This pathway describes the activation of the human MAPK signaling system during human coronavirus infection, per Fung and Liu, Figure 7 [10.1146/annurev-micro-020518-115759]. The MAPK signaling system regulates response to different environmental stimuli, e.g. inflammation due to infection. Its downstream effects include regulation of cell cycle, apoptosis, differentiation and immune response. During coronavirus infection, three MAPK signaling pathways were studied and described. The p38 pathway (MAPK11 - MAPK14) leads to stimulation of apoptosis via CHOP (DDIT3) while the ERK pathway (MAPK1 and MAPK3) counteracts apoptosis stimulation and supports cell survival by stimulating ATF2 and FOS. The JNK pathway (MAPK 8 - MAPK10) inhibits cell survival protein BCL2, thus stimulating apoptosis but also stimulating the AP1 complex that leads to the production of effectors to fight the infection. The interplay of apoptosis stimulation and cell survival is not yet fully understood in SARS-CoV-2 infection.a72MEKK1MLK1MLK2MLK3JNKAP1AP1p38p38CHOPp38MEKK4ERK1MKK7ERK2JNKb6fMKK4MKK3p38MKK1RSKc-FOSJNKRSKMKK6MKK2RSKb6fb6fb6fb6fb6fsignaling pathwayPW:0000003Pathway Ontologyviral infectious diseaseDOID:934Human Disease Ontologysevere acute respiratory syndromeDOID:2945Human Disease Ontologyp38 MAPK signaling pathwayPW:0000198Pathway OntologyCOVID-19DOID:0080600Human Disease Ontology31226023PubMedHuman Coronavirus: Host-Pathogen Interaction.Annu Rev Microbiol2019Fung TSLiu DX10.1101/2020.03.15.20033472DOIBlood single cell immune profiling reveals the interferon-MAPK pathway mediated adaptive immune response for COVID-19https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.15.200334722020Lulin HuangYi ShiBo GongLi JiangXiaoqi LiuJialiang YangJuan TangChunfang YouQi JiangBo LongTao ZengMei LuoFanwei ZengFanxin ZengShuqiang WangXingxiang YangZhenglin Yang