Programmed cell death: autophagic cell death. Autophagy (self-eating) is a survival mechanism deployed by cells to cope with conditions of nutrient deprivation. However, unrestrained autophagy can result in genetically programmed cell death. Carbon nanotubes, PAMAMs, and iron oxide nanoparticles were reported to trigger autophagic cell death through the perturbation of the mTOR pathway, while gold nanoparticles may induce autophagy blockade through lysosomal impairment. fa4 c09 fed b47 f7b nanomaterial response pathway PW:0001435 Pathway Ontology 22720979 PubMed Programmed Cell Death: Molecular Mechanisms and Implications for Safety Assessment of Nanomaterials. Acc Chem Res 2012 Andón FT Fadeel B 21593791 PubMed A functionalized single-walled carbon nanotube-induced autophagic cell death in human lung cells through Akt-TSC2-mTOR signaling. Cell Death Dis 2011 Liu HL Zhang YL Yang N Zhang YX Liu XQ Li CG Zhao Y Wang YG Zhang GG Yang P Guo F Sun Y Jiang CY 21974862 PubMed Gold nanoparticles induce autophagosome accumulation through size-dependent nanoparticle uptake and lysosome impairment. ACS Nano 2011 Ma X Wu Y Jin S Tian Y Zhang X Zhao Y Yu L Liang XJ 19516051 PubMed PAMAM nanoparticles promote acute lung injury by inducing autophagic cell death through the Akt-TSC2-mTOR signaling pathway. J Mol Cell Biol 2009 Li C Liu H Sun Y Wang H Guo F Rao S Deng J Zhang Y Miao Y Guo C Meng J Chen X Li L Li D Xu H Li B Jiang C 22098780 PubMed Induction of ROS, mitochondrial damage and autophagy in lung epithelial cancer cells by iron oxide nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2012 Khan MI Mohammad A Patil G Naqvi SA Chauhan LK Ahmad I