The somatotrophic axis in mammals comprises the growth hormone (GH), which is produced by the anterior pituitary, and its secondary mediator, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). The intracellular signaling pathway of IGF-1 is the same as that elicited by insulin, which informs cells of the presence of glucose. For this reason, IGF-1 and insulin signaling are known as the insulin and IGF-1 signaling (IIS) pathway. Remarkably, the IIS pathway is the most conserved aging-controlling pathway in evolution, and among its multiple targets are the FOXO family of transcription factors and the mTOR complexes, which are also involved in aging and conserved through evolution. Genetic polymorphisms or mutations that reduce the functions of GH, IGF-1 receptor, insulin receptor, or downstream intracellular effectors such as AKT, mTOR, and FOXO have been linked to longevity. Molecules that favor aging are shown in orange, and molecules with anti-aging properties are shown in light green. Proteins on this pathway have targeted assays available via the [https://assays.cancer.gov/available_assays?wp_id=WP4186 CPTAC Assay Portal]. ece growth factor signaling pathway PW:0000168 Pathway Ontology aging pathway PW:0000651 Pathway Ontology 23746838 PubMed The hallmarks of aging. Cell 2013 Lopez C Blasco MA Partridge L Serrano M Kroemer G