This pathway shows the role of microRNAs in the process of cardiac hypertrophy. MicroRNA targets were predicted by the TargetScan algorithm, and the predicted interactions are shown in red dashed lines. MicroRNAs are shown as purple rounded rectangles. It is not sure which WNT and frizzled proteins influence cardiac hypertrophy. Though there are strong indications that WNT3A, WNT5A, frizzled1 and frizzled2 play a role in cardiac hypertrophy. Thus these have been added to the pathway instead of all the WNT and frizzled proteins. Experiments which will shed light on this are still being done. Proteins on this pathway have targeted assays available via the [CPTAC Assay Portal](https://assays.cancer.gov/available_assays?wp_id=WP1544). e83 e83 e83 e83 b12 e83 df3 df3 fbe f1f f1f f1f df3 df3 f1f df3 dd8 df3 ec6 18342376 PubMed The Wnt/frizzled/GSK-3 beta pathway: a novel therapeutic target for cardiac hypertrophy. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2008 Blankesteijn WM van de Schans VA ter Horst P Smits JF 11055975 PubMed Calcineurin and beyond: cardiac hypertrophic signaling. Circ Res 2000 Molkentin JD 9568714 PubMed A calcineurin-dependent transcriptional pathway for cardiac hypertrophy. Cell 1998 Molkentin JD Lu JR Antos CL Markham B Richardson J Robbins J Grant SR Olson EN 16936699 PubMed Regulation of cardiac hypertrophy by intracellular signalling pathways. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2006 Heineke J Molkentin JD 10086361 PubMed Calcineurin and human heart failure. Nat Med 1999 Lim HW Molkentin JD heart disease DOID:114 Disease 8621626 PubMed Cardiotrophin-1 activates a distinct form of cardiac muscle cell hypertrophy. Assembly of sarcomeric units in series VIA gp130/leukemia inhibitory factor receptor-dependent pathways. J Biol Chem 1996 Wollert KC Taga T Saito M Narazaki M Kishimoto T Glembotski CC Vernallis AB Heath JK Pennica D Wood WI Chien KR 10615383 PubMed Signal transduction during cardiac hypertrophy: the role of G alpha q, PLC beta I, and PKC. Cardiovasc Res 1999 Jalili T Takeishi Y Walsh RA 10189350 PubMed Prevention of cardiac hypertrophy by calcineurin inhibition: hope or hype? Circ Res 1999 Olson EN Molkentin JD 17468766 PubMed MicroRNA-133 controls cardiac hypertrophy. Nat Med 2007 Carè A Catalucci D Felicetti F Bonci D Addario A Gallo P Bang ML Segnalini P Gu Y Dalton ND Elia L Latronico MV Høydal M Autore C Russo MA Dorn GW 2nd Ellingsen O Ruiz-Lozano P Peterson KL Croce CM Peschle C Condorelli G miRNA pathway PW:0000808 Pathway Ontology 9488659 PubMed Cardiac hypertrophy induced by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7, a specific activator for c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase in ventricular muscle cells. J Biol Chem 1998 Wang Y Su B Sah VP Brown JH Han J Chien KR 10698680 PubMed The PI3K-PDK1 connection: more than just a road to PKB. Biochem J 2000 Vanhaesebroeck B Alessi DR 11101507 PubMed The MEK1-ERK1/2 signaling pathway promotes compensated cardiac hypertrophy in transgenic mice. EMBO J 2000 Bueno OF De Windt LJ Tymitz KM Witt SA Kimball TR Klevitsky R Hewett TE Jones SP Lefer DJ Peng CF Kitsis RN Molkentin JD 20407820 PubMed STAT3 and cardiac remodeling. Heart Fail Rev 2010 Haghikia A Stapel B Hoch M Hilfiker-Kleiner D 9253712 PubMed Cardiotrophin-1 and the role of gp130-dependent signaling pathways in cardiac growth and development. J Mol Med 1997 Wollert KC Chien KR 10827130 PubMed Small guanine nucleotide-binding proteins and myocardial hypertrophy. Circ Res 2000 Clerk A Sugden PH 10864911 PubMed Transgenic overexpression of constitutively active protein kinase C epsilon causes concentric cardiac hypertrophy. Circ Res 2000 Takeishi Y Ping P Bolli R Kirkpatrick DL Hoit BD Walsh RA 19018142 PubMed MicroRNA: novel regulators involved in the remodeling and reverse remodeling of the heart. Cardiology 2009 Wang J Xu R Lin F Zhang S Zhang G Hu S Zheng Z hypertrophic cardimyopathy pathway PW:0000296 Pathway Ontology