The most frequently altered genes in glioblastoma. This pathway originally accompanied the 2008 Nature publication on the comprehensive genomic characterization of human glioblastoma genes and core pathways by TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas (see Bibliography). Assembled from literature and public pathway database resources, this representation can easily be kept up to date at WikiPathways.org. Sources: [cBio Cancer Genomics Portal](http://cbio.mskcc.org/cancergenomics/gbm/pathways/GBM_pathway_20080708.pdf) Proteins on this pathway have targeted assays available via the [CPTAC Assay Portal](https://assays.cancer.gov/available_assays?wp_id=WP2261) e3f c9d dbc d5e dbc a99 dbc c17 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase class I signaling pathway PW:0000963 Pathway Ontology glioblastoma DOID:3068 Disease 21934092 PubMed MicroRNA-499-5p promotes cellular invasion and tumor metastasis in colorectal cancer by targeting FOXO4 and PDCD4. Carcinogenesis 2011 Liu X Zhang Z Sun L Chai N Tang S Jin J Hu H Nie Y Wang X Wu K Jin H Fan D 18772890 PubMed Comprehensive genomic characterization defines human glioblastoma genes and core pathways. Nature 2008 21078976 PubMed MicroRNA-21 induces resistance to 5-fluorouracil by down-regulating human DNA MutS homolog 2 (hMSH2). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010 Valeri N Gasparini P Braconi C Paone A Lovat F Fabbri M Sumani KM Alder H Amadori D Patel T Nuovo GJ Fishel R Croce CM 20048743 PubMed Downregulation of miR-21 inhibits EGFR pathway and suppresses the growth of human glioblastoma cells independent of PTEN status. Lab Invest 2010 Zhou X Ren Y Moore L Mei M You Y Xu P Wang B Wang G Jia Z Pu P Zhang W Kang C protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathway PW:0000840 Pathway Ontology phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase class II signaling pathway PW:0000965 Pathway Ontology brain cancer DOID:1319 Disease FGF signaling pathway PW:0000328 Pathway Ontology glioma pathway PW:0000711 Pathway Ontology epidermal growth factor/neuregulin signaling pathway PW:0000170 Pathway Ontology Arf family mediated signaling pathway PW:0000387 Pathway Ontology cancer DOID:162 Disease 19419954 PubMed Up-regulation of miR-21 by HER2/neu signaling promotes cell invasion. J Biol Chem 2009 Huang TH Wu F Loeb GB Hsu R Heidersbach A Brincat A Horiuchi D Lebbink RJ Mo YY Goga A McManus MT 21278789 PubMed Downregulation of Spry2 by miR-21 triggers malignancy in human gliomas. Oncogene 2011 Kwak HJ Kim YJ Chun KR Woo YM Park SJ Jeong JA Jo SH Kim TH Min HS Chae JS Choi EJ Kim G Shin SH Gwak HS Kim SK Hong EK Lee GK Choi KH Kim JH Yoo H Park JB Lee SH p53 signaling pathway PW:0000718 Pathway Ontology the extracellular signal-regulated Raf/Mek/Erk signaling pathway PW:0000102 Pathway Ontology glioblast CL:0000030 Cell Type