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<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<h2 align=center style='text-align:center'>Chapter 6: WRF Data Assimilation</h2>
<h2> </h2>
<h3>Table of Contents</h3>
<ul type=disc>
<li class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:list .5in'><a href="#_Introduction_1">Introduction</a></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:list .5in'><a href="#_Installing_WRF-Var">Installing
WRFDA</a></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:list .5in'><a
href="#_Installing_WRFNL_and">Installing WRFNL and WRFPLUS</a></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:list .5in'><a
href="#_Running_Observation_Preprocessor_1">Running Observation
Preprocessor (OBSPROC)</a></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:list .5in'><a href="#_Running_WRF-Var_1">Running
WRFDA</a></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:list .5in'><a
href="#_Radiance_Data_Assimilations">Radiance Data Assimilations in WRFDA</a></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:list .5in'><a
href="#_WRF-Var_Diagnostics_1">WRFDA Diagnostics</a></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:list .5in'><a
href="#_Updating_WRF_lateral_1">Updating WRF boundary conditions</a></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:list .5in'><a href="#_Running_gen_be_1">Running
gen_be</a></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:list .5in'><span class=MsoHyperlink><a
href="#_Additional_WRF-Var_Exercises:">Additional WRFDA Exercises</a></span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:list .5in'><a
href="#_Hybrid_Data_Assimilation">Hybrid Data Assimilation</a></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:list .5in'><a
href="#_Description_of_Namelist_1">Description of Namelist Variables</a></li>
</ul>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in'> </p>
<h3><a name=Introduction></a><a name="_Introduction_1"></a>Introduction</h3>
<p>Data assimilation is the technique by which <b>observations</b><span
style='font-weight:normal'> are combined with a NWP product (the </span><b>first
guess</b><span style='font-weight:normal'> or background forecast) and their
respective error statistics to provide an improved estimate (the </span><b>analysis</b><span
style='font-weight:normal'>) of the atmospheric (or oceanic, Jovian, whatever)
state. Variational (Var) data assimilation achieves this through the iterative
minimization of a prescribed cost (or penalty) function. Differences between
the analysis and observations/first guess are penalized (damped) according to
their perceived error. The difference between three-dimensional (3D-Var) and
four-dimensional (4D-Var) data assimilation is the use of a numerical forecast
model in the latter.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>The MMM Division of NCAR supports a unified
(global/regional, multi-model, 3/4D-Var) model-space data assimilation system
(WRFDA) for use by NCAR staff and collaborators, and is also freely available
to the general community, together with further documentation, test results,
plans etc., from the WRFDA web-page <a
href="http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/Docs/user_guide_V3.2/users_guide_chap6.htm">http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/Docs/user_guide_V3.2/users_guide_chap6.htm</a>.
</p>
<p>Various components of the WRFDA system are shown in blue in the sketch
below, together with their relationship with rest of the WRF system.</p>
<p align=center style='text-align:center'><img border=0 width=285 height=213
id="_x0000_i1029" src="users_guide_chap6_files/image001.jpg"></p>
<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'><a
name="_Setting_up_WRF-Var"></a>x<sup>b</sup>: first guess either from previous
WRF forecast or from WPS/REAL output.</p>
<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'>x<sup>lbc</sup>:
lateral boundary from WPS/REAL output.</p>
<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'>x<sup>a</sup>:
analysis from WRFDA data assimilation system.</p>
<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'>x<sup>f</sup>:
WRF forecast output.</p>
<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'>y<sup>o</sup>:
observations processed by OBSPROC. (note: PREPBUFR input, Radar and Radiance
data don’t go through OBSPROC)</p>
<p style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:.5in'>B<sub>0</sub>:
background error statistics from generic BE data (CV3) or gen_be.</p>
<p style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:.5in'>R:
observational and representative error statistics.</p>
<p>In this chapter, you will learn how to run the various components of WRFDA
system. For the training purpose, you are supplied with a test case including
the following input data: a) observation file (in the format prior to OBSPROC),
b) WRF NetCDF background file (WPS/REAL output used as a first guess of the
analysis), and c) Background error statistics (estimate of errors in the
background file). You can download the test dataset from <a
href="http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html">http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html</a>.
In your own work, you have to create all these input files yourselves. See the
section <a href="#_Running_Observation_Preprocessor_1">Running Observation
Preprocessor</a> for creating your observation files. See section <a
href="#_Running_gen_be_1">Running gen_be</a> for generating your background
error statistics file if you want to use cv_options=5.</p>
<p>Before using your own data, we suggest that you start by running through the
WRFDA related programs at least once using the supplied test case. This serves
two purposes: First, you can learn how to run the programs with data we have
tested ourselves, and second you can test whether your computer is adequate to
run the entire modeling system. After you have done the tutorial, you can try
running other, more computationally intensive, case studies and experimenting
with some of the many namelist variables. </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>WARNING:</b><span style='font-weight:normal'> It is
impossible to test every code upgrade with every permutation of computer,
compiler, number of processors, case, namelist option, etc. The “namelist”
options that are supported are indicated in the “</span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/README.namelist</span>” and these are the
default options. </p>
<p>Running with your own domain. Hopefully, our test cases will have prepared
you for the variety of ways in which you may wish to run WRFDA. Please inform
us about your experiences.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal>As a professional courtesy, we request that you include the
following reference in any publications that makes use of any component of the
community WRFDA system:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-justify:
inter-ideograph'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:navy'>Barker, D.M., W. Huang, Y.R. Guo,
and Q.N. Xiao., 2004: A Three-Dimensional (3DVAR) Data Assimilation System For
Use With MM5: Implementation and Initial Results. <i>Mon. Wea. Rev</i></span><span
style='color:navy'>., <b>132</b></span><span style='color:navy'>, 897-914.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'><span
style='color:navy'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:navy'>Huang, X.Y., Q. Xiao, D.M. Barker,
X. Zhang, J. Michalakes, W. Huang, T. Henderson, J. Bray, Y. Chen, Z. Ma, J.
Dudhia, Y. Guo, X. Zhang, D.J. Won, H.C. Lin, and Y.H. Kuo, 2009: Four-Dimensional
Variational Data Assimilation for WRF: Formulation and Preliminary Results.
Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 299–314.</span></p>
<p>Running WRFDA requires a Fortran 90 compiler. We have currently tested the
WRFDA on the following platforms: IBM (XLF), SGI Altix (INTEL), PC/Linux (PGI,
INTEL, GFORTRAN), and Apple (G95/PGI). Please let us know if this does not meet
your requirements, and we will attempt to add other machines to our list of
supported architectures as resources allow. Although we are interested to hear
of your experiences on modifying compile options, we do not yet recommend
making changes to the configure file used to compile WRFDA.</p>
<h3> </h3>
<h3><a name="_Installing_WRF-Var"></a>Installing WRFDA</h3>
<p class=bodytext style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in'><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman"'><b>a.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></b></span><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman"'><b>Obtaining
WRFDA Source Code</b></span></p>
<p class=bodytext>Users can download the WRFDA source code from <a
href="http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/get_source.html">http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/get_source.html</a>.</p>
<p>After the tar file is unzipped (<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>gunzip WRFDAV3.2.tar.gz</span>) and untarred (<span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>untar WRFDAV3.2.tar</span>), the directory <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA</span> should be created;
this directory contains the WRFDA source, external libraries, and fixed files.
The following is a list of the system components and the content for each
directory: </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
text-autospace:none'> </p>
<table border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style='border-collapse:collapse;
border:none'>
<tr>
<td width=221 valign=top style='width:221.4pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt;
padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
text-autospace:none'>Directory Name</p>
</td>
<td width=221 valign=top style='width:221.4pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt;
border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
text-autospace:none'>Content</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=221 valign=top style='width:221.4pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt;
border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
text-autospace:none'>var/da</p>
</td>
<td width=221 valign=top style='width:221.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;
padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
text-autospace:none'>WRFDA source code </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=221 valign=top style='width:221.4pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt;
border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
text-autospace:none'>var/run</p>
</td>
<td width=221 valign=top style='width:221.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;
padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
text-autospace:none'>Fixed input files required by WRFDA, such as background
error covariances, and radiance related files CRTM coefficients, radiance_info
and VARBC.in.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=221 valign=top style='width:221.4pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt;
border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
text-autospace:none'>var/external</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
text-autospace:none'> </p>
</td>
<td width=221 valign=top style='width:221.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;
padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
text-autospace:none'>Library needed by WRFDA, include crtm, bufr, lapack,
blas</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=221 valign=top style='width:221.4pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt;
border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
text-autospace:none'>var/obsproc</p>
</td>
<td width=221 valign=top style='width:221.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;
padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
text-autospace:none'>Obsproc source code , namelist, and observation error
file.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=221 valign=top style='width:221.4pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt;
border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
text-autospace:none'>var/gen_be</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
text-autospace:none'> </p>
</td>
<td width=221 valign=top style='width:221.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;
padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
text-autospace:none'>Source code of generate background error</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=221 valign=top style='width:221.4pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt;
border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
text-autospace:none'>var/build</p>
</td>
<td width=221 valign=top style='width:221.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;
padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
text-autospace:none'>Build all .exe files.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
text-autospace:none'> </p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class=bodytext style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in'><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman"'><b>b.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></b></span><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman"'><b>Compile WRFDA
and Libraries</b></span></p>
<p class=bodytext><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Start with
V3.1.1, to compile the WRFDA code, it is necessary to have installed the NetCDF
library. The NetCDF library is the only mandatory library to install WRFDA, if
only conventional observational data from LITTLE_R format file is to be used.</span>
</p>
<p>Only if you intend to use observational data with PREPBUFR format, an
environment variables is needed to be set like (using the C-shell), </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> setenv BUFR 1</span></p>
<p>In addition to BUFR library, if you intend to assimilate satellite radiance
data with CRTM (V2.0.2), </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:39.0pt'><span style='font-family:"Monotype Sorts"'>
</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> setenv CRTM 1</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:57.0pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>The CRTM
will be compiled with WRFDA together. You don’t need to install the CRTM
separately any more since CRTM V2.0.2. However, if you intend to use RTTOV
(8.7) to assimilate radiance data, which still have to be installed separately.
RTTOV (8.7)</span> can be downloaded from<span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span><span class=MsoHyperlink><a
href="http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/science/creating/working_together/nwpsaf_public.html">http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/science/creating/working_together/nwpsaf_public.html</a></span><span
class=MsoHyperlink><span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'>. </span></span>The additional necessary environment
variables needed are set (again using the C-shell), by commands looking
something like</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> setenv RTTOV /usr/local/rttov87</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Courier;color:red'>(Note: make a linkage of $RTTOV/librttov.a to
$RTTOV/src/librttov8.7.a)</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><br>
<br>
</span></p>
<p><em><b>Note</b></em>: <b>Make sure the required libraries were all compiled
using the same compiler that will be used to build WRFDA</b><span
style='font-weight:normal'>, since the libraries produced by one compiler may
not be compatible with code compiled with another. </span></p>
<p>Assuming all required libraries are available and the WRFDA source code is
ready, start to install the WRFDA as following step:</p>
<p>To configure WRFDA, enter the <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>WRFDA</span> directory and type</p>
<p class=bodytext style='text-indent:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ./configure wrfda</span></p>
<p>A list of configuration options for your computer should appear. Each option
combines a compiler type and a parallelism option; since the configuration
script doesn’t check which compilers are <i>actually</i><span style='font-style:
normal'> available, be sure to only select among the options for compilers that
are available on your system. The parallelism option allows for a
single-processor (serial) compilation, shared-memory parallel (smpar)
compilation, distributed-memory parallel (dmpar) compilation and
distributed-memory with shared-memory parallel (sm+dm) compilation. For example,
on a Macintosh computer, the above steps look like: </span></p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> ./configure wrfda</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>checking
for perl5... no</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>checking
for perl... found /usr/bin/perl (perl)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Will use
NETCDF in dir: /users/noname/work/external/g95/netcdf-3.6.1</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>PHDF5 not
set in environment. Will configure WRF for use without.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$JASPERLIB
or $JASPERINC not found in environment, configuring to build without grib2
I/O...</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Please
select from among the following supported platforms.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 1.
Darwin (MACOS) PGI compiler with pgcc (serial)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 2.
Darwin (MACOS) PGI compiler with pgcc (smpar)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 3.
Darwin (MACOS) PGI compiler with pgcc (dmpar)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 4.
Darwin (MACOS) PGI compiler with pgcc (dm+sm)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 5.
Darwin (MACOS) intel compiler with icc (serial)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 6.
Darwin (MACOS) intel compiler with icc (smpar)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 7.
Darwin (MACOS) intel compiler with icc (dmpar)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 8.
Darwin (MACOS) intel compiler with icc (dm+sm)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 9.
Darwin (MACOS) intel compiler with cc (serial)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 10.
Darwin (MACOS) intel compiler with cc (smpar)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 11.
Darwin (MACOS) intel compiler with cc (dmpar)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 12.
Darwin (MACOS) intel compiler with cc (dm+sm)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 13.
Darwin (MACOS) g95 with gcc (serial)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 14.
Darwin (MACOS) g95 with gcc (dmpar)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 15.
Darwin (MACOS) xlf (serial)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 16.
Darwin (MACOS) xlf (dmpar)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Enter
selection [1-10] : 13</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Compile
for nesting? (0=no nesting, 1=basic, 2=preset moves, 3=vortex following)
[default 0]: </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Configuration
successful. To build the model type compile . </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>…… </span></p>
<p>After running the configuration script and choosing a compilation option, a <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>configure.wrf</span> file will be
created. Because of the variety of ways that a computer can be configured, if
the WRFDA build ultimately fails, there is a chance that minor modifications to
the <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>configure.wrf</span>
file may be needed. </p>
<p><b>Note: WRF compiles with –r4 option while WRFDA compiles with –r8.</b><span
style='font-weight:normal'> For this reason, WRF and WRFDA cannot reside and be
compiled under the same directory.</span></p>
<p><b><i>Hint:</i></b><span style='font-weight:normal;font-style:normal'> It is
helpful to start with something simple, such as the serial build. If it is
successful, move on to build dmpar code. Remember to type ‘</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>clean –a</span>’ between each
build.</p>
<p>To compile the code, type</p>
<p style='text-indent:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>>
./compile all_wrfvar >&! compile.out</span></p>
<p>Successful compilation of ‘all_wrfvar” will produce 32 executables in the <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>var/build</span> directory which
are linked in <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>var/da</span>
directory, as well as <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obsproc.exe</span>
in <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>var/obsproc/src</span>
directory. You can list these executables by issuing the command (from <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA</span> directory)</p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> ls -l
var/build/*exe var/obsproc/src/obsproc.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 noname users 641048 Mar 23 09:28 var/build/da_advance_time.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 noname users 954016 Mar 23 09:29 var/build/da_bias_airmass.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 noname users 721140 Mar 23 09:29 var/build/da_bias_scan.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 noname users 686652 Mar 23 09:29 var/build/da_bias_sele.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 noname users 700772 Mar 23 09:29 var/build/da_bias_verif.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 noname users 895300 Mar 23 09:29 var/build/da_rad_diags.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 noname users 742660 Mar 23 09:29 var/build/da_tune_obs_desroziers.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 noname users 942948 Mar 23 09:29
var/build/da_tune_obs_hollingsworth1.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 noname users 913904 Mar 23 09:29
var/build/da_tune_obs_hollingsworth2.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 noname users 943000 Mar 23 09:28 var/build/da_update_bc.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 noname users 1125892 Mar 23 09:29 var/build/da_verif_anal.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 noname users 705200 Mar 23 09:29 var/build/da_verif_obs.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 noname users 46602708 Mar 23 09:28 var/build/da_wrfvar.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 noname users 1938628 Mar 23 09:29 var/build/gen_be_cov2d.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 noname users 1938628 Mar 23 09:29 var/build/gen_be_cov3d.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 noname users 1930436 Mar 23 09:29 var/build/gen_be_diags.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 noname users 1942724 Mar 23 09:29 var/build/gen_be_diags_read.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 noname users 1941268 Mar 23 09:29 var/build/gen_be_ensmean.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 noname users 1955192 Mar 23 09:29 var/build/gen_be_ensrf.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 noname users 1979588 Mar 23 09:28 var/build/gen_be_ep1.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 noname users 1961948 Mar 23 09:28 var/build/gen_be_ep2.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 noname users 1945360 Mar 23 09:29 var/build/gen_be_etkf.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 noname users 1990936 Mar 23 09:28 var/build/gen_be_stage0_wrf.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 noname users 1955012 Mar 23 09:28 var/build/gen_be_stage1.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 noname users 1967296 Mar 23 09:28 var/build/gen_be_stage1_1dvar.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 noname users 1950916 Mar 23 09:28 var/build/gen_be_stage2.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 noname users 2160796 Mar 23 09:29 var/build/gen_be_stage2_1dvar.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 noname users 1942724 Mar 23 09:29 var/build/gen_be_stage2a.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 noname users 1950916 Mar 23 09:29 var/build/gen_be_stage3.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 noname users 1938628 Mar 23 09:29 var/build/gen_be_stage4_global.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 noname users 1938732 Mar 23 09:29 var/build/gen_be_stage4_regional.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 noname users 1094740 Mar 23 09:29 var/build/gen_be_vertloc.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 noname users 1752352 Mar 23 09:29 var/obsproc/src/obsproc.exe</span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>da_wrfvar.exe</span> is
the main executable for running WRFDA. Make sure it is created after the
compilation. Sometimes (unfortunately) it is possible that other utilities get
successfully compiled, while the main <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>da_wrfvar.exe</span> fails; please check the compilation log file
carefully to figure out the problem.</p>
<p>The basic gen_be utility for regional model consists of <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>gen_be_stage0_wrf.exe, gen_be_stage1.exe,
gen_be_stage2.exe, gen_be_stage2a.exe, gen_be_stage3.exe,
gen_be_stage4_regional.exe,</span> and <span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>gen_be_diags.exe</span>.</p>
<p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>da_updated_bc.exe</span>
is used for updating WRF boundary condition after a new WRFDA analysis is
generated.</p>
<p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>da_advance_time.exe</span>
is a very handy and useful tool for date/time manipulation. Type “<span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>da_advance_time.exe</span>” to
see its usage instruction.</p>
<p>In addition to the executables for running WRFDA and gen_be, <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obsproc.exe</span> (the executable
for preparing conventional data for WRFDA) compilation is also included in <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>“./compile all_wrfvar”.</span> </p>
<p>Go to /external/bufr and /external/crtm to check if the libbufr.a and
libcrtm.a were generated if you use BUFR and CRTM library.</p>
<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
text-indent:-.25in'><b>c.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></b><b>Clean Compilation</b></p>
<p>To remove all object files and executables, type:</p>
<p style='margin-left:.5in'>clean</p>
<p>To remove all build files, including configure.wrfda, type:</p>
<p style='margin-left:.5in'>clean -a</p>
<p>The clean command is recommended if compilation fails or configuration file
is changed. </p>
<h3><a name="_Installing_WRFNL_and"></a>Installing WRFNL and WRFPLUS (For
4D-Var only)</h3>
<p>If you intend to run WRF 4D-Var, it is necessary to have installed the WRFNL
(WRF nonlinear model) and WRFPLUS (WRF adjoint and tangent linear model). WRFNL
is a modified version of WRF V3.2 and can only be used for 4D-Var purposes.
WRFPLUS contains the adjoint and tangent linear models based on a simplified
WRF model, which only includes some simple physical processes such as vertical
diffusion and large-scale condensation. </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>To install WRFNL: </p>
<ul type=disc>
<li class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:list .5in'>Get the WRF zipped tar file
from:</li>
</ul>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'><b><a
href="http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/download/get_source.html">http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/download/get_source.html</a></b></span></p>
<ul type=disc>
<li class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:list .5in'>Unzip and untar the file, name
the directory WRFNL</li>
</ul>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> cd WRFNL</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> gzip -cd WRFV3.TAR.gz | tar -xf - ; mv WRFV3 WRFNL</span></p>
<ul type=disc>
<li class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:list .5in'>Get the WRFNL patch zipped tar
file from:</li>
</ul>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'><span class=MsoHyperlink><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'><b><a
href="http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/wrfnl.html">http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/wrfnl.html</a></b></span></span></p>
<ul type=disc>
<li class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:list .5in'>unzip and untar the WRFNL
patch file </li>
</ul>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in;tab-stops:list .5in'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> gzip -cd
WRFNL3.2_PATCH.tar.gz | tar -xf -</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in;tab-stops:list .5in'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> ./configure</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in;tab-stops:list .5in'><b>serial</b><span
style='font-weight:normal'> means single processor</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in;tab-stops:list .5in'><b>dmpar</b><span
style='font-weight:normal'> means Distributed Memory Parallel (MPI) </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in;tab-stops:list .5in'><b>smpar is
not supported for 4D-Var</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in;tab-stops:list .5in'>Please select
0 for the second option for no nesting</p>
<ul type=disc>
<li class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:list .5in'>Compile the WRFNL</li>
</ul>
<p class=MsoListBullet2>> ./compile em_real </p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2>> ls -ls main/*.exe </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in;tab-stops:list .5in'>If you built
the real-data case, you should see <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'><b>wrf.exe</b></span> <br>
<br>
</p>
<p class=MsoNormal>To install WRFPLUS: </p>
<ul type=disc>
<li class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:list .5in'>Get the WRFPLUS zipped tar
file from:</li>
</ul>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'><b><a
href="http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/wrfplus.html">http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/wrfplus.html</a></b></span></p>
<ul type=disc>
<li class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:list .5in'>Unzip and untar the file to
WRFPLUS</li>
</ul>
<p class=MsoListBullet2>> gzip -cd WRFPLUS3.2.tar.gz | tar -xf - </p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2>> cd WRFPLUS </p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2>> ./configure wrfplus</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in;tab-stops:list .5in'><b>serial</b><span
style='font-weight:normal'> means single processor</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in;tab-stops:list .5in'><b>dmpar</b><span
style='font-weight:normal'> means Distributed Memory Parallel (MPI)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in;tab-stops:list .5in'><b>Note: </b><span
style='font-weight:normal'>wrfplus was tested on following platforms:</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:130.0pt;text-indent:-22.0pt;tab-stops:
list .5in 112.0pt'>IBM AIX: xlfrte 11.1.0.5 </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:130.0pt;text-indent:-22.0pt;tab-stops:
list .5in 112.0pt'>Linux : pgf90 6.2-5 64-bit target on x86-64 Linux (<span
style='color:red'>environmental variable PGHPF_ZMEM=yes is needed</span>)</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:130.0pt;text-indent:-22.0pt;tab-stops:
list .5in 112.0pt'>Mac OS (Intel) : g95 0.91!</p>
<ul type=disc>
<li class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:list .5in 112.0pt'>Compile WRFPLUS</li>
</ul>
<p class=MsoListBullet2>> ./compile wrf </p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2>> ls -ls main/*.exe </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in;tab-stops:list .5in'>You should see
<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'><b>wrfplus.exe</b></span> </p>
<p style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'> </p>
<h3><a name="_Running_Observation_Preprocessor_1"></a>Running Observation
Preprocessor (OBSPROC)</h3>
<p>The OBSPROC program reads observations in LITTLE_R format (a legendary ASCII
format, in use since MM5 era). Please refer to the documentation at <a
href="http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/mm5/mm5v3/data/how_to_get_rawdata.html">http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/mm5/mm5v3/data/how_to_get_rawdata.html</a>
for LITTLE_R format description. For your applications, you will have to
prepare your own observation files. Please see <a
href="http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/mm5/mm5v3/data/free_data.html">http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/mm5/mm5v3/data/free_data.html</a>
for the sources of some freely available observations and the program for
converting the observations to LITTLE_R format. Because the raw observation
data files could be in any of formats, such as ASCII, BUFR, PREPBUFR, MADIS,
HDF, etc. Further more, for each of formats, there may be the different
versions. To make WRFDA system as general as possible, the LITTLE_R format
ASCII file was adopted as an intermediate observation data format for WRFDA
system. Some extensions were made in the LITTLE_R format for WRFDA
applications. More complete description of LITTLE_R format and conventional observation
data sources for WRFDA could be found from the web page: <a
href="http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/Tutorials/2010_Feb/tutorial_presentation_winter_2010.html">2010
Winter Tutorial</a> by clicking “Observation Pre-processing”. The conversion of
the user-specific-source data to the LITTLE_R format observation data file is the
users’ task.</p>
<p style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'>The purposes of
OBSPROC are:</p>
<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;tab-stops:list .5in'><span
style='font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span>Remove observations outside the time range and domain (horizontal
and top).</p>
<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;tab-stops:list .5in'><span
style='font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span>Re-order and merge duplicate (in time and location) data reports.</p>
<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;tab-stops:list .5in'><span
style='font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span>Retrieve pressure or height based on observed information using
the hydrostatic assumption.</p>
<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;tab-stops:list .5in'><span
style='font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span>Check vertical consistency and super adiabatic for multi-level
observations.</p>
<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;tab-stops:list .5in'><span
style='font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span>Assign observational errors based on a pre-specified error file.</p>
<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;tab-stops:list .5in'><span
style='font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span>Write out the observation file to be used by WRFDA in ASCII or
BUFR format.</p>
<p>The OBSPROC program—<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obsproc.exe</span>
should be found under the directory <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>WRFDA/var/obsproc/src</span><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> </span>if<span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'> </span>“<span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>compile all_wrfvar</span>” was completed successfully.</p>
<p style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'><b>a. Prepare
observational data for 3D-Var</b></p>
<p>To prepare the observation file, for example, at the analysis time 0h for
3D-Var, all the observations between ±1h (or ±1.5h) will be processed, as
illustrated in following figure, which means that the observations between 23h
and 1h are treated as the observations at 0h.</p>
<p align=center style='text-align:center'><img border=0 width=431 height=138
id="_x0000_i1030" src="users_guide_chap6_files/image002.png"></p>
<p>Before running <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obsproc.exe</span>,
create the required namelist file <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>namelist.obsproc</span> (see <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>WRFDA/var/obsproc/README.namelist</span>, or the section <a
href="#_Description_of_Namelist_1">Description of Namelist Variables</a> for
details).</p>
<p>For your reference, an example file named “<span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>namelist_obsproc.3dvar.wrfvar-tut</span>” has already been
created in the <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>var/obsproc</span>
directory. Thus, proceed as follows.</p>
<p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>>
cp namelist.obsproc.3dvar.wrfvar-tut namelist.obsproc</span></p>
<p>Next, edit the namelist file<span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.obsproc</span><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'> </span>by changing the following variables
to accommodate your experiments. </p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&record1</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obs_gts_filename='obs.2008020512'</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&record2</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>time_window_min
= '2008-02-05_11:00:00',: The earliest time edge as ccyy-mm-dd_hh:mn:ss</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>time_analysis
= '2008-02-05_12:00:00', : The analysis time as ccyy-mm-dd_hh:mn:ss</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>time_window_max
= '2008-02-05_13:00:00',: The latest time edge as ccyy-mm-dd_hh:mn:ss</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&record6,7,8</span></p>
<p>Edit all the domain setting according with your own experiment. You may pay
special attention on NESTIX and NESTJX, which is described in the<span
style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'> </span>section <a
href="#_Description_of_Namelist_1">Description of Namelist Variables</a> for
details).</p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&record9</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>use_for =
'3DVAR', ; used for 3D-Var, default</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'> To run OBSPROC,
type</p>
<p><b><i> </i></b><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal'>>
obsproc.exe >&! obsproc.out</span></p>
<p>Once <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obsproc.exe</span> has
completed successfully, you will see an observation data file,<span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.3DVAR</span>, in the <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obsproc </span>directory. This is
the input observation file to WRFDA.</p>
<p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.3DVAR</span>
is an ASCII file that contains a header section (listed below) followed by
observations. The meanings and format of observations in the file are described
in the last six lines of the header section.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>TOTAL =
9066, MISS. =-888888.,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>SYNOP =
757, METAR = 2416, SHIP = 145, BUOY = 250, BOGUS = 0, TEMP =
86, </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>AMDAR =
19, AIREP = 205, TAMDAR= 0, PILOT = 85, SATEM = 106, SATOB =
2556, </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>GPSPW =
187, GPSZD = 0, GPSRF = 3, GPSEP = 0, SSMT1 = 0, SSMT2 =
0, </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>TOVS =
0, QSCAT = 2190, PROFL = 61, AIRSR = 0, OTHER = 0, </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>PHIC =
40.00, XLONC = -95.00, TRUE1 = 30.00, TRUE2 = 60.00, XIM11 = 1.00, XJM11 =
1.00,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>base_temp=
290.00, base_lapse= 50.00, PTOP = 1000., base_pres=100000., base_tropo_pres=
20000., base_strat_temp= 215.,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>IXC =
60, JXC = 90, IPROJ = 1, IDD = 1, MAXNES= 1,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>NESTIX=
60, </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>NESTJX=
90, </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>NUMC =
1, </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>DIS =
60.00, </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>NESTI =
1, </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>NESTJ =
1, </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>INFO =
PLATFORM, DATE, NAME, LEVELS, LATITUDE, LONGITUDE, ELEVATION, ID.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>SRFC =
SLP, PW (DATA,QC,ERROR).</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>EACH =
PRES, SPEED, DIR, HEIGHT, TEMP, DEW PT, HUMID (DATA,QC,ERROR)*LEVELS.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>INFO_FMT =
(A12,1X,A19,1X,A40,1X,I6,3(F12.3,11X),6X,A40)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>SRFC_FMT =
(F12.3,I4,F7.2,F12.3,I4,F7.3)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>EACH_FMT =
(3(F12.3,I4,F7.2),11X,3(F12.3,I4,F7.2),11X,3(F12.3,I4,F7.2))</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>#------------------------------------------------------------------------------#</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>……
observations ………</span></p>
<p>Before running WRFDA, you may like to learn more about various types of data
that will be passed to WRFDA for this case, for example, their geographical
distribution, etc. This file is in ASCII format and so you can easily view it.
To have a graphical view about the content of this file, there is a “<span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>MAP_plot</span>” utility to look
at the data distribution for each type of observations. To use this utility,
proceed as follows.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> cd MAP_plot</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> make</span></p>
<p>We have prepared some <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>configure.user.ibm/linux/mac/</span><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>…</span> files for some platforms, when “<span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>make</span>” is typed, the <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Makefile</span> will use one of
them to determine the compiler and compiler option. Please modify the <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Makefile</span> and <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>configure.user.xxx</span> to
accommodate the complier on your platform. Successful compilation will produce <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Map.exe</span><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>. </span><b>Note</b><span style='font-weight:
normal'>: The successful compilation of</span><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>
</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Map.exe</span><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'> </span>requires pre-installed NCARG Graphics
libraries under<span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$(NCARG_ROOT)/lib</span><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>.</span></p>
<p>Modify the script <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Map.csh</span>
to set the time window and full path of input observation file (<span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.3DVAR</span>).
You will need to set the following strings in this script as follows:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>Map_plot = /users/noname/WRFDA/var/obsproc/MAP_plot</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>TIME_WINDOW_MIN = ‘2008020511’ </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'> TIME_ANALYSIS
= ‘2008020512’</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'> TIME_WINDOW_MAX
= ‘2008020513’ </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'><br>
</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'> OBSDATA
= ../obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.3DVAR</span></p>
<p style='margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
text-indent:-.25in'>Next, type<span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> </span></p>
<p style='text-indent:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>>
Map.csh</span></p>
<p>When the job has completed, you will have a gmeta file <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>gmeta.{analysis_time}</span><span
style='color:blue'><i> </i></span><span style='color:black'>corresponding to </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>analysis_time=2008020512</span><span
style='color:black'>. This </span>contains plots of data distribution for each
type of observations contained in the OBS data file: <span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.3DVAR</span>. To view
this, type<span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> </span></p>
<p style='text-indent:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>>
idt gmeta.2008020512</span></p>
<p>It will display (panel by panel) geographical distribution of various types
of data. Following is the geographic distribution of “sonde” observations for
this case. </p>
<p align=center style='text-align:center'><img border=0 width=234 height=187
id="_x0000_i1031" src="users_guide_chap6_files/image003.png"></p>
<p>There is an alternative way to plot the observation by using ncl script: <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl/plot_ob_ascii_loc.ncl</span>.
However, with this way, you need to provide the first guess file to the ncl
script, and have ncl installed in your system. </p>
<p align=center style='text-align:center'> </p>
<p style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'><b>b. Prepare
observational data for 4D-Var</b></p>
<p>To prepare the observation file, for example, at the analysis time 0h for
4D-Var, all observations from 0h to 6h will be processed and grouped in 7
sub-windows from slot1 to slot7, as illustrated in following figure. NOTE: The
“Analysis time” in the figure below is not the actual analysis time (0h), it
just indicates the time_analysis setting in the namelist file, and is set to
three hours later than the actual analysis time. The actual analysis time is
still 0h.</p>
<p style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'><b> </b></p>
<p align=center style='text-align:center'><img border=0 width=432 height=139
id="_x0000_i1032" src="users_guide_chap6_files/image004.png"></p>
<p>An example file named “<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist_obsproc.4dvar.wrfvar-tut</span>”
has already been created in the <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>var/obsproc</span>
directory. Thus, proceed as follows:</p>
<p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>>
cp namelist.obsproc.4dvar.wrfvar-tut namelist.obsproc</span></p>
<p>In the namelist file, you need to change the following variables to
accommodate your experiments. In this test case, the actual analysis time is <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>2008-02-05_12:00:00, </span>but in
namelist, the<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'> time_analysis </span>should
be set to 3 hours later. The different value of time_analysis will make the
different number of time slots before and after time_analysis. For example, if
you set time_analysis = 2008-02-05_16:00:00, and set the num_slots_past = 4 and
time_slots_ahead=2. The final results will be same as before.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&record1</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obs_gts_filename='obs.2008020512'</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&record2</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>time_window_min
= '2008-02-05_12:00:00',: The earliest time edge as ccyy-mm-dd_hh:mn:ss</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>time_analysis
= '2008-02-05_15:00:00', : The analysis time as ccyy-mm-dd_hh:mn:ss</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>time_window_max
= '2008-02-05_18:00:00',: The latest time edge as ccyy-mm-dd_hh:mn:ss</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&record6,7,8</span></p>
<p>Edit all the domain setting according with your own experiment. You may pay
special attention on NESTIX and NESTJX, which is described in the<span
style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'> </span>section <a
href="#_Description_of_Namelist_1">Description of Namelist Variables</a> for
details).</p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&record9</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>use_for =
'4DVAR', ; used for 3D-Var, default</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>;
num_slots_past and num_slots_ahead are used ONLY for FGAT and 4DVAR:</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>num_slots_past
= 3, ; the number of time slots before time_analysis</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>num_slots_ahead
= 3, ; the number of time slots after time_analysis</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'> </span></p>
<p style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'>To run OBSPROC, type</p>
<p><b><i> </i></b><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal'>>
obsproc.exe >&! obsproc.out</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>Once <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obsproc.exe</span>
has completed successfully, you will see 7 observation data files:<span
style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.4DVAR
</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obs_gts_2008-02-05_13:00:00.4DVAR</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obs_gts_2008-02-05_14:00:00.4DVAR</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obs_gts_2008-02-05_15:00:00.4DVAR</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obs_gts_2008-02-05_16:00:00.4DVAR</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obs_gts_2008-02-05_17:00:00.4DVAR</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obs_gts_2008-02-05_18:00:00.4DVAR</span></p>
<p>They are the input observation files to WRF 4D-Var. You can also use “<span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>MAP_Plot</span>” to view the
geographic distribution of different observations at different time slots.</p>
<p style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'> </p>
<h3><a name="_Running_WRF-Var_1"></a>Running WRFDA</h3>
<h4><span style='font-style:normal'><b>a. Download Test Data </b></span></h4>
<p style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'>The WRFDA system
requires three input files to run:</p>
<p style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'> a) A WRF <i>first
guess and boundary</i><span style='font-style:normal'> input files output from
either WPS/real (cold-start) </span></p>
<p style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'> or WRF forecast
(warm-start)</p>
<p style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'>b) Observations (in
ASCII format, PREBUFR or BUFR for radiance)</p>
<p style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'>c) A background
error statistics file (containing background error covariance)</p>
<p style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'>The following table
summarizes the above info:</p>
<div align=center>
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style='border-collapse:collapse'>
<tr style='height:17.0pt'>
<td width=123 style='width:122.65pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt'>
<p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='color:blue'><i>Input
Data</i></span></p>
</td>
<td width=148 style='width:148.05pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-left:
none;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;height:17.0pt'>
<p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='color:blue'><i>Format</i></span></p>
</td>
<td width=148 style='width:148.05pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-left:
none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt'>
<p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='color:blue'><i>Created
By</i></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:17.0pt'>
<td width=123 style='width:122.65pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:
none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b>First Guess</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'> </p>
</td>
<td width=148 style='width:148.05pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;
padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;height:17.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>NETCDF</p>
</td>
<td width=148 style='width:148.05pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;
padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>WRF Preprocessing
System (WPS) and real.exe</p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>or WRF</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:17.0pt'>
<td width=123 style='width:122.65pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:
none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b>Observations</b></p>
</td>
<td width=148 style='width:148.05pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;
padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;height:17.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>ASCII</p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>(PREPBUFR also
possible)</p>
</td>
<td width=148 style='width:148.05pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;
padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><a
href="#_Running_Observation_Preprocessor"><span style='color:windowtext;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>Observation Preprocessor</span></a>
(OBSPROC)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:17.0pt'>
<td width=123 style='width:122.65pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:
none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b>Background Error
Statistics</b></p>
</td>
<td width=148 style='width:148.05pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;
padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;height:17.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>Binary</p>
</td>
<td width=148 style='width:148.05pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;
padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><a
href="#_Running_gen_be"><span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'>WRFDA gen_be utility</span></a></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>/Default CV3</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p>In the test case, you will store data in a directory defined by the
environment variable <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$DAT_DIR</span><i>.</i><span
style='font-style:normal'> This directory can be at any location and it should
have read access. Type</span></p>
<p><b> </b><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier;font-weight:normal'>> setenv
DAT_DIR your_choice_of_dat_dir</span></p>
<p style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'>Here, "<span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>your_choice_of_dat_dir</span>"
is the directory where the WRFDA input data is stored. Create this directory if
it does not exist, and type</p>
<p><b> </b><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier;font-weight:normal'>> cd
$DAT_DIR</span></p>
<p>Download the test data for a “Tutorial” case valid at 12 UTC 5<sup>th </sup>February
2008 from <a
href="http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html">http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html</a></p>
<p>Once you have downloaded “<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDAV3.2-testdata.tar.gz</span>”
file to <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$DAT_DIR</span>,
extract it by typing</p>
<p><b> </b><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier;font-weight:normal'>> gunzip WRFDAV3.2-testdata.tar.gz</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'><br>
</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'> >
tar -xvf WRFDAV3.2-testdata.tar</span><strong><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
font-weight:normal'> </span></strong></p>
<p>Now you should find the following three sub-directories/files under <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>“$DAT_DIR</span><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>”</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ob/2008020512/ob.2008020512.gz
# Observation data in “little_r” format</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt'><br>
</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>rc/2008020512/wrfinput_d01
# First guess file</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'><br>
</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>rc/2008020512/wrfbdy_d01
# lateral boundary file</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt'><br>
</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>be/be.dat
# Background error file</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=PT-BR style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>......</span></p>
<p>You should first go through the section “Running Observation Preprocessor (OBSPROC)”
and have a WRF-3D-Var-ready observation file (<span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.3DVAR</span>) generated in
your OBSPROC working directory. You could then copy or move <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.3DVAR</span>
to be in <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$DAT_DIR/ob/2008020512/ob.ascii.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>If you want to try 4D-Var, please go through the section
“Running Observation Preprocessor (OBSPROC)” and have the WRF-4D-Var-ready
observation files (<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.4DVAR,……</span><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>). </span>You could copy or move the
observation files to <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$DAT_DIR/ob</span><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'> </span>using following commands:<span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'><span
lang=PT-BR style='font-family:"Courier New"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> mv
obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.4DVAR $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020512/<span
style='color:red'>ob.ascii+</span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> mv
obs_gts_2008-02-05_13:00:00.4DVAR $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020513/ob.ascii</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> mv
obs_gts_2008-02-05_14:00:00.4DVAR $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020514/ob.ascii</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> mv
obs_gts_2008-02-05_15:00:00.4DVAR $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020515/ob.ascii</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> mv
obs_gts_2008-02-05_16:00:00.4DVAR $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020516/ob.ascii</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> mv
obs_gts_2008-02-05_17:00:00.4DVAR $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020517/ob.ascii</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> mv
obs_gts_2008-02-05_18:00:00.4DVAR $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020518/<span
style='color:red'>ob.ascii-</span></span></p>
<p>At this point you have three of the input files (first guess, observation
and background error statistics files in directory <span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>$DAT_DIR</span>) required to run WRFDA, and have successfully
downloaded and compiled the WRFDA code. If this is correct, you are ready to
learn how to run WRFDA<span style='color:blue'>.</span></p>
<h4><span style='font-style:normal'><b>b. Run the Case—3D-Var</b></span></h4>
<p>The data for this case is valid at 12 UTC 5<sup>th</sup> February 2008. The
first guess comes from the NCEP FNL (Final) Operational Global Analysis data,
passed through the WRF-WPS and <i>real </i><span style='font-style:normal'>programs.
</span></p>
<p>To run WRF 3D-Var, first create and cd to a working directory, for example, <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/test/tutorial</span>,
and then follow the steps below:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> cd
WRFDA/var/test/tutorial </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> ln
-sf WRFDA/run/LANDUSE.TBL ./LANDUSE.TBL</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> ln
-sf $DAT_DIR/rc/2008020512/wrfinput_d01 ./fg (link first guess file as fg)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> ln
-sf WRFDA/var/obsproc/obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.3DVAR ./ob.ascii (link
OBSPROC processed observation file as ob.ascii)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> ln
-sf $DAT_DIR/be/be.dat ./be.dat (link background error statistics as be.dat)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> ln
-sf WRFDA/var/da/da_wrfvar.exe ./da_wrfvar.exe (link executable)</span></p>
<p>We will begin by editing the file,<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'> namelist.input,</span><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> </span>which
is a very basic namelist.input for running the tutorial test case is shown
below and provided as <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/test/tutorial/namelist.input</span>.
Only the time and domain settings need to be specified in this case, if we are
using the default settings provided in <span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/Registry/Registry.wrfvar</span>)</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar1</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>print_detail_grad=false,</span><span style='font-size:
8.0pt'><br>
</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/</span><span
style='font-size:8.0pt'><br>
</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar2</span><span
style='font-size:8.0pt'><br>
</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar3</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar4</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar5</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar6</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar7</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar8</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar9</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar10</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar11</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar12</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar13</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar14</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar15</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar16</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar17</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar18</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>analysis_date="2008-02-05_12:00:00.0000",</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar19</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar20</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar21</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>time_window_min="2008-02-05_11:00:00.0000",</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar22</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>time_window_max="2008-02-05_13:00:00.0000",</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar23</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&time_control</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>start_year=2008,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>start_month=02,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>start_day=05,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>start_hour=12,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>end_year=2008,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>end_month=02,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>end_day=05,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>end_hour=12,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&dfi_control</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&domains</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>e_we=90,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>e_sn=60,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>e_vert=41,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>dx=60000,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>dy=60000,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&physics</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>mp_physics=3,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>ra_lw_physics=1,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>ra_sw_physics=1,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>radt=60,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>sf_sfclay_physics=1,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>sf_surface_physics=1,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>bl_pbl_physics=1,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>cu_physics=1,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>cudt=5,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>num_soil_layers=5, (IMPORTANT: it’s essential to make
sure the setting here is consistent with the number in your first guess file)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>mp_zero_out=2,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>co2tf=0,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&fdda</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&dynamics</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&bdy_control</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&grib2</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&namelist_quilt</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>>
da_wrfvar.exe >&! wrfda.log</span></p>
<p>The file<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'> wrfda.log</span>
(or <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>rsl.out.0000</span> if
run in distributed-memory mode) contains important WRFDA runtime log
information. Always check the log after a WRFDA run:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>*** VARIATIONAL ANALYSIS ***</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> DYNAMICS OPTION: Eulerian Mass Coordinate</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> WRF NUMBER OF TILES = 1</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>Set up observations (ob)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>Using ASCII format observation input</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> scan obs ascii</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> end scan obs ascii</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>Observation summary</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> ob time 1</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> sound 85 global, 85 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> synop 531 global, 525 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> pilot 84 global, 84 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> satem 78 global, 78 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> geoamv 736 global, 719 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> polaramv 0 global, 0 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> airep 132 global, 131 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> gpspw 183 global, 183 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> gpsrf 0 global, 0 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> metar 1043 global, 1037 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> ships 86 global, 82 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> ssmi_rv 0 global, 0 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> ssmi_tb 0 global, 0 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> ssmt1 0 global, 0 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> ssmt2 0 global, 0 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> qscat 0 global, 0 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> profiler 61 global, 61 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> buoy 216 global, 216 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> bogus 0 global, 0 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> pseudo 0 global, 0 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> radar 0 global, 0 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> radiance 0 global, 0 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> airs retrieval 0 global, 0 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> sonde_sfc 85 global, 85 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> mtgirs 0 global, 0 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> tamdar 0 global, 0 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>Set up background errors for regional application</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> WRF-Var dry control variables are:psi, chi_u, t_u and
psfc</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Humidity control variable is q/qsg</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Using the averaged regression coefficients for
unbalanced part</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>Vertical truncation for psi = 15( 99.00%)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>Vertical truncation for chi_u = 20( 99.00%)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>Vertical truncation for t_u = 29( 99.00%)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>Vertical truncation for rh = 22( 99.00%)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>Calculate innovation vector(iv)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>Minimize cost function using CG method</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>For this run cost function diagnostics will not be written</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>Starting outer iteration : 1</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>Starting cost function: 2.28356084D+04, Gradient=
2.23656955D+02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>For this outer iteration gradient target is:
2.23656955D+00</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>----------------------------------------------------------</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>Iter Gradient Step</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 1 1.82455068D+02 7.47025772D-02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 2 1.64971618D+02 8.05531077D-02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 3 1.13694365D+02 7.22382618D-02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 4 7.87359568D+01 7.51905761D-02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 5 5.71607218D+01 7.94572516D-02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 6 4.18746777D+01 8.30731280D-02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 7 2.95722963D+01 6.13223951D-02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 8 2.34205172D+01 9.05920463D-02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 9 1.63772518D+01 6.48090044D-02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 10 1.09735524D+01 7.71148550D-02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 11 8.22748934D+00 8.81041046D-02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 12 5.65846963D+00 7.89528133D-02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 13 4.15664769D+00 7.45589721D-02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 14 3.16925808D+00 8.35300020D-02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>----------------------------------------------------------</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>Inner iteration stopped after 15 iterations</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>Final: 15 iter, J= 1.76436785D+04, g= 2.06098421D+00</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>----------------------------------------------------------</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>Diagnostics</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Final cost function J = 17643.68</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Total number of obs. = 26726</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Final value of J = 17643.67853</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Final value of Jo = 15284.64894</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Final value of Jb = 2359.02958</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Final value of Jc = 0.00000</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Final value of Je = 0.00000</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Final value of Jp = 0.00000</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Final J / total num_obs = 0.66017</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Jb factor used(1) = 1.00000</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Jb factor used(2) = 1.00000</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Jb factor used(3) = 1.00000</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Jb factor used(4) = 1.00000</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Jb factor used(5) = 1.00000</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Jb factor used = 1.00000</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Je factor used = 1.00000</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> VarBC factor used = 1.00000</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> *** WRF-Var completed successfully ***</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'> </span></p>
<p>A file called <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.output</span>
(which contains the complete namelist settings) will be generated after a
successful da_wrfvar.exe run. The settings appearing in <span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.output,</span> but not specified in your <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.input,</span> are the
default values from <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/Registry/Registry.wrfvar</span>.</p>
<p>After successful completion of job, <span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>wrfvar_output</span> (the WRFDA analysis file, i.e. the
new initial condition for WRF) should appear in the working directory along
with a number of diagnostic files. Various text diagnostics output files will
be explained in the next section (<a href="#_WRF-Var_Diagnostics_1">WRFDA
Diagnostics</a>). </p>
<p>In order to understand the role of various important WRFDA options, try
re-running WRFDA by changing different namelist options. Such as making WRFDA
convergence criteria more stringent. This is achieved by reducing the value of
the convergence criteria “<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>EPS</span>”
to e.g. 0.0001 by adding "<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>EPS=0.0001</span>"
in the <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.input</span>
record <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar6</span>.
See section (<a href="#_Additional_WRF-Var_Exercises:">WRFDA additional
exercises</a>) for more namelist options</p>
<h4><span style='font-style:normal'><b>c. Run the Case—4D-Var</b></span></h4>
<p>To run WRF 4D-Var, first create and cd to a working directory, for example, <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/test/4dvar</span>; next
assuming that we are using the C-shell, set the working directories for the
three WRF 4D-Var components WRFDA, WRFNL and WRFPLUS thusly</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> setenv WRFDA_DIR /ptmp/$user/WRFDA</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> setenv WRFNL_DIR /ptmp/$user/WRFNL</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> setenv WRFPLUS_DIR /ptmp/$user/WRFPLUS</span></p>
<p>Assume the analysis date is 2008020512 and the test data directories are:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> setenv DATA_DIR /ptmp/$user/DATA</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ls –lr $DATA_DIR</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>ob/2008020512</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>ob/2008020513</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>ob/2008020514</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>ob/2008020515</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>ob/2008020516</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>ob/2008020517</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>ob/2008020518</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>rc/2008020512</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>be</span></p>
<p><b>Note: </b><span style='font-weight:normal'>Currently, WRF 4D-Var can only
run with the observation data processed by OBSPROC, and cannot work with
PREPBUFR format data; Although WRF-4DVar is able to assimilate satellite
radiance BUFR data, but this capability is still under testing.</span></p>
<p>Assume the working directory is:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> setenv WORK_DIR $WRFDA_DIR/var/test/4dvar</span></p>
<p>Then follow the steps below:</p>
<p>1) Link the executables.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> cd $WORK_DIR</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $WRFDA_DIR/var/da/da_wrfvar.exe .</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> cd $WORK_DIR/nl</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $WRFNL_DIR/main/wrf.exe .</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> cd $WORK_DIR/ad</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $WRFPLUS_DIR/main/wrfplus.exe .</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> cd $WORK_DIR/tl</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $WRFPLUS_DIR/main/wrfplus.exe .</span></p>
<p>2) Link the observational data, first guess and BE. (Currently, only
LITTLE_R formatted observational data is supported in 4D-Var, PREPBUFR
observational data is not supported) </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> cd $WORK_DIR</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $DATA_DIR/ob/2008020512/ob.ascii+ ob01.ascii</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $DATA_DIR/ob/2008020513/ob.ascii ob02.ascii</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $DATA_DIR/ob/2008020514/ob.ascii ob03.ascii</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $DATA_DIR/ob/2008020515/ob.ascii ob04.ascii</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $DATA_DIR/ob/2008020516/ob.ascii ob05.ascii</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $DATA_DIR/ob/2008020517/ob.ascii ob06.ascii</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $DATA_DIR/ob/2008020518/ob.ascii- ob07.ascii</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $DATA_DIR/rc/2008020512/wrfinput_d01 .</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $DATA_DIR/rc/2008020512/wrfbdy_d01 .</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs wrfinput_d01 fg</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs wrfinput_d01 fg01</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $DATA_DIR/be/be.dat .</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'> </span></p>
<p>3) Establish the miscellaneous links.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> cd $WORK_DIR</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs nl/nl_d01_2008-02-05_13:00:00 fg02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs nl/nl_d01_2008-02-05_14:00:00 fg03</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs nl/nl_d01_2008-02-05_15:00:00 fg04</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs nl/nl_d01_2008-02-05_16:00:00 fg05</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs nl/nl_d01_2008-02-05_17:00:00 fg06</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs nl/nl_d01_2008-02-05_18:00:00 fg07</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs ad/ad_d01_2008-02-05_12:00:00 gr01</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs tl/tl_d01_2008-02-05_13:00:00 tl02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs tl/tl_d01_2008-02-05_14:00:00 tl03</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs tl/tl_d01_2008-02-05_15:00:00 tl04</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs tl/tl_d01_2008-02-05_16:00:00 tl05</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs tl/tl_d01_2008-02-05_17:00:00 tl06</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs tl/tl_d01_2008-02-05_18:00:00 tl07</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> cd $WORK_DIR/ad</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs ../af01 auxinput3_d01_2008-02-05_12:00:00</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs ../af02 auxinput3_d01_2008-02-05_13:00:00</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs ../af03 auxinput3_d01_2008-02-05_14:00:00</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs ../af04 auxinput3_d01_2008-02-05_15:00:00</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs ../af05 auxinput3_d01_2008-02-05_16:00:00</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs ../af06 auxinput3_d01_2008-02-05_17:00:00</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs ../af07 auxinput3_d01_2008-02-05_18:00:00</span></p>
<p>4) Run in single processor mode (serial compilation required for WRFDA,
WRFNL and WRFPLUS)</p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2>Edit <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$WORK_DIR/namelist.input</span>
to match your experiment settings.</p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2>> cp $WORK_DIR/nl/namelist.input.serial $WORK_DIR/nl/namelist.input</p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2>Edit <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$WORK_DIR/nl/namelist.input</span>
to match your experiment settings.</p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2>> cp $WORK_DIR/ad/namelist.input.serial
$WORK_DIR/ad/namelist.input</p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2>> cp $WORK_DIR/tl/namelist.input.serial
$WORK_DIR/tl/namelist.input</p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2>Edit <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$WORK_DIR/ad/namelist.input</span>
and <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$WORK_DIR/tl/namelist.input</span>
to match your experiment settings, but only change following variables:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&time_control</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>run_hours=06,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>start_year=2008,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>start_month=02,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>start_day=05,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>start_hour=12,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>end_year=2008,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>end_month=02,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>end_day=05,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>end_hour=18,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>......</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&domains</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>time_step=360, # NOTE:MUST BE THE SAME WITH WHICH IN
$WORK_DIR/nl/namelist.input</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>e_we=90,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>e_sn=60,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>e_vert=41,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>dx=60000,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>dy=60000,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>......</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> cd $WORK_DIR</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> setenv NUM_PROCS 1</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ./da_wrfvar.exe >&! wrfda.log</span></p>
<p>5) Run with multiple processors with MPMD mode. (dmpar compilation required
for WRFDA, WRFNL and WRFPLUS)</p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2>Edit <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$WORK_DIR/namelist.input</span>
to match your experiment settings.</p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2>> cp $WORK_DIR/nl/namelist.input.parallel
$WORK_DIR/nl/namelist.input</p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2>Edit <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$WORK_DIR/nl/namelist.input</span>
to match your experiment settings.</p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2>> cp $WORK_DIR/ad/namelist.input.parallel
$WORK_DIR/ad/namelist.input</p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2>> cp $WORK_DIR/tl/namelist.input.parallel
$WORK_DIR/tl/namelist.input</p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2>Edit $WORK_DIR/ad/namelist.input and $WORK_DIR/tl/namelist.input
to match your experiment settings.</p>
<p>Currently, parallel WRF 4D-Var is a MPMD (Multiple Program Multiple Data)
application. Because there are so many parallel configurations across the
platforms, it is very difficult to define a generic way to run the WRF 4D-Var
parallel. As an example, to launch the three WRF 4D-Var executables as a
concurrent parallel job on a 16 processor cluster, use:</p>
<p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> mpirun –np 4
da_wrfvar.exe: -np 8 ad/wrfplus.exe: -np 4 nl/wrf.exe</span></p>
<p>In the above example, 4 processors are assigned to run WRFDA, 4 processors
are assigned to run WRFNL and 8 processors for WRFPLUS due to high
computational cost in adjoint code.</p>
<p>The file <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>wrfda.log</span>
(or <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>rsl.out.0000</span> if
running in parallel mode) contains important WRF-4DVar runtime log information.
Always check the log after a WRF-4DVar run.</p>
<h3><a name="_Radiance_Data_Assimilations"></a> </h3>
<h3>Radiance Data Assimilations in WRFDA</h3>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>This section gives a brief
description for various aspects related to radiance assimilation in WRFDA. Each
aspect is described mainly from the viewpoint of usage rather than more
technical and scientific details, which will appear in separated technical
report and scientific paper. Namelist parameters controlling different aspects
of radiance assimilation will be detailed in the following sections. It should
be noted that this section does not cover general aspects of the WRFDA
assimilation. These can be found in other sections of chapter 6 of this users
guide or other WRFDA documentation.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>a. Running WRFDA with radiances</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'><b> </b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>In addition to the basic input
files (</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>LANDUSE.TBL,
fg, ob.ascii, be.dat</span><span style='color:black'>) mentioned in “<a
href="#_Running_WRF-Var_1">Running WRFDA</a>” section, the following extra
files are required for radiances: radiance data in NCEP BUFR format,
radiance_info files, </span><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>VARBC.in</span><span
style='color:black'>, RTM (CRTM or RTTOV) coefficient files. </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Edit </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.input</span><span
style='color:black'> (Pay special attention to </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar4, &wrfvar14, &wrfvar21, and
&wrfvar22</span><span style='color:black'> for radiance-related options. </span>A
very basic namelist.input for running the radiance test case is provided as <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/test/radiance/namelist.input</span><span
style='color:black'>)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> ln
-sf ${DAT_DIR}/gdas1.t00z.1bamua.tm00.bufr_d ./amsua.bufr</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> ln
-sf ${DAT_DIR}/gdas1.t00z.1bamub.tm00.bufr_d ./amsub.bufr</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> ln
-sf WRFDA/var/run/radiance_info ./radiance_info # (radiance_info is a
directory)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> ln
-sf WRFDA/var/run/VARBC.in ./VARBC.in</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>(CRTM
only) > ln -sf WRFDA/var/run/crtm_coeffs ./crtm_coeffs #(crtm_coeffs is
a directory)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>(RTTOV
only) > ln -sf rttov87/rtcoef_rttov7/* . # (a list of rtcoef* files)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>See the following sections for
more details on each aspect.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>b. Radiance Data Ingest</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'><b> </b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Currently, the ingest interface
for NCEP BUFR radiance data is implemented in WRFDA. The radiance data are
available through NCEP’s public ftp server <b><i>ftp://ftp.ncep.noaa.gov/pub/data/nccf/com/gfs/prod/gdas.${yyyymmddhh}</i></b></span><span
style='color:black'> in near real-time (with 6-hour delay) and can meet
requirements both for research purposes and some real-time applications.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>So far, WRFDA can read data from
the NOAA ATOVS instruments (HIRS, AMSU-A, AMSU-B and MHS), the EOS Aqua
instruments (AIRS, AMSU-A) and DMSP instruments (SSMIS). Note that NCEP
radiance BUFR files are separated by instrument names (i.e., each file for one
type instrument) and each file contains global radiance (generally converted to
brightness temperature) within 6-hour assimilation window from multi-platforms.
For running WRFDA, users need to rename NCEP corresponding BUFR files (table 1)
to </span><span style='color:red'>hirs3.bufr</span><span style='color:black'>
(including HIRS data from NOAA-15/16/17), </span><span style='color:red'>hirs4.bufr</span><span
style='color:black'> (including HIRS data from NOAA-18, METOP-2), </span><span
style='color:red'>amsua.bufr</span><span style='color:black'> (including AMSU-A
data from NOAA-15/16/18, METOP-2), </span><span style='color:red'>amsub.bufr</span><span
style='color:black'> (including AMSU-B data from NOAA-15/16/17), </span><span
style='color:red'>mhs.bufr</span><span style='color:black'> (including MHS data
from NOAA-18 and METOP-2), </span><span style='color:red'>airs.bufr</span><span
style='color:black'> (including AIRS and AMSU-A data from EOS-AQUA) and </span><span
style='color:red'>ssmis.bufr</span><span style='color:black'> (SSMIS data from
DMSP-16, AFWA provided) for WRFDA filename convention. Note that airs.bufr file
contains not only AIRS data but also AMSU-A, which is collocated with AIRS
pixels (1 AMSU-A pixels collocated with 9 AIRS pixels). Users must place these
files in the working directory where WRFDA executable is located. It should
also be mentioned that WRFDA reads these BUFR radiance files directly without
use if any separate pre-processing program is used. All processing of radiance
data, such as quality control, thinning and bias correction and so on, is
carried out inside WRFDA. This is different from conventional observation
assimilation, which requires a pre-processing package (OBSPROC) to generate
WRFDA readable ASCII files. For reading the radiance BUFR files, WRFDA must be
compiled with the NCEP BUFR library (see <b><i>http://www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov/sib/decoders/BUFRLIB/</i></b></span><span
style='color:black'>).</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'>Table 1: NCEP and WRFDA radiance
BUFR file naming convention</p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style='margin-left:.5in;border-collapse:
collapse'>
<tr>
<td width=185 valign=top style='width:185.4pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>NCEP BUFR file
names</p>
</td>
<td width=162 valign=top style='width:2.25in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>WRFDA naming
convention</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=185 valign=top style='width:185.4pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>gdas1.t00z.1bamua.tm00.bufr_d</i></p>
</td>
<td width=162 valign=top style='width:2.25in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><i>amsua.bufr</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=185 valign=top style='width:185.4pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>gdas1.t00z.1bamub.tm00.bufr_d</i></p>
</td>
<td width=162 valign=top style='width:2.25in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><i>amsub.bufr</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=185 valign=top style='width:185.4pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>gdas1.t00z.1bhrs3.tm00.bufr_d</i></p>
</td>
<td width=162 valign=top style='width:2.25in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><i>hirs3.bufr</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=185 valign=top style='width:185.4pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>gdas1.t00z.1bhrs4.tm00.bufr_d</i></p>
</td>
<td width=162 valign=top style='width:2.25in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><i>hirs4.bufr</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=185 valign=top style='width:185.4pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>gdas1.t00z.1bmhs.tm00.bufr_d</i></p>
</td>
<td width=162 valign=top style='width:2.25in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><i>mhs.bufr</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=185 valign=top style='width:185.4pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>gdas1.t00z.airsev.tm00.bufr_d</i></p>
</td>
<td width=162 valign=top style='width:2.25in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><i>airs.bufr</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Namelist parameters are used to
control the reading of corresponding BUFR files into WRFDA. For instance, </span><span
style='font-family:Courier;color:red'>USE_AMSUAOBS</span><span
style='color:red'>, </span><span style='font-family:Courier;color:red'>USE_AMSUBOBS</span><span
style='color:red'>, </span><span style='font-family:Courier;color:red'>USE_HIRS3OBS</span><span
style='color:red'>, </span><span style='font-family:Courier;color:red'>USE_HIRS4OBS</span><span
style='color:red'>, </span><span style='font-family:Courier;color:red'>USE_MHSOBS</span><span
style='color:red'>, </span><span style='font-family:Courier;color:red'>USE_AIRSOBS</span><span
style='color:red'>, </span><span style='font-family:Courier;color:red'>USE_EOS_AMSUAOBS</span><span
style='color:red'> and </span><span style='font-family:Courier;color:red'>USE_SSMISOBS
</span><span style='color:black'>control whether or not the respective file is
read. These are logical parameters that are assigned to FALSE by default;
therefore they must be set to<i> true</i></span><span style='color:black'> to
read the respective observation file. Also note that these parameters only
control whether the data is read, not whether the data included in the files is
to be assimilated. This is controlled by other namelist parameters explained in
the next section.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>NCEP BUFR files downloaded from
NCEP’s public ftp server <b><i>ftp://ftp.ncep.noaa.gov/pub/data/nccf/com/gfs/prod/gdas.${yyyymmddhh}</i></b></span><span
style='color:black'> are Fortran-blocked on big-endian machine and can be
directly used on big-endian machines (for example, IBM). For most Linux clusters
with Intel platforms, users need to first unblock the BUFR files, and then
reblock them. The utility for blocking/unblocking is available from <b><i>http://www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov/sib/decoders/BUFRLIB/toc/cwordsh</i></b></span><span
style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>c. Radiative Transfer Model</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'><b> </b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>The core component for direct
radiance assimilation is to incorporate a radiative transfer model (RTM, should
be accurate enough yet fast) into the WRFDA system as one part of observation
operators. Two widely used RTMs in NWP community, RTTOV8<a href="#_ftn1"
name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class=MsoFootnoteReference>*</span></a> (developed
by EUMETSAT in Europe), and CRTM (developed by the Joint Center for Satellite
Data Assimilation (JCSDA) in US), are already implemented in WRFDA system with
a flexible and consistent user interface. Selecting which RTM to be used is controlled
by a simple namelist parameter </span><span style='font-family:Courier;
color:red'>RTM_OPTION</span><span style='color:black'> (1 for RTTOV, the
default, and 2 for CRTM). WRFDA is designed to be able to compile with only one
of two RTM libraries or without RTM libraries (for those not interested in
radiance assimilation) by the definition of environment variables “CRTM” and
“RTTOV” (see Installing WRFDA section).</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Both RTMs can calculate radiances
for almost all available instruments aboard various satellite platforms in
orbit. An important feature of WRFDA design is that all data structures related
to radiance assimilation are dynamically allocated during running time according
to simple namelist setup. The instruments to be assimilated are controlled at
run time by four integer namelist parameters: </span><span style='font-family:
Courier;color:red'>RTMINIT_NSENSOR</span><span style='color:black'> (the total
number of sensors to be assimilated), </span><span style='font-family:Courier;
color:red'>RTMINIT_PLATFORM</span><span style='color:black'> (the platforms IDs
array to be assimilated with dimension RTMINIT_NSENSOR, e.g., 1 for NOAA, 9 for
EOS, 10 for METOP and 2 for DMSP), </span><span style='font-family:Courier;
color:red'>RTMINIT_SATID</span><span style='color:black'> (satellite IDs array)
and </span><span style='font-family:Courier;color:red'>RTMINIT_SENSOR</span><span
style='color:black'> (sensor IDs array, e.g., 0 for HIRS, 3 for AMSU-A, 4 for
AMSU-B, 15 for MHS, 10 for SSMIS, 11 for AIRS). For instance, the configuration
for assimilating 12 sensors from 7 satellites (what WRFDA can assimilated
currently) will be</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>RTMINIT_NSENSOR
= 12 # 5 AMSUA; 3 AMSUB; 2 MHS; 1 AIRS; 1 SSMIS</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>RTMINIT_PLATFORM
= 1,1,1,9,10, 1,1,1, 1,10, 9, 2</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>RTMINIT_SATID
= 15,16,18,2,2, 15,16,17, 18,2, 2, 16 </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>RTMINIT_SENSOR
= 3,3,3,3,3, 4,4,4, 15,15, 11, 10</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>The instrument triplets (platform,
satellite and sensor ID) in the namelist can be ranked in any order. More detail
about the convention of instrument triplet can be found at the tables 2 and 3
in RTTOV8/9 Users Guide (<b><i>http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm/rttov8_ug.pdf</i></b></span><span
style='color:black'> Or <b><i>http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm/rttov9_files/users_guide_91_v1.6.pdf</i></b></span><span
style='color:black'>)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>CRTM uses a different instrument
naming method. A convert routine inside WRFDA is already created to make CRTM
use the same instrument triplet as RTTOV such that the user interface remains
the same for RTTOV and CRTM. </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>When running WRFDA with radiance
assimilation switched on (RTTOV or CRTM), a set of RTM coefficient files need
to be loaded. For RTTOV option, RTTOV coefficient files are to be directly
copied or linked under the working directory; for CRTM option, CRTM coefficient
files are to be copied or linked to a sub-directory “crtm_coeffs” under the
working directory. Only coefficients listed in namelist are needed. Potentially
WRFDA can assimilate all sensors as long as the corresponding coefficient files
are provided with RTTOV and CRTM. In addition, necessary developments on
corresponding data interface, quality control and bias correction are also
important to make radiance data assimilated properly. However, a modular design
of radiance relevant routines already facilitates much to add more instruments
in WRFDA.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>RTTOV packages are not distributed
with WRFDA due to license and support issues. Users are encouraged to contact
the corresponding team for obtaining RTMs. See following links for more
information.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><b><i>http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm/index.html</i></b></span><span
style='color:black'> .</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>CRTM pakages are now distributed
with WRFDA, which locate in the WRFDA/var/external/crtm. Users can still find
it on the following link:</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><b><i>ftp://ftp.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/jcsda/CRTM</i></b></span><span
style='color:black'>.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>d. Channel Selection</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'><b> </b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Channel selection in WRFDA is
controlled by radiance ‘info’ files located in the sub-directory
‘radiance_info’ under the working directory. These files are separated by satellites
and sensors, e.g., noaa-15-amsua.info, noaa-16-amsub.info, dmsp-16-ssmis.info
and so on. An example for 5 channels from noaa-15-amsub.info is shown below.
The fourth column is used by WRFDA to control if assimilating corresponding
channel. Channels with the value “-1” indicates that the channel is “not
assimilated” (channels 1, 2 and 4 in this case), with the value “1” means
“assimilated” (channels 3 and 5). The sixth column is used by WRFDA to set the
observation error for each channel. Other columns are not used by WRFDA. It
should be mentioned that these error values might not necessarily be optimal
for your applications; It is user’s responsibility to obtain the optimal error
statistics for your own applications.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> sensor channel IR/MW use idum
varch polarisation(0:vertical;1:horizontal)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> 415 1 1 -1 0
0.5500000000E+01 0.0000000000E+00</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> 415 2 1 -1 0
0.3750000000E+01 0.0000000000E+00</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> 415 3 1 1 0
0.3500000000E+01 0.0000000000E+00</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> 415 4 1 -1 0
0.3200000000E+01 0.0000000000E+00</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> 415 5 1 1 0
0.2500000000E+01 0.0000000000E+00</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'><b> </b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'><b> </b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>e. Bias Correction</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'><b> </b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Satellite radiance is generally
considered biased with respect to a reference (e.g., background or analysis
field in NWP assimilation) due to system error of observation itself, reference
field and RTM. Bias correction is a necessary step prior to assimilating radiance
data. In WRFDA, there are two ways of performing bias correction. One is based
on Harris and Kelly (2001) method and is carried out using a set of coefficient
files pre-calculated with an off-line statistics package, which will apply to a
training dataset for a month-long period. The other is Variational Bias
Correction (VarBC). Only VarBC is introduced here and recommended for users
because of its relative simplicity in usage.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>f. Variational Bias Correction</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'><b> </b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>Getting started with VarBC</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>To use VarBC, set namelist option </span><span
style='font-family:Courier;color:red'>USE_VARBC</span><span style='color:black'>
to TRUE and have a VARBC.in file in the working directory. VARBC.in is a VarBC
setup file in ASCII format. A template is provided with the WRFDA package
(WRFDA/var/run/VARBC.in).</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'><b> </b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>Input and Output files</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>All VarBC input is passed through
one single ASCII file called VARBC.in file. Once WRFDA has run with the VarBC
option switched on, it will produce a VARBC.out file which looks very much like
the VARBC.in file you provided. This output file will then be used as input
file for the next assimilation cycle.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'><b> </b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>Coldstart</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Coldstarting means starting the
VarBC from scratch i.e. when you do not know the values of the bias parameters.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>The Coldstart is a routine in
WRFDA. The bias predictor statistics (mean and standard deviation) are computed
automatically and will be used to normalize the bias parameters. All
coldstarted bias parameters are set to zero, except the first bias parameter (=
simple offset), which is set to the mode (=peak) of the distribution of the
(uncorrected) innovations for the given channel.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>A threshold of number of
observations can be set through a namelist option </span><span
style='font-family:Courier;color:red'>VARBC_NOBSMIN</span><span
style='color:black'> (default = 10), under which it is considered that not
enough observations are present to keep the Coldstart values (i.e. bias
predictor statistics and bias parameter values) for the next cycle. In this
case, the next cycle will do another Coldstart.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>Background Constraint for the bias parameters</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>The background constraint controls
the inertia you want to impose on the predictors (i.e. the smoothing in the
predictor time series). It corresponds to an extra term in the WRFDA cost
function.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>It is defined through an integer
number in the VARBC.in file. This number is related to a number of
observations: the bigger the number, the more inertia constraint. If these numbers
are set to zero, the predictors can evolve without any constraint.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>Scaling factor</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>The VarBC uses a specific
preconditioning, which can be scaled through a namelist option </span><span
style='font-family:Courier;color:red'>VARBC_FACTOR</span><span
style='color:black'> (default = 1.0).</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>Offline bias correction</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>The analysis of the VarBC
parameters can be performed "offline", i.e. independently from the
main WRFDA analysis. No extra code is needed, just set the following </span><span
style='font-family:Courier;color:black'>MAX_VERT_VAR*</span><span
style='color:black'> namelist variables to be 0, which will disable the
standard control variable and only keep the VarBC control variable.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'>MAX_VERT_VAR1</span><span
style='color:black'>=0.0</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'>MAX_VERT_VAR2</span><span
style='color:black'>=0.0</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'>MAX_VERT_VAR3</span><span
style='color:black'>=0.0</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'>MAX_VERT_VAR4</span><span
style='color:black'>=0.0</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'>MAX_VERT_VAR5</span><span
style='color:black'>=0.0</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'><b> </b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>Freeze VarBC</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>In certain circumstances, you
might want to keep the VarBC bias parameters constant in time
(="frozen"). In this case, the bias correction is read and applied to
the innovations, but it is not updated during the minimization. This can easily
be achieved by setting the namelist options:</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'>USE_VARBC</span><span
style='color:black'>=false</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Courier;color:red'>FREEZE_VARBC</span><span
style='color:black'>=true</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'><b> </b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>Passive observations</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Some observations are useful for
preprocessing (e.g. Quality Control, Cloud detection) but you might not want to
assimilate them. If you still need to estimate their bias correction, these
observations need to go through the VarBC code in the minimization. For this
purpose, the VarBC uses a separate threshold on the QC values, called
"qc_varbc_bad". This threshold is currently set to the same value as
"qc_bad", but can easily be changed to any ad hoc value.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>g. Other namelist variables to control radiance
assimilation</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'><b> </b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'><b>RAD_MONITORING</b></span><span
style='color:black'> (30) </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Integer
array of dimension RTMINIT_NSENSER, where 0 for assimilating mode, 1 for
monitoring mode (only calculate innovation).</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'><b>THINNING</b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Logical,
TRUE will perform thinning on radiance data. </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'><b>THINNING_MESH</b></span><span
style='color:black'> (30)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Real
array with dimension RTMINIT_NSENSOR, values indicate thinning mesh (in KM) for
different sensors.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'><b>QC_RAD</b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Logical,
control if perform quality control, always set to TRUE.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'><b>WRITE_IV_RAD_ASCII</b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Logical,
control if output Observation minus Background files which are in ASCII format
and separated by sensors and processors.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'><b>WRITE_OA_RAD_ASCII</b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Logical,
control if output Observation minus Analysis files (including also O minus B)
which are ASCII format and separated by sensors and processors.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'><b>USE_ERROR_FACTOR_RAD</b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Logical,
controls use of a radiance error tuning factor file “radiance_error.factor”,
which is created with empirical values or generated using variational tunning
method (Desroziers and Ivanov, 2001)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'><b>ONLY_SEA_RAD</b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Logical,
controls whether only assimilating radiance over water. </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'><b>TIME_WINDOW_MIN</b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>String,
e.g., "2007-08-15_03:00:00.0000", start time of assimilation time
window</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'><b>TIME_WINDOW_MAX</b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>String,
e.g., "2007-08-15_09:00:00.0000", end time of assimilation time
window</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'><b>CRTM_ATMOSPHERE</b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Integer,
used by CRTM to choose climatology reference profile used above model top (up
to 0.01hPa).</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>0:
Invalid (default, use U.S. Standard Atmosphere)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>1:
Tropical</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>2:
Midlatitude summer</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>3:
Midlatitude winter</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>4:
Subarctic summer</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>5:
Subarctic winter</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>6: U.S.
Standard Atmosphere</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'><b>USE_ANTCORR</b></span><span
style='color:black'> (30)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Logical
array with dimension RTMINIT_NSENSER, control if performing Antenna Correction
in CRTM.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'><b>AIRS_WARMEST_FOV</b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Logical,
controls whether using the observation brightness temperature for AIRS Window
channel #914 as criterium for GSI thinning.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-justify:
inter-ideograph'><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'><b>USE_CRTM_KMATRIX</b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Logical,
controls whether </span>using CRTM K matrix rather than calling CRTM TL and AD
routines for gradient calculation.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>h. Diagnostics and Monitoring</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'><b> </b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>(1) Monitoring capability within
WRFDA.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Run WRFDA
with the rad_monitoring namelist parameter in record wrfvar14 in
namelist.input. </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>0 means
assimilating mode, innovations (O minus B) are calculated and data are used in
minimization.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>1 means
monitoring mode: innovations are calculated for diagnostics and monitoring. Data
are not used in minimization.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Number of
rad_monitoring should correspond to number of rtminit_nsensor. If
rad_monitoring is not set, then default value of 0 will be used for all
sensors.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>(2) Outputing radiance diagnostics
from WRFDA</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Run WRFDA
with the following namelist variables in record wrfvar14 in namelist.input.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>write_iv_rad_ascii=.true.
</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='color:black'>to write
out (observation-background) and other diagnostics information in plain-text
files with prefix inv followed by instrument name and processor id. For example,
01_inv_noaa-17-amsub.0000 (01 is outerloop index, 0000 is processor index)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>write_oa_rad_ascii=.true.
</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='color:black'>to write
out (observation-background), (observation-analysis) and other diagnostics
information in plain-text files with prefix oma followed by instrument name and
processor id. For example, 01_oma_noaa-18-mhs.0001</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Each
processor writes out information of one instrument in one file in the WRFDA
working directory.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>(3) Radiance diagnostics data
processing</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>A
Fortran90 program is used to collect the 01_inv* or 01_oma* files and write out
in netCDF format (one instrument in one file with prefix diags followed by
instrument name, analysis date, and suffix .nc)) for easier data viewing,
handling and plotting with netCDF utilities and NCL scripts.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>(4) Radiance diagnostics plotting</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>NCL
scripts (WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl/plot_rad_diags.ncl and
WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl/advance_cymdh.ncl) are used for plotting. The NCL script
can be run from a shell script, or run stand-alone with interactive ncl command
(need to edit the NCL script and set the plot options. Also the path of advance_cymdh.ncl,
a date advancing script loaded in the main NCL plotting script, may need to be
modified).</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Step (3)
and (4) can be done by running a single ksh script (WRFDA/var/scripts/da_rad_diags.ksh)
with proper settings. In addition to the settings of directories and what
instruments to plot, there are some useful plotting options, explained below.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-justify:
inter-ideograph'><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=443 style='width:6.15in;
border-collapse:collapse'>
<tr>
<td width=190 valign=top style='width:189.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>export OUT_TYPE=ncgm</i></p>
</td>
<td width=253 valign=top style='width:252.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>ncgm or pdf</i></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>pdf will be much slower than ncgm and generate huge output
if plots are not split. But pdf has higher resolution than ncgm.</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=190 valign=top style='width:189.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>export PLOT_STATS_ONLY=false</i></p>
</td>
<td width=253 valign=top style='width:252.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>true or false</i></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>true: only statistics of OMB/OMA vs channels and
OMB/OMA vs dates will be plotted.</i></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>false: data coverage, scatter plots (before and after
bias correction), histograms (before and after bias correction), and
statistics will be plotted.</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=190 valign=top style='width:189.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>export PLOT_OPT=sea_only</i></p>
</td>
<td width=253 valign=top style='width:252.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>all, sea_only, land_only</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=190 valign=top style='width:189.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>export PLOT_QCED=false</i></p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
</td>
<td width=253 valign=top style='width:252.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>true or false</i></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>true: plot only quality-controlled data</i></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>false: plot all data</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=190 valign=top style='width:189.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>export PLOT_HISTO=false</i></p>
</td>
<td width=253 valign=top style='width:252.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>true or false: switch for histogram plots</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=190 valign=top style='width:189.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>export PLOT_SCATT=true</i></p>
</td>
<td width=253 valign=top style='width:252.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>true or false: switch for scatter plots</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=190 valign=top style='width:189.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>export PLOT_EMISS=false</i></p>
</td>
<td width=253 valign=top style='width:252.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>true or false: switch for emissivity plots</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=190 valign=top style='width:189.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>export PLOT_SPLIT=false</i></p>
</td>
<td width=253 valign=top style='width:252.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>true or false</i></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>true: one frame in each file</i></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>false: all frames in one file</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=190 valign=top style='width:189.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>export PLOT_CLOUDY=false</i></p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
</td>
<td width=253 valign=top style='width:252.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>true or false</i></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>true: plot cloudy data. Cloudy data to be plotted are
defined by PLOT_CLOUDY_OPT (si or clwp), CLWP_VALUE, SI_VALUE settings.</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=190 valign=top style='width:189.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>export PLOT_CLOUDY_OPT=si</i></p>
</td>
<td width=253 valign=top style='width:252.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>si or clwp</i></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>clwp: cloud liquid water path from model</i></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>si: scatter index from obs, for amsua, amsub and mhs
only</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=190 valign=top style='width:189.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>export CLWP_VALUE=0.2</i></p>
</td>
<td width=253 valign=top style='width:252.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>only plot points with</i></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>clwp >= clwp_value (when clwp_value > 0)</i></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>clwp > clwp_value (when clwp_value = 0)</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=190 valign=top style='width:189.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>export SI_VALUE=3.0</i></p>
</td>
<td width=253 valign=top style='width:252.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><i> </i></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><i> </i></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>(5) evolution of VarBC parameters</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>NCL
scripts (</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl/plot_rad_varbc_param.ncl
and WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl/advance_cymdh.ncl</span><span style='color:black'>)
are used for plotting evolutions of VarBC parameters.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<h3><a name="_WRF-Var_Diagnostics_1"></a>WRFDA Diagnostics</h3>
<p>WRFDA produces a number of diagnostic files that contain useful information
on how the data assimilation has performed. This section will introduce you to
some of these files, and what to look for.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal>Having run WRFDA, it is important to check a number of
output files to see if the assimilation appears sensible. The WRFDA package,
which includes lots of useful scripts may be downloaded from <a
href="http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/tools.html">http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/tools.html</a></p>
<p style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'>The content of some
useful diagnostic files are as follows:</p>
<p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>cost_fn</span><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'><i> </i></span>and<span style='font-family:
"Courier New"'><i> </i></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>grad_fn</span><i>:</i><span
style='font-style:normal'> These files hold (in ASCII format) WRFDA cost and
gradient function values, respectively, for the first and last iterations.
However, if you run with </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>PRINT_DETAIL_GRAD=true</span>,
these values will be listed for each iteration; this can be helpful for
visualization purposes. The NCL script <span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/graphcs/ncl/plot_cost_grad_fn.ncl</span> may be
used to plot the content of <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>cost_fn</span><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'> </span>and<span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>
</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>grad_fn</span>, if
these files are generated with <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>PRINT_DETAIL_GRAD=true</span>.
</p>
</div>
<span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'><br clear=ALL
style='page-break-before:auto'>
</span>
<div class=Section2>
<p align=center style='text-align:center'><b><img border=0 width=198
height=187 id="_x0000_i1033" src="users_guide_chap6_files/image005.png"></b></p>
<p align=center style='text-align:center'><b><img border=0 width=198
height=194 id="_x0000_i1034" src="users_guide_chap6_files/image006.png"></b></p>
</div>
<span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'><b><br clear=ALL
style='page-break-before:auto'>
</b></span>
<div class=Section3>
<p><b>Note:</b><span style='font-weight:normal'> Make sure that you removed first
two lines (header) in </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>cost_fn</span><i>
</i><span style='font-style:normal'>and </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>grad_fn</span><i> </i><span style='font-style:normal'>before
you plot</span><i>. </i><span style='font-style:normal'> Also, you need to
specify the directory name for these two files. </span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>gts_omb_oma_01</span>: It
contains (in ASCII format) information on all of the observations used by the
WRFDA run. Each observation has its observed value, quality flag, observation
error, observation minus background (OMB), and observation minus analysis
(OMA). This information is very useful for both analysis and forecasts
verification purposes.</p>
<p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.input</span><i>:</i><span
style='font-style:normal'> This is the WRFDA input namelist file, which
contains all the user defined non-default options. Any namelist defined options
that do not appear in this file, should have their names checked against values
in </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/Registry/Registry.wrfvar</span>.
</p>
<p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.output</span><i>:</i><span
style='font-style:normal'> A consolidated list of all the namelist options
used. </span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>rsl*</span><i>: </i><span
style='font-style:normal'>Files containing information of standard WRFDA output
from individual processors when multiple processors are used. It contains host
of information on number of observations, minimization, timings etc. Additional
diagnostics may be printed in these files by including various “print” WRFDA
namelist options. To learn more about these additional “print” options, search
“print_” string in </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/Registry/Registry.wrfvar</span>.</p>
<p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>statistics</span><i>: </i><span
style='font-style:normal'>Text file containing OMB (OI), OMA (OA) statistics
(minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation) for each observation type and
variable. This information is very useful in diagnosing how WRFDA has used
different components of the observing system. Also contained are the analysis
minus background (A-B) statistics i.e. statistics of the analysis increments
for each model variable at each model level. This information is very useful in
checking the range of analysis increment values found in the analysis, and
where they are in the WRF-model grid space.</span></p>
<p>The WRFDA analysis file is <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>wrfvar_output</span>.
It is in WRF (NetCDF) format. It will become the input file “wrfinput_d01” of
any subsequent WRF runs after lateral boundary and/or low boundary conditions
are updated by another WRFDA utility (See section “Updating WRF boundary
conditions”).</p>
<p>A NCL script <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl/WRF-Var_plot.ncl</span>,
is provided for plotting. You need to specify the <span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>analsyis_file</span> name, its full path etc. Please see
the in-line comments in the script for details. </p>
<p>As an example, if you are aiming to display U-component of the analysis at
level 18, execute the following command after modifying the script “<span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/graphcs/ncl/WRF-Var_plot.ncl</span>”,
make sure the following piece of codes are uncommented:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var = "U"</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>fg = first_guess->U</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>an = analysis->U</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>plot_data = an</span></p>
<p>When you execute the following command from <span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl</span>. </p>
<p> <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> ncl WRF-Var_plot.ncl</span></p>
<p>The plot should look like:</p>
<p align=center style='text-align:center'><img border=0 width=198 height=169
id="_x0000_i1035" src="users_guide_chap6_files/image007.png"></p>
<p>You may change the variable name, level etc in this script to display the
variable of your choice at the desired eta level.</p>
<p>Take time to look through the text output files to ensure you understand how
WRFDA works. For example, </p>
<p>How closely has WRFDA fitted individual observation types? Look at the <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>statistics</span><i> </i><span
style='font-style:normal'>file to compare the O-B and O-A statistics.</span></p>
<p>How big are the analysis increments? Again, look in the <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>statistics</span><i> </i><span
style='font-style:normal'>file to see minimum/maximum values of A-B for each
variable at various levels. It will give you a feel for the impact of input
observation data you assimilated via WRFDA by modifying the input analysis
first guess. </span></p>
<p>How long did WRFDA take to converge? Does it really converge? You will get
the answers of all these questions by looking into <span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>rsl</span>-files, as it indicates the number of iterations
taken by WRFDA to converge. If this is the same as the maximum number of iterations
specified in the namelist (<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>NTMAX</span>)
or its default value (=200) set in <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>WRFDA/Registry/Registry.wrfvar</span>, then it means that the analysis
solution did not converge. If so, you may like to increase the value of “<span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>NTMAX</span>” and rerun your case
to ensure that the convergence is achieved. On the other hand, a normal WRFDA
run should usually converge within 100 iterations. If it still doesn’t converge
in 200 iterations, that means there might be some problem in the observations
or first guess.</p>
<p>A good visual way of seeing the impact of assimilation of observations is to
plot the analysis increments (i.e. analysis minus first guess difference).
There are many different graphics packages used (e.g. RIP4, NCL, GRADS etc)
that can do this. The plot of level 18 theta increments below was produced
using the particular NCL script. This script is located at <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/graphcs/ncl/WRF-Var_plot.ncl</span>.</p>
<p>You need to modify this script to fix the full path for <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>first_guess & analysis</span><i>
</i><span style='font-style:normal'>files. You may also like to modify the
display level by setting “</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>kl</span>” and the name of the variable to display by setting “<span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>var</span>”. Further details are
given in this script. </p>
<p>If you are aiming to display increment of potential temperature at level 18,
after modifying <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/graphcs/ncl/WRF-Var_plot.ncl</span>
suitably, make sure following pieces of codes are uncommented:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var = "T"</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>fg = first_guess->T ;Theta- 300</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>an = analysis->T ;Theta- 300</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>plot_data = an - fg</span></p>
<p>When you execute the following command from “<span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl</span>”. </p>
<p style='text-indent:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>>
ncl WRF-Var_plot.ncl</span></p>
<p>The plot created will looks as follows:</p>
<p align=center style='text-align:center'><img border=0 width=207 height=172
id="_x0000_i1036" src="users_guide_chap6_files/image008.png"></p>
<p>Note: Larger analysis increments indicate a larger data impact in the
corresponding region of the domain.</p>
<h3><a name="_Running_gen_be"></a> </h3>
<h3><a name="_Updating_WRF_lateral_1"></a>Updating WRF boundary conditions</h3>
<p>Before running NWP forecast using the WRF-model with WRFDA analysis, the
values and tendencies for each of predicted variables for the first time period
in the lateral boundary condition file for domain-1 (wrfbdy_d01) must be
updated to be consistent with the new WRFDA initial condition (analysis). This
is absolutely essential. <a name=update></a>Moreover, in the cycling run mode
(warm-start), the low boundary in the WRFDA analysis file also need to be
updated based on the information of the wrfinput file generated by WPS/real.exe
at the analysis time. So there are three input files: WRFDA analysis, wrfinput
and wrfbdy files from WPS/real.exe, and a namelist file: <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>param.in</span> for running da_<span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>update_bc.exe</span> for domain-1.
</p>
<p>For the nested domains, domain-2, domain-3…, the lateral boundaries are
provided by their parent domains, so no lateral boundary update needed for
these domains, But the low boundaries in each of the nested domains’ WRFDA
analysis files are still need to be updated. In these cases, you must set the
namelist variable, domain_id > 1 (default is 1 for domain-1), and no
wrfbdy_d01file need to be provided to the namelist variable: wrf_bdy_file.</p>
<p>This procedure is performed by the WRFDA utility called <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>da_updated_bc.exe</span>.</p>
<p>Note: Make sure that you have <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>da_update_bc.exe</span> in <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>WRFDA/var/build</span> directory. This executable should be created
when you compiled WRFDA code, </p>
<p>To run<span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>da_</span>update<span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>_bc.exe</span>, follow the steps
below:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> cd WRFDA/var/test/update_bc </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> cp –p $DAT_DIR/rc/2008020512/wrfbdy_d01 ./wrfbdy_d01
(IMPORTANT: make a copy of wrfbdy_d01 as the wrf_bdy_file will be overwritten
by da_update_bc.exe)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> vi parame.in</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&control_param</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> wrfvar_output_file = './wrfvar_output'</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> wrf_bdy_file = './wrfbdy_d01'</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> wrf_input =
'$DAT_DIR/rc/2008020512/wrfinput_d01'</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> cycling = .false. (set to .true. if WRFDA first guess
comes from a previous WRF forecast.)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> debug = .true.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> low_bdy_only = .false. </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> update_lsm = .false. </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln –sf WRFDA/var/da/da_update_bc.exe
./da_update_bc.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ./da_updatebc.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>At this stage, you should have the files <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>wrfvar_output</span> and <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>wrfbdy_d01</span> in your WRFDA
working directory. They are the WRFDA updated initial condition and boundary
condition for any subsequent WRF model runs. To use, just link a copy of <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>wrfvar_output</span> and <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>wrfbdy_d01</span> to <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>wrfinput_d01</span> and <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>wrfbdy_d01</span>, respectively,
in your WRF working directory.</p>
<h3> </h3>
<h3><a name="_Running_gen_be_1"></a>Running gen_be</h3>
<p class=MsoNormal>Starting with WRFDA version 3.1, the users have two choices
to define the background error covariance (BE). We call them CV3 and CV5
respectively. Both are applied to the same set of the control variables, stream
function, unbalanced potential velocity, unbalanced temperature, unbalanced
surface pressure, and pseudo relative humidity. With CV3, the control variables
are in physical space while with CV5 the control variables are in eigenvector
space. So the major differences between these two kinds of BE are the vertical
covariance. CV3 uses the vertical recursive filter to model the vertical
covariance but CV5 uses the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) to represent
the vertical covariance. The recursive filters to model the horizontal
covariance are also different in these two BEs. We have not conducted the
systematic comparison of the analyses based on these two BEs. However, CV3 (a
BE file provided with our WRFDA system) is a global BE and can be used for any
regional domains while CV5 is a domain-dependent BE, which should be generated
based in the forecasts data from the same domain. At this time, it is hard to
tell which BE is better; the impact on analysis may be varying case by case.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>CV3 is the NCEP background error covariance, it is estimated
in grid space by what has become known as the NMC method (Parrish and Derber
1992) . The statistics are estimated with the differences of 24 and 48-hour GFS
forecasts with T170 resolution valid at the same time for 357 cases distributed
over a period of one year. Both the amplitudes and the scales of the background
error have to be tuned to represent the forecast error in the guess fields. The
statistics that project multivariate relations among variables are also derived
from the NMC method.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>The variance of each variable and the variance of its second
derivative are used to estimate its horizontal scales. For example, the
horizontal scales of the stream function can be estimated from the variance of
the vorticity and stream function.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>The vertical scales are estimated with the vertical
correlation of each variable. A table is built to cover the range of vertical
scales for the variables. The table is then used to find the scales in vertical
grid units. The filter profile and the vertical correlation are fitted locally.
The scale of the best fit from the table is assigned as the scale of the
variable at that vertical level for each latitude. Note that the vertical
scales are locally defined so that the negative correlation further away in the
vertical direction is not included.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>Theoretically, CV3 BE is a generic background error
statistics file can be used for any case. It is quite straightforward to use
CV3 in your own case. To use CV3 BE file in your case, just set <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>cv_options=3</span> in <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$wrfvar7 </span>and the <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>be.dat</span> is located in <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/run/be.dat.cv3</span>.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>To use CV5 background error covariance, it is necessary to
generate your domain-specific background error statistics with the gen_be
utility. The background error statistics file supplied with the tutorial test
case can NOT be used for your applications other than the tutorial case</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>The Fortran main programs for gen_be can be found in <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/gen_be</span>. The executables
of gen_be should be created after you have compiled the WRFDA code (as described
earlier). The scripts to run these codes are in <span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/scripts/gen_be</span>. </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>The input data for gen_be are WRF forecasts, which are used
to generate model perturbations, used as a proxy for estimates of forecast
error. For the NMC-method, the model perturbations are differences between
forecasts (e.g. T+24 minus T+12 is typical for regional applications, T+48
minus T+24 for global) valid at the same time. Climatological estimates of
background error may then be obtained by averaging such forecast differences over
a period of time (e.g. one month). Given input from an ensemble prediction
system (EPS), the inputs are the ensemble forecasts, and the model
perturbations created are the transformed ensemble perturbations. The gen_be
code has been designed to work with either forecast difference, or
ensemble-based perturbations. The former is illustrated in this tutorial example.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>It is important to include forecast differences from at
least 00Z and 12Z through the period, to remove the diurnal cycle (i.e. do not
run gen_be using just 00Z or 12Z model perturbations alone).</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>The inputs to gen_be are NetCDF WRF forecast output
("wrfout") files at specified forecast ranges. To avoid unnecessary
large single data files, it is assumed that all forecast ranges are output to
separate files. For example, if we wish to calculate BE statistics using the
NMC-method with (T+24)-(T+12) forecast differences (default for regional) then
by setting the WRF <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.input</span>
options <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>history_interval=720</span>,
and <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>frames_per_outfile=1</span>
we get the necessary output datasets. Then the forecast output files should be
arranged as follows: directory name is the forecast initial time, time info in
the file name is the forecast valid time. <span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>2008020512/wrfout_d01_2008-02-06_00:00:00</span> mean a
12-hour forecast valid at <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>2008020600</span>
initialized at <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>2008020512</span>.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>Example dataset for a test case (90 x 60 x 41 gridpoints)
can be downloaded from <a
href="http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html">http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html</a>,
untar the <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>gen_be_forecasts_20080205.tar.gz</span>,
you will have:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'> <span
style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>>ls $FC_DIR</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>-rw-r--r-- 1 users 11556492
2008020512/wrfout_d01_2008-02-06_00:00:00</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>-rw-r--r-- 1 users 11556492
2008020512/wrfout_d01_2008-02-06_12:00:00</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>-rw-r--r-- 1 users 11556492
2008020600/wrfout_d01_2008-02-06_12:00:00</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>-rw-r--r-- 1 users 11556492
2008020600/wrfout_d01_2008-02-07_00:00:00</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>-rw-r--r-- 1 users 11556492
2008020612/wrfout_d01_2008-02-07_00:00:00</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>-rw-r--r-- 1 users 11556492 2008020612/wrfout_d01_2008-02-07_12:00:00</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>In the above example, only 1 day (12Z 05 Feb to 12Z 06 Feb.
2002) of forecasts, every 12 hours are supplied to <span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>gen_be_wrapper</span> to estimate forecast error
covariance. It is only for demonstration. The minimum number of forecasts required
depends on the application, number of grid points, etc. Month-long (or longer)
datasets are typical for the NMC-method. Generally, at least 1-month dataset
should be used.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>Under <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/scripts/gen_be</span><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>, </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>gen_be_wrapper.ksh</span><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>
</span>is used to generate the BE data, following variables need to be set to
fit your case:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>export
WRFVAR_DIR=/users/noname/work/code/trunk/phoenix_g95_opt/WRFDA</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>export START_DATE=2008020612 # the first perturbation
valid date</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>export END_DATE=2008020700 # the last perturbation
valid date</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>export NUM_LEVELS=40 # e_vert - 1</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>export BIN_TYPE=5</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>export FC_DIR=/users/noname/work/exps/friendlies/expt/fc #
where wrf forecasts are</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>export
RUN_DIR=/users/noname/work/exps/friendlies/gen_be${BIN_TYPE}</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>Note</b><span style='font-weight:normal'>: The START_DATE
and END_DATE are perturbation valid dates. As show in the forecast list above,
when you have 24-hour and 12-hour forecasts initialized at 2008020512 through
2008020612, the first and final forecast difference valid dates are 2008020612
and 2008020700 respectively.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'><b> </b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>Note</b><span style='font-weight:normal'>: The forecast
dataset should be located in </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>$FC_DIR</span><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>.</span> Then
type:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> gen_be_wrapper.ksh</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>Once <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>gen_be_wrapper.ksh</span>
runs completed, the <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>be.dat</span>
can be found under <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$RUN_DIR</span>
directory.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>To get a clear idea about what are included in <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>be.dat</span>, the script <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>gen_be_plot_wrapper.ksh</span><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'> </span>may be used to plot<span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'> </span>various data in <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>be.dat</span> such as:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><img border=0
width=364 height=369 id="_x0000_i1037"
src="users_guide_chap6_files/image009.png"></p>
</div>
<span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'><br clear=ALL
style='page-break-before:auto'>
</span>
<div class=Section4></div>
<span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'><br clear=ALL
style='page-break-before:auto'>
</span>
<div class=Section5>
<h3><a name="_Running_Observation_Preprocessor"></a><a name="_Running_WRF-Var"></a><a
name="_WRF-Var_Diagnostics"></a><a name="_Updating_WRF_lateral"></a><a
name=Schedule></a><a name=setup></a><a name=diagnostics></a><a
name="_Additional_WRF-Var_Exercises:"></a>Additional WRFDA Exercises:</h3>
<p><b>(a) Single Observation response in WRFDA: </b></p>
<p>With the single observation test, you may get the ideas of how the
background and observation error statistics working in the model variable
space. Single observation test is done in WRFDA by setting <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>num_pseudo=1</span> along with
other pre-specified values in record <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>&wrfvar15</span> and <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>&wrfvar19</span> of <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>namelist.input</span>,</p>
<p>With the settings shown below, WRFDA generates a single observation with
pre-specified <i>innovation</i><span style='font-style:normal'> (Observation –
First Guess) value at desired location e.g. at (in terms of grid coordinate)
23x23, level 14 for “U” observation with error characteristics 1 m/s,
innovation size = 1.0 m/s. </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar15</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>num_pseudo = 1,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>pseudo_x = 23.0,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>pseudo_y = 23.0,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>pseudo_z = 14.0,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>pseudo_err = 1.0,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>pseudo_val = 1.0,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar19</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>pseudo_var = “u”, (Note: pseudo_var can be u, v, t, p, q. </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'><br>
</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>If pseudo_var is q,
then the reasonable values of pseudo_err and pseudo_val are 0.001)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p>Note: You may like to repeat this exercise for other observations like
temperature (“t”), pressure “p”, specific humidity “q” etc. </p>
<p><b>(b) Response of BE length scaling parameter:</b></p>
<p>Run single observation test with following additional parameters in record <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar7</span> of
namelist.input</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar7</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>len_scaling1 = 0.5, # reduce psi length scale by 50%</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>len_scaling2 = 0.5, # reduce chi_u length scale by 50%</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>len_scaling3 = 0.5, # reduce T length scale by 50%</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>len_scaling4 = 0.5, # reduce q length scale by 50%</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>len_scaling5 = 0.5, # reduce Ps length scale by 50%</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p><b>Note</b><span style='font-weight:normal'>: You may like to try the
response of an individual variable by setting one parameter at one time. See
the spread of analysis increment.</span></p>
<p><b>(c) Response of changing BE variance: </b></p>
<p>Run single observation test with following additional parameters in record <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar7</span> of
namelist.input</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar7</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var_scaling1 = 0.25, # reduce psi variance by 75%</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var_scaling2 = 0.25, # reduce chi_u variance by 75%</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var_scaling3 = 0.25, # reduce T variance by 75%</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var_scaling4 = 0.25, # reduce q variance by 75%</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var_scaling5 = 0.25, # reduce Ps variance by 75%</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p><b>Note</b><span style='font-weight:normal'>: You may like to try the
response of individual variable by setting one parameter at one time. See the
magnitude of analysis increments.</span></p>
<p><b>(d) Response of convergence criteria:</b></p>
<p>Run tutorial case with </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar6</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>eps = 0.0001,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p>You may like to compare various diagnostics with earlier run. </p>
<p><b>(e) Response of outer loop on minimization: </b></p>
<p> Run tutorial case with</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar6</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>max_ext_its = 2,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p>With this setting “outer loop” for the minimization procedure will get
activated. You may like to compare various diagnostics with earlier run. </p>
<p><b>Note: </b><span style='font-weight:normal'>Maximum permissible value for
“</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>MAX_EXT_ITS</span>”
is 10</p>
<p><b>(f) Response of suppressing particular types of data in WRFDA:</b></p>
<p>The types of observations that WRFDA gets to use actually depend on what is
included in the observation file and the WRFDA namelist settings. For example,
if you have SYNOP data in the observation file, you can suppress its usage in
WRFDA by setting <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>use_synopobs=false</span>
in record <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar4</span>
of <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.input</span>. It
is OK if there is no SYNOP data in the observation file and <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>use_synopobs=true</span><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>.</span></p>
<p>Turning on and off of certain types of observations are widely used for
assessing impact of observations on data assimilations.</p>
<p><b>Note</b><span style='font-weight:normal'>: It is important to go through
the default “use_*” settings in record </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar4</span> in <span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/Registry/Registry.wrfvar</span> to know what
observations are activated in default.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'><b> </b></p>
<h3><a name="_Hybrid_Data_Assimilation"></a>Hybrid Data Assimilation in WRFDA</h3>
<p class=MsoNormal>The WRFDA system also includes a hybrid data assimilation
technique, which is based on the existing 3DVAR. The difference between hybrid
and 3DVAR schemes is that 3DVAR relies solely on a static covariance model to
specify the background errors, while the hybrid system uses a combination of
3DVAR static error covariances and ensemble-estimated error covariances to incorporate
a flow-dependent estimate of the background error statistics. Please refer to
Wang et al. (2008a,b) for a detailed description of the methodology used in the
WRF hybrid system. The following section will give a brief introduction of various
aspects of using the hybrid system.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'><b>a.
Source Code</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>There are three executables that are used in the hybrid
system. If you have successfully compiled the WRFDA system, you will see the
following:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/build/gen_be_ensmean.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/build/gen_be_ep2.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/build/da_wrfvar.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>gen_be_ensmean.exe is used to calculate the ensemble mean,
while gen_be_ep2.exe is used to calculate the ensemble perturbations. As with
3DVAR/4DVAR, da_wrfvar.exe is the main WRFDA program. However, in this case,
da_wrfvar.exe will run in the hybrid mode.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>b. Running The Hybrid System</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>The procedure is the same as running 3DVAR/4DVAR with the
exception of some extra input files and namelist settings. The basic input
files for WRFDA are LANDUSE.TBL, ob.ascii or ob.bufr (depending on which
observation format you use), and be.dat (static background errors). Additional
input files required by the hybrid are a single ensemble mean file (used as the
fg for the hybrid application) and a set of ensemble perturbation files (used
to represent flow-dependent background errors). </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>Before the hybrid application can be started, a set of initial
ensemble members must be prepared. These ensembles can be obtained from other
ensemble model outputs or you can generate them yourself, for example, adding
random noise to the initial conditions at a previous time and integrating each
member to the desired time. Once you have the initial ensembles, the ensemble
mean and perturbations can be calculated following the steps below.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>1) Calculate ensemble mean</p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>Copy or link the ensemble forecasts to your working
directory. In this example, the time is 2006102712.</p>
<p class=bodytext style='text-indent:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>< ln -sf /wrfhelp/DATA/VAR/Hybrid/fc/2006102712.e0* .</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>Next, copy the directory that contains two template files
(ensemble mean and variance files) to your working directory. In this case, the
directory name is 2006102712, which contains the template ensemble mean file (wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00)
and the template variance file (wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00.vari). These
template files will be overwritten by the program that calculates the ensemble
mean and variance as discussed below.</p>
<p class=bodytext style='text-indent:.5in'><span lang=PT-BR style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Courier'><<span class=bodytextChar><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'> cp -r /wrfhelp/DATA/VAR/Hybrid/fc/2006102712 . </span></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>Edit gen_be_ensmean_nl.nl (or copy it from<span
style='font-family:SimSun'> </span>/wrfhelp/DATA/VAR/Hybrid/gen_be_ensmean_nl.nl).
You will need to set the following information in this script as follows:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=stylecode style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>< vi gen_be_ensmean_nl.nl</span></p>
<p class=bodytext style='margin-left:3.0gd'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&gen_be_ensmean_nl<br>
directory = './2006102712'<br>
filename = 'wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00'<br>
num_members = 10<br>
nv = 7<br>
cv = 'U', 'V', 'W', 'PH', 'T', 'MU', 'QVAPOR'<br>
/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal> Here,</p>
<p class=MsoNormal>“directory” is the folder you just copied,</p>
<p class=MsoNormal>“filename” is the name of the ensemble mean file,</p>
<p class=MsoNormal>“num_members” is the number of ensemble members you are
using,</p>
<p class=MsoNormal>“nv” is the number of variables, which must be consistent
with the next “cv” option, and</p>
<p class=MsoNormal>“cv” is the name of variables used in the hybrid system. </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>Next, link gen_be_ensmean.exe to your working directory and
run it.</p>
<p class=bodytext style='margin-left:3.0gd'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>< ln –sf WRFDA/var/build/gen_be_ensmean.exe . <br>
< ./ gen_be_ensmean.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>Check the output files.</p>
<p><em>2006102712/wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00</em> is the ensemble mean</p>
<p><em>2006102712/wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00.vari</em> is the ensemble
variance</p>
<p class=MsoNormal>2) Calculate ensemble perturbations</p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:.01gd;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.01gd;
margin-left:0in'>Create another sub-directory in which you will be working to
create ensemble perturbations.</p>
<p class=bodytext style='margin-left:3.0gd'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>< mkdir -p 2006102800/ep<br>
< cd 2006102800/ep </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:.01gd;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.01gd;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-family:Times'>Next, run gen_be_ep2.exe.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:.01gd;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.01gd;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-family:Times'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:.01gd;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.01gd;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-family:Times'>gen_be_ep2.exe requires four
command-line arguments (DATE, NUM_MEMBER, DIRECTORY, FILENAME) as shown below:</span></p>
<p class=bodytext style='margin-left:3.0gd'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>< ln –sf WRFDA/var/build/gen_be_ep2.exe . <br>
< ./gen_be_ep2.exe 2006102800 10
../../2006102712 wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:.01gd;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.01gd;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-family:Times'>Check the output files.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:.01gd;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.01gd;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-family:Times'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:.01gd;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.01gd;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-family:Times'>A list of binary files will be
created under the 2006102800/ep directory. Among them, tmp.e* are temporary
scratch files that can be removed.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>3) Run WRFDA in hybrid mode</p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>In your hybrid working directory, link all the necessary
files and directories as follows: </p>
<p class=bodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>< ln
-fs 2006102800/ep ./ep <span class=style8>(ensemble perturbation files should
be under the ep subdirectory)</span> <br>
< ln -fs 2006102712/wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00 ./fg <span class=style8>
(first guess is the ensemble mean)</span> <br>
< ln -fs WRFDA/run/LANDUSE.TBL .<br>
< ln -fs /wrfhelp/DATA/VAR/Hybrid/ob/2006102800/ob.ascii ./ob.ascii (or
ob.bufr)<br>
< ln -fs /wrfhelp/DATA/VAR/Hybrid/be/be.dat ./be.dat <br>
< ln –fs WRFDA/var/build/da_wrfvar.exe .<br>
< cp /wrfhelp/DATA/VAR/Hybrid/namelist.input . </span></p>
<p>Edit namelist.input and pay special attention to the following
hybrid-related settings:</p>
<p class=bodytext style='margin-left:3.0gd'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar7<br>
je_factor = 2.0<br>
/<br>
&wrfvar16<br>
ensdim_alpha = 10 <br>
alphacv_method = 2<br>
alpha_corr_type=3<br>
alpha_corr_scale = 1500.0<br>
alpha_std_dev=1.000</span><span style='font-family:Times'><br>
/ </span></p>
<p class=stylecode style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Next,
run hybrid in serial mode (recommended for initial testing of the hybrid
system), or in parallel mode</span></p>
<p class=bodytext style='margin-left:3.0gd'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>< ./da_wrfvar.exe >&! wrfda.log</span></p>
<p class=stylecode style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Check
the output files.</span></p>
<p class=stylecode style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'> </span></p>
<p class=stylecode style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>The
output file lists are the same as when you run WRF 3D-Var.</span></p>
<p class=stylecode style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'> </span></p>
<p class=stylecode style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'><b>c.
Hybrid namelist options</b></span></p>
<p class=stylecode style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'> </span></p>
<p class=stylecode style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>1)
je_factor : ensemble covariance weighting factor. This factor controls the
weighting component of ensemble and static covariances. The corresponding
jb_factor = je_factor/(je_factor - 1). </span></p>
<p class=stylecode style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>2)
ensdim_alpha: the number of ensemble members. <span class=style8>Hybrid mode is
activated when ensdim_alpha is larger than zero.</span></span></p>
<p class=stylecode style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:0in'><span class=style8><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>3) </span></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>alphacv_method: 1=perturbations in control variable space
(“psi”,”chi_u”,”t_u”,”rh”,”ps_u”); 2=perturbations in model space
(“u”,”v”,”t”,”q”,”ps”). Option 2 is extensively tested and recommended to use.</span></p>
<p class=stylecode style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>4)
alpha_corr_type: correlation function. 1=Exponential; 2=SOAR; 3=Gaussian.</span></p>
<p class=stylecode style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>5)
alpha_corr_scale: hybrid covariance localization scale in km unit. Default
value is 1500.</span></p>
<p class=stylecode style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>6)
alpha_std_dev: alpha standard deviation. Default value is 1.0</span></p>
<p> </p>
<h3><a name="_Description_of_Namelist"></a><a name="_Description_of_Namelist_1"></a>Description
of Namelist Variables</h3>
<p class=MsoListBullet2>WRFDA namelist variables. </p>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><strong>Variable Names</strong></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><strong>Default Value</strong></p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><strong>Description</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=457 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:457.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><strong><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>&wrfvar1</span></strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>write_increments</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'>.true.: write out a
binary analysis increment file</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>var4d</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.true.: 4D-Var mode</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:.25in'>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;
height:.25in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>multi_inc</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;
height:.25in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;
height:.25in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>> 0: multi-incremental run</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>var4d_coupling</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>2</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1: var4d_coupling_disk_linear,
</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>2: var4d_coupling_disk_simul</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>print_detail_radar</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 rowspan=4 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:
.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>print_detail_xxx: output extra
(sometimes can be too many) diagnostics for debugging; not recommended to
turn them on for production runs</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>print_detail_xa</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>print_detail_xb</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>print_detail_obs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>print_detail_grad</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>the purpose of
print_detail_grad is changed as of V3.1.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.true.: to print out detailed
gradient of each observation type at each iteration and write out detailed
cost function and gradient into files called cost_fn and grad_fn</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>check_max_iv_print</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>true</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'>obsolete (only used by Radar)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=457 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:457.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><strong><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>&wrfvar2</span></strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>analysis_accu</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>900</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>seconds, if time difference
between namelist setting (analysis_date) and date info read in from first
guess is larger than analysis_accu, WRFDA will issue a warning message
("=======> Wrong xb time found???"), but won't abort.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>calc_w_increment</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.true.: the increment of
the vertical velocity W will be diagnosed based on the increments of other
fields. If there is information of the W from observations assimilated, such
as the Radar radial velocity, the W increments are always computed, no matter
calc_w_increment=true. or .false.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.false.: the increment of the
vertical velocity W is zero if no W information assimilated.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>dt_cloud_model</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>Not used</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=457 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:457.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><strong><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>&wrfvar3</span></strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>fg_format</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> 1: fg_format_wrf_arw_regional
(default)</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> 2: fg_format_wrf_nmm_regional</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> 3: fg_format_wrf_arw_global</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> 4: fg_format_kma_global</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>ob_format</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>2</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1: ob_format_bufr (NCEP
PREPBUFR), read in data from ob.bufr (not fully tested)</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>2: ob_format_ascii (output
from obsproc), read in data from ob.ascii (default)</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>3: ob_format_madis (not
tested)</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>num_fgat_time</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>1</span></p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1: 3DVar</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>> 1: number of time slots
for FGAT and 4DVAR </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=457 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:457.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><strong><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>&wrfvar4</span></strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>thin_conv</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>true</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>for ob_format=1 (NCEP
PREPBUFR) only. thining is mandatory for ob_format=1 as time-duplicate data
are "thinned" within thinning routine, however, thin_conv can be
set to .false. for debugging purpose.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>thin_mesh_conv </span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>20. (max_instruments)</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>for ob_format=1 (NCEP
PREPBUFR) only.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>km, each observation type can
set its thinning mesh and the index/order follows the definition in</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>WRFDA/var/da/da_control/da_control.f90</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_synopobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>true</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 rowspan=19 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;
padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>use_xxxobs - .true.:
assimilate xxx obs if available</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.false.: not assimilate xxx
obs even available</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_shipsobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>true</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_metarobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>true</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_soundobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>true</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_pilotobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>true</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_airepobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>true</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_geoamvobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>true</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_polaramvobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>true</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_bogusobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>true</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_buoyobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>true</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_profilerobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>true</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_satemobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>true</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_gpspwobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>true</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_gpsrefobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>true</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_qscatobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>true</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_radarobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_radar_rv</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_radar_rf</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_airsretobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>true</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=457 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:457.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> ; use_hirs2obs,
use_hirs3obs, use_hirs4obs, use_mhsobs</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> ; use_msuobs,
use_amsuaobs, use_amsubobs, use_airsobs,</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> ; use_eos_amsuaobs,
use_hsbobs, use_ssmisobs are</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> ; radiance-related
variables that only control if reading</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> ; in corresponding BUFR
files into WRFDA or not, but</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> ; do not control if
assimilate the data or not.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> ; Some more variables
have to be set in &wrfvar14 in order</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> ; to assimilate radiance
data.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_hirs2obs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>fasle</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.true.: to read in data from
hirs2.bufr</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_hirs3obs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.true.: to read in data from
hirs3.bufr</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_hirs4obs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.true.: to read in data from
hirs4.bufr</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_mhsobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.true.: to read in data from
mhs.bufr</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_msuobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.true.: to read in data from
msu.bufr</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_amsuaobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.true.: to read in data from
amsua.bufr</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_amsubobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.true.: to read in data from
amsub.bufr</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_airsobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.true.: to read in data from
airs.bufr</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:14.85pt'>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;
height:14.85pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_eos_amsuaobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;
height:14.85pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;
height:14.85pt'>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:-.05in;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:0in'>.true.: to read in data from airs.bufr</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_hsbobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.true.: to read in data from
hsb.bufr</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_ssmisobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.true.: to read in data from
ssmis.bufr</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_obs_errfac</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'>.true.: apply obs error tuning
factors if errfac.dat is available for conventional data only</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=457 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:457.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><strong><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>&wrfvar5</span></strong></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>check_max_iv</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>true</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'>.true.: reject the
observations whose innovations (O-B) are larger than a maximum value defined
as a multiple of the observation error for each observation. i.e., inv >
(obs_error*factor) --> fails_error_max; the default maximum value is 5
times the observation error ; the factor of 5 can be changed through
max_error_* settings.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>max_error_t</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>5.0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>maximum check_max_iv error
check factor for t</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>max_error_uv</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>5.0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>maximum check_max_iv error
check factor for u and v</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>max_error_pw</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>5.0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>maximum check_max_iv error
check factor for precipitable water</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>max_error_ref</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>5.0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>maximum check_max_iv error
check factor for gps refractivity</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>max_error_q</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>5.0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>maximum check_max_iv error
check factor for specific humidity</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>max_error_p</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>5.0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>maximum check_max_iv error
check factor for pressure</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>max_error_thickness</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> </p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>maximum check_max_iv error
check factor for thickness</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>max_error_rv</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> </p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>maximum check_max_iv error
check factor for radar radial velocity</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>max_error_rf</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> </p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>maximum check_max_iv error
check factor for radar reflectivity</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=457 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:457.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><b>&wrfvar6</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>max_ext_its</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>number of outer loops</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>ntmax</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>200</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>maximum number of iterations
in an inner loop</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>eps</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> </p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>0.01 (max_ext_its)</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>minimization convergence
criterion (used dimension: max_ext_its); minimization stops when the norm of
the gradient of the cost function gradient is reduced by a factor of eps.
inner minimization stops either when the criterion is met or when inner
iterations reach ntmax.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=457 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:457.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><b>&wrfvar7</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>cv_options</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;tab-stops:63.65pt'>5</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>3: NCEP Background Error model</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>5: NCAR Background Error model
(default)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>as1(3)</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;tab-stops:63.65pt'>-1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>tuning factors for variance,
horizontal and vertical scales for control variable 1 = stream function. For
cv_options=3 only. The actual default values are 0.25, 1.0, 1.5.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>as2(3)</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;tab-stops:63.65pt'>-1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>tuning factors for variance,
horizontal and vertical scales for control variable 2 - unbalanced potential
velocity. For cv_options=3 only. The actual default values are 0.25, 1.0,
1.5.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>as3(3)</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;tab-stops:63.65pt'>-1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>tuning factors for variance,
horizontal and vertical scales for control variable 3 - unbalanced temperature.
For cv_options=3 only. The actual default values are 0.25, 1.0, 1.5.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>as4(3) </span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;tab-stops:63.65pt'>-1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>tuning factors for variance,
horizontal and vertical scales for control variable 4 - pseudo relative humidity.
For cv_options=3 only. The actual default values are 0.25, 1.0, 1.5.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>as5(3)</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;tab-stops:63.65pt'>-1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>tuning factors for variance,
horizontal and vertical scales for control variable 5 - unbalanced surface
pressure. For cv_options=3 only. The actual default values are 0.25, 1.0,
1.5.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>rf_passes</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>6</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>number of passes of recursive
filter.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>var_scaling1</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>tuning factor of background
error covariance for control variable 1 - stream function. For cv_options=5
only.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>var_scaling2</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>tuning factor of background
error covariance for control variable 2 - unbalanced velocity potential. For
cv_options=5 only.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>var_scaling3</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>tuning factor of background
error covariance for control variable 3 - unbalanced temperature. For
cv_options=5 only.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>var_scaling4</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>tuning factor of background
error covariance for control variable 4 - pseudo relative humidity. For
cv_options=5 only.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>var_scaling5</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>tuning factor of background
error covariance for control variable 5 - unbalanced surface pressure. For
cv_options=5 only.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>len_scaling1</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>tuning factor of scale-length
for stream function. For cv_options=5 only.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>len_scaling2</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>tuning factor of scale-length
for unbalanced velocity potential. For cv_options=5 only.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>len_scaling3</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal>tuning factor of scale-length for unbalanced temperature.
For cv_options=5 only.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>len_scaling4</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>tuning factor of scale-length
for pseudo relative humidity. For cv_options=5 only.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>len_scaling5</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>tuning factor of scale-length
for unbalanced surface pressure. For cv_options=5 only.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>je_factor</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;tab-stops:61.7pt'>ensemble
covariance weighting factor</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=457 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:457.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><b>&wrfvar8 ;not used</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><b>&wrfvar9</b></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> </p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>for program tracing.
trace_use=.true. gives additional performance diagnostics (calling tree,
local routine timings, overall routine timings, memory usage) It does not
change results, but does add runtime overhead.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>stdout</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>6</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>unit number for standard
output</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>stderr</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>unit number for error output</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>trace_unit</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>7</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>Unit number for tracing output
note that units 10 and 9 are reserved for reading namelist.input and writing
namelist.output respectively.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>trace_pe</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>Currently, statistics are
always calculated for all processors, and output by processor 0.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>trace_repeat_head</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>10</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>the number of times any trace
statement will produce output for any particular routine. This stops overwhelming
trace output when a routine is called multiple times. Once this limit is
reached a 'going quiet' message is written to the trace file, and no more output
is produced from the routine, though statistics are still gathered.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>trace_repeat_body</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>10</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>see trace_repeat_head
description</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>trace_max_depth</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>30</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>define the deepest level to
which tracing writes output</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>trace_use</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>true</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.true.: activate tracing</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>trace_use_frequent</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>trace_use_dull</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>trace_memory</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>true</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.true.: calculate allocated
memory using a mallinfo call. On some platforms (Cray and Mac), mallinfo is
not available and no memory monitoring can be done.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>trace_all_pes</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.true.: tracing is output for
all pes. As stated in trace_pe, this does not change processor statistics.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>trace_csv</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>true</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.true.: tracing statistics are
written to a xxxx.csv file in CSV format</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_html</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>true</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.true.: tracing and error
reporting routines will include HTML tags.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>warnings_are_fatal</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.true.: warning messages that
would normally allow the program to continue are treated as fatal errors.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=457 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:457.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><b>&wrfvar10 ; for code
developer</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=457 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:457.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><strong><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>&wrfvar11</span></strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>cv_options_hum</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> 1</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>do not change</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>check_rh</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> </p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>0 --> No supersaturation
check after minimization.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1 --> supersaturation
(rh> 100%) and minimum rh (rh<10%) check, and make the local adjustment
of q.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>2 --> supersaturation
(rh> 95%) and minimum rh (rh<11%) check and make the multi-level q adjustment
under the constraint of conserved column integrated water vapor</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>sfc_assi_options</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'>1 --> surface observations
will be assimilated based on the lowest model level first guess. Observations
are not used when the height difference of the elevation of the observing</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'>site and the lowest model
level height is larger than 100m.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'>2 --> surface observations
will be assimilated based on surface similarity theory in PBL. Innovations
are computed based on 10-m wind, 2-m temperature and 2-m moisture.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>calculate_cg_cost_fn</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>the purpose of
calculate_cg_cost_fn is changed.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>use print_detail_grad=.true.
to dump cost function and gradient of each iteration to cost_fn and grad_fn.
conjugate gradient algorithm does not require the computation of cost function
at every iteration during minimization..true.: cost function is printed out
and is directly derived from the gradient using the fully linear properties
inside the inner-loop..false.: Only the initial and final cost functions are
computed</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>lat_stats_option</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>do not change</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=457 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:457.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><strong>&wrfvar12</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>balance_type</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>obsolete</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=457 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:457.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><strong>&wrfvar13</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>vert_corr</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>2</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>do not change</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>vertical_ip</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>obsolete</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>vert_evalue</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>do not change</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:16.5pt'>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;
height:16.5pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>max_vert_var1</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;
height:16.5pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>99.0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;
height:16.5pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>specify the maximum truncation
value (in percentage) to explain the variance of stream function in
eigenvector decomposition</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>max_vert_var2</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>99.0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>specify the maximum truncation
value (in percentage) to explain the variance of unbalanced potential
velocity in eigenvector decomposition</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>max_vert_var3</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>99.0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>specify the maximum truncation
value (in percentage) to explain the variance of the unbalanced temperature
in eigenvector decomposition</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>max_vert_var4</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>99.0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>specify the maximum truncation
value (percentage) to explain the variance of pseudo relative humidity in
eigenvector decomposition</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>max_vert_var5</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>99.0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>for unbalanced surface
pressure, it should be a non-zero positive numer.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>set max_vert_var5=0.0 only for
offline VarBC applications.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=457 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:457.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><b>&wrfvar14</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=457 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:457.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>the following 4 variables
(rtminit_nsensor, rtminit_platform, rtminit_satid, rtminit_sensor) together
control what sensors to be assimilated.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>rtminit_nsensor</span></p>
</td>
<td width=93 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:92.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1</p>
</td>
<td width=230 valign=top style='width:230.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>total number of sensors to be
assimilated</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>rtminit_platform</span></p>
</td>
<td width=93 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:92.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>-1</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>(max_instruments)</p>
</td>
<td width=230 valign=top style='width:230.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>platforms IDs array (used
dimension: rtminit_nsensor); e.g., 1 for NOAA, 9 for EOS, 10 for METOP and 2
for DMSP</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;tab-stops:28.5pt'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>rtminit_satid</span></p>
</td>
<td width=93 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:92.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>-1.0 </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>(max_instruments)</p>
</td>
<td width=230 valign=top style='width:230.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>satellite IDs array (used
dimension: rtminit_nsensor)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>rtminit_sensor</span></p>
</td>
<td width=93 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:92.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> -1.0 </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>(max_instruments)</p>
</td>
<td width=230 valign=top style='width:230.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>sensor IDs array (used
dimension: rtminit_nsensor); e.g., 0 for HIRS, 3 for AMSU-A, 4 for AMSU-B,
15 for MHS, 10 for SSMIS, 11 for AIRS</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>rad_monitoring</span></p>
</td>
<td width=93 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:92.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>0 </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>(max_instruments)</p>
</td>
<td width=230 valign=top style='width:230.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>integer array (used dimension:
rtminit_nsensor); 0: assimilating mode; </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1: monitoring mode (only
calculate innovations)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>thinning_mesh</span></p>
</td>
<td width=93 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:92.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>60.0 </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>(max_instruments)</p>
</td>
<td width=230 valign=top style='width:230.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>real array (used dimension:
rtminit_nsensor); specify thinning mesh size (in KM) for different sensors.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>thinning</span></p>
</td>
<td width=93 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:92.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=230 valign=top style='width:230.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.true.: perform thinning on
radiance data</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>qc_rad</span></p>
</td>
<td width=93 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:92.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>true</p>
</td>
<td width=230 valign=top style='width:230.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.true.: perform quality
control. always .true.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>write_iv_rad_ascii</span></p>
</td>
<td width=93 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:92.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=230 valign=top style='width:230.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.true.: output radiance
Observation minus Background files, which are in ASCII format and separated
by sensors and processors.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>write_oa_rad_ascii</span></p>
</td>
<td width=93 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:92.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=230 valign=top style='width:230.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.true.: output radiance
Observation minus Analysis files (Observation minus Background information is
also included), which are in ASCII format and separated by sensors and processors.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_error_factor_rad</span></p>
</td>
<td width=93 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:92.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=230 valign=top style='width:230.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p style='margin-right:-.05in'>.true.: use a radiance error tuning factor
file "radiance_error.factor", which can be created with empirical
values or generated using variational tuning method (Desroziers and Ivanov,
2001)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_antcorr</span></p>
</td>
<td width=93 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:92.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>(max_instruments)</p>
</td>
<td width=230 valign=top style='width:230.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p style='margin-right:-.05in'>.true.: perform Antenna Correction in CRTM</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>rtm_option</span></p>
</td>
<td width=93 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:92.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1</p>
</td>
<td width=230 valign=top style='width:230.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p style='margin-right:-.05in'>what RTM (Radiative Transfer Model) to use 1:
RTTOV (WRFDA needs to compile with RTTOV) 2: CRTM (WRFDA needs to compile
with CRTM)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>only_sea_rad</span></p>
</td>
<td width=93 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:92.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=230 valign=top style='width:230.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.true.: assimilate radiance
over water only</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_varbc</span></p>
</td>
<td width=93 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:92.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=230 valign=top style='width:230.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.true.: perform Variational
Bias Correction. A parameter file in ASCII format called VARBC.in (a
template is provided with the source code tar ball) is required.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>freeze_varbc</span></p>
</td>
<td width=93 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:92.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=230 valign=top style='width:230.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.true: together with use_varbc=.false.,
keep the VarBC bias parameters constant in time. In this case, the bias
correction is read and applied to the innovations, but it is not updated
during the minimization.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;tab-stops:center 66.0pt'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>varbc_factor</span></p>
</td>
<td width=93 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:92.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=230 valign=top style='width:230.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>for scaling the VarBC
preconditioning</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;tab-stops:center 66.0pt'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>varbc_nobsmin</span></p>
</td>
<td width=93 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:92.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>10</p>
</td>
<td width=230 valign=top style='width:230.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>defines the minimum number of
observations required for the computation of the predictor statistics during
the first assimilation cycle. If there are not enough data (according to
"VARBC_NOBSMIN") on the first cycle, the next cycle will perform a
coldstart again.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>airs_warmest_fov</span></p>
</td>
<td width=93 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:92.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=230 valign=top style='width:230.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.true.: uses the observation
brightness temperature forAIRS Window channel #914 as criterion for GSI
thinning (with a higher amplitude than the distance from the observation
location to the nearest grid point).</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>crtm_atmosphere</span></p>
</td>
<td width=93 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:92.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>0</p>
</td>
<td width=230 valign=top style='width:230.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>climatology reference profile
used above model top for CRTM Radiative Transfer Model (up to 0.01hPa</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>0: Invalid (default, use U.S.
Standard Atmosphere)</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1: Tropical</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>2: Midlatitude summer</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>3: Midlatitude winter</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>4: Subarctic summer</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>5: Subarctic winter</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>6: U.S. Standard Atmosphere</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_crtm_kmatrix</span></p>
</td>
<td width=93 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:92.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=230 valign=top style='width:230.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.true. use CRTM K matrix
rather than calling CRTM TL and AD routines for gradient calculation, which
reduces runtime noticeably.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=457 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:457.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><b>&wrfvar15 (needs to be
set together with &wrfvar19)</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>num_pseudo</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>Set the number of pseudo
observations, either 0 or 1 (single ob)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>pseudo_x</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>Set the x-position (I) of the
OBS in unit of grid-point.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>pseudo_y</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>Set the y-position (J) of the
OBS in unit of grid-point.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>pseudo_z</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>Set the z-position (K) of OBS
with the vertical level index, in bottom-up order.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>pseudo_val</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>Set the innovation of the ob;
wind in m/s, pressure in Pa, temperature in K, specific humidity in kg/kg </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>pseudo_err</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>set the error of the pseudo
ob. Unit the same as pseudo_val.; if pseudo_var="q", pseudo_err=0.001
is more reasonable.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=457 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:457.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><b>&wrfvar16 (for hybrid
WRFDA/ensemble)</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>alphacv_method</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>2</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1: ensemble perturbations in
control variable space</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>2: ensemble perturbations in
model variable space</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>ensdim_alpha</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>ensemble size</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>alpha_corr_type</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>3</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1: alpha_corr_type_exp</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>2: alpha_corr_type_soar</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>3: alpha_corr_type_gaussian
(default)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>alpha_corr_scale</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1500.0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>km</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=457 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:457.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><b>&wrfvar17</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>analysis_type</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>“3D-VAR”</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>"3D-VAR": 3D-VAR
mode (default);</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> "QC-OBS": 3D-VAR
mode plus extra filtered_obs output; </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>"VERIFY":
verification mode. WRFDA resets check_max_iv=.false. and ntmax=0; "RANDOMCV":
for creating ensemble perturbations</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=457 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:457.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><b>&wrfvar18 (needs to set
&wrfvar21 and &wrfvar22 as well if ob_format=1 and/or radiances are
used)</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>analysis_date</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>“2002-08-03_00:00:00.0000”</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>specify the analysis time. It
should be consistent with the first guess time. However, if time difference
between analysis_date and date info read in from first guess is larger than
analysis_accu, WRFDA will issue a warning message ("=======> Wrong xb
time found???"), but won't abort.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=457 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:457.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><b>&wrfvar19 (needs to be
set together with &wrfvar15)</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>pseudo_var</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>“t”</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>Set the name of the OBS
variable:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>'u' = X-direction component of
wind,</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>'v' = Y-direction component of
wind,</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>'t' = Temperature,</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>'p' = Prerssure,</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>'q' = Specific humidity</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>"pw": total
precipitable water</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>"ref": refractivity</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>"ztd": zenith total
delay</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=457 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:457.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><b>&wrfvar20</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>documentation_url</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>“http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/people/wrfhelp/wrfvar/code/trunk”</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=457 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:457.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><b>&wrfvar21</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>time_window_min</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>"2002-08-02_21:00:00.0000"</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;tab-stops:134.0pt'>start time
of assimilation time window used for ob_format=1 and radiances to select
observations inside the defined time_window. Note: Start from V3.1, this
variable is also used for ob_format=2 to double-check if the obs are within
the specified time window.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;tab-stops:134.0pt'> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=457 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:457.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><b>&wrfvar22</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>time_window_max</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>"2002-08-03_03:00:00.0000"</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>end time of assimilation time
window used for ob_format=1 and radiances to select observations inside the
defined time_window. Note: Start from V3.1, this variable is also used for
ob_format=2 to double-check if the obs are within the specified time window.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=457 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:457.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><b>&wrfvar23 (settings
related to the 4D-Var penalty term option, which controls the high-frequency
gravity waves using a digital filter)</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>jcdfi_use</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.true.: Include JcDF term in
cost function.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.False.: Ignore JcDF term in
cost function.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>jcdfi_io</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.true.: Read JcDF output from
WRF+. Even jcdfi_use= false. Used for diagnosis.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.False.: Ignore the JcDF
output from WRF+</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>jcdfi_tauc</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>10800</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>seconds, filter time window
second.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>jcdfi_gama</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>Scaling number used to tune
the weight of JcDF term</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>jcdfi_error_wind</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>3.0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>m/s, wind error used in JcDF</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>jcdfi_error_t</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>K, temperature error used in
JcDF</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>jcdfi_error_q</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>0.001</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>kg/kg, specific humidity error
used in JcDF</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>jcdfi_error_mu</span></p>
</td>
<td width=75 valign=top style='width:74.8pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1000.</p>
</td>
<td width=248 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:248.0pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>Pa, perturbation pressure (mu)
error used in JcDF</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height=0>
<td width=134 style='border:none'></td>
<td width=76 style='border:none'></td>
<td width=18 style='border:none'></td>
<td width=232 style='border:none'></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p>OBSPROC namelist variables. </p>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><strong>Variable Names</strong></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><strong>Description</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=457 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:457.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><strong><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>&record1</span></strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>obs_gts_filename</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>name and path of decoded
observation file</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>fg_format</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p style='margin-right:-.05in'>'MM5' for MM5 application, 'WRF' for WRF
application</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>obserr.txt</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>name and path of observational
error file</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>first_guess_file</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>name and path of the first
guess file</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=457 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:457.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><strong><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>&record2</span></strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>time_window_min</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>The earliest time edge as
ccyy-mm-dd_hh:mn:ss</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>time_analysis</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>The analysis time as
ccyy-mm-dd_hh:mn:ss</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>time_window_max</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>The latest time edge as
ccyy-mm-dd_hh:mn:ss</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>** Note : Only observations between
[time_window_min, time_window_max] will kept.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=457 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:457.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><strong><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>&record3</span></strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>max_number_of_obs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>Maximum number of observations
to be loaded, ie in domain and time window, this is independent of the number
of obs actually read.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>fatal_if_exceed_max_obs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.TRUE.: will stop when more
than max_number_of_obs are loaded</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.FALSE.: will process the
first max_number_of_obs loaded observations. </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=457 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:457.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><strong><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>&record4</span></strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>qc_test_vert_consistency</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.TRUE. will perform a vertical
consistency quality control check on sounding</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>qc_test_convective_adj</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.TRUE. will perform a
convective adjustment quality control check on sounding</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>qc_test_above_lid</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.TRUE. will flag the
observation above model lid</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>remove_above_lid</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.TRUE. will remove the
observation above model lid</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>domain_check_h</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.TRUE. will discard the observations
outside the domain</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>Thining_SATOB</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.FALSE.: no thinning for SATOB
data.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.TRUE.: thinning procedure
applied to SATOB data.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>Thining_SSMI</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.FALSE.: no thinning for SSMI
data.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.TRUE.: thinning procedure
applied to SSMI data.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>Thining_QSCAT</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.FALSE.: no thinning for SATOB
data.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.TRUE.: thinning procedure
applied to SSMI data.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=457 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:457.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><strong><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>&record5</span></strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>print_gts_read</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>TRUE. will write diagnostic on
the decoded obs reading in file obs_gts_read.diag</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>print_gpspw_read</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.TRUE. will write diagnostic
on the gpsppw obs reading in file obs_gpspw_read.diag</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>print_recoverp</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.TRUE. will write diagnostic
on the obs pressure recovery in file obs_recover_pressure.diag</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>print_duplicate_loc</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.TRUE. will write diagnostic
on space duplicate removal in file obs_duplicate_loc.diag</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>print_duplicate_time</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.TRUE. will write diagnostic
on time duplicate removal in file obs_duplicate_time.diag</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>print_recoverh</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.TRUE will write diagnostic on
the obs height recovery in file obs_recover_height.diag</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>print_qc_vert</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.TRUE will write diagnostic on
the vertical consistency check in file obs_qc1.diag</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>print_qc_conv</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.TRUE will write diagnostic on
the convective adjustment check in file obs_qc1.diag</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>print_qc_lid</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.TRUE. will write diagnostic
on the above model lid height check in file obs_qc2.diag</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>print_uncomplete</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.TRUE. will write diagnostic
on the uncompleted obs removal in file obs_uncomplete.diag</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>user_defined_area</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.TRUE.: read in the record6:
x_left, x_right, y_top, y_bottom,</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.FALSE.: not read in the
record6.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=457 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:457.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><strong><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>&record6</span></strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>x_left</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>West border of sub-domain, not
used</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>x_right</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>East border of sub-domain, not
used</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>y_bottom</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>South border of sub-domain,
not used</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>y_top</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>North border of sub-domain,
not used</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>ptop</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>Reference pressure at model
top</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>ps0</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>Reference sea level pressure</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>base_pres</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>Same as ps0. User must set
either ps0 or base_pres.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>ts0</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>Mean sea level temperature</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>base_temp</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>Same as ts0. User must set
either ts0 or base_temp.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>tlp</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>Temperature lapse rate</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>base_lapse</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>Same as tlp. User must set
either tlp or base_lapse.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>pis0</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>Tropopause pressure, the
default = 20000.0 Pa</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>base_tropo_pres</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>Same as pis0. User must set
either pis0 or base_tropo_pres</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>tis0</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>Isothermal temperature above
tropopause (K), the default = 215 K.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>base_start_temp</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>Same as tis0. User must set
either tis0 or base_start_temp.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=457 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:457.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><strong><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>&record7</span></strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>IPROJ</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>Map projection (0 =
Cylindrical Equidistance, 1 = Lambert Conformal, 2 = Polar stereographic, 3 =
Mercator)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>PHIC</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>Central latitude of the domain</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>XLONC</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>Central longitude of the
domain</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>TRUELAT1</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>True latitude 1</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>TRUELAT2</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>True latitude 2</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>MOAD_CEN_LAT</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>The central latitude for the
Mother Of All Domains</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>STANDARD_LON</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>The standard longitude
(Y-direction) of the working domain.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><strong><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>&record8</span></strong></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>IDD</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>Domain ID (1=< ID =<
MAXNES), Only the observations geographically located on that domain will be
processed. For WRF application with XLONC /= STANDARD_LON, set IDD=2, otherwise
set 1.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>MAXNES</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>Maximum numbe of domains as
needed.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>NESTIX</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>The I(y)-direction dimension
for each of the domains</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>NESTJX</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>The J(x)-direction dimension
for each of the domains</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>DIS</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>The grid size for each of the domains.
For WRF application, always set NESTIX(1),NESTJX(1), and DIS(1) based on the
infomation in wrfinput.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>NUMC</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>The mother domain ID number
for each of the domains</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>NESTI</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>The I location in its mother
domain of the nest domain's low left corner -- point (1,1)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>NESTI</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>The J location in its mother
domain of the nest domain's low left corner -- point (1,1). For WRF
application, NUMC(1), NESTI(1), and NESTJ(1) are always set to be 1.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><strong><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>&record9</span></strong></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>prepbufr_output_filename</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>Name of the prebufr OBS file.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>prepbufr_table_filename</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>'prepbufr_table_filename' ;
not change</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>output_ob_format</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>output 1, prebufr OBS file
only;</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> 2, ASCII OBS file
only;</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> 3, Both prebufr and
ASCII OBS files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>use_for</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>'3DVAR' obs file, same as
before, default</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>'FGAT ' obs files for FGAT</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>'4DVAR' obs files for 4DVAR</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>num_slots_past</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>the number of time slots
before time_analysis</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>num_slots_ahead</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>the number of time slots after
time_analysis</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>write_synop</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>If keep synop obs in obs_gts
(ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>write_ship</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>If keep ship obs in obs_gts
(ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>write_metar</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>If keep metar obs in obs_gts
(ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>write_buoy</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>If keep buoy obs in obs_gts
(ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>write_pilot</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>If keep pilot obs in obs_gts
(ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>write_sound</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>If keep sound obs in obs_gts
(ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>write_amdar</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>If keep amdar obs in obs_gts
(ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>write_satem</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>If keep satem obs in obs_gts
(ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>write_satob</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>If keep satob obs in obs_gts
(ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>write_airep</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>If keep airep obs in obs_gts
(ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>write_gpspw</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>If keep gpspw obs in obs_gts
(ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>write_gpsztd</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>If keep gpsztd obs in obs_gts
(ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>write_gpsref</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>If keep gpsref obs in obs_gts
(ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>write_gpseph</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>If keep gpseph obs in obs_gts
(ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>write_ssmt1</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>If keep ssmt1 obs in obs_gts
(ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>write_ssmt2</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>If keep ssmt2 obs in obs_gts
(ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>write_ssmi</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>If keep ssmi obs in obs_gts
(ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>write_tovs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>If keep tovs obs in obs_gts
(ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>write_qscat</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>If keep qscat obs in obs_gts
(ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>write_profl</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>If keep profile obs in obs_gts
(ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>write_bogus</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>If keep bogus obs in obs_gts
(ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=131 valign=top style='width:131.45pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>write_airs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=324 valign=top style='width:324.3pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>If keep airs obs in obs_gts
(ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p> </p>
<span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'><br clear=ALL
style='page-break-before:always'>
</span>
<p> </p>
</div>
<div><br clear=all>
<hr align=left size=1 width="33%">
<div id=ftn1>
<p class=MsoFootnoteText><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference>*</span></a> Current release is RTTOV9, while there
is no plan to incorporate RTTOV9 into WRFDA.</p>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>