Glycerophospholipids or phosphoglycerides, in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids joined to glycerol; and sphingolipids, in which a single fatty acid is joined to a fatty amine, sphingosine, are glycerol-based phospholipids and the main component of biological membranes. The hydrophilic moieties in these amphipathic compounds may be as a simple as a single -OH at one end of the sterol ring system, or they may be more complex. Glycerophospholipds, as well as sphingolipids, contained polar or charged alcohols at their polar ends; some also contain phosphate groups.
In glycerophospholipids, two fatty acids are ester-linked to glycerol at C-1 and C-2, and a highly polar or charged (and therefore hydrophilic) head group is attached to C-3 through a phosphodiester bond. All glycerophospholipds are derivatives of phosphatidic acid and are named for their polar head groups (e.g., phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine). All have a negative charge on the phosphate group at pH 7.0. The head-goup alcohol may also contribute one or more charges at pH near 7.0. The fatty acids in glycerophospholipds can be any of a wide variety. They are different in different species, in different tissues of the same species, and in different types of glycerophospholipids in the same cell or tissue. In general, glycerophospholipids contain a saturated fatty acid at C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid at C-2, and, in general terms, the fatty acyl groups are generally 16 or 18 carbons long.
Eukaryotic membranes contain significant amounts of two other types of glycerophospholipids: Plasmalogens and Alkylacylglycerophospholipids. Plasmalogens contain a hydrocarbon chain linked to glycerol C-1 via vinyl ether linkage whereas alkylacylglycerophospholipids the alkyl substituent at glycerol C-1 is attached via an ether linkage. About 20% of mammalian glycerophospholipids are plasmalogens, this percentage varies both from species to species and from tissue to tissue within a given organism. While plasmalogens comprise only about 0.8% of the phospholipids in human liver, they account for around 23% of those in human nervous tissue. The alkylacylglycerophospholipids are less abundant than the plasmalogens, e.g., about 59% of ethanolamine glycerophospholipids of human heart are plasmalogens, whereas only 3.6% are alkylacylglycerophospholipids. However, in bovine erythrocytes, 75% of the ethanolamine glycerophospholipids are of alkylacyl type.
af6
f0c
ccc
c09
e5a
(Plasmenylcholine)
bb5
e51
d83
eb4
add
a91
bf1
f77
f11
d99
(Plasmanylethanolamine)
fb4
c98
fdc
c0f
dcc
e9a
f5e
(Plasmenylethanolamine)
add
ce7
aed
bf1
c4a
ff1
dbd
db7
d4f
d1e
(1-alkyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase)
e9e
cb9
1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate 2-O-acyltransferase
1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerophosphoethanolamine transferase
bba
a48
df4
c4d
e42
b91
dd4
1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerophoethanolamine desaturase
aed
f5b
c39
f2e
bcf
dd8
d20
b17
a64
f2e
c86
b3b
aac
ec6
aee
e50
edc
faf
a6f
df0
af7
f21
d05
f2c
daf
d7b
f1e
d6e
bba
fc6
c23
b7e
d41
d71
b91
afa
d05
ede
c29
f20
b76
a12
b41
b84
c08
d2a
c70
e9b
c20
e76
ad5
caa
f6a
c39
eda
da3
a3f
b11
e4a
e8a
ead
a16
a73
e82
ebc
e93
fdd
a0d
cf8
f45
b55
ae2
f03
a2f
f64
d44
bea
cf5
c1d
f1f
ae5
f6b
fd3
ba1
e55
c07
eeb
a38
e4a
c3e
cd5
e8c
cb2
e1b
cab
e4a
ddc
ca4
ac8
fbc
ed4
c4c
ae6
f4a
ccd
b32
deb
f01
cf2
cec
aaf
d65
b4d
dfa
c2a
c53
a54
a40
e2e
af5
ba5
acf
f70
d0d
bd3
c7a
da3
ba0
fb8
e14
e15
dca
da3
fb9
d78
d7c
afd
fc6
f04
aee
a51
ee3
ea2
de2
fa4
a6b
c68
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ed7
c59
bc6
ada
ca3
d90
c43
ce8
fee
d91
a9c
b96
d15
a5b
c74
ec3
aba
d6a
fe9
d17
ce8
ab7
dfc
d68
b45
d28
c00
c8d
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bca
b56
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f76
f9c
eb7
f95
e16
f42
e98
a6c
d1b
ea0
b16
e88
d14
e12
c50
e0a
dbb
d9a
ae4
e10
b75
ab1
e29
f52
d58
c85
e52
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a5f
b42
f61
f99
dbb
a24
e18
d58
c97
a95
a63
eb8
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e87
da4
e77
df8
a06
f13
c34
cf9
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cad
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c97
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c44
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a80
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de3
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d9e
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ea9
aca
adf
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f74
d47
cb3
b67
e8e
cdc
ec2
fc6
c23
c4d
d22
d41
b2b
b2a
d71
ad6
a80
cf2
cec
aaf
d65
b4d
dfa
c2a
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