The Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling pathway is involved in many cellular processes in both the adult organism and the developing embryo including cell growth, cell differentiation, apoptosis, cellular homeostasis and other cellular functions. In spite of the wide range of cellular processes that the TGFβ signaling pathway regulates, the process is relatively simple. TGFβ superfamily ligands bind to a type II receptor, which recruits and phosphorylates a type I receptor. The type I receptor then phosphorylates receptor-regulated SMADs (R-SMADs) which can now bind the coSMAD SMAD4. R-SMAD/coSMAD complexes accumulate in the nucleus where they act as transcription factors and participate in the regulation of target gene expression. (source: [WikiPedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGF_beta_signaling_pathway)). Also see: [TGF-beta receptor signaling](http://pid.nci.nih.gov/search/pathway_landing.shtml?pathway_id=200110&source=NCI-Nature%20curated&what=graphic&gif=on&ppage=1) at the NCI-Nature pathway interaction database. This pathway was inferred from Homo sapiens pathway [http://www.wikipathways.org/index.php?title=Pathway:WP560&oldid=30273 WP560(r30273)] with a 100% conversion rate. ce9 ba4 there are 5 types of tsp

11252892 PubMed How cells read TGF-beta signals. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2000 Massague J 11057902 PubMed TGFbeta signaling in growth control, cancer, and heritable disorders. Cell 2000 Massague J Blain SW Lo RS transforming growth factor-beta superfamily mediated signaling pathway PW:0000329 Pathway Ontology