi/ayudaSEIMPI/LFEA.pdf","Ley de Firma Electrónica Avanzada (in Spanish)"],
["https://platiica-economia-gob-mx.translate.goog/normalizacion/nmx-coe-001-scfi-2018/?_x_tr_sl=es&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc","NMX-COE-001-SCFI-2018, Comercio Electrónico (in Spanish)"],
["https://mexico.justia.com/federales/reglamentos/reglamento-del-codigo-de-comercio-en-materia-de-prestadores-de-servicios-de-certificacion/capitulo-iv/","Reglamento del Código de Comercio en materia de Prestadores de Servicios de Certificación (in Spanish)"],
["https://www.economia.gob.mx/files/transparencia/REGLA03.pdf","Reglas Generales a las que deberán sujetarse los Prestadores de Servicios de Certificación (in Spanish)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/ref/lfpc.htm","Ley Federal de Protección al Consumidor, última reforma 2018 (in Spanish)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5539473&fecha=28/09/20","Convenio para la Protección de las Personas con respecto al Tratamiento Automatizado de Datos de Carácter Personal y Protocolo Adicional al Convenio para la Protección de las Personas con Respecto al Tratamiento Automatizado de Datos de Carácter "],
["http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/LFPDPPP.pdf","Ley Federal de Protección de Datos Personales en Posesión de los Particulares 2010 (in Spanish)"],
["http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/LFTAIP_200521.pdf","Ley Federal de Transparencia y Acceso a la Información Pública (in Spanish)"],
["http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/LGPDPPSO.pdf","Ley General de Protección de Datos Personales en posesión de sujetos obligados (In Spanish)"],
["http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/LGTAIP_200521.pdf","Ley General de Transparencia y Acceso a la Información Pública (in Spanish)"],
["http://inicio.inai.org.mx/AcuerdosDelPleno/ACT-PUB-19-12-2017.10.pdf https://home.inai.org.mx/wp-content/documentos/AcuerdosDelPleno/ACT-PUB-11-11-2020.05.pdf","Lineamientos Generales de Protección de Datos Personales para el Sector Público (In Spanish)"],
["http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/regley/Reg_LFPDPPP.pdf","Reglamento Ley Federal de Protección de Datos Personales en Poesesión de Particulares (in Spanish)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.oas.org/juridico/spanish/mex_res13.pdf","Federal Criminal Code"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.sat.gob.mx/normatividad/12883/leyes","Ley del Impuesto al Valor Agregado"]
]
},
"492": {
"countryName": "Monaco",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://legimonaco.mc/tnc/loi/2011/08-02-1.383/","Draft Law No. 994 amending Act No. 1.383 of 2 August 2011 on Digital Economy"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://journaldemonaco.gouv.mc/Journaux/2019/Journal-8466/Loi-n-1.482-du-17-decembre-2019-pour-une-Principaute-numerique","Law n°1.482 of December 17, 2019"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://journaldemonaco.gouv.mc/Journaux/2018/Journal-8389/Loi-n-1.462-du-28-juin-2018-renforcant-le-dispositif-de-lutte-contre-le-blanchiment-de-capitaux-le-financement-du-terrorisme-et-la-corruption","Loi No. 1.165/1996 consolidée par la loi No.1,462/2018 (in French)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://journaldemonaco.gouv.mc/Journaux/2013/Journal-8152/Loi-n-1.402-du-5-decembre-2013-portant-approbation-de-ratification-de-la-Convention-sur-la-cybercriminalite-du-Conseil-de-l-Europe","Loi n° 1.402 du 5 décembre 2013 portant approbation de ratification de la Convention sur la cybercriminalité du Conseil de l’Europe"],
["https://legimonaco.mc/tnc/loi/2016/11-08-1.435/index.html","Loi No. 1.435 /2016 relative à la lutte contre la criminalité technologique (in French)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"496": {
"countryName": "Mongolia",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.legalinfo.mn/law/details/574?lawid=574"," Law of Mongolia About Electronic Signatures, 2011 (amended 2018)"],
["https://www.lawlove.org/Top8/viewContent.php?cmd=Claw_en&l=3&tid=058&bno=4675","Law of Mongolia on Electronic
Signature"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://legalinfo.mn/en/edtl/16760167801491","Law on electronic signatures, 2021"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.iaac.mn/old/pdf/law_en/6_law_on_the_information_transparency_and_right_to_information.pdf","Law of Mongolia on Personal Data Protection (the “Data Protection Law”)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/legislation/details/3041","Criminal Code of Mongolia"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"499": {
"countryName": "Montenegro",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://ecommerce4all.me/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2022/08/law-on-electronic-trade_en_zakon-o-elektronskoj-trgovini.pdf","E-commerce Law (2004)"],
["https://legalizacija.me/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/12.-Law-on-electronic-document.pdf","Electronic Document Law (2008)"],
["https://legalizacija.me/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/11.-Law-on-e-Signature.pdf","Electronic Signature Law (2005)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://ecommerce4all.me/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2022/08/law-on-consumer-protection-consolidated-en.pdf","Law on Consumer Protection"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["http://www.afapdp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Mont%C3%A9n%C3%A9gro-Personal-Data-Protection-Law-79-08-and-70-09.pdf"," Law on Protection of Personal Data No. 79/2009, 70/2009, 44/2012, 22/2017 (in English)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Montenegro-Criminal-Code-2003-eng.pdf","Criminal Code 2003 (in English)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwapi.gov.me%2Fdownload-preview%2F60bfafc3-da71-447e-ba11-559cfc28a6bf%3Fversion%3D1.0&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK","Law on Amendments to the VAT Law (hereinafter: the Law) published in the Official Gazette of Montenegro no. 50/2017"]
]
},
"504": {
"countryName": "Morocco",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.dgssi.gov.ma/index.php/fr/decret-ndeg-2-13-881-du-28-rabii-i-1436-20-janvier-2015-modifiant-et-completant-le","Decret relatif a l'échange électronique des données juridiques No 2-13-881 (In French)"],
["https://www.africa-laws.org/Morocco/Comercial%20law/Law%20n%C2%B043.20%20on%20trust%20services%20for%20electronic%20transactions%20(in%20Arabic).pdf","Law n° 43-20 relating to electronic transactions' trust services."]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.dgssi.gov.ma/sites/default/files/attached_files/l31-08_protection_consommateur.pdf","Law No. 31-08 on the protection of the consumer (in French)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.dgssi.gov.ma/sites/default/files/attached_files/loi_09-08protection_donnees_personnelles.pdf","Law No. 09-08/2009 on the protection of people toward data protection of a personal nature (in French)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://ictpolicyafrica.org/fr/document/s8yr3njtjo7","Law No. 07-03 of November 11, 2003"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"508": {
"countryName": "Mozambique",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.dataguidance.com/sites/default/files/electronic_transactions_law.pdf","Electronique transaction Act, Law no. 3/2017 (portuguese)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.dataguidance.com/sites/default/files/electronic_transactions_law.pdf","Law no. 03/2017 of 9 january"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": false,
"Cybercrime": [
["https://reformar.co.mz/documentos-diversos/lei-24-2019-lei-de-revisao-do-codigo-penal.pdf","Law n.º 24/2019"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"104": {
"countryName": "Myanmar",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.myanmartradeportal.gov.mm/en/legal/216","Electronic Transactions Law, as amanded in 2014 (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.commerce.gov.mm/en/article/ပို့ကုန်သွင်းကုန်နှင့်ပတ်သက်သော-သတင်းလွှာ/အီလက်ထရောနစ်နည်းလမ်းဖြင့်","E-commerce Guidelines"],
["https://wipolex-res.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/mm/mm046en.pdf","The Consumer Protection Law 2019 ( in Burmese)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": false,
"Cybercrime": [
["https://engagemedia.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/2022-MM-Cybersecurity-Law-ENG.pdf","Cyber Security Law (Draft)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"516": {
"countryName": "Namibia",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.lac.org.na/laws/annoSTAT/Electronic%20Transactions%20Act%204%20of%202019.pdf","The Electronic Transactions Act 4 of 2019 / ETA (GG 7068)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://action-namibia.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Data-Protection-Draft-Bill-March-2022....pdf","draft Data Protection Bill 2022 ('the Bill')"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://ictpolicyafrica.org/en/document/ggel4vdlal?page=1","The Cybercrime Bill, 2019 (Draft)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"524": {
"countryName": "Nepal",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://na.parliament.gov.np/uploads/attachments/o7vdqh0q7f63btub.pdf","Bill Related to E-commerce, 2080'"],
["https://radiantca.com.np/assets/nav_file/Electronic%20Transaction%20Act%202063.pdf","Electronic Transactions Act, 2063 (2008) (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["#","Bill Related to E-commerce, 2080"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["http://www.lawcommission.gov.np/en/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/The-Privacy-Act-2075-2018.pdf","Individual Privacy Act, 2018 (2075)"],
["https://www.lawcommission.gov.np/np/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%AD.pdf","Individual Privacy Regulation, 2020 (2077)"]
],
"Cybercrime": false,
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://ird.gov.np/public/pdf/20736049.pdf","Financial Act, 2021"]
]
},
"528": {
"countryName": "Netherlands",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://www.dutchcivillaw.com/civilcodebook066.htm","Article 3:15a Burgerlijk Wetboek -BW-"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://wetten.overheid.nl/jci1.3:c:BWBR0005291&z=2020","The Civil Code (“Burgerlijk wetboek”, BW)"],
["https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0020586/2022-05-28","The Consumer Protection Enforcement Act (“Wet handhaving consumentenbescherming”, Whc)"],
["#","The Decree on the Indication of Prices of Products (“Besluit prijsaanduiding producten”)"],
["https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0002353/2019-01-01/0/informatie","The Price Act (“Prijzenwet”, Pw)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0040940/2019-02-19","Uitvoeringswet Algemene Verordening Gegevensbescherming (General Data Protection Regulation Implementation Act) (the “Data Protection Act”)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0041515/2022-05-01","Act on the security of networks and information systems (Wet beveiliging netwerk- en informatiesystemen, Wbni"],
["http://www.ejtn.eu/PageFiles/6533/2014%20seminars/Omsenie/WetboekvanStrafrecht_ENG_PV.pdf","Criminal Code 1881 (in English)"],
["https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/uploads/res/document/nld/1881/telecommunications_act_of_the_netherlands_html/Netherlands_Telecommunications_Act_as_amd_2014.pdf","Telecommuication Act, 2014 (in English, unofficial translation)"],
["#","The Computer Crime Act III (Wet Computercriminaliteit III) (the Act)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32011R0282","VAT Directive (2006/112/EC), the Council Implementing Regulation (EU 282/2011)"]
]
},
"554": {
"countryName": "New Zealand",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2017/0005/21.0/DLM6844033.html","Commerce and Commercial Law Act 2017 (in English)"],
["https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2002/0035/latest/DLM154185.html","Electronic Transactions Act 2002"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1993/0091/latest/DLM311053.html","Consumer Guarantees Act (in English)"],
["http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2013/0143/latest/DLM3672914.html","Fair Trading Act, as amended in 2013 (in English)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1993/0028/latest/DLM296639.html","Privacy Act 1993 (in English)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1961/0043/latest/DLM327382.html","Crimes Act 1961"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2023/0005/latest/LMS749649.html","Taxation (Annual Rates for 2022–23, Platform Economy, and Remedial Matters) Act 2023"]
]
},
"558": {
"countryName": "Nicaragua",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/Normaweb.nsf/3133c0d121ea3897062568a1005e0f89/1ceea41dc1bdc53d06257951005bbc04?OpenDocument","Ley 729 Ley de Firma Electrónica, Agosto 2010 (in Spanish)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["http://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/normaweb.nsf/9e314815a08d4a6206257265005d21f9/e5d37e9b4827fc06062579ed0076ce1d","Ley No. 787 Ley de Protección de Datos Personales (in Spanish)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["http://www.oas.org/juridico/spanish/mesicic3_nic_codigo_penal.pdf","Ley 641 Código Penal (in Spanish)"],
["http://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/normaweb.nsf/($All)/803E7C7FBCF44D7706258611007C6D87","Ley Especial de Ciberdelitos"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"562": {
"countryName": "Niger",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.africa-laws.org/Niger/Comercial%20law/Loi%20n%C2%B0%202019-03%20du%2030%20avril%202019,%20portant%20sur%20les%20transactions%20%C3%A9lectroniques%20au%20Niger.pdf","Loi n°2019-03 du 30 Avril 2019, portant sur les transactions électroniques (In French)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.afapdp.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Loi-n%c2%b02017-28-du-03-mai-2017.pdf","Loi n°2017-28 du 03 Mai 2017 relative à la protection des données à caractère personnel, révisé en 2019 (in French)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.africa-laws.org/Niger/criminal%20law/Loi%20no%202019-33%20portant%20r%C3%A9pression%20de%20la%20cyber%20criminalit%C3%A9%20au%20Niger.pdf","Loi n° 2019-33 du 03 juillet 2019, portant répression de la cybercriminalité
au Niger"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"566": {
"countryName": "Nigeria",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://nass.gov.ng/documents/bill/11142","The Electronic Transaction Act, 2023"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["www.fccpc.gov.ng","Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Act, 2018"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Nigeria-Data-Protection-Act-2023.pdf","Nigerian Data Protection Act 2023 (in English)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.nfiu.gov.ng/images/Downloads/downloads/cybercrime.pdf","Cybercrimes (Prohibition, Prevention, Etc) Act, 2015 (in English)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.budgetoffice.gov.ng/index.php/finance-act-2023","Finance Act 2023"]
]
},
"807": {
"countryName": "North Macedonia",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://ecommerce4all.mk/en/zakon-za-elektronska-trgovi%D1%98a-so-izmeni-do-2020/","Law on Electronic Commerce 2007 (in English)"],
["https://trusteid.mdt.gov.mk/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/%D0%97%D0%95%D0%94%D0%95%D0%98%D0%94%D0%A3-%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%A1%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%94%D0%98%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9D-%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%A2-2020-1.pdf","Law on electronic documents, electronic identification and trust services"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["#","Consumer Protection Law, 2022"],
["#","Law on Electronic Commerce 2007 (in English)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/6290d1814.pdf","Law on Personal Data Protection (Official
Gazette of the Republic of North Macedonia, no. 42/20 and 294/21, “DP Law”)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://vlada.mk/sites/default/files/dokumenti/zakoni/criminal_code.pdf","Criminal Code"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["http://www.ujp.gov.mk/mk/regulativa/pregled_filter","Solidarity Tax Law for 2023 as well as the amendments of the Value Added Tax (“VAT”)"]
]
},
"578": {
"countryName": "Norway",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2018-06-15-44","Act on Electronic Trust Services (LOV-2018-06-15-44)"],
["https://lovdata.no/dokument/NLE/lov/2003-07-04-83","Act relating to electronic communications (The Electronic Communications Act)"],
["https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2020-12-18-146","Financial Contracts Act (LOV-2020-12-18-146)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2002-06-21-34","Act relating to consumer purchases"],
["https://lovdata.no/dokument/NLE/lov/2003-07-04-83","Act relating to electronic communications (The Electronic Communications Act)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["Lov om behandling av personopplysninger (personopplysningsloven) - Lovdata","Personal Data Act 2018 (in Norwegian)"],
["https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2018-06-15-38","The Norwegian Data Protection Act (the “Act”)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/legislation/details/18764","Act No. 83 of July 4, 2003, on Electronic Communications (consolidated version of 2018)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.skatteetaten.no/globalassets/bedrift-og-organisasjon/voec/norwegian-vat-act-112020.pdf","VAT Law 2023"]
]
},
"512": {
"countryName": "Oman",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://decree.om/2023/mociip20230499/","Ministerial Decision No. 499/2023 Regulatory framework for E-commerce."],
["https://www.mtcit.gov.om/ITAPortal/Data/English/DocLibrary/FID201141683941152/Electronic%20Transactions%20Law%20English.pdf","Royal Decree no. 69 of 2008 - Electronic Transactions Law (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://oman.om/docs/default-source/default-document-library/consumer-protection-law.pdf?sfvrsn=fab6f8d1_2","Consumer Protection Law issued by the Royal Decree No. 66/2014"],
["#","Oman Ministerial Decision No. 499/2023"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://mola.gov.om/Download.aspx?Path=royal/2022-0006%20Formatted.pdf","Personal Data Protection Law issued by Royal Decree 6/22"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.moheri.gov.om/userupload/Policy/The%20Cyber%20Crime%20Law.pdf","Cyber Crime Law No. 12 / 2011 - Royal Decree (in English)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.gccfintax.com/files/31455126_vat_regulation_unofficial_english_version.pdf","VAT Executive Regulations"]
]
},
"586": {
"countryName": "Pakistan",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.pakistanlaw.com/eto.pdf","Electronic Transactions Ordinance, 2002 (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://moitt.gov.pk/SiteImage/Misc/files/25821%20DPA%20Bill%20Consultation%20Draft(1).pdf","Personal Data Protection Bill 2021"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://nasirlawsite.com/laws/peca1.htm","Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act, 2016 (in English)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.fbr.gov.pk/Budget2021-22/FinanceAct.html","Finance Act 2021"]
]
},
"591": {
"countryName": "Panama",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["#","Bill - Ley 725 de 27 de mayo de 2014 (in Spanish)"],
["https://www.gacetaoficial.gob.pa/pdfTemp/26291_A/17859.pdf","Ley 51 de 2008 (in Spanish)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://web.archive.org/web/20240526230212/https://www.gacetaoficial.gob.pa/pdfTemp/28764_B/72614.pdf","Decreto Ejecutivo 24 de 29 de marzo de 2019"],
["https://www.gacetaoficial.gob.pa/pdfTemp/25914/7277","Ley 45 de 31 de octubre de 2007, Que dicta normas
sobre protección al consumidor y defensa de la
competencia y otra disposición."],
["https://web.archive.org/web/20240526230212/https://firmaelectronica.gob.pa/documentos/Ley_51-Firma_electronicas_almacenamiento_tecnologico_y_comercio_electronico.pdf","Ley 51 de 22 de julio de 2008"],
["https://web.archive.org/web/20240526230212/https://www.firmaelectronica.gob.pa/documentos/Ley_82-Que_modifica_la_Ley_51_de_2008.pdf","Ley 82 de 9 de noviembre de 2012"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.sijusa.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/DE_285_2021.pdf","Decreto Ejecutivo N° 285 de 28 de mayo de 2021"],
["https://www.gacetaoficial.gob.pa/pdfTemp/28743_A/GacetaNo_28743a_20190329.pdf","Ley 81, Protección de datos personales, 2019 (in Spanish)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["http://www.oas.org/juridico/pdfs/mesicic5_pan_res_ane_act_corr_2.pdf","Codigo Penal Titulo VIII Delitos contra la seguridad jurídica de los medios electrónicos 2010 (in Spanish)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"598": {
"countryName": "Papua New Guinea",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.parliament.gov.pg/uploads/acts/21A_38.pdf","Electronic Transactions Act 2021"]
],
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": false,
"Cybercrime": [
["http://www.parliament.gov.pg/uploads/acts/16A_35.pdf","Cybercrime Code Act 2016 (in English)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"600": {
"countryName": "Paraguay",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.acraiz.gov.py/adjunt/Leyes%20y%20Decretos/ley_4610.pdf"," Ley Nº 4610/2012 \"Que modifica y amplía la ley Nº 4017/10 “de validez jurídica de la firma electrónica, la firma digital, los mensajes de datos y el expediente electrónico\" (in Spanish)"],
["https://www.acraiz.gov.py/adjunt/Leyes%20y%20Decretos/ley_4017.pdf","Ley 4017/2010 Validez Jurídica de la Firma Electrónica, Firma Digital, los Mensajes de Datos y Expediente Electrónico (in Spanish)"],
["https://www.acraiz.gov.py/adjunt/Leyes%20y%20Decretos/ley_4868_comercio_electrnico_26-02-13.pdf","Ley No. 4868/2013 Comercio Electrónico (in Spanish)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.acraiz.gov.py/adjunt/Leyes%20y%20Decretos/ley_4868_comercio_electrnico_26-02-13.pdf","Ley No. 4868/2013 Comercio Electrónico (in Spanish)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YJGCA1i7W5Ok_t_JlNkSXw8ae__zdQG-/view","Decreto Nº 8000/2017 “Por el cual se reglamenta la Ley 5830/2017 Que prohíbe la publicidad no autorizada por los usuarios titulares de telefonía móvil” (in Spanish)"],
["http://www.oas.org/es/sla/ddi/docs/PA6%20Ley%20N%201682%20de%202001.pdf","Ley 1682/2001 Reglamenta la Informacion de Caracter Privado (in Spanish)"],
["http://digesto.senado.gov.py/ups/leyes/10389.pdf","Ley Nº 1969/2002 “Que modifica, amplía y deroga varios artículos de la Ley Nº 1682/2001” (in Spanish)"],
["http://www.bacn.gov.py/archivos/4524/20160224131953.pdf","Ley Nº 5543/2015 “Que modifica parcialmente la Ley Nº 1969/2002” (in Spanish)"],
["https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Sa1-pI1tCPffeTVqNCiVb-tLyvjHBzlx/view","Ley Nº 5830/2017 “Que prohíbe la publicidad no autorizada por los usuarios titulares de telefonía móvil” (in Spanish)"],
["https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Uzc78s9ZSTOGPwmcn1kRVHTp9U_EwKle/view","Resolución Nº 80/2018 “Por la cual se aprueba la normativa reglamentaria de la Ley Nº 5830 Que prohíbe Que prohíbe la publicidad no autorizada por los usuarios titulares de telefonía móvil” (in Spanish)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.oas.org/dil/esp/codigo_penal_paraguay.pdf","Codigo Penal de la Republica de Paraguay No. 1160/98 (in Spanish)"],
["https://www.pj.gov.py/ebook/libros_files/coleccion-derecho-penal.pdf","Ley n° 4439 que modifica y amplia varios articulos de la Ley n° 1160/97 “Código Penal” (in Spanish)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["Ley de Modernización y Simplificación del Sistema Tributario Nacional","Ley de Modernización y Simplificación del Sistema Tributario Nacional"],
["https://www.set.gov.py/documents/20123/221869/RESOLUCION+GENERAL+N%C2%B0+76_2020_SERVICIOS+DIGITALES.pdf/8025edb7-e1cd-0f8e-7267-5ade0fa98e0e?t=1684181904180","Resolución General No 76 Por la cual se Reglamentan las Disposiciones Relativas a la Retención del Impuesto a la Renta de No Residentes (INR) y la Percepción del Impuesto al Valor Agregado (IVA) al
Momento de la Adquisición de Servicios Digitales de "]
]
},
"604": {
"countryName": "Peru",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.gob.pe/institucion/congreso-de-la-republica/normas-legales/292289-27269"," Ley N° 27269 “Ley de Firmas y Certificados Digitales”, modificada por Ley N° 27310"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.indecopi.gob.pe/documents/20195/177451/C","Ley 29571, Código de Protección y Defensa del
Consumior"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.gob.pe/institucion/minjus/normas-legales/1941246-003-2013-jus","Decreto Supremo N.° 003-2013-JUS
Reglamento de la Ley Nº 29733, Ley de Protección de Datos Personales"],
["http://doc.contraloria.gob.pe/documentos/Cuadro_Ley_Proteccion_Datos_Personales.pdf","Ley N° 29733 - Ley de Protección de Datos Personales (in Spanish)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con5_uibd.nsf/C5F98BB564E5CCCF05258316006064AB/$FILE/6_Ley_30096.pdf","Ley Nº 30096 y 30171 - Ley de Delitos Informáticos (in Spanish)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"608": {
"countryName": "Philippines",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://insightplus.bakermckenzie.com/bm/attachment_dw.action?attkey=FRbANEucS95NMLRN47z%2BeeOgEFCt8EGQJsWJiCH2WAWuU9AaVDeFgkPNy5wUJZwV&nav=FRbANEucS95NMLRN47z%2BeeOgEFCt8EGQbuwypnpZjc4%3D&attdocparam=pB7HEsg%2FZ312Bk8OIuOIH1c%2BY4beLEAeLsJd8ERFa6M%3D&fromContentView=1","Internet Transactions Act (ITA)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://insightplus.bakermckenzie.com/bm/attachment_dw.action?attkey=FRbANEucS95NMLRN47z%2BeeOgEFCt8EGQJsWJiCH2WAWuU9AaVDeFgkPNy5wUJZwV&nav=FRbANEucS95NMLRN47z%2BeeOgEFCt8EGQbuwypnpZjc4%3D&attdocparam=pB7HEsg%2FZ312Bk8OIuOIH1c%2BY4beLEAeLsJd8ERFa6M%3D&fromContentView=1","Internet Transactions Act (ITA)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2012/ra_10173_2012.html","Republic act 10173 data privacy act of 2012"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2012/ra_10175_2012.html","Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 (in English)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.dof.gov.ph/house-bill-clarifying-the-imposition-of-vat-on-digital-transactions-passed-on-third-reading/","HB No. 4122 and SB No. 250 (Draft)"]
]
},
"616": {
"countryName": "Poland",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20160001579","Act of September 5, 2016 on trust services and electronic identification"],
["https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU19640160093/U/D19640093Lj.pdf","Civil Code Act (in Polish)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU2014","Act on consumer rights, 2014"],
["#","Act on Counteracting Unfair Market Practices"],
["#","Polish Act on Information on Prices of Goods and Services"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["#","Act of 10 May 2018 on the Protection of Personal Data (the “Data Protection Act”)"],
["#","Act of 21 February 2019 on the amendments of some legal acts in connection with the implementation of the GDPR"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/national-practice/penal-code-1997-amended","Criminal Code 1997 amended in 2003 (in Polish)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32011R0282","VAT Directive (2006/112/EC), the Council Implementing Regulation (EU 282/2011)"]
]
},
"620": {
"countryName": "Portugal",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://dre.pt/dre/detalhe/decreto-lei/12-2021-156848060","Decree-Law 12/2021 (in Portuguese)"],
["https://files.dre.pt/1s/2020/08/16400/0000300038.pdf","Law 47/2020, of August 24th (In Portuguese)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/legislation/details/5537","Decree Law No. 7/2004"],
["https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/en/detail/decree-law/84-2021-172938301","Decree Law No. 84/2021"],
["https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/portugal/8163018/the-fourth-amendment-to-law-no.-24-96%252c-of-july-31%252c-which-establishes-the-legal-regime-applicable-to-consumer-protection%252c-and-first-amendment-to-.html","The Consumer Protection Act (LDC) - Law No. 24/96"],
["https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/en/detail/decree-law/7-2004-240775","Decree Law No. 7/2004"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/legislacao-consolidada/lei/2004-122101697","Act 43/2004 of 18 August – Comissão Nacional de Proteção de Dados (Portuguese DPA) Organisation and Function (the “Portuguese DPA Act”), as amended by the Data Protection Act"],
["https://temp.dre.pt/pesquisa/-/search/123815982/details/maximized","Law 58/2019 of August 8th (in Portuguese)"],
["http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2015-2018/2018/Lei/L13709.htm","Lei No. 13,709/2018 Protecao de Dados Pessoais (in Portuguese)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=09000016803042bb","Cybercrime Law 109/2009"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32011R0282","VAT Directive (2006/112/EC), the Council Implementing Regulation (EU 282/2011)"]
]
},
"634": {
"countryName": "Qatar",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/qa/qa021en.pdf","Decree Law No 16 of 2010 (in English, unofficial translation)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://almeezan.qa/LawPage.aspx?id=2678&language=en"," Law No. 16/2010 on electronic
transactions and e-commerce"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=105417&p_country=QAT&p_classification=01","Law No. 13 of 2016 Concerning Privacy and Protection of Personal Data (in Arabic)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://natlex.ilo.org/dyn/natlex2/r/natlex/fe/details?p3_isn=100242","Cybercrime Prevention Law (Law No. 14 of 2014) (in Arabic)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"410": {
"countryName": "Republic of Korea",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_mobile/viewer.do?hseq=25650&type=new&key","Act on Consumer Protection in Electronic Commerce (“Electronic Commerce Act”),"],
["http://www.law.go.kr/LSW/eng/engLsSc.do?menuId=2§ion=lawNm&query=Digital+Signature+Act&x=32&y=14","Digital Signature Act No. 5792/1999 (in English)"],
["https://elaw.klri.re.kr/kor_service/lawTwoView.do?hseq=30780","electronic financial transactions act"],
["http://www.law.go.kr/LSW/eng/engLsSc.do?menuId=2§ion=lawNm&query=Framework+Act+on+Electronic+Documents+and+Transactions&x=39&y=38","Framework Act on Electronic Documents and Transactions (In Korean)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["http://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_mobile/viewer.do?hseq=25650&type=new&key=","Act on the Consumer Protection in Electronic Commerce Transactions etc. - Act No. 10303 (in English)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_service/lawView.do?hseq=53044&lang=ENG","Personal Information Protection Act, 2020"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/document/kor/1953/korean_criminal_act.html?","Criminal Act"],
["https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_service/lawView.do?hseq=38422&lang=ENG","Information and Communication Network Act (revised in 2008)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_service/lawView.do?hseq=40928&lang=ENG","Value-Added Tax Act"]
]
},
"498": {
"countryName": "Republic of Moldova",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://cis-legislation.com/document.fwx?rgn=141138","Law on Electronic Identification and Trust Services (\"Law 124/2022"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://ecommerce4all.md/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2022/08/eng_-law-on-electronic-commerce-moldova.pdf","LAW no. LP284/2004
of 22.07.2004
on electronic commerce"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["http://ilo.ch/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=89948&p_count=100183&p_classification=01&p_classcount=13206","Law No. 133/2011 on personal data Protection (in Russian)"],
["https://www.legis.md/cautare/getResults?doc_id=128924&lang=ro","Law No. 175/2021"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.legis.md/cautare/getResults?doc_id=12753&lang=ro","Law on preventing and combating cybercrime, nr. 20-XVI, 03.02.2009"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://sfs.md/ro/ordinele-de-baze-de-date-de-generalizare/195#:~:text=Care%20este%20procedura%20de%20corectare,declar%C4%83rii%20neveridice%20a%20cuantumului%20obliga%C8%9Biilor%3F"," Order No. 539"],
["https://sfs.md/ro/ordinele-de-baze-de-date-de-generalizare/216","Order No. 561"]
]
},
"642": {
"countryName": "Romania",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/37075","Law No. 365/2002 on Electronic commerce (in Romanian)"],
["https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/romania/3072461/law-no.-455-of-18-july-2001-on-electronic-signature.html","Law No. 455/2001 on electronique signature (in Romanian)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["#","Government Emergency Ordinance no. 140/2021 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the sale of goods (GEO 140/2021)"],
["http://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/88290","Law No. 363/2007 on unfair commercial practices of traders in relation to consumers and harmonizing the regulations with the European legislation on consumer protection (In Romanian)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.dataprotection.ro/index.jsp?page=legislatie_primara&lang=ro","Law No. 129 of 15 June 2018 re the Amendment and Supplementation of Law No. 102 of 2005 regarding the Organisation and Functioning of the National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing and for repealing Law No. 677/2001 regarding "],
["https://www.dataprotection.ro/index.jsp?page=legislatie_primara&lang=ro","Law No. 190 of 18 July 2018 regarding the Measures for the Application of Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 re the Protection of Natural Persons with regard to the Processing of Personal Data"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["http://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/43323"," Law No. 161/2003 (Title III - Prevention and combating cybercrime)"],
["#","Law 286/2009 on the Criminal Code"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"643": {
"countryName": "Russian Federation",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201912280086","Federal Law No. 476-ФЗ on Electronic Signatures and protection of the rights of legal entities and individual entrerpreneurs (in Russian)"],
["http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102146610","Federal law No. 63-FZ of 6 April 2011 \"On Electronic Signature\" (with the latest amendments of 1 July 2021) (in Russian)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102014512","Law of the Russian Federation No. 2300-I of 7 February 1992 “On Consumer Rights Protection” (with the latest amendments of 11 June 2021) (in Russian)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/rus_e/wtaccrus58_leg_369.pdf","Federal law no. 149-fz of july 27, 2006 on information, informational technologies and the protection of information"],
["http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody&nd=102108261","Federal law No. 152-FZ of 27 July 2006 \"On Personal Data\" (with the latest amendments of 2 July 2021) (in Russian)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://wipolex-res.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/ru/ru080en.html","Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (with the latest amendments of 1 July 2021), Chapter 28. Crimes in the Sphere of Computer Information (in Russian)"],
["https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/legislation/details/20722","Federal Law No. 149-FZ of 27 July 2006 “On Information, Information Technologies, and Protection of Information” (with the latest amendments of 2 July 2021) (in Russian)"],
["https://www.prlib.ru/en/node/692141","Federal Law No. 187-FZ of 26 July 2017 (in Russian)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://lkioreg.nalog.ru/en/information","The law of the Russian Federation No.
244-FZ dated 3 July 2016"]
]
},
"646": {
"countryName": "Rwanda",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://rura.rw/fileadmin/Documents/ICT/Laws/Law_governing_Information_and_Communication_Technologies_in_Rwanda.pdf","Law governing Information and Communication Technologies (N°24/2016 of 18/06/2016) (in French, English and Kinyarwanda)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://gazettes.africa/archive/rw/2012/rw-government-gazette-dated-2012-11-12-no-46.pdf","Law No. 36/2012 of 21/09/2012 (in Kinyarwada, English and French)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.dataguidance.com/sites/default/files/rw-government-gazette-dated-2021-10-15-no-special.pdf","Law n°058/2021 of 13/10/2021 relating to the protection of personal data and privacy (the “Data Protection Law”)."]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://rura.rw/index.php?id=104&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=603&tx_news_pi1%5Bday%5D=27&tx_news_pi1%5Bmonth%5D=9&tx_news_pi1%5Byear%5D=2018&cHash=cf6a0de5282574dd3c3a8081a6348b83","Law on Prevention and Punishment of Cyber Crimes of 2018"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"659": {
"countryName": "Saint Kitts and Nevis",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://lawcommission.gov.kn/wp-content/documents/Act17TOC/Ch-18_44-Electronic-Transactions-Act.pdf","Electronic Transactions Act 2011 (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.sknis.gov.kn/2023/10/26/consumer-protection-bill-2023/","The Consumer Protection Bill, 2023 (Draft)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.dataguidance.com/sites/default/files/data_protection_act_5_of_2018.pdf","Data Protection Act 2018 (in English)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://lawcommission.gov.kn/wp-content/documents/Act17TOC/Ch-04_41-Electronic-Crimes-Act.pdf","Electronic Crimes Act No. 27/2009 (in English)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"662": {
"countryName": "Saint Lucia",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://issuu.com/amlregulator/docs/electronic_transactions_act_st_luci","Electronic Transactions Act, No. 16 of 2011"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["http://attorneygeneralchambers.com/laws-of-saint-lucia/consumer-protection-act","The Consumer Protection Act"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.dataguidance.com/sites/default/files/act_11_of_2011.pdf","Data Protection Act, No 11 of 2011"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.govt.lc/media.govt.lc/www/resources/legislation/ElectronicCrimesBill.pdf","Electronic Crimes Act 2009"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"670": {
"countryName": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://wipolex-res.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/vc/vc021en.pdf","Electronic Transactions Act 2015 (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["#"," Consumer Protection Act 2020"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["#","Privacy Act of 2003"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://assembly.gov.vc/assembly/images/ActsBillsPolicies/SVG_Cybercrime_Act_2016.pdf","Cyber Crime Act (CCA)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"882": {
"countryName": "Samoa",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/ws/ws010en.pdf","Electronic Transactions Act 2008 (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": false,
"Cybercrime": [
["https://cjad.nottingham.ac.uk/documents/implementations/pdf/Samoa-_Crimes_Act_2013.pdf","Crime Act 2013 (English, Samoan)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"674": {
"countryName": "San Marino",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/archivio-leggi-decreti-e-regolamenti/scheda17015833.html","Legge 20 luglio 2005, n. 115 sul documento informatico e la firma elettronica (in Italian)"],
["https://admin.abc.sm/cms/media/www.anis.sm/law%2058-2013%20e-commerce.pdf","Legge sull'uso delle comunicazioni elettroniche e dell'e-commerce"]
],
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.dataguidance.com/sites/default/files/law_21_december_2018_no._171_en.pdf","Law No. 171 of 21 December 2018, Protection of Natural Persons with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data ('the Law')"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/in-evidenza-in-home-page/scheda17150036.html","LEGGE 23 AGOSTO 2016 n.114 DISCIPLINA DEI REATI INFORMATICI"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"682": {
"countryName": "Saudi Arabia",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://laws.boe.gov.sa/Files/Download/?attId=be4eef55-50be-44e3-b94d-adbb011b5736","E-Commerce Law
Royal Decree No. M/126
July 10, 2019"],
["https://www.mcit.gov.sa/sites/default/files/2021-06/la_003_e_e-transactions_act%20%281%29.pdf","Electronic Transactions Law No. 18 of 2007 (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://laws.boe.gov.sa/Files/Download/?attId=be4eef55-50be-44e3-b94d-adbb011b5736","E-commerce Law"],
["https://istitlaa.ncc.gov.sa/en/Trade/mci/Consumer/Pages/default.aspx","Consumer Protection Law"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["#","Personal Data Protection Interim Regulations (\"PDPIR\")"],
["https://sdaia.gov.sa/en/SDAIA/about/Documents/Personal%20Data%20English%20V2-23April2023-%20Reviewed-.pdf","Personal Data Protection Law (“PDPL”) on September 16, 2021, by Royal Decree No. (M/19) and amended by Royal Decree No. (M/148) dated March 27, 2023"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://laws.boe.gov.sa/BoeLaws/Laws/LawDetails/25df73d6-0f49-4dc5-b010-a9a700f2ec1d/2","Anti Cybercrime Law 1428/2007 (in English)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://zatca.gov.sa/en/HelpCenter/guidelines/Documents/VAT%20Guideline%20E-Commerce%20En.pdf","Value Added Tax guideline on electronic commerce"]
]
},
"686": {
"countryName": "Senegal",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://www.osiris.sn/Decret-no-2008-718-du-30-juin-2008.html","Décret n° 2008-718 du 30 juin 2008 (in French)"],
["http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/fr/sn/sn012fr.pdf","Loi N°2008-08 du 25 janvier 2008 sur les transactions électroniques (in French)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["http://www.centif.sn/Loi_2008_12.pdf","LOI n° 2008-12 du 25 janvier 2008 portant sur la Protection des données à caractère personnel (in French)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.adie.sn/sites/default/files/lois/4-cybercrime.pdf","loi n° 2008-11 du 25 janvier 2008 sur la cybercriminalité (in French)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"688": {
"countryName": "Serbia",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.paragraf.rs/propisi/zakon_o_elektronskoj_trgovini.html","Law on Electronic Commerce (LEC)"],
["https://arhiva1.mtt.gov.rs/extfile/sr/342/Law%20on%20electronic%20document%20electronic%20identification%20and%20trust%20services%20in%20electronic%20business.pdf","Law on Electronic Document, Electronic Identification and Trust Services in Electronic Business (“Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, nos. 94/2017 and 52/2021)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.d2plaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/the-law-on-electronic-commerce.pdf","Law on Electronic Commerce (LEC)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["Refworld | Serbia: 2018 Law on Personal Data Protection","Data Protection Act (in English)"],
["http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4b5718f52.pdf","Law on Personnal Data Protection N°97/08 (in English)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.mpravde.gov.rs/files/Criminal%20%20%20Code_2019.pdf","Criminal Code 2005 (in English and Serbian)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.paragraf.rs/propisi/pravilnik-o-porezu-na-dodatu-vrednost-pdv.html","Rulebook on Value Added Tax"]
]
},
"690": {
"countryName": "Seychelles",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://lawstrust.com/sites/default/files/docs/juris_laws/Electronic_Transactions_Act_2001.pdf","Electronic Transactions Act 2001 (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://seylii.org/akn/sc/act/2024/12/eng@2024-08-30","Virtual Asset Service Providers (VASP) Act, 2024."]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.ict.gov.sc/Documents/2023/BILL_DATA%20PROTECTION%20BILL%202023-16-03-2023.pdf","Data Protection Bill 2023"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/v3/sherloc/legdb/search.html?lng=en#?c=%7B%22filters%22:%5B%7B%22fieldName%22:%22en%23__el.legislation.crimeTypes_s%22,%22value%22:%22Cybercrime%22%7D%5D,%22sortings%22:%22%22,%22match%22:%22seychelles%22,%22termMatch%22:%22seychelles%22%7D","Computer Misuse Act No. 17 of 1998 (in English)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"694": {
"countryName": "Sierra Leone",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.parliament.gov.sl/uploads/bill_files/THE%20ELECTRONIC%20TRANSACTION%20BILL%202019.pdf","The electronic transactions act, 2018"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.parliament.gov.sl/uploads/bill_files/The%20Consumer%20Protection%20Act,%202020.pdf","The consumer protection act, 2020"],
["http://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/2006-9s.pdf","The telecommunications act, 2006"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": false,
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.parliament.gov.sl/uploads/acts/THE%20CYBERSECURITY%20AND%20CRIME%20ACT,%202021%20-%20%2025TH%20NOVEMBER,%202021.pdf","The Cyber Security and Crime Crime Act 2021"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://gazettes.africa/archive/sl/2023/sl-government-gazette-supplement-dated-2023-03-28-no-15.pdf"," Finance Act 2023"]
]
},
"702": {
"countryName": "Singapore",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/ETA2010","Electronic Transactions Act 2010, Cap 88 (in English) (Revised 2020)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CPFTA2003","Consumer Protection (Fair Trading) Act 2003"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Acts-Supp/40-2020/","Personal Data Protection (Amendment) Act 2020"],
["https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/PDPA2012","Personal Data Protection Act No. 26 2012 (in English)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Acts-Supp/9-2018/","Cybersecurity Act No.9/ 2018 (in English)"],
["https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Bills-Supp/17-2023/Published/20230508?DocDate=20230508&WholeDoc=1","Online Criminal Harms Bill"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Acts-Supp/35-2022/Published/20221205?DocDate=20221205","Goods and Services Tax (Amendment) Act 2022"]
]
},
"703": {
"countryName": "Slovakia",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/uploads/res/document/svk/2005/act-no--215-2002-coll--on-the-electronic-signature-and-to-amend-and-supplement-certain-acts_html/215_2006_2012en.pdf","(Act No. 215/2002 Coll. on electronic signature and on amendment
of certain acts as amended, 215/2002"],
["https://www.zakonypreludi.sk/zz/2004-22","Law No. 22/2004 on Electronic Commerce"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.economy.gov.sk/uploads/files/TDU4jusw.pdf?csrt=31489237474593373","Consumer Protection Act, 2023"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.slov-lex.sk/pravne-predpisy/SK/ZZ/2018/18/20180525","Act No. 18/2018 Coll., on the Protection of Personal Data and on Changing and Amending of Other Acts (the “Data Protection Act”)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://legislationline.org/sites/default/files/documents/cd/Slovakia_hate_crime_excerpts_am2013_en.pdf","Act No 300/2005 Criminal Code (in English)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32006L0112","VAT Directive (2006/112/EC), the Council Implementing Regulation (EU 282/2011) "]
]
},
"705": {
"countryName": "Slovenia",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://www.pisrs.si/Pis.web/pregledPredpisa?id=ZAKO7550","Electronic Identification and Trust Services Act, adopted on 13th July 2021 (in Slovenian)"],
["http://www.pisrs.si/Pis.web/pregledPredpisa?id=ZAKO1973","Law on electronic business and
electronic signatures (Slovenian Zakon o elektronskem poslovanju in elektronskem podpisu; 'ZEPEP')"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.gov.si/en/topics/consumer-protection/#:~:text=If%20no%20dispute%20over%20the,infringer%20for%20the%20offense%20committed.","Consumer Protection Act (ZVPot-1), 2023"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["http://pisrs.si/Pis.web/pregledPredpisa?id=ZAKO3906","Personal Data Protection Act (Zakon o varstvu osebnih podatkov; ZVOP-1) (the “Current Data Protection Act”)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["http://pisrs.si/Pis.web/pregledPredpisa?id=ZAKO5050","Criminal Code (KZ-1- UPB2)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32006L0112","VAT Directive (2006/112/EC), the Council Implementing Regulation (EU 282/2011)"]
]
},
"090": {
"countryName": "Solomon Islands",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://www.ird.gov.sb/Resource.aspx?ID=62","The Secured Transaction Act No.4/2008 (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": false,
"Cybercrime": false,
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"710": {
"countryName": "South Africa",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://www.saflii.org/za/legis/consol_act/ecata2002427.pdf","Electronic Communications and Transactions Act, updated in 2010 (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["http://www.saflii.org/za/legis/num_act/cpa2008246.pdf","Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008"],
["https://www.gov.za/documents/electronic-communications-and-transactions-act","Electronic Communications and Transmissions Act (ECTA)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/3706726-11act4of2013protectionofpersonalinforcorrect.pdf","Protection of Personal Information Act 4 of 2013 (in English)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202106/44651gon324.pdf","Cybercrimes and Cybersecurity Act Nr. 19 of 2020"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201505/act-89-1991s.pdf","Value Added Tax Act - 1991"]
]
},
"724": {
"countryName": "Spain",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-14046","Ley 6/2020, de 11 de noviembre, reguladora de determinados aspectos de los servicios electrónicos de confianza"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/spain/1445031/royal-legislative-decree-1-2007-of-16-november%252c-approving-the-revised-text-of-the-general-law-for-the-protection-of-consumers-and-users-and-other-co.html","Royal Decree of 16 November 2007 (in English)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2018/12/05/3/con","Ley Orgánica 3/2018, de 5 de diciembre, de Protección de Datos Personales y garantía de los derechos digitales (in Spanish)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/v3/sherloc/legdb/search.html?lng=en#?c=%7B%22filters%22:%5B%7B%22fieldName%22:%22en%23__el.legislation.crimeTypes_s%22,%22value%22:%22Cybercrime%22%7D%5D,%22sortings%22:%22%22,%22match%22:%22spain%22,%22termMatch%22:%22spain%22%7D","Codigo Penal y legislacion complementaria, 2015 (in Spanish)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32006L0112","VAT Directive (2006/112/EC), the Council Implementing Regulation (EU 282/2011)"]
]
},
"144": {
"countryName": "Sri Lanka",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://www.documents.gov.lk/files/act/2017/11/25-2017_E.pdf"," Electronic Transactions (Amendment) Act, No. 25 of 2017 (in English)"],
["https://nca.gov.lk/files/ETA-E.pdf","Electronic Transactions Act, No 19 of 2006 (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["http://www.documents.gov.lk/files/act/2017/11/25-2017_E.pdf"," Electronic Transactions (Amendment) Act, No. 25 of 2017 (in English)"],
["http://www.caa.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=162&Itemid=672&lang=en","(Notification) Protection of the consumer that any e-commerce entity or platform operator engages in marketing and selling of any goods"],
["http://www.documents.gov.lk/files/act/2003/3/09-2003_E.pdf","Consumer Affairs Authority Act, No. 09 of 2003 (in English)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.parliament.lk/uploads/acts/gbills/English/6242.pdf","Personal Data Act No. 9 of 2022 (PDPA) - Draft"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/legislation/lka/computer_crime_act/part_i_/article_10/article_10.html?lng=en","Computer Crime Act No 24 2007 (in English)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"729": {
"countryName": "Sudan",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://www.cbos.gov.sd/sites/default/files/Electronic_Transactions_act_2007.pdf","The Electronic Transactions Act, 2007 (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": false,
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.moj.gov.sd/files/download/205","Law Combating Cybercrimes of 2018"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"740": {
"countryName": "Suriname",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://www.dna.sr/media/192966/SB_2017___86.pdf","WET van 24 September 2017, houdende regels inzake het rechtsverkeer langs elektronische weg (Wet Elektronisch Rechtsverkeer) [LAW of September 24, 2017, containing rules on legal transactions by electronic means"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["#","Electronic legal transaction Act"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["#","Privacy and Data Protection (SPDP) Law (Draft)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://officialgazette.gov.gy/images/gazettes-files/Extra_13AUG2018Act16of2018.pdf","Cybercrime Act 2018"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"752": {
"countryName": "Sweden",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/lag-2016561-med-kompletterande-bestammelser_sfs-2016-561/","The Swedish Act (2016:561) and Ordinance (2016:576)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC209122/","Consumer Sales Act and Consumer Services Act"],
["#","The Act on contractual terms in consumer relations
(1994:1512)"],
["https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/marknadsforingslag-2008486_sfs-2008-486","The Marketing Act ( 2008:486)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/lag-2018218-med-kompletterande-bestammelser_sfs-2018-218","The Swedish Data Protection Act (2018:218) (Swe. lag (2018:218) med kompletterande bestämmelser till EU:s dataskyddsförordning) (the ”Data Protection Act”)"],
["https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/forordning-2018219-med-kompletterande_sfs-2018-219/","The Swedish Data Protection Regulation (2018:219) (Swe. Förordning (2018:219) med kompletterande bestämmelser till EU:s dataskyddsförordning) (the “Data Protection Regulation”)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/v3/sherloc/legdb/search.html?lng=en#?c=%7B%22filters%22:%5B%7B%22fieldName%22:%22en%23__el.legislation.crimeTypes_s%22,%22value%22:%22Cybercrime%22%7D%5D,%22sortings%22:%22%22,%22match%22:%22sweden%22,%22termMatch%22:%22sweden%22%7D","Penal Code, 2008 (in Swedish)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32006L0112","VAT Directive (2006/112/EC), the Council Implementing Regulation (EU 282/2011)"]
]
},
"756": {
"countryName": "Switzerland",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/1988/223_223_223/de","Bundesgesetz gegen unlauteren Wettbewerb (LCD; RS 241)"],
["https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20011277/200808010000/943.03.pdf","Bundesgesetz vom 19. Dezember 2003 über Zertifizierungsdienste im Bereich der elektronischen Signatur - ZertEs (in German)"],
["https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/official-compilation/2000/2355.pdf","Bundesgesetz vom 24. März 2000 über den Gerichtsstand in Zivilsachen - GestG (in German)"],
["https://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/20131913/202001010000/943.03.pdf","Loi fédérale du 18 mars 2016 sur les services de certification dans le domaine de la signature électronique et des autres applications des certificats numériques (in French)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19110009/index.html","Code des obligations (CO) (RS 220)"],
["https://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19860391/index.html","Loi contre la concurrence déloyale (LCD) (RS 241)"],
["https://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/20010555/index.html","Loi sur le crédit à la consommation (LCC) (RS 221.214.1)"],
["https://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19900243/index.html","Loi sur l'information des consommatrices et des
consommateurs (LIC) (RS 944.0)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/2022/491/en","The Federal Act on Data Protection (FADP)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/54/757_781_799/en","Swiss Criminal Code"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/2009/615/en","Value Added Tax Act, (VAT Act)"]
]
},
"760": {
"countryName": "Syrian Arab Republic",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://www.parliament.gov.sy/Arabic/index.php?node=5597&cat=4732","Law No 4 of 2009 on Electronic Signatures (in Arabic)"],
["http://www.parliament.gov.sy/Arabic/index.php?node=201&nid=4232&ref=tree&","Law No. 3/2014 on Electronic Commerce (in Arabic)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.syria.law/index.php/main-legislation/commercial-law/","Electronic Commerce Law (Law 3/2014)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.pministry.gov.sy/contents/28494/القانون-رقم-/-12/-لعام-2024-الخاص-بحماية-البيانات-الشخصية-الإلكترونية-على-الشبكة،-بهدف-الحفاظ-على-خصوصية-بيانات-المواطنين#:~:text=%E2%80%8Cج-%20إلزام%20المؤسسات%20والجهات%20والأفراد,بصيغتها%20الإلكترونية%20المنشورة%20على%20الشبكة.","Law No. 12 (2024) on protecting E- personal data"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["http://parliament.gov.sy/arabic/index.php?node=554&cat=22957&","Law 20/2022"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"762": {
"countryName": "Tajikistan",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://cis-legislation.com/document.fwx?rgn=18412","The Law of the Republic of Tajikistan about the Electronic Digital Signature (2007, amended in 2011)"],
["http://cis-legislation.com/document.fwx?rgn=2183","The Law of the Republic of Tajikistan about
Electronic Documents (2002, amended in 2014)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://cis-legislation.com/document.fwx?rgn=108952","Law of the Republic of Tajikistan No 1537 about Personal Data Protection, 2018"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.warnathgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Tajikistan-Criminal-Code.pdf","Criminal Code (section xii. crimes against information security, chapter 28)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://cis-legislation.com/document.fwx?rgn=136979#A000000471","Tax code of the republic of Tajikistan of December 23, 2021 No. 1844 (as amended of the Law of the Republic of Tajikistan of 18.03.2022 No. 1867)"]
]
},
"764": {
"countryName": "Thailand",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.mdes.go.th/law/detail/5099-ELECTRONIC-TRANSACTIONS-ACT--NO-3---B-E-2562-2019-","Electronic transactions act (no.3), b.e.2562(2019)"],
["https://www.etda.or.th/getattachment/8faa736b-3235-49c8-8b01-d37ff53a9a45/ENG-Version.aspx","Electronic Transactions Act 2001 (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["http://www.samuiforsale.com/law-texts/thailand-civil-code-part-1.html","Civil and Commercial Code (in English)"],
["https://www.aseanconsumer.org/file/pdf_file/consumer%20protection%20act%20no.4.pdf","Consumer Protection Act (No. 4)"],
["https://www.mdes.go.th/law/detail/5099-ELECTRONIC-TRANSACTIONS-ACT--NO-3---B-E-2562-2019-","Electronic transactions act (no.3), b.e.2562(2019)"],
["http://www.ocpb.go.th/ewtadmin/ewt/ocpb_en/ewt_dl_lin\nk.php?nid=3","Product Liability Act"],
["http://www2.austlii.edu.au/~graham/AsianLII/Thai_Translation/Direct%20Sale%20and%20Direct%20Marketing%20Act.pdf","The Direct Sales and Direct Marketing Act 2002 (in English)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.etda.or.th/app/webroot/content_files/13/files/The%20Personal%20Data%20Protection%20Act.pdf","Personal Data Protection Act, B. E. 2562, 2019 (in Thai)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.mdes.go.th/law/detail/3618-COMPUTER-RELATED-CRIME-ACT-B-E--2550--2007-","Computer Crimes Act (No. 2) B.E. 2560 (amended in 2017) (in English)"],
["https://thainetizen.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/thailand-cybersecrutiy-act-2019-en.pdf","Cybersecurity Act B.E. 2562 (2019) (in English)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.rd.go.th/english/38306.html","Revenue Code of Thailand"]
]
},
"626": {
"countryName": "Timor-Leste",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://timor-lestetradeportal.com/en-gb/site/display/1337#:~:text=This%20law%20aims%20to%20provide,stimulating%20economic%20growth%20and%20innovation.","Decree-Law no. 12/2024)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://timor-lestetradeportal.com/en-gb/site/display/1337#:~:text=This%20law%20aims%20to%20provide,stimulating%20economic%20growth%20and%20innovation.","Decree-Law No. 12/2024"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": false,
"Cybercrime": false,
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"768": {
"countryName": "Togo",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://jo.gouv.tg/sites/default/files/JO/JOS_28_04_2018-63E%20ANNEE%20N%C2%B0%206%20BIS.pdf","Décret N° 2018-062/PR du 21/03/2018 portant règlementation des transactions et services électroniques au Togo (in French)"],
["https://www.droit-afrique.com/uploads/Togo-Loi-2017-07-transactions-electroniques.pdf","Loi sur les transactions électroniques No. 2017-07 (in French) (Revised June 2023)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["http://www.droit-afrique.com/upload/doc/togo/Togo-Loi-2012-18-communications-electroniques.pdf","la loi n° 2012-018 du 17 décembre 2012 sur les communications électroniques."]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://jo.gouv.tg/sites/default/files/JO/JOS_29_10_2019-64E%20ANNEE-N%C2%B026%20TER.pdf#page=1","Loi No. 14/2019 relativbe a la protection des donnees a caractere personnelle (In French)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://numerique.gouv.tg/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Loi-n-2018-026-du-07-decembre-2018-cybersecurite-et-cybercriminalite.pdf","Loi N° 2018-026 du 07 décembre 2018 sur la cybersécurité et la lutte contre la cybercriminalité."]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"780": {
"countryName": "Trinidad and Tobago",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://rgd.legalaffairs.gov.tt/Laws2/Alphabetical_List/lawspdfs/22.05.pdf","Electronic Transactions Act, No. 6 of 2011, Chap 22:05 (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["#"," Draft Consumer Protection Bill 2020"],
["https://tradeind.gov.tt/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Consumer-Protection-and-Safety-Act-82.34.pdf","Consumer Protection and Safety Act, 1985"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["http://www.ttparliament.org/legislations/a2011-13.pdf","Data Protection Act 2011 (in English)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://ttcsirt.gov.tt/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Cyber_Crime_Bill_DRAFT_2017.pdf","Cybercrime Bill 2017"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"788": {
"countryName": "Tunisia",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://ictpolicyafrica.org/fr/document/94x41x6wcz6?page=1","Electronic Exchanges and Electronic Commerce Law No. 83 of 2000 (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["http://www.commerce.gov.tn/Fr/image.php?id=130","Law No. 117 of 1992 on Consumer Protection (In French)"],
["#","Law No. 83 of 2000"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["http://www.ins.tn/sites/default/files/Loi%2063-2004%20Fr.pdf","Loi organique No. 63/2004 portant sur la protection des données à caractère personnelles (in Arabic)"],
["https://media2.mofo.com/documents/The+Organic+Act+2004-63.pdf","Organic Act No. 63/2004 on the protection of personal data (in Arabic)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["#","Cybersecurity decree-law of March 11, 2023"],
["#","Decree-Law no. 2022-54"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"792": {
"countryName": "Türkiye",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://www.lawsturkey.com/law/electronic-signature-law-5070","Law 5070/2004 Electronic signature"],
["https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/turkey/521059/law-on-the-regulation-of-electronic-commerce.html","Law on Regulation of Electronic Commerce (Act No. 6563) (E-commerce Law)"],
["https://cdn.tbmm.gov.tr/KKBSPublicFile/D28/Y2/T2/WebOnergeMetni/bdd541b5-c5f1-4e39-aba5-b7208a6fbdc2.pdf","Regarding the Amendment to the Law on Regulation of Electronic Commerce (“Law No. 7416”)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://ticaret.gov.tr/data/5d42a9b313b87632542a2dae/LAW%20ON%20CONSUMER%20PROTECTION.pdf","Act on Consumer Protection No:6502"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/04/20160407-8.pdf","Law on the Protection of Personal Data No. 6698, 2016 (In Turkish)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-REF(2016)011-e","Turkish Penal Code (articles 243, 244 and 245)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://kpmgvergi.com/yayinlar/mali-bultenler/vergi/17-seri-nolu-kdv-genel-uygulama-tebliginde-degisiklik-yapilmasina-dair-teblig-yayimlandi/219","Communique No. 17 on VAT"]
]
},
"795": {
"countryName": "Turkmenistan",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://cis-legislation.com/document.fwx?rgn=3180","2020 Law of Turkmenistan
about the Electronic Document, Electronic Document Management and Digital Services"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://cis-legislation.com/document.fwx?rgn=123179","Law of Turkmenistan about the Electronic Document, Electronic Document Management and Digital Services."]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/107056/131641/F419973633/519.pdf","Law on Information on Private Life and its Protection No. 519-V (in Russian)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://cis-legislation.com/document.fwx?rgn=2483","Criminal Code No. 222-1 of 12 June 1997 as amended in 2019"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"800": {
"countryName": "Uganda",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://ict.go.ug/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/UGANDA-Electronic-Transactions-Act-No.-8-of-2011.pdf","Electronic Tansactions Act, 2011 (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://ict.go.ug/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Data-Protection-and-Privacy-Act-2019.pdf","The Data Protection and Privacy Act 2019 (in English)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/v3/sherloc/legdb/search.html?lng=en#?c=%7B%22filters%22:%5B%7B%22fieldName%22:%22en%23__el.legislation.crimeTypes_s%22,%22value%22:%22Cybercrime%22%7D%5D,%22sortings%22:%22%22,%22match%22:%22uganda%22,%22termMatch%22:%22uganda%22%7D","Computer Misuse Act, 2011 (in English)"],
["https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/v3/sherloc/legdb/search.html?lng=en#?c=%7B%22filters%22:%5B%7B%22fieldName%22:%22en%23__el.legislation.crimeTypes_s%22,%22value%22:%22Cybercrime%22%7D%5D,%22sortings%22:%22%22,%22match%22:%22uganda%22,%22termMatch%22:%22uganda%22%7D","Computer Misuse Act, 2011 (in English)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.parliament.go.ug/sites/default/files/Value%20Added%20Tax%20%28Amendment%29%20Bill%2C%202023%20EDITED.pdf","Tax Amendment Bills 2023"]
]
},
"804": {
"countryName": "Ukraine",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/435-15#Text","Civil Code of Ukraine as of 16 January 2003 No. 435-IV"],
["https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/851-15#Text","Law of Ukraine \"On Electronic Documents and Electronic Document Flow” No. 851-IV as of 22 May 2003"],
["https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/851-15#Text","Law of Ukraine “On Electronic Trust Services” No. 2155-VIII as of 5 October 2017"],
["https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/675-19","On the Electronic Commerce No. 675-VIII (Written in 2015-reviewed in Feb 2020) (in Russian)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://cis-legislation.com/document.fwx?rgn=79516","Law No. 675-VIII ‘On Electronic Commerce"],
["https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/3153-20#Text","On Protection of Consumers’ Rights"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/87898/103340/F-1394242499/PDF87898_eng.pdf","Law of Ukraine No. 2297 VI 'On Personal Data Protection"],
["#","On Amendments to Certain Laws of Ukraine regarding Improvement of Personal Data Protection System' dated July 3, 2013, No. 383-VII"],
["#","On introducing amendments to the Law of Ukraine’ ’On Personal Data Protection' dated November 20, 2012, No. 5491-VI."]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/uploads/res/document/ukr/2001/criminal-code-of-the-republic-of-ukraine-en_html/Ukraine_Criminal_Code_as_of_2010_EN.pdf","Criminal Code"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1946-ix?lang=ru#Text","Law No. 1946-IX “On Amendments to the Tax Code of Ukraine"]
]
},
"784": {
"countryName": "United Arab Emirates",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://u.ae/-/media/Documents-2024/Federal-Decree-by-Law-No-46-of-2021-on-Electronic-Transactions-and-Trust-Services.pdf","Federal Decree by Law No. 46 of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://uaelegislation.gov.ae/en/legislations/2157/download","Cabinet Resolution No. (66) of 2023, Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Law No. 15 of 2020 Concerning Consumer Protection (Executive Regulations)"],
["https://elaws.moj.gov.ae/UAE-MOJ_LC-En/00_CONSUMER/UAE-LC-En_2020-11-10_00015_Kait.html?val=EL1&Words=2015","Federal Law No. 15
Issued on 10/11/2020
Corresponding to 24 Rabi` al-Awwal 1442 H.
On Consumer Protection"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["#","Federal Decree Law No. 45 of 2021 on personal data protection"],
["#","The Abu Dhabi Global Market (ADGM) Data Protection Regulations 2021 (the ADGM Regulations)"],
["#","The Dubai International Financial Center (DIFC) Law No. 5 of 2020 (the DIFC Law)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://uaelegislation.gov.ae/en/legislations/1526","Federal Law No. (5) of 2012 on Combating Cybercrimes"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://tax.gov.ae/DataFolder/Files/Pdf/2022/Executive%20Regulation%20of%20Federal%20Decree%20Law%20No%208%20of%202017%20-%20Publish-new-2.pdf","Cabinet Decision No. 99 of 2022 on the amendment of some provisions of Cabinet Decision No. (52) of 2017 on the Executive Regulation of Federal Decree-Law No. (8) of 2017 on VAT, which has amended Article 72 of the Executive Regulation"],
["https://tax.gov.ae/DataFolder/Files/Pdf/2022/Executive%20Regulation%20of%20Federal%20Decree%20Law%20No%208%20of%202017%20-%20Publish-new-2.pdf","The Executive Regulation of the Federal Decree-Law No. 8
of 2017 on Value Added Tax"]
]
},
"826": {
"countryName": "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/7/contents","Electronic Communications Act 2000 (in English)"],
["https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2019/89/contents/made","Electronic Identification and Trust Services for Electronic Transactions (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 (SI 2019/89) (the “UK eIDAS Regulation”"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/1277/contents/made","Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008. (in English)"],
["https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/contents","Equality Act 2010"],
["https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/3134/contents/made","The Consumer Contracts (Information, Cancellation and Additional Charges) Regulations 2013 (in English)"],
["https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2009/2999/contents/made","The Provision of Services Regulations 2009"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2018/12/contents/enacted","UK Data Protection Act 2018 (the \"Data Protection Act\")"],
["https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2016/679/contents","UK GDPR"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/18/contents","The Computer Misuse Act of 1990"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2021/715/made","The Value Added Tax (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2021"]
]
},
"834": {
"countryName": "United Republic of Tanzania",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.mof.go.tz/uploads/documents/en-1676545044-THE%20ELECTRONIC%20TRANSACTIONS%20ACT,%20CAP%20442%20R.E.%202022.pdf","Electronic transaction Act 2022 (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.parliament.go.tz/polis/uploads/bills/acts/1662105178-CHAPTER%20442-THE%20ELECTRONIC%20TRANSACTIONS%20ACT%20.pdf","Electronic Transactions Act 2022"],
["https://www.fcc.go.tz/pdf/Standard_%20Form_%20CONSUMER%20CONTRACTS_%20Regulations_2014.pdf","The Fair Competition Act, (Cap 285), 2003, the Standard Form (Consumer
Contracts) Regulations, G.N. No. 305, 2014"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://oagmis.agctz.go.tz/portal/acts/237","The Personal Data Protection Act No. 11 of 2022 (the Act)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://rsf.org/sites/default/files/the_cyber_crime_act_2015.pdf","The Cybercrime Act 2015"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.tra.go.tz/IMAGES/ACT_NO_7_THE_FINANCE_ACT_2023_230701_083832.pdf","Finance Act 2023"]
]
},
"840": {
"countryName": "United States of America",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/chapter-96/subchapter-I","Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (E-SIGN), 15 U.S.C. §§ 7001-7003 (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/936","Integrity, Notification, and Fairness in Online Retail Marketplaces for Consumers Act (the “INFORM Consumers Act\""]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/statutes/federal-trade-commission-act/ftc_act_incorporatingus_safe_web_act.pdf","Federal Trade Commission Act 15 (in English)"],
["http://www.justice.gov/opcl/file/631151/download","Privacy Act of 1974 (in English)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/cioprod/documents/ComputerFraud-AbuseAct.pdf","Computer Fraud and Abuse Act 1986 (in English)"],
["https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/v3/sherloc/legdb/search.html?lng=en#?c=%7B%22filters%22:%5B%7B%22fieldName%22:%22en%23__el.legislation.crimeTypes_s%22,%22value%22:%22Cybercrime%22%7D%5D,%22sortings%22:%22%22,%22match%22:%22united%20states%20of%20america%22,%22termMatch%22:%22united%20states%20of%20america%22%7D","Title 18 - Crimes and Criminal Procedure (in English)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["#","State-level rules apply"]
]
},
"858": {
"countryName": "Uruguay",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/leyes/18600-2009","Ley 18,600 documentos electrónicos, firmas electrónicas, 2009 (in Spanish)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/decretos-originales/167-2021","Decreto N° 167/021"],
["https://www.bcu.gub.uy/Leyes%20y%20Decretos/Ley%2017250.pdf","Ley 17.250 \"Defensa del Consumidor\" del 11 de agosto de 2000"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/leyes/18331-2008","La Ley 18.331 Protección de Datos Personales y Acción de Habeas Data del 11 agosto del año 2008 y el Decreto reglamentario 414/2009 (in Spanish)"],
["https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/leyes/20075-2022/62","Ley N° 20.075 de fecha 20/10/2022"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/v3/sherloc/legdb/search.html?lng=en#?c=%7B%22filters%22:%5B%7B%22fieldName%22:%22en%23__el.legislation.crimeTypes_s%22,%22value%22:%22Cybercrime%22%7D%5D,%22sortings%22:%22%22,%22match%22:%22uruguay%22,%22termMatch%22:%22uruguay%22%7D","Codigo Penal de Uruguay, 2014 (in Spanish)"],
["https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/leyes/16736-1996","Law No. 16.736"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/leyes-originales/19535-2017","Ley No. 19535"]
]
},
"860": {
"countryName": "Uzbekistan",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://cis-legislation.com/document.fwx?rgn=6591"," Law of Uzbekistan on Electronic Commerce No. 613-II 2004 (amended 2017)"],
["http://cis-legislation.com/document.fwx?rgn=86244"," Resolution No. 185 of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic
of Uzbekistan about measures for further enhancement of procedure of transactions in electronic commerce 2016 (amended in 2018)"],
["https://cis-legislation.com/document.fwx?rgn=11889","The Law on Electronic Digital Signature No.562-II of 11.12.2003 (amended in 2018)."]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["http://cis-legislation.com/document.fwx?rgn=6591"," Law about Electronic Commerce"],
["https://lex.uz/ru/pdfs/5828752","Law On the protection of consumer rights"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://cis-legislation.com/document.fwx?rgn=116961","Law No. ZRU-547, On Personal Data, dated 2 July 2019 (in Russian)"],
["https://lex.uz/uz/docs/6225462","Regulation on the determination of the level of protection of personal data during processing” (Regulation)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://lex.uz/uz/docs/-5960604","The Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On Cybersecurity” No. ЗРУ-764 dated April 15, 2022"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://lex.uz/docs/5535180","On introduction of amendments and additions to the Tax Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan\" No. ZRU-599 dated 30 December, 2019"]
]
},
"548": {
"countryName": "Vanuatu",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.vfsc.vu/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Electronic-Transactions-Act-No.-24-of-2000.pdf","Electronic Transactions Act No 24 of 2000 (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": false,
"Cybercrime": [
["https://ogcio.gov.vu/images/Docs/legislation/Cybercrime_Act_n_of_2021.pdf","Vanuatu Cybercrime Act No. 22 of 2021"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"862": {
"countryName": "Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.oas.org/juridico/spanish/mesicic3_ven_anexo19.pdf","Ley de Mensajes de Datos y Firma Electrónica del año 2001 (in Spanish)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": false,
"Cybercrime": [
["http://www.oas.org/juridico/spanish/mesicic3_ven_anexo18.pdf","Ley Especial Contra los Delitos Informáticos - Gaceta Oficial N° 37.313 del 30 de octubre de 2001 (in Spanish)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"704": {
"countryName": "Viet Nam",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://lawnet.vn/en/vb/Law-20-2023-QH15-Electronic-Transactions-8D191.html","Law on E-Transactions No.51/2005/QH11 (in English)"],
["#","Law on E-transactions, which will take effect from 1 July 2024 (LET 2023)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["http://vcca.gov.vn/Docdetail.aspx?CateID=232&ID=115","Law on protection of consumers' rights"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["#","Decree No. 53/2022/ND-CP of the Government dated 15 August 2022 elaborating a number of articles of the Law on Cybersecurity of Vietnam (“Decree 53”)"],
["#","Law No. 59/2010/QH12 on Protection of Consumers’ Rights, passed by the National Assembly on 17 November 2010; as amended by Law No.35/2018/QH14 dated 20 November 2018, on amendments to some articles concerning planning of 37 Laws"],
["#","Law No. 67/2006/QH11 on Information Technology, passed by the National Assembly on 29 June 2006; as amended by Law No. 21/2017/QH14 dated 14 November 2017 on planning"],
["http://vbpl.vn/tw/Pages/vbpqen-toanvan.aspx?ItemID=4773","Law on information technology 2006 (in English)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://lawnet.vn/en/vb/Decree-53-2022-ND-CP-elaborating-the-Law-on-cybersecurity-of-Vietnam-80D86.html","Cybersecurity, Decree No. 53/2022/ND-CP (“Decree 53/2022”"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://lawnet.vn/en/vb/Circular-40-2021-TT-BTC-value-added-tax-personal-income-tax-75113.html?tab=3","Circular 40/2021/TT-BTC"]
]
},
"887": {
"countryName": "Yemen",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.centralbank.gov.ye/UpldImgAndFile/file/Law_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%20%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%B9%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9.pdf","Law No 40 of 2006 concerning payment, monetary and banking transactions"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://alp.unescwa.org/plans/1811","Law No. 46/2008"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["http://www.right2info.org/resources/publications/laws-1/laws_yemen","Law of the Right of Access to Information 2012 (in English)"]
],
"Cybercrime": false,
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"894": {
"countryName": "Zambia",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["https://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/8842","The Electronic Communications and Transactions Act No. 4 of 2021"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/8842","Electronic Communications and Transactions Act 2021"],
["http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/zam102117.pdf","The Competition and Consumer Protection Act, n°24 of 2010 (in English)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.parliament.gov.zm/sites/default/files/documents/acts/Act%20No.%203%20The%20Data%20Protection%20Act%202021_0.pdf","Data Protection Act, 2021 (in English)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/8832","The Cyber Security and Cyber Crimes Act, 2021"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/8272","The Value Added Tax (Amendment) Act, 2019"]
]
},
"716": {
"countryName": "Zimbabwe",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["http://www.techzim.co.zw/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ZImbabwes-draft-Electronic-Transactions-Electronic-Commerce-Bill.pdf","Bill - Electronic Transactions and E-commerce, 2013 (in English)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://www.africa-laws.org/Zimbabwe/Consumer%20Law/Consumer%20Contracts%20Act%20(Ch%20803).pdf","Consumer protection act, 2019"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.veritaszim.net/sites/veritas_d/files/Data%20Protection%20Act%205%20of%202021.pdf","Data Protection Act (in English)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.veritaszim.net/sites/veritas_d/files/Cyber%20%26%20Data%20Protection%20Act%20Cap1207%20No%205%20of%202021%20gaz%202022-03-11.pdf","The Cyber and Data Protection Act of 2021"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.zimra.co.zw/downloads/category/17-acts?download=187:value-added-tax-act-chapter-23-12-updated&start=20","Value Added Tax Act"]
]
},
"178": {
"countryName": "Congo",
"Electronic Transactions": false,
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.sgg.cg/JO/2019/congo-jo-2019-45.pdf","Loi n° 29-2019 du 10 octobre 2019 portant protection des données à caractère personnel (in French)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["https://postetelecom.gouv.cg/loi-27-2020-du-5-juin-20-portant-lutte-contre-cybercriminalite/","LAW NO. 27-2020 OF JUNE 5, 2020 ON THE FIGHT AGAINST CYBERCRIME"],
["https://postetelecom.gouv.cg/loi-26-2019-5-juin-2020-relative-a-cybersecurite/","Law No. 26-2019 of June 5, 2020 relating to cybersecurity"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"226": {
"countryName": "Equatorial Guinea",
"Electronic Transactions": false,
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://platform.dataguidance.com/notes/equatorial-guinea-data-protection-overview","Law No. 1/2016, Law on Personal Data Protection"]
],
"Cybercrime": false,
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"678": {
"countryName": "Sao Tome and Principe",
"Electronic Transactions": false,
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://istitlaa.ncc.gov.sa/en/Trade/mci/Consumer/Pages/default.aspx","Consumer Protection Law"],
["https://laws.boe.gov.sa/Files/Download/?attId=be4eef55-50be-44e3-b94d-adbb011b5736","E-commerce Law"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www2.camara.leg.br/saotomeeprincipe/diarios-da-an/x-legislatura/ii-serie/3.a-sessao-legislativa/DAN01-IIS.pdf/view","Data Protection Law 2016. Lei N° 3/2016 - Protecção de Dados Pessoais (in Portuguese)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["http://cipstp.st/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Lei_15_2017-Lei-sobre-Cibercrime.pdf","Lei No. 15/2017 sobre Cibercrime (in Portuguese)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"706": {
"countryName": "Somalia",
"Electronic Transactions": false,
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["https://www.dataguidance.com/sites/default/files/somalia_data_protection_act-2.pdf","Law no. 005 of 2023, Data protection Act"]
],
"Cybercrime": false,
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"140": {
"countryName": "Central African Republic",
"Electronic Transactions": false,
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": false,
"Cybercrime": false,
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"174": {
"countryName": "Comoros",
"Electronic Transactions": false,
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": false,
"Cybercrime": false,
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"408": {
"countryName": "Democratic People's Republic of Korea",
"Electronic Transactions": false,
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_mobile/viewer.do?hseq=25650&type=new&key","Act on Consumer Protection in Electronic Commerce"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": false,
"Cybercrime": false,
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"232": {
"countryName": "Eritrea",
"Electronic Transactions": false,
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": false,
"Cybercrime": false,
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"336": {
"countryName": "Holy See",
"Electronic Transactions": false,
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": false,
"Cybercrime": false,
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"417": {
"countryName": "Kyrgyzstan",
"Electronic Transactions": false,
"Consumer Protection": [
["https://lpr.adb.org/sites/default/files/event/1329/Kyrgyz-Republic-TA-Final-report-EN.pdf","The Law about Electronic Commerce, 2021"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": false,
"Cybercrime": false,
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://invest.gov.kg/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/11-Tax-Code-of-the-Kyrgyz-Republic-unofficial-translation.pdf","Law of the Kyrgyz Republic “On Enactment of the Tax Code of the Kyrgyz Republic dated January 18, 2022 No. 4,"]
]
},
"584": {
"countryName": "Marshall Islands",
"Electronic Transactions": false,
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": false,
"Cybercrime": false,
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"520": {
"countryName": "Nauru",
"Electronic Transactions": false,
"Consumer Protection": [
["http://ronlaw.gov.nr/nauru_lpms/files/em/a3b2bc0f6e2ce297a97b21351f3ce250.pdf"," Consumer Protection Act 2023"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": false,
"Cybercrime": [
["http://ronlaw.gov.nr/nauru_lpms/files/acts/a59d9691f5a195412b877493a2a95e8b.pdf","Cybercrime Act 2015."]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"262": {
"countryName": "Djibouti",
"Electronic Transactions": false,
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": false,
"Cybercrime": [
["https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/92316/107449/F-1995265301/DJI-92316.pdf","Penal Code Livre IV - Articles 548-555 (in French)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"585": {
"countryName": "Palau",
"Electronic Transactions": false,
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": false,
"Cybercrime": [
["http://www.paclii.org/pw/indices/legis/palau-national-code-index.html","Title 17 PNC Chapter 31"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": [
["https://www.palaugov.pw/taxreform/pgst-registration/","Palau Good and Services Tax, or PGST"]
]
},
"728": {
"countryName": "South Sudan",
"Electronic Transactions": false,
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": false,
"Cybercrime": [
["https://dr.211check.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Cyber-crimes-and-Computer-Misuse-Provisional-Order.pdf","Cybercrimes and Computer Misuse Provisional Order 2021 (in English)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"776": {
"countryName": "Tonga",
"Electronic Transactions": false,
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": false,
"Cybercrime": [
["https://ago.gov.to/cms/images/LEGISLATION/BILLS/2019/2019-0025/ComputerCrimesBill2019.pdf","Computer Crimes Act 2019"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"798": {
"countryName": "Tuvalu",
"Electronic Transactions": false,
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": false,
"Cybercrime": [
["#","Cybercrime draft law"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"275": {
"countryName": "State of Palestine",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["#","Presidential Decree No. 15/2017 relating to the electronic transactions."]
],
"Consumer Protection": false,
"Privacy and Data Protection": false,
"Cybercrime": false,
"Indirect Taxation": false
},
"203": {
"countryName": "Czechia",
"Electronic Transactions": [
["#","Act on Services for Trust in Electronic Transactions (Act No. 297/2016 Coll.)"]
],
"Consumer Protection": [
["#","Consumer Protection Act (Act No. 634/1992 Coll.)"]
],
"Privacy and Data Protection": [
["#","Personal Data Processing Act (Act No. 110/2019 Coll.)"]
],
"Cybercrime": [
["#","Czech Criminal Code (Act No. 40/2009 Coll.)"]
],
"Indirect Taxation": false
}
}