This pathway is giving a summary of currently known nanoparticle effects on cells and organisms. Although there is currently no nanoparticle-specific effect known, there is a cascade of effects triggered if cells or organisms are exposed to nanoparticles: The most abundantly observed event is oxidative stress which causes DNA damage, protein and lipid oxidation, and cell death. The mere overload of nanoparticles in the vesicular system leads to cytoskeleton and cell adhesion problems and interfere with the cell's autophagic system. Some specific nanoparticles are reported to interfere with the cell membrane, others stimulate the blood coagulation system. The release of metal ions from specific nanoparticles challenges the metal disposal system of the cell. adc b31 cd5 a1f dfd b41 a84 d41 fdd dd0 edf fdd dfd fee a83 fdd fdd a84 d14 b41 e6d beb ec3 d6a a1f a83 nanomaterial response pathway PW:0001435 Pathway Ontology 25739888 PubMed Amelioration of titanium dioxide nanoparticles-induced liver injury in mice: possible role of some antioxidants. Exp Toxicol Pathol 2015 Azim SA Darwish HA Rizk MZ Ali SA Kadry MO 20628458 PubMed The Acute Liver Injury in Mice Caused by Nano-Anatase TiO2. Nanoscale Res Lett 2009 Ma L Zhao J Wang J Liu J Duan Y Liu H Li N Yan J Ruan J Wang H Hong F 23882024 PubMed Molecular responses of mouse macrophages to copper and copper oxide nanoparticles inferred from proteomic analyses. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013 Triboulet S Aude-Garcia C Carriere M Diemer H Proamer F Habert A Chevallet M Collin-Faure V Strub JM Hanau D Van Dorsselaer A Herlin-Boime N Rabilloud T 20713077 PubMed Fullerenol cytotoxicity in kidney cells is associated with cytoskeleton disruption, autophagic vacuole accumulation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010 Johnson-Lyles DN Peifley K Lockett S Neun BW Hansen M Clogston J Stern ST McNeil SE 21979174 PubMed Water-soluble germanium nanoparticles cause necrotic cell death and the damage can be attenuated by blocking the transduction of necrotic signaling pathway. Toxicol Lett 2011 Ma YH Huang CP Tsai JS Shen MY Li YK Lin LY 23224777 PubMed Handling of iron oxide and silver nanoparticles by astrocytes. Neurochem Res 2013 Hohnholt MC Geppert M Luther EM Petters C Bulcke F Dringen R 21793770 PubMed Size and surface charge significantly influence the toxicity of silica and dendritic nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology 2012 Greish K Thiagarajan G Herd H Price R Bauer H Hubbard D Burckle A Sadekar S Yu T Anwar A Ray A Ghandehari H 21353301 PubMed Public health importance of triggers of myocardial infarction: a comparative risk assessment. Lancet 2011 Nawrot TS Perez L Kuenzli N Munters E Nemery B 16456071 PubMed Toxic potential of materials at the nanolevel. Science 2006 Nel A Xia T Maedler L Li N 23858833 PubMed Cardiovascular effects of pulmonary exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles in ApoE knockout mice. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2013 Chen T Hu J Chen C Pu J Cui X Jia G 23322373 PubMed Cardiovascular toxicity of different sizes amorphous silica nanoparticles in rats after intratracheal instillation. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2013 Du Z Zhao D Jing L Cui G Jin M Li Y Liu X Liu Y Du H Guo C Zhou X Sun Z 16697548 PubMed Cytotoxicity of single-wall carbon nanotubes on human fibroblasts. Toxicol In Vitro 2006 Tian F Cui D Schwarz H Estrada GG Kobayashi H 23428231 PubMed Big signals from small particles: regulation of cell signaling pathways by nanoparticles. Chem Rev 2013 Rauch J Kolch W Laurent S Mahmoudi M 17607736 PubMed Comparative study of pathological lesions induced by multiwalled carbon nanotubes in lungs of mice by intratracheal instillation and inhalation. Environ Toxicol 2007 Li JG Li WX Xu JY Cai XQ Liu RL Li YJ Zhao QF Li QN 22720979 PubMed Programmed cell death: molecular mechanisms and implications for safety assessment of nanomaterials. Acc Chem Res 2013 Andon FT Fadeel B 20016026 PubMed Nanoparticles and the immune system. Endocrinology 2010 Zolnik BS Gonzalez-Fernandez A Sadrieh N Dobrovolskaia MA 24724793 PubMed Immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties of engineered nanomaterials. Br J Pharmacol 2014 Ilinskaya AN Dobrovolskaia MA 23865044 PubMed Recent advances in particulate matter and nanoparticle toxicology: a review of the in vivo and in vitro studies. Biomed Res Int 2013 Nemmar A Holme JA Rosas I Schwarze PE Alfaro-Moreno E