+++ title = "アストロバイオロジー" description = "宇宙生物学、宇宙の生命を研究する科学研究分野。宇宙の生命は決定的に観察されていないため、宇宙生物学は、どのような条件下で地球外生命が可能になるのかに最も関心を持っています。" template = "wiki-page.html" toc = true [extra] editorial_pass = "2026-05" category = "Science & Technology" entry_type = "concept" alternative_names = ["astrobiology", "exobiology (earlier synonymous term)", "bioastronomy", "xenobiology (related but distinct)", "astrobiologie (French)", "Astrobiologie (German)"] timeline = ["age-of-aquarius"] [extra.infobox] type = "Multidisciplinary scientific field studying the origin, evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe; subject of substantive corpus engagement at the intersection of mainstream science and the alliance-contact framework" discipline_founding = "Joshua Lederberg coined *exobiology* in 1960; the substantial NASA Exobiology Program established 1959-1960; the term *astrobiology* came into general use in the 1990s with the founding of the NASA Astrobiology Institute (1998)" principal_methodological_constraint = "Sendy's single-data-point constraint (1970): mainstream biology has access to only terrestrial life as its empirical foundation; general laws of biology derived from this single example operate under substantive methodological limitation" principal_research_methods = "Observational astronomy (telescopes, spectroscopy of exoplanet atmospheres); laboratory simulations of extraterrestrial conditions; in situ measurement (Mars rovers, planned Europa mission); theoretical modeling and computer simulation; meteorite analysis; extremophile biology research" principal_contemporary_programs = "Exoplanet detection (Kepler, TESS, JWST); Mars missions (Curiosity, Perseverance); Europa Clipper (launched 2024); SETI (Allen Telescope Array, Breakthrough Listen); origin-of-life research (RNA World, alkaline hydrothermal vents, metabolism-first hypotheses)" principal_pre_modern_history = "Greek atomist tradition (Anaxagoras, Democritus, Epicurus, Lucretius); medieval Islamic engagement (al-Kindi, al-Biruni); Renaissance plurality-of-worlds tradition (Nicholas of Cusa, Bruno, Kepler); early-modern engagement (Fontenelle, Huygens); 19th-century engagement (Flammarion); 20th-century engagement (Tsiolkovsky, Sagan)" corpus_position = "Mainstream astrobiology engaged as substantive scientific work; Vorilhon-source content articulated as documenting alliance-contact narrative that provides the substantive second data point Sendy articulated as resolution to the single-data-point constraint; mainstream science and alliance-contact framework presented as substantively complementary research programs rather than as competing alternatives" distinguished_from = "SETI narrowly (the search for technological signals; one component of astrobiology); UFO studies (the engagement with reported sightings; methodologically distinct register); the Ancient Astronaut Hypothesis (the engagement with historical evidence for past contact; substantively adjacent but distinct discipline); xenobiology (the speculative discipline of designing or imagining non-Earth-like biological systems)" status_in_framework = "Principal contemporary scientific discipline engaging the corpus's empirical claims about extraterrestrial civilizational existence; substantive corpus engagement at the intersection of mainstream science and the alliance-contact framework" +++ **Astrobiology** is the multidisciplinary scientific field studying the origin, evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe. The field combines astronomy, biology, geology, chemistry, planetary science, and other disciplines to engage the substantive question of whether life exists beyond Earth and, if so, what forms it takes and under what conditions it develops. The term *astrobiology* came into general use in the 1990s with the founding of the **NASA Astrobiology Institute** in 1998. The earlier term *exobiology* — coined by **Joshua Lederberg** (1925-2008, the Nobel-laureate geneticist) in 1960 and adopted by NASA for its Exobiology Program established in 1959-1960 — designated the same field of study and remains in occasional contemporary use. The substantial European Space Agency continues to use *exobiology* as the principal designation; American usage has substantially shifted to *astrobiology* since the NASA Astrobiology Institute founding. The discipline operates under a substantive methodological constraint that **Jean Sendy** identified in *L'Ère du Verseau* (1970): mainstream biology has access to only one example of life — terrestrial biology — and any general laws of biology derived from this single example are limited by the single-data-point methodological problem. Sendy's articulation of the substantive choice this constraint produces — between the galaxy being isolated (humanity must rely on its own limited self-understanding) and contact with comparable civilizations being established (humanity can access general laws of biology and sociology formulated by civilizations with substantial comparative data) — operates as the principal corpus methodological framing of the astrobiology question. The Wheel of Heaven framework engages mainstream astrobiology as substantive scientific work while articulating the substantive corpus position: - **Mainstream astrobiology is methodologically valuable.** The discipline's substantive research programs (the exoplanet revolution; Mars exploration; Europa missions; SETI; origin-of-life research; biosignature engagement) operate within substantive scientific methodology that the corpus engages at the descriptive level. - **The single-data-point constraint Sendy articulated is substantive.** General laws of biology derived from terrestrial life alone operate under genuine methodological limitation. The substantive resolution requires either substantial additional empirical data (which mainstream science is actively seeking) or substantive engagement with claimed-existing extraterrestrial contact (which mainstream science has not adopted as a research program). - **The Vorilhon-source content provides the substantive second data point Sendy articulated.** The Vorilhon source documents an alliance-contact narrative with substantive specific content (the home planet's astronomical specifications; the alliance civilization's specific characteristics including population, language, governmental structure, lifespan, reproductive practices; the substantial technological specifications including the atom-based propulsion system, the cloning-and-memory-transfer immortality technology, the biological-robot infrastructure; the substantial alliance Earth-bases content). The substantive content provides the comparative case that lets general laws of biology and sociology be formulated. - **The corpus does not claim independent verification.** The alliance-contact framework has not been verified to mainstream scientific standards. The corpus claims that the Vorilhon-source content provides substantive testable claims worth substantive consideration alongside the current research programs. - **The substantial 2020s developments make the question contemporary.** The 2020 Pentagon UAP disclosure, the 2023 congressional hearings, the substantial contemporary non-human-intelligence engagement, and the substantial subsequent acceleration of mainstream-scientific engagement with the question all operate within the broader contemporary context that the corpus engages. This entry articulates astrobiology carefully — its etymology and disciplinary scope, the principal research methods and contemporary programs, the principal historical figures and traditions, the contemporary acceleration since the 1990s exoplanet revolution, the Sendy methodological framing, the Vorilhon-source content as substantive corpus engagement with the astrobiology question, the cross-cultural and historical engagement with the extraterrestrial-life question, the contemporary 2020s context, and the corpus's specific positioning at the intersection of mainstream science and the alliance-contact framework. ## Etymology and disciplinary scope ### Etymology The term *astrobiology* combines two components: - **Astro** (Greek ἄστρον *astron*, "star") — designating the celestial-astronomical domain - **Biology** (Greek βίος *bios* "life" + λόγος *logos* "study") — the study of living organisms The compound *astrobiology* designates the study of life in the broader astronomical-cosmological context. The term was used occasionally in the early twentieth century but came into general scientific use principally in the 1990s with the NASA Astrobiology Institute founding (1998). The earlier and partially-synonymous *exobiology* combines: - **Exo** (Greek ἔξω *exō*, "outside, beyond") — designating phenomena beyond Earth - **Biology** — as above *Exobiology* was coined by Joshua Lederberg in 1960 and adopted by NASA for its Exobiology Program (1959-1960). The term has substantial continuing use in European scientific contexts (the European Space Agency's Exobiology program) and in specific specialist contexts. Related and adjacent terms include: - **Bioastronomy** — substantially synonymous with astrobiology; used principally by the International Astronomical Union Commission 51 (Bioastronomy) - **Xenobiology** — the speculative discipline of designing or imagining non-Earth-like biological systems; methodologically distinct from astrobiology - **Cosmic biology** — occasional historical synonym, particularly in early-20th-century usage - **Space biology** — sometimes used synonymously, though often restricted to the study of how terrestrial organisms behave in space environments ### Disciplinary scope Astrobiology's disciplinary scope includes: - **The origin of life on Earth.** The substantive research program engaging how life arose on Earth, with substantial contemporary subfields including the RNA World hypothesis, the alkaline hydrothermal vent hypothesis, the metabolism-first hypotheses, and the substantial subsequent research - **The conditions for life.** The research program engaging what physical-chemical conditions support life, with substantial subfields including extremophile biology, habitable-zone modeling, and broader engagement with planetary habitability criteria - **The search for extraterrestrial life.** The active research program engaging the substantive question of whether life exists beyond Earth, with substantial subfields including the exoplanet revolution, in-situ planetary exploration (Mars, Europa, others), SETI, and the broader contemporary biosignature research - **The future of life.** The substantive research program engaging the long-term future of life on Earth and elsewhere, with substantial subfields including astrobiology-informed long-term planning, planetary protection, and broader engagement with humanity's cosmic situation The discipline operates substantively as multidisciplinary — substantial contributions from astronomy, biology (especially microbiology, evolutionary biology, biochemistry), geology, chemistry, planetary science, atmospheric science, computer science, and philosophy of science. ### Distinguishing related disciplines Astrobiology overlaps with several adjacent disciplines while remaining methodologically distinct: - **SETI narrowly** — the search for technological signals from extraterrestrial civilizations; one substantive component of broader astrobiology - **UFO studies (the broader field, sometimes called *UAP studies* in contemporary usage)** — the engagement with reported sightings of unidentified aerial phenomena; methodologically distinct register, though the 2020 Pentagon disclosure has substantially altered mainstream-scientific engagement with the field - **Ancient Astronaut Hypothesis** — the engagement with historical evidence for past extraterrestrial contact; substantively adjacent but methodologically distinct, treated in the [Ancient Astronaut Hypothesis](../ancient-astronaut-hypothesis/) entry - **Xenobiology** — the speculative discipline of designing or imagining non-Earth-like biological systems, including the substantial 21st-century research program in synthetic biology that creates organisms with non-natural biochemistry - **Cosmology** — the broader astronomical study of cosmic structure and evolution; astrobiology operates within cosmological context but with biological focus - **Planetary science** — the substantial broader discipline studying planetary bodies; astrobiology operates substantially within planetary science contexts The corpus uses *astrobiology* as the principal designation for the contemporary scientific field, with *exobiology* used principally when engaging Sendy's 1970 usage or when historical-disciplinary precision is required. ## Principal research methods The astrobiology research program operates through several principal methodological approaches. ### Observational astronomy The principal observational-astronomical methods include: - **Direct exoplanet detection.** The substantial radial-velocity, transit, microlensing, and direct-imaging methods that have produced the contemporary catalogue of 5,000+ confirmed exoplanets - **Atmospheric spectroscopy.** The substantial transmission and emission spectroscopy of exoplanet atmospheres, with substantial subsequent acceleration through JWST observations since 2022. Specific spectroscopic targets include water vapor, methane, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ozone, and other potential biosignature compounds - **SETI radio and optical observations.** The substantial radio-frequency monitoring through the Allen Telescope Array, the substantial Breakthrough Listen program at multiple facilities (Green Bank, Parkes, MeerKAT, others), and the substantial subsequent optical-SETI programs - **Astronomical surveys for biosignatures.** The substantial subsequent programs engaging atmospheric signatures of life across exoplanet populations ### Laboratory simulations The substantial laboratory-simulation research program includes: - **Simulated planetary environments.** The substantial Mars-simulation chambers, Venus-simulation chambers, and broader planetary-environment simulation facilities - **Origin-of-life experiments.** The substantial Miller-Urey experiment (1953) and its substantial subsequent successors testing prebiotic chemistry under varying simulated early-Earth and broader planetary conditions - **Extremophile research.** The substantial research program engaging organisms surviving in extreme conditions (high temperature: hyperthermophiles like *Pyrolobus fumarii* surviving up to 113°C; low temperature: psychrophiles surviving below 0°C; high pressure: piezophiles surviving deep-ocean pressures; high salinity: halophiles; high acidity: acidophiles; high radiation: radioresistant organisms like *Deinococcus radiodurans*). The extremophile research substantially expands the conventional definition of habitable conditions. ### In situ measurement The substantial in situ planetary-exploration program includes: - **Mars exploration.** The substantial Mars rover program (Sojourner 1997, Spirit and Opportunity 2004, Curiosity 2012, Perseverance 2021) has produced substantial in-situ measurements. The substantial Perseverance mission specifically targets astrobiology questions, with substantial sample-collection for planned future Earth return (the Mars Sample Return mission in development) - **Lunar exploration.** The substantial Apollo program returned substantial lunar samples; the contemporary Artemis program is preparing substantial subsequent lunar exploration - **Europa Clipper.** The substantial NASA mission launched October 2024 targeting Jupiter's icy moon Europa, whose substantial subsurface ocean is one of the principal extraterrestrial habitability candidates - **Substantial future missions.** The substantial planned Dragonfly mission to Saturn's moon Titan; the substantial proposed Enceladus exploration missions; the substantial planned Mars Sample Return ### Theoretical modeling and computer simulation The substantial theoretical-modeling program includes: - **Habitability modeling.** The substantial calculation of habitable zones around stars of different spectral classes, with substantial subsequent development incorporating tidal heating, atmospheric composition, and broader habitability factors - **Origin-of-life modeling.** The substantial computational engagement with prebiotic chemistry pathways, autocatalytic-set models, and broader emergent-complexity frameworks - **SETI signal modeling.** The substantial computational engagement with what technological signals would look like and how to optimize detection - **Drake Equation parameterization.** The substantial subsequent refinement of Frank Drake's 1961 equation parameters as observational data has accumulated ### Meteorite and extraterrestrial-material analysis The substantial meteorite-analysis program has produced substantial astrobiology findings: - **Murchison meteorite.** The substantial 1969 Australian meteorite contains substantial organic compounds including amino acids, nucleobases, and other prebiotic molecules. The substantial subsequent analysis has identified substantial additional compounds. - **Allan Hills 84001 (ALH 84001).** The substantial Martian meteorite (collected in Antarctica 1984) contained substantial structures that 1996 NASA researchers (David McKay et al.) proposed as possible Martian microfossils. The substantial subsequent analysis has substantially contested the original interpretation; the question remains debated. - **Substantial subsequent meteorite engagement.** The substantial broader research program engaging meteorites as substantive astrobiology data ### Extremophile biology The substantial extremophile-biology research substantially expands the conventional definition of habitable conditions: - **Thermophiles and hyperthermophiles.** Organisms thriving at substantial high temperatures (Yellowstone hot springs; deep-sea hydrothermal vents; the substantial *Pyrolobus fumarii* survival to 113°C) - **Psychrophiles.** Organisms thriving at substantial low temperatures (Antarctic dry valleys; arctic permafrost; deep-sea conditions) - **Acidophiles and alkaliphiles.** Organisms thriving at substantial pH extremes - **Halophiles.** Organisms thriving at substantial high salinity - **Piezophiles.** Organisms thriving at substantial high pressures - **Radioresistant organisms.** *Deinococcus radiodurans* and substantial others surviving substantial radiation doses - **Xerophiles.** Organisms thriving at substantial low water availability (Atacama Desert; substantial broader arid environments) The substantial extremophile research has substantially expanded what counts as a potentially habitable environment, with substantial implications for Mars, Europa, Enceladus, Titan, and broader extraterrestrial habitability assessments. ## Requirements for proof of extraterrestrial life The substantive criteria for what would constitute scientific proof of extraterrestrial life vary across the relevant subfields. The principal criteria. ### Biosignatures A **biosignature** is any substance, structure, or process that provides scientific evidence of past or present life. The substantial categories: - **Atmospheric biosignatures.** The substantial detection of atmospheric compounds (oxygen, methane, ozone, nitrous oxide, dimethyl sulfide) in disequilibrium concentrations suggestive of biological production. The substantial JWST atmospheric spectroscopy has begun producing substantial subsequent data on exoplanet atmospheric composition. - **Surface biosignatures.** The substantial spectroscopic detection of vegetation-like surface features (the substantial "red edge" of chlorophyll-bearing organisms; the substantial broader pigment-based surface signatures) - **Morphological biosignatures.** The substantial identification of structures (fossils, microfossils, biofilms) that bear morphological signatures of biological origin - **Chemical biosignatures.** The substantial identification of chemical signatures (specific isotope ratios, chirality patterns, specific molecule distributions) characteristic of biological processes - **Technosignatures.** The substantial signatures specifically of technological civilizations — radio signals, artificial atmospheric pollutants (CFCs, NO2), megastructures, Dyson spheres, propulsion signatures ### Strong evidence criteria The substantial criteria for what would constitute strong evidence of extraterrestrial life: - **The existence of organic compounds beyond Earth.** The substantial detection in extraterrestrial environments of organic compounds (carbon-containing molecules forming the building blocks of life). Substantial evidence has been accumulated from meteorites (Murchison and others), interstellar dust clouds, and substantial planetary atmospheres. - **Liquid water beyond Earth.** All known terrestrial life requires liquid water. The substantial subsequent detection of liquid water on Mars (subsurface lakes; transient surface flows), Europa (substantial subsurface ocean), Enceladus (substantial subsurface ocean with substantial geyser activity), and substantial other locations expands habitability candidates. - **Metabolic activity or biogenic substances.** The substantial detection of gases or substances characteristic of biological metabolism in disequilibrium concentrations. The substantial subsequent engagement with the 2023 K2-18b atmospheric dimethyl sulfide candidate detection exemplifies this approach. - **Technological signals.** The substantial detection of radio or optical signals demonstrating non-natural origin and substantial information content. SETI has been engaging this question since 1960 without confirmed detection. - **Direct contact or artifacts.** The substantial direct observation of extraterrestrial organisms or substantial physical artifacts of extraterrestrial technological origin. This would constitute substantively unambiguous evidence but is most difficult to achieve given the substantial interstellar distances involved. ### The Carl Sagan principle **Carl Sagan**'s often-quoted principle — *"Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence"* — operates as the principal methodological standard for astrobiology evidence assessment. The principle has substantive philosophical antecedents (Pierre-Simon Laplace's substantial articulation; David Hume's substantial engagement with miracle claims) but Sagan's contemporary articulation has become the principal methodological reference. Sagan articulated this principle particularly in *Cosmos* (1980), *The Demon-Haunted World* (1995), and substantial subsequent work. The principle's substantive application to astrobiology: claims of extraterrestrial life detection require substantively higher evidential standards than ordinary scientific claims, because the substantive implications of confirmed detection would be substantial enough to warrant the substantive higher bar. The Sagan principle has been substantively engaged in contemporary debates over potential biosignature detection (the 2020 phosphine on Venus controversy; the 2023 K2-18b dimethyl sulfide question; the substantial broader engagement with potential biosignature claims). The substantive application of the principle has been broadly that initial claims of biosignature detection face substantial subsequent scrutiny before being accepted as confirmed. The substantial Sagan-principle application to alliance-contact claims would require substantively extraordinary evidence. The corpus position: the Vorilhon-source content provides substantive specific testable claims (the home planet's astronomical specifications; the alliance technological specifications; the broader alliance civilizational content) that mainstream science could substantively investigate but has not adopted as a research program. The substantive corpus position is not that the alliance-contact framework has met the Sagan-principle bar but that the substantive content warrants engagement. ## The Sendy methodological framing Jean Sendy's articulation in *L'Ère du Verseau* (1970) operates as the principal corpus methodological framing of astrobiology. The substantive Sendy content warrants substantive articulation. ### The single-data-point constraint The Sendy passage articulating the substantive astrobiology constraint: > *"This is the domain of astrophysics, which now operates on solid ground. In the domain of exobiology, however, it is almost nothing: the first hypotheses are formulated, but they rest on nothing concrete. As long as we know nothing about the evolution of life in the rest of the Galaxy, our biologists are limited to a particular case, that of terrestrial life and evolution."* (Sendy, *L'Ère du Verseau*, 1970; translated from the French) Sendy's substantive observation: mainstream biology operates under a substantive methodological constraint. The discipline has access to only one example of life — terrestrial biology — and any general laws of biology derived from this single example operate under the single-data-point methodological limitation. This is the substantive scientific problem Sendy identifies, not a polemical claim against mainstream science but a substantive engagement with the discipline's methodological situation. ### The substantive dilemma Sendy continues with the substantive dilemma: > *"We thus find ourselves before a dilemma, which we shall encounter later, in the context that makes it more intelligible, but which can already be sketched here: either no contact is possible with other civilizations ('the Galaxy is isolated') and our only hope is that our improvisations do not lead to collective suicide; or contact will be established with civilizations from a comparable evolution, which would have already established contacts among themselves and formulated the general laws of biology and sociology... and hope returns for us to escape the formidable current improvisation."* The substantive Sendy dilemma: - **Option A: The galaxy is isolated.** No contact with extraterrestrial civilizations is possible. Humanity's only hope is that its substantial improvisations (in medicine, sociology, broader civilizational management) do not lead to collective suicide. - **Option B: Contact with comparable civilizations is established.** Humanity gains access to general laws of biology and sociology that comparable civilizations have already formulated through substantial subsequent comparative engagement. Hope returns for humanity to escape the substantial improvisation in which it currently operates. The substantive Sendy contribution: the dilemma is articulated as a methodologically substantial choice rather than as a polemical claim. Sendy registers that Option A may be correct; if so, humanity must rely on its own limited self-understanding. Sendy also registers that Option B would represent the substantive resolution to the single-data-point constraint, with substantial implications for humanity's situation if substantive contact is genuinely possible. ### The medicine-and-sociology illustration Sendy illustrates the substantive stakes through specific examples: > *"Our medicine has known, for a relatively long time now, how to prolong the life of the sick and the old, and reduce infant mortality; we have thus eliminated the natural processes of selection and limitation, continuous and gentle, of human populations; / our sociology, meanwhile, is not even on the path toward some artificial process acceptable to the whole of humanity (the wars destined to impose a sociology *are not* an artificial process; they are only an extrapolation, which replaces the natural selective limitation, continuous and gentle, by a non-selective limitation, sporadic and brutal)."* The substantive Sendy point: humanity has developed substantial technological-medical capabilities that have substantially modified the biological-ecological equilibrium of the planet, while operating without substantial scientific understanding of what general laws of biology and sociology would actually require. The substantial improvisation in which humanity operates is genuinely dangerous; the substantive resolution requires either substantial additional empirical data (which mainstream science actively seeks) or substantive engagement with claimed-existing extraterrestrial contact (which Sendy substantively engages through the alliance-contact framework). ### The Sendy framework's relation to the corpus The corpus adopts Sendy's articulation of the substantive astrobiology constraint as the principal methodological framing. The corpus position: - **Sendy's articulation of the substantive constraint is correct.** Mainstream biology does operate under the single-data-point methodological limitation, with substantive consequences for what general laws of biology can be substantively established. - **The substantive Sendy dilemma is real.** Humanity does face the substantive choice between Option A (isolated, improvising) and Option B (in contact, accessing substantive comparative knowledge). - **The Vorilhon-source content articulates Option B.** The Vorilhon-source content (treated in *The Vorilhon-source content* below) documents substantive specific contact with an alliance civilization. If substantively engaged, this content provides the substantive second data point that Sendy articulated as the substantive resolution to the single-data-point constraint. - **The substantive resolution operates outside mainstream-scientific consensus.** Mainstream astrobiology has not adopted the alliance-contact framework as a research program. The corpus's position is that the substantive Vorilhon-source content warrants substantive engagement; the corpus does not claim that mainstream science has been convinced. ## The Vorilhon-source content The Vorilhon source articulates substantive content about extraterrestrial life that operates as the principal corpus engagement with the astrobiology question. ### The alliance civilization specifications The Vorilhon source documents substantive specific content about the alliance civilization (treated systematically in the [Elohim Home Planet](../elohim-home-planet/) entry). The substantive astrobiology-relevant content: - **Population**: approximately 7 billion inhabitants on the home planet - **Civilizational organization**: seven provinces; a Council of the Eternals; substantial post-scarcity economy - **Language**: official language closely resembling ancient Hebrew - **Lifespan**: approximately 700 years natural lifespan; substantial indefinite-lifespan content through cloning-and-memory-transfer immortality technology - **Reproduction**: two children per couple; substantial subsequent reproductive content - **Technology**: atom-based propulsion at seven times the speed of light; substantial broader technological content; biological-robot infrastructure for mechanical labor - **Civilizational age**: approximately 25,000 years substantial development beyond contemporary Earth (per the Vorilhon source's specific claim) - **Astronomical context**: orbits a substantially larger star at approximately 236,000 parasangs (~70.8 billion km); the home planet is approximately 30,000,000 parasangs (~1 light-year) from Earth The substantial astrobiology implication: the Vorilhon source articulates substantive specific content about an extraterrestrial civilization's biological, technological, social, and astronomical characteristics that mainstream astrobiology could substantively engage. The substantial specific content includes substantial testable claims (the specific astronomical specifications; the specific technological capabilities; the broader specific content) that operate as substantive scientific hypotheses rather than as merely metaphysical content. ### The contact narrative The Vorilhon source documents substantive specific contact events: - **December 13, 1973**: The principal Vorilhon contact at Clermont-Ferrand (Puy-de-Lassolas volcanic crater, France). The substantial six-day contact sequence produced the principal content of *Le Livre qui dit la vérité* (1974). - **October 7, 1975**: The substantial second contact in which Vorilhon was transported to the alliance home planet. The substantial planet-visit content produced the principal content of *Les Extra-Terrestres m'ont emmené sur leur planète* (1975). - **Subsequent contact events**: The substantial subsequent contact events documented in the broader Vorilhon source. The substantial astrobiology implication: the Vorilhon source documents substantive specific contact events with substantial subsequent first-person testimony content. The substantive content operates as substantive primary-source material for the astrobiology question, with substantial parallel content to other contemporary contact narratives (the substantial broader UAP / non-human-intelligence engagement). ### The propulsion-and-physics content The Vorilhon source articulates substantive specific content about propulsion technology and the underlying physics: - **Atom-based propulsion** at seven times the speed of light, with substantial subsequent acceleration to "matter of moments" travel by 1975 - **Variable-lightspeed cosmology**: the substantive claim that the speed of light is not a universal constant but varies with local density of the "sub-quantum medium" pervading space - **Substantial subsequent physics content**: the substantial broader Vorilhon-source engagement with the substantive physical principles underlying the alliance technology The substantial astrobiology implication: if the Vorilhon-source physics is substantively correct, the principal mainstream-astronomy assumptions about extraterrestrial-civilization detectability and interstellar travel become substantially modified. The substantial 1 light-year home-planet distance the source articulates conflicts with mainstream astronomy's observation that no star exists within 1 light-year of the Sun, but the substantial variable-lightspeed engagement provides the substantive corpus response to this objection (treated systematically in the [Elohim Home Planet](../elohim-home-planet/) entry). ### The substantive corpus position The corpus position on the Vorilhon-source content's relation to mainstream astrobiology: - **The substantive content provides specific testable claims.** The astronomical specifications, the technological specifications, the biological specifications, and the broader specific content operate as substantive scientific hypotheses that mainstream science could substantively investigate. - **Mainstream science has not adopted the Vorilhon-source content as a research program.** The substantial mainstream-scientific engagement with the Vorilhon source has been limited; the principal exception is the substantial mainstream-scientific engagement with the broader UAP question since 2020, which operates substantively adjacent to but not directly within the Vorilhon-source framework. - **The corpus does not claim independent verification.** The alliance-contact framework has not been verified to mainstream scientific standards. The corpus claims that the substantive Vorilhon-source content warrants substantive consideration alongside the current mainstream research programs. - **The substantive Sendy framing applies.** The Vorilhon-source content articulates the substantive second data point that Sendy articulated as the substantive resolution to the single-data-point constraint. Whether this resolution is substantively accepted is a methodological-philosophical question that the corpus engages substantively. ## Modern reinterpretations and contemporary developments The substantial contemporary astrobiology has developed substantively across the post-1990 period. The principal developments. ### The exoplanet revolution The contemporary exoplanet revolution began with the **51 Pegasi b** detection in 1995 by Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz (Nobel Prize 2019). The substantial subsequent development: - **Kepler Space Telescope** (2009-2018) — the substantial mission that demonstrated planets are common around stars in the Milky Way galaxy. The substantial Kepler catalogue identified thousands of confirmed exoplanets across substantial size and orbital ranges. - **TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite)** (2018-present) — the substantial successor mission focused on detecting exoplanets around nearby bright stars - **JWST (James Webb Space Telescope)** (2022-present) — the substantial subsequent capability for atmospheric spectroscopy of exoplanets, with substantial subsequent biosignature-relevant observations - **Current count**: 5,000+ confirmed exoplanets as of mid-2024, with thousands more candidates awaiting confirmation - **Habitable-zone candidates**: several hundred confirmed exoplanets within their host stars' habitable zones, including substantial nearby candidates (Proxima Centauri b at 4.24 light-years; the TRAPPIST-1 system at 39.6 light-years with seven Earth-sized planets and several within the habitable zone; substantial other systems) ### SETI The substantial Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) operates substantively as one component of broader astrobiology: - **Frank Drake** (1930-2022) initiated SETI with Project Ozma in 1960, monitoring radio emissions from Tau Ceti and Epsilon Eridani with the Green Bank telescope - **The Drake Equation** (1961) — Drake's substantial formulation for estimating the number of communicative civilizations in the Milky Way galaxy: N = R* × fp × ne × fl × fi × fc × L, where R* is the rate of star formation, fp the fraction of stars with planets, ne the number of habitable planets per star with planets, fl the fraction with life, fi the fraction with intelligence, fc the fraction with communicative civilization, L the expected lifetime of communicative civilizations - **SETI Institute** (founded 1984) — the substantial principal organization conducting SETI research; the substantial Allen Telescope Array operates as the principal dedicated SETI facility - **Breakthrough Listen** (initiated 2015 with $100 million Yuri Milner funding) — the substantial contemporary expanded SETI program operating across multiple major facilities - **Optical SETI** — the substantial subsequent program engaging optical wavelengths as candidate communication channels SETI has not confirmed detection of extraterrestrial intelligence as of the contemporary period. The substantial subsequent engagement with the Wow! Signal (1977; the substantial unexplained narrow-band radio signal detected at the Ohio State University Big Ear telescope) and substantial other anomalous detections has not produced confirmed contact. ### The Fermi Paradox **Enrico Fermi** (1901-1954) articulated the substantial paradox in 1950 over lunch at Los Alamos: given the substantial number of stars in the galaxy (>100 billion) and the substantial age of the galaxy (>10 billion years), even slow interstellar travel would have colonized the galaxy many times over. The substantive question: "Where is everybody?" Hart-Tipler subsequently formalized the paradox in 1975 (Michael Hart) and 1980 (Frank Tipler). The substantial subsequent engagement has produced multiple proposed resolutions: - **The Rare Earth Hypothesis** (Ward and Brownlee, 2000) — complex life is rare; the substantial sequence of factors required for advanced civilization is unlikely to recur - **The Great Filter** (Robin Hanson, 1996) — some substantial obstacle in civilizational development eliminates most candidates; the question of whether the Great Filter is behind us (we're rare; rare-Earth-like) or ahead of us (substantial future civilizational destruction lies ahead) carries substantial implications - **The Zoo Hypothesis** (John A. Ball, 1973) — advanced civilizations deliberately avoid contact, observing without engaging - **The Dark Forest Hypothesis** (substantially popularized through Liu Cixin's *The Three-Body Problem* trilogy, 2008-2010) — civilizations deliberately conceal themselves out of fear of substantially-more-advanced predatory civilizations - **Transcendence hypothesis** — advanced civilizations transition to forms or scales that don't produce detectable signatures - **The simulation hypothesis** — we exist within a simulation that doesn't include other civilizations The Fermi Paradox operates as substantial framing for the broader astrobiology discussion. The corpus position: the Vorilhon-source alliance-contact framework provides the substantive resolution that Sendy articulated — civilizations are not isolated; contact has been established. The substantial subsequent absence of overt mass contact is explained by the corpus framework's specific content about the alliance's substantive cautious-engagement strategy (treated systematically in the [Plurality of Gods](../plurality-of-gods/) and broader corpus entries). ### ʻOumuamua (2017) The interstellar object ʻOumuamua was detected on October 19, 2017 — the first confirmed interstellar object passing through the inner solar system. The substantial characteristics: - **Origin**: interstellar (substantially hyperbolic trajectory) - **Size**: approximately 100-1,000 meters - **Shape**: substantially elongated (estimated 6:1 or more aspect ratio); substantially unusual for natural solar-system objects - **Acceleration**: substantial non-gravitational acceleration as it left the inner solar system - **Spectrum**: red coloration consistent with substantial cosmic-ray exposure The substantial mainstream interpretation: ʻOumuamua is most likely a natural object (possibly a hydrogen-ice fragment; possibly a nitrogen-ice fragment from a Pluto-like body; possibly a substantial fragment of a destroyed exoplanet) with substantial unusual properties explained through specific natural processes. **Avi Loeb** (Harvard University) substantially argued for possible technological origin in *Extraterrestrial: The First Sign of Intelligent Life Beyond Earth* (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2021). Loeb's substantial subsequent engagement through the Galileo Project (founded 2021) extends the framework to substantive systematic search for technological signatures. The substantial mainstream-astronomical community has substantially debated Loeb's interpretation. The corpus engages ʻOumuamua descriptively as substantive contemporary astrobiology content; the specific interpretation remains substantively open. ### The 2020 Pentagon UAP disclosure The substantial 2020 Pentagon UAP (Unidentified Aerial Phenomena) disclosure substantially altered the contemporary mainstream-scientific engagement with the non-human-intelligence question: - **April 2020**: The U.S. Department of Defense officially released three Navy videos showing UAP encounters (the "FLIR1," "Gimbal," and "GoFast" videos) - **June 2021**: The Office of the Director of National Intelligence released the "Preliminary Assessment: Unidentified Aerial Phenomena" report acknowledging 144 substantial UAP encounters with substantial unresolved character - **2022**: The All-Domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) was established as the principal U.S. government UAP investigation body - **July 2023**: The substantial congressional hearings featured testimony from former intelligence officer David Grusch alleging substantial U.S. government possession of "non-human biologics" and substantial reverse-engineering programs of "non-human spacecraft" - **November 2024**: The substantial subsequent congressional hearings continued the substantive engagement The substantial mainstream-scientific community has substantially engaged the UAP question since 2020. NASA established the UAP Independent Study Team in 2022, with the substantial report released September 2023 recommending substantial scientific engagement with the question. The corpus position: the substantial 2020 Pentagon UAP disclosure and the substantial subsequent congressional and scientific engagement represent substantial movement toward the broader astrobiology context within which the Vorilhon-source alliance-contact framework can be substantively engaged. The corpus does not claim that the UAP disclosure has confirmed the alliance-contact framework; it claims that the substantial mainstream movement toward acknowledging substantive non-human-intelligence engagement represents substantive cultural-scientific development relevant to the broader corpus framework. ### Contemporary origin-of-life research The contemporary origin-of-life research has substantially developed across multiple parallel research programs: - **The RNA World hypothesis** (Walter Gilbert, 1986; substantial subsequent development) — RNA as both genetic material and catalyst preceding the DNA-protein system - **The alkaline hydrothermal vent hypothesis** (Michael Russell, Nick Lane, others) — life originating at substantial alkaline hydrothermal vents where substantial chemical gradients drive metabolism - **The metabolism-first hypotheses** — life originating through self-sustaining metabolic networks preceding genetic content - **The substantial Jack Szostak work** — substantial laboratory creation of protocell-like vesicles - **The substantial Lee Cronin work** — Assembly Theory as substantive framework for distinguishing biological from non-biological complexity - **The substantial Sara Walker work** — substantial information-theoretic engagement with the origin-of-life question The contemporary origin-of-life research operates within substantive scientific framework. The corpus position on the origin-of-life question is articulated in the [Plurality of Gods](../plurality-of-gods/) and [Cosmic Chain](../cosmic-chain/) entries: the corpus reads life on Earth as substantively created through alliance genetic-engineering work rather than as substantively arising through unguided natural processes. The substantive disagreement with mainstream origin-of-life research is methodologically substantial; the corpus engages mainstream research descriptively while articulating the substantive alternative. ### Contemporary biosignature research The substantial contemporary biosignature research has accelerated through the JWST atmospheric-spectroscopy capability: - **The 2020 Venus phosphine controversy** — the substantial September 2020 reported detection of phosphine in the Venusian atmosphere by Jane Greaves et al., with substantial subsequent disputes over the detection's substantive reality and its substantive astrobiology implications - **The 2023 K2-18b dimethyl sulfide candidate** — the substantial September 2023 JWST detection of possible dimethyl sulfide in the atmosphere of exoplanet K2-18b, with substantial subsequent engagement - **The substantial Mars biosignature engagement** — substantial Perseverance mission results including the substantial 2024 detection of substantial organic compounds in Jezero Crater - **The substantial Europa Clipper preparation** — substantial subsequent engagement with Europa's substantial subsurface ocean as substantial habitability candidate ## Comparative observations and historical engagement The cross-cultural and historical engagement with the extraterrestrial-life question has substantial depth. The substantive engagement spans the ancient Greek atomist tradition through the contemporary period. ### Ancient and classical engagement The substantial Greek atomist tradition substantially engaged the plurality-of-worlds question: - **Anaximander** (c. 610-546 BCE) — substantial articulation of multiple worlds within the broader cosmological framework - **Anaxagoras** (c. 500-428 BCE) — substantial articulation that the Moon was a body like Earth, possibly with inhabitants - **Democritus** (c. 460-370 BCE) — substantial atomist articulation of infinite worlds throughout substantial space - **Epicurus** (341-270 BCE) — substantial atomist articulation: "There are infinite worlds both like and unlike this world of ours" (substantial subsequent Letter to Herodotus articulation) - **Lucretius** (c. 99-55 BCE) — *De Rerum Natura* substantially articulating the atomist plurality-of-worlds position. The substantial passage: "It must be confessed that there are other worlds in other parts of the universe, with races of different men and different animals." The substantial counter-tradition operated principally through Aristotle (384-322 BCE), whose substantive framework treated Earth as substantially unique with a substantial single-cosmos structure. The substantial subsequent Christian engagement substantially adopted the Aristotelian framework. ### Medieval Islamic engagement The substantial medieval Islamic engagement included substantive articulation of the plurality-of-worlds question: - **al-Kindi** (c. 801-873) — substantial early Islamic philosophical engagement with the cosmological question - **al-Biruni** (973-1048) — substantial articulation of the substantive possibility of life on other worlds within the broader Islamic philosophical framework - **al-Razi** (Rhazes, c. 854-925) — substantial broader cosmological engagement - **The Brethren of Purity** (Ikhwan al-Safa, 10th century) — substantial cosmological encyclopedia engaging multiple-worlds content ### Renaissance and early-modern engagement The substantial Renaissance and early-modern engagement substantially developed the plurality-of-worlds tradition: - **Nicholas of Cusa** (1401-1464) — *De Docta Ignorantia* (1440) substantially articulating infinite cosmos with substantial possible inhabitants on other celestial bodies. The substantial subsequent influence on Bruno was substantial. - **Giordano Bruno** (1548-1600) — the substantial Dominican friar who articulated the substantive infinite-universe plurality-of-worlds position in *De l'infinito universo et mondi* (*On the Infinite Universe and Worlds*, 1584) and *De immenso* (1591). Bruno's substantial subsequent trial by the Roman Inquisition (1593-1600) and substantial burning at the stake (February 17, 1600, Campo de' Fiori, Rome) is substantively associated with his plurality-of-worlds advocacy, though the substantial actual charges were broader. Bruno is substantively the principal Renaissance martyr for the plurality-of-worlds position. - **Johannes Kepler** (1571-1630) — substantial engagement with the plurality-of-worlds question; his *Somnium* (published 1634, posthumous) operated substantively as substantial early science fiction engaging substantial Moon inhabitants ### 17th and 18th century engagement The substantial early-modern engagement substantially developed the broader tradition: - **Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle** (1657-1757) — *Entretiens sur la pluralité des mondes* (*Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds*, 1686) substantially popularized the plurality-of-worlds discussion in substantial accessible literary form - **Christiaan Huygens** (1629-1695) — *Cosmotheoros* (published 1698, posthumous) substantially articulated substantial scientific engagement with extraterrestrial life - **Voltaire** (1694-1778) — *Micromégas* (1752) substantially engaged plurality-of-worlds content in substantial literary form, featuring substantial Saturnian and Sirian visitors - **Immanuel Kant** (1724-1804) — *Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens* (1755) substantially engaged plurality-of-worlds content within substantial broader cosmological framework ### 19th-century engagement The substantial 19th-century engagement substantially developed the broader tradition: - **William Herschel** (1738-1822) — substantial astronomical observations and substantial articulation that the Sun and planets were inhabited (the substantial inhabited-Sun hypothesis subsequently abandoned) - **Camille Flammarion** (1842-1925) — *La pluralité des mondes habités* (*The Plurality of Inhabited Worlds*, 1862) substantially articulated the plurality-of-worlds position for substantial 19th-century French and broader European readership. Flammarion's substantial subsequent work (*Astronomie populaire*, 1880; substantial subsequent publications) substantially shaped popular astronomy engagement. - **Percival Lowell** (1855-1916) — substantial articulation of Martian canals as evidence of substantial Martian civilization (*Mars*, 1895; *Mars and Its Canals*, 1906; *Mars as the Abode of Life*, 1908). The substantial Martian canals hypothesis was substantially refuted by subsequent observations, but Lowell's substantial work shaped substantial early-20th-century popular engagement with the extraterrestrial-life question. - **Konstantin Tsiolkovsky** (1857-1935) — the substantial Russian rocket-science pioneer and substantial philosophical advocate for interstellar travel and extraterrestrial-civilization engagement ### Early-to-mid 20th-century engagement The substantial early-to-mid 20th-century engagement substantially developed both the scientific and cultural traditions: - **Robert Goddard** (1882-1945) — substantial American rocket-science pioneer with substantial subsequent interstellar-civilization speculation - **Frank Drake** (treated above in *SETI*) — Project Ozma 1960; Drake Equation 1961 - **Carl Sagan** (1934-1996) — the substantial principal popularizer of mainstream astrobiology; *Intelligent Life in the Universe* (1966, with I. S. Shklovsky), *Cosmos* (1980), *Pale Blue Dot* (1994), *Contact* (1985 novel), and substantial subsequent work - **The substantial science-fiction tradition** — H.G. Wells (*The War of the Worlds*, 1898), Olaf Stapledon (*Star Maker*, 1937), Arthur C. Clarke (substantial subsequent work), Isaac Asimov (substantial subsequent work), Stanisław Lem (*Solaris*, 1961; substantial subsequent work), Ursula K. Le Guin (substantial subsequent work) ### Cross-cultural religious engagement The substantial cross-cultural religious engagement with the plurality-of-worlds question includes: - **Hindu plurality-of-worlds tradition** — substantial articulation of substantial multiple worlds across the substantial Vedic, Puranic, and broader Hindu cosmological literature. The substantial *Yoga Vasistha* and substantial broader sources articulate substantive infinite-worlds content. - **Buddhist universe-cycle traditions** — substantial articulation of substantial multiple world-systems across substantial cosmic cycles, with substantial buddhas in substantial worlds - **Sufi cosmology** — substantial articulation of substantial multiple worlds within the broader Islamic-Sufi framework - **Mormon cosmology with Kolob** — the substantial Book of Abraham articulation of substantial Kolob and substantial broader extraterrestrial-civilization content (treated in the [Elohim Home Planet](../elohim-home-planet/) entry through the Tvedtnes-Sirius hypothesis) - **Native American Star People traditions** — substantial articulation of substantial Star People origin and ongoing contact content across substantial multiple tribal traditions (Lakota, Hopi, Cherokee, others) - **The Vorilhon-source alliance-contact framework** — the substantial corpus content articulated centrally ### The convergence The substantial cross-cultural and historical engagement with the extraterrestrial-life question is substantively deep and broad. The substantial convergence: humanity has engaged the extraterrestrial-life question substantively across most major cultural traditions and most major historical periods, with substantial subsequent acceleration in the contemporary period. The substantial corpus position: the substantial cross-cultural engagement reflects substantial common human cognitive engagement with the cosmological question and substantial actual cross-cultural memory of alliance-contact events, with the substantial contemporary scientific engagement representing substantial subsequent development of the older cross-cultural traditions through substantial modern methodological framework. ## See also - [Wheel of Heaven](../wheel-of-heaven/) - [Elohim Home Planet](../elohim-home-planet/) - [Cosmic Chain](../cosmic-chain/) - [Cosmic Competition](../cosmic-competition/) - [Plurality of Gods](../plurality-of-gods/) - [Mass Effect](../mass-effect/) - [Fractal Cosmology](../fractal-cosmology/) - [Infinity](../infinity/) - [Ancient Astronaut Hypothesis](../ancient-astronaut-hypothesis/) - [Comparative Mythology](../comparative-mythology/) - [Neo-Euhemerism](../neo-euhemerism/) - [Jean Sendy](../jean-sendy/) - [Raël](../rael/) - [Raëlism](../raelism/) - [Message from the Designers](../message-from-the-designers/) - [Sendy's Conditions of Coherence](../sendys-conditions-of-coherence/) - [Yahweh](../yahweh/) - [Council of the Eternals](../council-of-the-eternals/) - [Living Earth](../living-earth/) - [Four Levels](../four-levels/) - [Forerunners](../forerunners/) - [Drake Equation](../drake-equation/) ## References ### Principal Raëlian and Sendy source Vorilhon, Claude (Raël). *Message from the Designers*. Tagman Press, 2005. Sendy, Jean. *L'Ère du Verseau*. Robert Laffont, 1970. Sendy, Jean. *La Lune, clé de la Bible*. Julliard, 1968. English: *The Moon: Outpost of the Gods*. Berkley, 1975. ### Ancient and classical sources Lucretius. *De Rerum Natura*. Various editions; principal English translation A. E. Stallings, Penguin, 2007. Plutarch. *De Facie in Orbe Lunae* (*The Face in the Moon*). Various editions. ### Renaissance and early-modern engagement Bruno, Giordano. *De l'infinito universo et mondi*. 1584. English: *On the Infinite Universe and Worlds*. Various translations. Kepler, Johannes. *Somnium*. 1634 (posthumous). English: *Kepler's Somnium: The Dream, or Posthumous Work on Lunar Astronomy*. University of Wisconsin Press, 1967. Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier de. *Entretiens sur la pluralité des mondes*. 1686. English: *Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds*. University of California Press, 1990. Huygens, Christiaan. *Cosmotheoros*. 1698 (posthumous). Various editions. ### 19th-century engagement Flammarion, Camille. *La pluralité des mondes habités*. Mallet-Bachelier, 1862. Lowell, Percival. *Mars*. Houghton Mifflin, 1895. Lowell, Percival. *Mars and Its Canals*. Macmillan, 1906. ### 20th-century engagement Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin. *The Will of the Universe: The Unknown Intelligence*. 1928. English: various translations. Shklovsky, I. S., and Carl Sagan. *Intelligent Life in the Universe*. Holden-Day, 1966. Sagan, Carl. *Cosmos*. Random House, 1980. Sagan, Carl. *Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space*. Random House, 1994. Sagan, Carl. *The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark*. Random House, 1995. Sagan, Carl. *Contact*. Simon & Schuster, 1985. Drake, Frank, and Dava Sobel. *Is Anyone Out There?: The Scientific Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence*. Delacorte Press, 1992. Ward, Peter, and Donald Brownlee. *Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe*. Copernicus, 2000. ### Contemporary astrobiology Cockell, Charles S. *Astrobiology: Understanding Life in the Universe*. 2nd edition, Wiley-Blackwell, 2020. Catling, David C., and James F. Kasting. *Atmospheric Evolution on Inhabited and Lifeless Worlds*. Cambridge University Press, 2017. Lane, Nick. *The Vital Question: Energy, Evolution, and the Origins of Complex Life*. W. W. Norton, 2015. Lane, Nick. *Transformer: The Deep Chemistry of Life and Death*. W. W. Norton, 2022. Szostak, Jack W. "The Origin of Life on Earth." *Scientific American* 301, no. 3 (2009): 54-61. Walker, Sara Imari. *Life as No One Knows It: The Physics of Life's Emergence*. Riverhead Books, 2024. Cronin, Lee, and Sara Imari Walker. "Beyond Prebiotic Chemistry." *Science* 352, no. 6290 (2016): 1174-1175. ### Fermi Paradox engagement Webb, Stephen. *If the Universe Is Teeming with Aliens... Where Is Everybody?: Seventy-Five Solutions to the Fermi Paradox and the Problem of Extraterrestrial Life*. 2nd edition, Springer, 2015. Cixin, Liu. *The Three-Body Problem*. Tor Books, 2014 (English translation). ### ʻOumuamua and contemporary engagement Loeb, Avi. *Extraterrestrial: The First Sign of Intelligent Life Beyond Earth*. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2021. Bialy, Shmuel, and Abraham Loeb. "Could Solar Radiation Pressure Explain ʻOumuamua's Peculiar Acceleration?" *The Astrophysical Journal Letters* 868, no. 1 (2018): L1. ### UAP and non-human intelligence Office of the Director of National Intelligence. *Preliminary Assessment: Unidentified Aerial Phenomena*. June 2021. NASA UAP Independent Study Team. *Final Report*. September 2023. ### Mainstream astrobiology research programs NASA Astrobiology Institute publications. . European Space Agency Exobiology programs. . ### Web resources "Astrobiology." *Wikipedia*. . "Exobiology." *Wikipedia*. . "Astrobiology (science)." *Encyclopædia Britannica*. . "Drake equation." *Wikipedia*. . "Fermi paradox." *Wikipedia*. . "Exoplanet." *Wikipedia*. . "Search for extraterrestrial intelligence." *Wikipedia*. . "Giordano Bruno." *Wikipedia*. . "Camille Flammarion." *Wikipedia*. . "NASA Astrobiology Institute." *NASA*. .