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<title>Chapter 6: WRF-VAR</title>
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	{font-family:"Edwardian Script ITC";
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	{font-family:"Engravers MT";
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	{font-family:"French Script MT";
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	{font-family:"Gill Sans Ultra Bold";
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	{font-family:"Gill Sans MT Ext Condensed Bold";
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	mso-font-charset:0;
	mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
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@font-face
	{font-family:"Tempus Sans ITC";
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	mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
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@font-face
	{font-family:"Viner Hand ITC";
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	mso-font-charset:0;
	mso-generic-font-family:script;
	mso-font-pitch:variable;
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@font-face
	{font-family:Vivaldi;
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	mso-font-charset:0;
	mso-generic-font-family:script;
	mso-font-pitch:variable;
	mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}
@font-face
	{font-family:"Vladimir Script";
	panose-1:3 5 4 2 4 4 7 7 3 5;
	mso-font-charset:0;
	mso-generic-font-family:script;
	mso-font-pitch:variable;
	mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}
@font-face
	{font-family:"Wide Latin";
	panose-1:2 10 10 7 5 5 5 2 4 4;
	mso-font-charset:0;
	mso-generic-font-family:roman;
	mso-font-pitch:variable;
	mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}
@font-face
	{font-family:"Wingdings 2";
	panose-1:5 2 1 2 1 5 7 7 7 7;
	mso-font-charset:2;
	mso-generic-font-family:roman;
	mso-font-pitch:variable;
	mso-font-signature:0 268435456 0 0 -2147483648 0;}
@font-face
	{font-family:"Wingdings 3";
	panose-1:5 4 1 2 1 8 7 7 7 7;
	mso-font-charset:2;
	mso-generic-font-family:roman;
	mso-font-pitch:variable;
	mso-font-signature:0 268435456 0 0 -2147483648 0;}
@font-face
	{font-family:"\@Arial Unicode MS";
	panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
	mso-font-charset:128;
	mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
	mso-font-pitch:variable;
	mso-font-signature:-134238209 -371195905 63 0 4129279 0;}
@font-face
	{font-family:"MT Extra";
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	mso-font-charset:2;
	mso-generic-font-family:roman;
	mso-font-pitch:variable;
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@font-face
	{font-family:Euclid;
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	mso-font-charset:0;
	mso-generic-font-family:roman;
	mso-font-pitch:variable;
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@font-face
	{font-family:"Euclid Symbol";
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	mso-font-charset:2;
	mso-generic-font-family:roman;
	mso-font-pitch:variable;
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@font-face
	{font-family:"Euclid Extra";
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	mso-font-charset:2;
	mso-generic-font-family:roman;
	mso-font-pitch:variable;
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@font-face
	{font-family:"Euclid Fraktur";
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	mso-font-charset:0;
	mso-generic-font-family:script;
	mso-font-pitch:variable;
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@font-face
	{font-family:"Euclid Math One";
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	mso-font-charset:2;
	mso-generic-font-family:roman;
	mso-font-pitch:variable;
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@font-face
	{font-family:"Euclid Math Two";
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	mso-font-charset:2;
	mso-generic-font-family:roman;
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@font-face
	{font-family:Fences;
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	mso-font-charset:0;
	mso-generic-font-family:auto;
	mso-font-pitch:variable;
	mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}
@font-face
	{font-family:Tiger;
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	mso-font-charset:0;
	mso-generic-font-family:roman;
	mso-font-pitch:variable;
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@font-face
	{font-family:"MT Extra Tiger";
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	mso-font-charset:2;
	mso-generic-font-family:roman;
	mso-font-pitch:variable;
	mso-font-signature:0 268435456 0 0 -2147483648 0;}
@font-face
	{font-family:"Symbol Tiger";
	panose-1:5 5 1 2 1 7 6 2 5 7;
	mso-font-charset:2;
	mso-generic-font-family:roman;
	mso-font-pitch:variable;
	mso-font-signature:0 268435456 0 0 -2147483648 0;}
@font-face
	{font-family:"Tiger Expert";
	panose-1:2 7 3 0 2 2 5 2 4 4;
	mso-font-charset:0;
	mso-generic-font-family:roman;
	mso-font-pitch:variable;
	mso-font-signature:-1610611793 268466431 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
	{font-family:"Symbol Tiger Expert";
	panose-1:5 5 1 2 1 7 6 2 5 7;
	mso-font-charset:2;
	mso-generic-font-family:roman;
	mso-font-pitch:variable;
	mso-font-signature:0 268435456 0 0 -2147483648 0;}
@font-face
	{font-family:ZWAdobeF;
	panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
	mso-font-charset:0;
	mso-generic-font-family:auto;
	mso-font-pitch:variable;
	mso-font-signature:536881799 0 0 0 511 0;}
@font-face
	{font-family:"\@Liberation Sans";
	mso-font-charset:128;
	mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
	mso-font-pitch:variable;
	mso-font-signature:0 0 0 0 0 0;}
@font-face
	{font-family:"\@DejaVu LGC Sans";
	mso-font-charset:128;
	mso-generic-font-family:auto;
	mso-font-pitch:variable;
	mso-font-signature:0 0 0 0 0 0;}
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	{mso-style-unhide:no;
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	mso-style-parent:"";
	margin:0in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
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	font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:\5B8B\4F53;
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h1
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	mso-style-qformat:yes;
	mso-style-link:"Heading 1 Char";
	mso-style-next:Normal;
	margin-top:12.0pt;
	margin-right:0in;
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	margin-left:0in;
	mso-pagination:none;
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h2
	{mso-style-unhide:no;
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	mso-style-link:"Heading 2 Char";
	mso-style-next:"Body Text";
	margin-top:14.0pt;
	margin-right:0in;
	margin-bottom:14.0pt;
	margin-left:0in;
	mso-pagination:none;
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	font-size:18.0pt;
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	font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:\5B8B\4F53;
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	font-weight:bold;
	mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;}
h3
	{mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-qformat:yes;
	mso-style-link:"Heading 3 Char";
	mso-style-next:"Body Text";
	margin-top:14.0pt;
	margin-right:0in;
	margin-bottom:14.0pt;
	margin-left:0in;
	mso-pagination:none;
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	font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:\5B8B\4F53;
	mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;
	font-weight:bold;
	mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;}
h4
	{mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-qformat:yes;
	mso-style-link:"Heading 4 Char";
	mso-style-next:Normal;
	margin:0in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	mso-pagination:none;
	page-break-after:avoid;
	mso-outline-level:4;
	font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";
	mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;
	font-weight:normal;
	font-style:italic;
	mso-bidi-font-style:normal;}
h5
	{mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-qformat:yes;
	mso-style-link:"Heading 5 Char";
	mso-style-next:Normal;
	margin:0in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	mso-pagination:none;
	page-break-after:avoid;
	mso-outline-level:5;
	font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";
	mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;
	font-weight:bold;
	mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;}
h6
	{mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-qformat:yes;
	mso-style-link:"Heading 6 Char";
	mso-style-next:Normal;
	margin:0in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	text-align:center;
	mso-pagination:none;
	page-break-after:avoid;
	mso-outline-level:6;
	font-size:16.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:Batang;
	mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;
	font-weight:bold;
	mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;}
p.MsoHeading7, li.MsoHeading7, div.MsoHeading7
	{mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-qformat:yes;
	mso-style-link:"Heading 7 Char";
	mso-style-next:Normal;
	margin-top:0in;
	margin-right:0in;
	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:.75in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	text-indent:-.25in;
	mso-pagination:none;
	page-break-after:avoid;
	mso-outline-level:7;
	mso-list:l0 level7 lfo1;
	tab-stops:list .75in;
	font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:Batang;
	mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;
	text-decoration:underline;
	text-underline:single;}
p.MsoToc1, li.MsoToc1, div.MsoToc1
	{mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-next:Normal;
	margin-top:6.0pt;
	margin-right:0in;
	margin-bottom:6.0pt;
	margin-left:0in;
	line-height:150%;
	mso-pagination:none;
	tab-stops:right dotted 431.5pt;
	font-size:10.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:\5B8B\4F53;
	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	text-transform:uppercase;
	mso-ansi-language:#0400;
	mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;
	font-weight:bold;
	mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;}
p.MsoToc2, li.MsoToc2, div.MsoToc2
	{mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-next:Normal;
	margin-top:0in;
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	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:12.0pt;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	line-height:150%;
	mso-pagination:none;
	tab-stops:right dotted 431.5pt;
	font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:\5B8B\4F53;
	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	font-variant:small-caps;
	mso-ansi-language:#0400;
	mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;}
p.MsoToc3, li.MsoToc3, div.MsoToc3
	{mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-next:Normal;
	margin-top:0in;
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	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:24.0pt;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
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	mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:\5B8B\4F53;
	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;
	font-style:italic;
	mso-bidi-font-style:normal;}
p.MsoToc4, li.MsoToc4, div.MsoToc4
	{mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-next:Normal;
	margin-top:0in;
	margin-right:0in;
	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:.5in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	mso-pagination:none;
	font-size:9.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:\5B8B\4F53;
	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;}
p.MsoToc5, li.MsoToc5, div.MsoToc5
	{mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-next:Normal;
	margin-top:0in;
	margin-right:0in;
	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:48.0pt;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	mso-pagination:none;
	font-size:9.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:\5B8B\4F53;
	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;}
p.MsoToc6, li.MsoToc6, div.MsoToc6
	{mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-next:Normal;
	margin-top:0in;
	margin-right:0in;
	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:60.0pt;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	mso-pagination:none;
	font-size:9.0pt;
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	font-family:"Times","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:\5B8B\4F53;
	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;}
p.MsoToc7, li.MsoToc7, div.MsoToc7
	{mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-next:Normal;
	margin-top:0in;
	margin-right:0in;
	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:1.0in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	mso-pagination:none;
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	font-family:"Times","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:\5B8B\4F53;
	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;}
p.MsoToc8, li.MsoToc8, div.MsoToc8
	{mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-next:Normal;
	margin-top:0in;
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	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:84.0pt;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	mso-pagination:none;
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	font-family:"Times","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:\5B8B\4F53;
	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;}
p.MsoToc9, li.MsoToc9, div.MsoToc9
	{mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-next:Normal;
	margin-top:0in;
	margin-right:0in;
	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:96.0pt;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	mso-pagination:none;
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	font-family:"Times","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:\5B8B\4F53;
	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;}
p.MsoFootnoteText, li.MsoFootnoteText, div.MsoFootnoteText
	{mso-style-priority:99;
	mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-link:"Footnote Text Char";
	margin:0in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	mso-pagination:none;
	font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:\5B8B\4F53;
	mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;}
p.MsoCommentText, li.MsoCommentText, div.MsoCommentText
	{mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-link:"Comment Text Char";
	margin:0in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	mso-pagination:none;
	font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:\5B8B\4F53;
	mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;}
p.MsoHeader, li.MsoHeader, div.MsoHeader
	{mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-link:"Header Char";
	margin:0in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	mso-pagination:none;
	tab-stops:center 3.0in right 6.0in;
	font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:\5B8B\4F53;
	mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;}
p.MsoFooter, li.MsoFooter, div.MsoFooter
	{mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-link:"Footer Char";
	margin:0in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	mso-pagination:none;
	tab-stops:center 3.0in right 6.0in;
	font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:\5B8B\4F53;
	mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;}
p.MsoCaption, li.MsoCaption, div.MsoCaption
	{mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-qformat:yes;
	mso-style-next:Normal;
	margin-top:6.0pt;
	margin-right:0in;
	margin-bottom:6.0pt;
	margin-left:0in;
	mso-pagination:none;
	font-size:10.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:\5B8B\4F53;
	mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;
	font-weight:bold;
	mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;}
span.MsoCommentReference
	{mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-parent:"Default Paragraph Font";
	mso-ansi-font-size:10.5pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;}
p.MsoList, li.MsoList, div.MsoList
	{mso-style-unhide:no;
	margin-top:0in;
	margin-right:0in;
	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:.25in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	text-indent:-.25in;
	mso-pagination:none;
	font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:\5B8B\4F53;
	mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;}
p.MsoListBullet, li.MsoListBullet, div.MsoListBullet
	{mso-style-unhide:no;
	margin-top:0in;
	margin-right:0in;
	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:.25in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	text-indent:-.25in;
	mso-pagination:none;
	mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;
	tab-stops:list .25in;
	font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:\5B8B\4F53;
	mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;}
p.MsoList2, li.MsoList2, div.MsoList2
	{mso-style-unhide:no;
	margin-top:0in;
	margin-right:0in;
	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:.5in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	text-indent:-.25in;
	mso-pagination:none;
	font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:\5B8B\4F53;
	mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;}
p.MsoListBullet2, li.MsoListBullet2, div.MsoListBullet2
	{mso-style-unhide:no;
	margin-top:0in;
	margin-right:0in;
	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:.25in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	mso-pagination:none;
	font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:\5B8B\4F53;
	mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;}
p.MsoTitle, li.MsoTitle, div.MsoTitle
	{mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-qformat:yes;
	mso-style-link:"Title Char";
	mso-style-next:Subtitle;
	margin:0in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	text-align:center;
	mso-pagination:none;
	font-size:10.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:\5B8B\4F53;
	mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;
	font-weight:bold;
	mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;}
p.MsoBodyText, li.MsoBodyText, div.MsoBodyText
	{mso-style-priority:99;
	mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-link:"Body Text Char";
	margin:0in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	mso-pagination:none;
	text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;
	font-size:10.0pt;
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<body bgcolor=white lang=EN-US link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" style='tab-interval:
.5in'>

<div class=WordSection1>

<p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>

<h2 align=center style='text-align:center'>Chapter 6: WRF Data Assimilation</h2>

<h3><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></h3>

<h3>Table of Contents</h3>

<ul style='margin-top:0in' type=disc>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:14.0pt;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3;
     tab-stops:list .5in'><a href="#_Introduction_1">Introduction</a></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in'><a
     href="#_Installing_WRF-Var">Installing WRFDA </a><a
     href="#_Installing_WRF-Var">for 3D-Var Run</a></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in'><a
     href="#_Installing_WRFNL_and">Installing </a><a href="#WRFPlus">WRFPLUS </a><a
     href="#_Installing_WRFNL_and">and WRFDA for<span
     style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>4D-Var Run</a></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in'><a
     href="#_Running_Observation_Preprocessor_1">Running Observation
     Preprocessor (OBSPROC)</a></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in'><a
     href="#_Running_WRF-Var_1">Running WRFDA</a></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in'><a
     href="#_Radiance_Data_Assimilations">Radiance Data Assimilation in WRFDA</a></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in'><a
     href="#Precipitation">Precipitation Data Assimilation in WRFDA 4D-Var</a></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in'><a
     href="#_Updating_WRF_lateral_1">Updating WRF Boundary Conditions</a></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in'><a
     href="#_Running_gen_be_1">Running gen_be</a></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in'><a
     href="#_Additional_WRFDA_Exercises:">Additional WRFDA Exercises</a></li>
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     Error (MBE) Statistics</a></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in'><a
     href="#_WRF-Var_Diagnostics_1">WRFDA Diagnostics</a></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in'><a
     href="#_Hybrid_Data_Assimilation_2">Hybrid Data Assimilation</a></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:14.0pt;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3;
     tab-stops:list .5in'><a href="#_Description_of_Namelist_1">Description of
     Namelist Variables</a></li>
</ul>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
14.0pt;margin-left:.25in'>&nbsp;</p>

<h3><a name="_Introduction_1"></a><a name=Introduction><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'>Introduction</span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></h3>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Data assimilation is the
technique by which <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>observations</b> are
combined with an NWP product (the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>first
guess</b> or background forecast) and their respective error statistics to provide
an improved estimate (the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>analysis</b>)
of the atmospheric (or oceanic, Jovian, etc.) state. Variational (Var) data
assimilation achieves this through the iterative minimization of a prescribed
cost (or penalty) function. Differences between the analysis and observations/first
guess are penalized (damped) according to their perceived error. The difference
between three-dimensional (3D-Var) and four-dimensional (4D-Var) data
assimilation is the use of a numerical forecast model in the latter.</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>The MMM Division
of NCAR supports a unified (global/regional, multi-model, 3/4D-Var) model-space
data assimilation system (WRFDA) for use by the NCAR staff and collaborators,
and is also freely available to the general community, together with further
documentation, test results, plans etc., from the WRFDA web-page (</span><a
href="http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/index.html"><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/index.html</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>).
</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Various components of the WRFDA
system are shown in blue in the sketch below, together with their relationship
with the rest of the WRF system.</span></p>

<p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
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</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=431 height=324
src="users_guide_chap6_files/image002.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1037"><![endif]></span></p>

<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.75in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.5in;tab-stops:.75in'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><a name="_Setting_up_WRF-Var"></a><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>x<sup>b</sup></i></b><span
style='mso-tab-count:1'>         </span>first guess, either from a previous WRF
forecast or from WPS/REAL output.</span></p>

<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.75in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.5in;tab-stops:.75in'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>x<sup>lbc</sup></i></b><span
style='mso-tab-count:1'>       </span>lateral boundary from WPS/REAL output.</span></p>

<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.75in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.5in;tab-stops:.75in'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>x<sup>a</sup></i></b><span style='mso-tab-count:
1'>         </span>analysis from the WRFDA data assimilation system.</span></p>

<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.75in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.5in;tab-stops:.75in'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>x<sup>f</sup></i></b><span style='mso-tab-count:
1'>         </span>WRF forecast output.</span></p>

<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.75in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.5in;tab-stops:.75in'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>y<sup>o</sup></i></b><span style='mso-tab-count:
1'>         </span>observations processed by OBSPROC.<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>(note: PREPBUFR input, radar, radiance, and
rainfall data don’t go through OBSPROC)</span></p>

<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.75in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.5in;tab-stops:.75in'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>B<sub>0</sub></b><span
style='mso-tab-count:1'>        </span>background error statistics from generic
BE data (CV3) or gen_be.</span></p>

<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.75in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.5in;tab-stops:.75in'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>R</b><span
style='mso-tab-count:1'>         </span>observational and representative error
statistics.</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>In this chapter, you will learn
how to install and run the various components of the WRFDA system. For training
purposes, you are supplied with a test case, including the following input
data: </span></p>

<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l14 level1 lfo14'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]>an observation file (which must be processed
through OBSPROC),</span></p>

<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l14 level1 lfo14'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]>a netCDF background file (WPS/REAL output, the
first guess of the analysis)</span></p>

<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l14 level1 lfo14'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]>background error statistics (estimate of errors
in the background file). </span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>This tutorial dataset can be
downloaded from the WRFDA Users Page (</span><a
href="http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html"><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>),
and will be described later in more detail. In your own work, however, you will
have to create all these input files yourself. See the section </span><a
href="#_Running_Observation_Preprocessor_1"><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Running
Observation Preprocessor</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'> for creating your observation files. See
the section </span><a href="#_Running_gen_be_1"><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Running
gen_be</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'> for generating your background error
statistics file, if you want to use cv_options=5 or cv_options=6.</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Before using your own data, we
suggest that you start by running through the WRFDA- related programs using the
supplied test case. This serves two purposes: First, you can learn how to run
the programs with data we have tested ourselves, and second you can test
whether your computer is capable of running the entire modeling system. After
you have done the tutorial, you can try running other, more computationally
intensive, case studies and experimenting with some of the many namelist
variables. </span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>WARNING:</b> It is impossible to test every
permutation of computer, compiler, number of processors, case, namelist option,
etc. for every WRFDA release. The “namelist” options that are supported are
indicated in the “</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/README.namelist</span>”,
and these are the default options. </span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Hopefully, our test cases will
prepare you for the variety of ways in which you may wish to run your own WRFDA
experiments. Please inform us about your experiences.</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>As a professional
courtesy, we request that you include the following references in any publication
that uses any component of the community WRFDA system:</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>&nbsp;</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:navy'>Barker, D.M., W. Huang, Y.R. Guo, and Q.N. Xiao., 2004: A
Three-Dimensional (3DVAR) Data Assimilation System For Use With MM5:
Implementation and Initial Results. <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Mon.
Wea. Rev</i>., <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>132</b>, 897-914.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:navy'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:navy'>Huang, X.Y., Q. Xiao, D.M. Barker, X. Zhang, J. Michalakes,
W. Huang, T. Henderson, J. Bray, Y. Chen, Z. Ma, J. Dudhia, Y. Guo, X. Zhang,
D.J. Won, H.C. Lin, and Y.H. Kuo, 2009: Four-Dimensional Variational Data
Assimilation for WRF: Formulation and Preliminary Results. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137,
299–314.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Running WRFDA requires a Fortran
90 compiler. We have tested the WRFDA on the following platforms: IBM (XLF),
SGI Altix (INTEL), PC/Linux (PGI, INTEL, GFORTRAN), and Apple (G95/PGI). Please
let us know if this does not meet your requirements, and we will attempt to add
other machines to our list of supported architectures, as resources allow.
Although we are interested in hearing about your experiences in modifying
compiler options, we do not recommend making changes to the configure file used
to compile WRFDA.</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<h3><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><a name="_Installing_WRF-Var"></a>Installing
WRFDA for 3D-Var Run</span></h3>

<p class=bodytext style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4;
tab-stops:list 0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><![if !supportLists]><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>a.<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></b><![endif]><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Obtaining
WRFDA Source Code<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=bodytext><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Users can download the WRFDA
source code from </span></span><a
href="http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/get_source.html"><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/get_source.html</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Note</i>: WRF compiles with the
–r4 option while WRFDA compiles with –r8.</b> For this reason, WRF and WRFDA
cannot reside and be compiled under the same directory.</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>After the tar file is unzipped (</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>gunzip WRFDAV3.4.TAR.gz</span>) and untarred (</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>tar -xf WRFDAV3.4.TAR</span>), the directory </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA</span> should be created. This directory
contains the WRFDA source, external libraries, and fixed files. The following
is a list of the system components and content for each subdirectory: </span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='margin-left:-3.5pt;border-collapse:collapse;mso-table-layout-alt:fixed;
 mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'>
  <td width=295 valign=top style='width:221.4pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  border-right:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
  layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Directory Name</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=305 valign=top style='width:228.4pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
  layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Content</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'>
  <td width=295 valign=top style='width:221.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
  layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>var/da</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=305 valign=top style='width:228.4pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
  layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>WRFDA source code </span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'>
  <td width=295 valign=top style='width:221.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
  layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>var/run</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=305 valign=top style='width:228.4pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
  layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Fixed input files required by WRFDA,
  such as background error covariance, <br>
  radiance-related files, CRTM coefficients, radiance_info and VARBC.in.</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3'>
  <td width=295 valign=top style='width:221.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
  layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>var/external</span></p>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
  text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=305 valign=top style='width:228.4pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
  layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Library needed by WRFDA, includes CRTM,
  BUFR, LAPACK, BLAS</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4'>
  <td width=295 valign=top style='width:221.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
  layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>var/obsproc</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=305 valign=top style='width:228.4pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
  layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>OBSPROC source code, namelist, and observation
  error file.</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5'>
  <td width=295 valign=top style='width:221.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
  layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>var/gen_be</span></p>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
  text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=305 valign=top style='width:228.4pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
  layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Source code of generated background
  error</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:6;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
  <td width=295 valign=top style='width:221.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
  layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>var/build</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=305 valign=top style='width:228.4pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
  layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Builds all .exe files.</span></p>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
  text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
</table>

<p class=bodytext style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=bodytext style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l10 level1 lfo15'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><![if !supportLists]><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>b.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span></b><![endif]><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Compile WRFDA and Libraries<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=bodytext><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Some external libraries (e.g.,
LAPACK, BLAS, and NCEP BUFR) are included in the WRFDA tar file. To compile the
WRFDA code, it is necessary to have installed the netCDF library, which is the
only mandatory library if only conventional observational data in LITTLE_R
format are to be used.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=bodytext style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'>&gt; </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>setenv NETCDF your_netcdf_path<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=bodytext style='margin-left:-.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>If observational data in the
PREPBUFR format are to be used, the NCEP BUFR library must be compiled, and BUFR-related
WRFDA code must be generated and compiled after configure/compile. To do this,
set the environment variable BUFR before configuring:</span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt;
setenv BUFR<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>1<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>If satellite radiance data are to
be used, in addition to the NCEP BUFR library, a<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>Radiative Transfer Model (RTM) is required.
The current RTM versions that WRFDA uses are CRTM V2.0.2 and RTTOV V10. WRFDA
can be compiled with either of these, or both together, but note than only one
may be used in each individual run. </span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Starting with V3.2.1, CRTM V2.0.2
is included in the WRFDA tar file. To have the CRTM library compiled and the
CRTM-related WRFDA code generated and compiled, set the environment variable
CRTM: </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Monotype Sorts";mso-ascii-font-family:
"Monotype Sorts";mso-hansi-font-family:"Monotype Sorts"'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt;
setenv CRTM<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>1<br style='mso-special-character:
line-break'>
<![if !supportLineBreakNewLine]><br style='mso-special-character:line-break'>
<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>If the user
wishes to use RTTOV, download and install the RTTOV v10 library before
compiling WRFDA. This library can be downloaded from </span><a
href="http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm"><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>.
After using the RTTOV documentation to compile the library, set the RTTOV
environment variable to the path where the </span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>lib</span>
directory resides. For example, if the library files can be found in </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New"'>/usr/local/rttov10/pgi/lib/librttov10.2.0_*.a</span>, you should
set RTTOV as:</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt;
setenv RTTOV /usr/local/rttov10/pgi </span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><em><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'>Note</b></em>: <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Make sure the
required libraries were all compiled using the same compiler that will be used
to build WRFDA</b>, since the libraries produced by one compiler may not be
compatible with code compiled with another. </span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Assuming all required libraries
are available and the WRFDA source code is ready, start to build WRFDA using
the following steps:</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Set your WRFDA directory as the
environment variable WRFDA_DIR. For instance, if your WRFDAV3 directory was
unpacked in </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>/usr/local</span>:</span></p>

<p class=bodytext style='text-indent:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt;
setenv WRFDA_DIR /usr/local/WRFDAV3<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>To configure WRFDA, enter the </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA</span> directory and run the configure script</span></p>

<p class=bodytext style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; cd
$WRFDA_DIR<br>
&gt; ./configure wrfda<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>A list of configuration options
should appear. Each option combines a compiler type and a parallelism option.
Since the configuration script doesn’t check which compilers are <i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>actually</i> installed on your system, be
sure to select only among the options that are available on your system. The
available parallelism options are a single-processor compilation (serial), shared-memory
parallel compilation (smpar), distributed-memory parallel compilation (dmpar),
and distributed-memory with shared-memory parallel compilation (sm+dm). For
example, on a Macintosh computer, the above steps will look similar to the following:
</span></p>

<p style='margin-top:.25in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ./configure wrfda<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>checking
for perl5... no<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>checking
for perl... found /usr/bin/perl (perl)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Will use
NETCDF in dir: /users/noname/work/external/g95/netcdf-3.6.1<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>PHDF5 not
set in environment. Will configure WRF for use without.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$JASPERLIB
or $JASPERINC not found in environment, configuring to build without grib2
I/O...<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>------------------------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Please
select from among the following supported platforms.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>1.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>Darwin (MACOS) PGI compiler with pgcc<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>(serial)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>2. <span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Darwin (MACOS) PGI compiler with pgcc<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>(smpar)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>3.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>Darwin (MACOS) PGI compiler with pgcc<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>(dmpar)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>4.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>Darwin (MACOS) PGI compiler with pgcc<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>(dm+sm)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>5.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>Darwin (MACOS) intel compiler with icc<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>(serial)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>6.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>Darwin (MACOS) intel compiler with icc<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>(smpar)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>7.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>Darwin (MACOS) intel compiler with icc<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>(dmpar)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>8.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>Darwin (MACOS) intel compiler with icc<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>(dm+sm)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>9.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>Darwin (MACOS) intel compiler with cc<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>(serial)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>10.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>Darwin (MACOS) intel compiler with cc<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>(smpar)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>11.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>Darwin (MACOS) intel compiler with cc<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>(dmpar)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>12.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>Darwin (MACOS) intel compiler with cc<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>(dm+sm)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>13.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>Darwin (MACOS) g95 with gcc<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>(serial)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>14.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>Darwin (MACOS) g95 with gcc<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>(dmpar)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>15.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>Darwin (MACOS) xlf<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>(serial)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>16.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>Darwin (MACOS) xlf<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>(dmpar)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Enter
selection [1-10] : 13<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>------------------------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Compile
for nesting? (0=no nesting, 1=basic, 2=preset moves, 3=vortex following)
[default 0]: <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Configuration
successful. To build the model type compile . <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>…… <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>After running the configuration
script and choosing a compilation option, a </span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>configure.wrf</span> file will be created. Because of the
variety of ways that a computer can be configured, if the WRFDA build
ultimately fails, there is a chance that minor modifications to the </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>configure.wrf</span> file may be needed. </span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Hint:</i></b> It is helpful to
start with something simple, such as the serial build. If it is successful,
move on to build dmpar code. Remember to type ‘</span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>clean –a</span>’ between each build.</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>To compile the code, type</span></p>

<p style='text-indent:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt;
./compile all_wrfvar &gt;&amp;! compile.out<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Successful compilation will
produce 43 executables: 42 of which are in the </span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var/build</span> directory and linked in the </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>var/da</span> directory, with the 43<sup>rd</sup>, </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obsproc.exe</span>, in the </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>var/obsproc/src</span> directory. You can list
these executables by issuing the command:</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt;ls -l
var/build/*exe var/obsproc/src/obsproc.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>457145 Mar 19 12:18
var/build/da_advance_time.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>664481 Mar 19 12:18
var/build/da_bias_airmass.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>503364 Mar 19 12:18 var/build/da_bias_scan.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>472964 Mar 19 12:18
var/build/da_bias_sele.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>483459 Mar 19 12:18
var/build/da_bias_verif.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>109773 Mar 19 12:18
var/build/da_rad_diags.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>544457 Mar 19 12:18
var/build/da_tune_obs_desroziers.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>729502 Mar 19 12:18 var/build/da_tune_obs_hollingsworth1.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>684831 Mar 19 12:18
var/build/da_tune_obs_hollingsworth2.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>161834 Mar 19 12:18 var/build/da_update_bc_ad.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>190117 Mar 19 12:18
var/build/da_update_bc.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>263431 Mar 19 12:18
var/build/da_verif_grid.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>119380 Mar 19 12:27
var/build/da_verif_obs.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users 12224600 Mar 19 12:30 var/build/da_wrfvar.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>784425 Mar 19 12:18
var/build/gen_be_cov2d3d_contrib.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>779660 Mar 19 12:18
var/build/gen_be_cov2d.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>785577 Mar 19 12:18
var/build/gen_be_cov3d2d_contrib.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>783375 Mar 19 12:18
var/build/gen_be_cov3d3d_bin3d_contrib.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>786698 Mar 19 12:18
var/build/gen_be_cov3d3d_contrib.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>775564 Mar 19 12:18
var/build/gen_be_cov3d.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users <span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>771468 Mar 19 12:18
var/build/gen_be_diags.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>785285 Mar 19 12:18
var/build/gen_be_diags_read.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>781914 Mar 19 12:18
var/build/gen_be_ensmean.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>792143 Mar 19 12:18
var/build/gen_be_ensrf.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>820618 Mar 19 12:27
var/build/gen_be_ep1.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>813823 Mar 19 12:27
var/build/gen_be_ep2.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>818134 Mar 19 12:27
var/build/gen_be_etkf.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>783755 Mar 19 12:18
var/build/gen_be_hist.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>843676 Mar 19 12:27
var/build/gen_be_stage0_gsi.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>830544 Mar 19 12:27
var/build/gen_be_stage0_wrf.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>808339 Mar 19 12:27
var/build/gen_be_stage1_1dvar.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>796045 Mar 19 12:27
var/build/gen_be_stage1.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>808574 Mar 19 12:27
var/build/gen_be_stage1_gsi.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>940428 Mar 19 12:27
var/build/gen_be_stage2_1dvar.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>783758 Mar 19 12:27
var/build/gen_be_stage2a.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>791949 Mar 19 12:27
var/build/gen_be_stage2.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>573097 Mar 19 12:18
var/build/gen_be_stage2_gsi.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>791949 Mar 19 12:27
var/build/gen_be_stage3.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>775572 Mar 19 12:27
var/build/gen_be_stage4_global.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>796971 Mar 19 12:18
var/build/gen_be_stage4_regional.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>776963 Mar 19 12:27
var/build/gen_be_vertloc.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>849562 Mar 19 12:27
var/build/gen_mbe_stage2.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>880049 Mar 19 12:30
var/obsproc/src/obsproc.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>The main executable for running
WRFDA is</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>
da_wrfvar.exe</span>. Make sure it has been created after the compilation: it
is possible that all other utilities may get successfully compiled, while the
main </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>da_wrfvar.exe</span>
fails. If this occurs, please check the compilation log file carefully for any
errors.</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>The basic gen_be utility for the
regional model consists of </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>gen_be_stage0_wrf.exe,
gen_be_stage1.exe, gen_be_stage2.exe, gen_be_stage2a.exe, gen_be_stage3.exe,
gen_be_stage4_regional.exe,</span> and </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>gen_be_diags.exe</span>.</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>da_updated_bc.exe</span> is used
for updating the WRF lower and lateral boundary conditions before and after a
new WRFDA analysis is generated.</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>da_advance_time.exe</span> is a
very handy and useful tool for date/time manipulation. Type </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$WRFDA_DIR/var/build/da_advance_time.exe</span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>to see its usage instruction.</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obsproc.exe</span> is the executable
for preparing conventional data for WRFDA. </span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>If you specified that BUFR or
CRTM libraries were needed, check </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>$WRFDA_DIR/var/external/bufr</span>
and </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>$WRFDA_DIR/var/external/crtm</span> to check
if the </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>libbufr.a</span> and </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New"'>libcrtm.a</span> were generated.</span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l10 level1 lfo15'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><![if !supportLists]><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>c.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span></b><![endif]><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Clean
Compilation<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>To remove all object files and
executables, type:</span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:Courier;mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"'>clean<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>To remove all build files,
including </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>configure.wrfda</span>,
type:</span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:Courier;mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"'>clean -a<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>The </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier;mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"'>clean –a</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:Courier;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"'> </span>command is recommended if
compilation fails or the configuration file is changed. </span></p>

<h3><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><a name="_Installing_WRFNL_and"></a><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></h3>

<h3><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><a name=WRFPlus>Installing
WRFPLUS and WRFDA for 4D-Var Run</a></span></h3>

<span style='mso-bookmark:WRFPlus'></span>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>If you intend to run WRF 4D-Var,
it is necessary to have WRFPLUS installed. WRFPLUS contains the adjoint and
tangent linear models based on a simplified WRF model, which only includes a
few simplified physics packages, such as surface drag, large scale condensation
and precipitation, cumulus precipitation. As of V3.4, WRF 4D-Var can be
compiled to be run in parallel.</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
14.0pt;margin-left:0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>To install
WRFPLUS V3.4: </span></p>

<ul style='margin-top:0in' type=disc>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-bottom:14.0pt;mso-list:
     l4 level1 lfo5;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Get
     the WRFPLUS zipped tar file from </span><a
     href="http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/wrfplus.html"><span
     style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:Courier'>http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/wrfplus.html</span></span><span
     style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:
     _Introduction_1'></span></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-bottom:14.0pt;mso-list:
     l4 level1 lfo5;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Unzip
     and untar the file for WRFPLUS, then run the </span><span
     style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
     font-family:"Courier New"'>configure</span> script</span></li>
</ul>

<p class=MsoListBullet2><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:Courier;mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"'>&gt; gunzip
WRFPLUSV3.4.TAR.gz <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:Courier;mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"'>&gt; tar -xf
WRFPLUSV3.4.TAR <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:Courier;mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"'>&gt; cd
WRFPLUSV3 <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:Courier;mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"'>&gt; ./configure
wrfplus<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
14.0pt;margin-left:.25in;tab-stops:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>As
with 3D-Var, “serial” means single-processor, and “dmpar” means Distributed
Memory Parallel (MPI)</span></p>

<ul style='margin-top:0in' type=disc>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-bottom:14.0pt;mso-list:
     l4 level1 lfo5;tab-stops:list .5in left 112.0pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
     _Introduction_1'>Compile WRFPLUS</span></li>
</ul>

<p class=MsoListBullet2><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:Courier;mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"'>&gt; ./compile
em_real <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:Courier;mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"'>&gt; ls -ls
main/*.exe</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
14.0pt;margin-left:.25in;tab-stops:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>You
should see the following files:</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user users 23179920 Apr<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>3 15:22
main/ndown.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user users 22947466 Apr<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>3 15:22
main/nup.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user users 23113961 Apr<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>3 15:22
main/real.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user users 22991725 Apr<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>3 15:22
main/tc.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user users 32785447 Apr<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>3 15:20
main/wrf.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
14.0pt;margin-left:0in;tab-stops:112.0pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Finally,
set the environment variable </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier;mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"'>WRFPLUS_DIR</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:Courier;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"'> </span>to the appropriate directory:</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
14.0pt;margin-left:.5in;tab-stops:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier;mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"'>&gt;setenv
WRFPLUS_DIR ${your_source_code_dir}/WRFPLUSV3<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
14.0pt;margin-left:0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>To install
WRFDA for the 4D-Var run:</span></p>

<ul style='margin-top:0in' type=disc>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-bottom:14.0pt;mso-list:
     l2 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in left 112.0pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
     _Introduction_1'>If you intend to use observational data in the PREPBUFR
     format, or if you intend to assimilate satellite radiance data, you need
     to set environment variables for BUFR, CRTM, and/or RTTOV. See the
     previous 3D-Var section for instructions.</span></li>
</ul>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
14.0pt;margin-left:36.75pt;text-indent:-.75pt;tab-stops:112.0pt'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier;mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"'>&gt;./configure 4dvar &gt;&amp; compile.out<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
14.0pt;margin-left:36.75pt;text-indent:-.75pt;tab-stops:112.0pt'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Note: As of V3.4, WRFDA 4D-Var may be
compiled to run in parallel mode. </span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
14.0pt;margin-left:.5in;tab-stops:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier;mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"'>&gt;./compile
all_wrfvar<br>
&gt;ls -ls var/build/*.exe var/obsproc/*.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
14.0pt;margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;tab-stops:.5in'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>You should see the same 43 executables as
are listed in the above 3D-Var section, including </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New"'>da_wrfvar.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
14.0pt;margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;tab-stops:.5in'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<h3><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><a
name="_Running_Observation_Preprocessor_1"></a>Running Observation Preprocessor
(OBSPROC)</span></h3>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>The OBSPROC program reads
observations in LITTLE_R format (a legendary ASCII format, in use since the MM5
era). The LITTLE_R format is also used in the OBSGRID program. Please refer to
the documentation in </span><a
href="http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/docs/user_guide_V3/users_guide_chap7.htm#format"><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Chapter 7 of this User’s Guide</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>
for the LITTLE_R format description. For your applications, besides those
observations provided for the tutorial case, you will have to prepare your own
observation files. Please see </span><a
href="http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/free_data.html"><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/free_data.html</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>
for the sources of some freely-available observations. Because the raw
observation data files have many possible formats, such as ASCII, BUFR,
PREPBUFR, MADIS, and HDF, the free data site also contains instructions for
converting the observations to LITTLE_R format. To make the WRFDA system as
general as possible, the LITTLE_R format was adopted as an intermediate
observation data format for the WRFDA system, however, <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'>the conversion of the user-specific source data to the LITTLE_R format
observation data file is the user’s task</i>. A more complete description of
the LITTLE_R format and conventional observation data sources for WRFDA can be
found by reading the tutorial found at<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span><a
href="http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/Tutorials/2010_Aug/tutorial_presentation_summer_2010.html"><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/Tutorials/2010_Aug/tutorial_presentation_summer_2010.html</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>.
</span></p>

<p style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>The
purposes of OBSPROC are to:</span></p>

<p style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:
.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo6;
tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]>Remove observations outside the specified
temporal and spatial domains</span></p>

<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:
list .5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]>Re-order and merge duplicate (in time and
location) data reports</span></p>

<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:
list .5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]>Retrieve pressure or height based on observed
information using the hydrostatic assumption</span></p>

<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:
list .5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]>Check multi-level observations for<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>vertical consistency and super adiabats</span></p>

<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:
list .5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]>Assign observational errors based on a
pre-specified error file</span></p>

<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:14.0pt;margin-left:
.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:list .5in'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]>Write out the observation file to be used by
WRFDA in ASCII or BUFR format</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>The OBSPROC program (</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obsproc.exe</span>) should be found under the
directory </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$WRFDA_DIR/var/obsproc/src</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:PT-BR'> </span>if</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:PT-BR'> </span>“</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>compile all_wrfvar</span>” completed successfully.</span></p>

<p style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>a. Prepare observational data for 3D-Var<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>As an example, to prepare the
observation file at the analysis time (0h for 3D-Var), all the observations in
the range ±1h will be processed, which means that the observations between 23h
and 1h are treated as the observations at 0h. This is illustrated in the following
figure:</span></p>

<p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
 id="_x0000_i1038" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:431.25pt;height:137.25pt'
 filled="t">
 <v:fill color2="black"/>
 <v:imagedata src="users_guide_chap6_files/image003.png" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=431 height=137
src="users_guide_chap6_files/image004.png" v:shapes="_x0000_i1038"><![endif]></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Before running </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obsproc.exe</span>, create the required namelist
file </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.obsproc</span>
(see </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$WRFDA_DIR/var/obsproc/README.namelist</span>,
or the section </span><a href="#_Description_of_Namelist_1"><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Description of Namelist Variables</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>
for details.</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>For your reference, the example
file </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist_obsproc.3dvar.wrfvar-tut</span>
has been provided in the </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>var/obsproc</span>
directory. Thus, proceed as follows.</span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; cd
$WRFDA_DIR/var/obsproc<br>
&gt; cp namelist.obsproc.3dvar.wrfvar-tut namelist.obsproc<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Next, edit the namelist file,</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>namelist.obsproc</span>,</span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'> </span>to accommodate your experiments. You will likely
only need to change variables listed under records 1, 2, 6, 7, and 8. See the</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'> </span>section </span><a
href="#_Description_of_Namelist_1"><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Description
of Namelist Variables</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'> for details; you should pay special attention
to NESTIX and NESTJX.</span></p>

<p style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>If you
are running the tutorial case, you should copy or link the sample observation
file (</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ob/2008020512/obs.2008020512</span>) to the </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>obsproc</span> directory. Alternatively, you can edit the namelist
variable </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier;mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"'>obs_gts_filename</span>
to point to the observation file’s full path.</span></p>

<p style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>To run
OBSPROC, type</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span></i></b></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; obsproc.exe &gt;&amp;! obsproc.out<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Once </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obsproc.exe</span> has completed successfully, you
will see an observation data file, with the name formatted </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obs_gts_YYYY-MM-DD_HH:NN:SS.3DVAR</span>, in the </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obsproc </span>directory. For the tutorial case,
this will be </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.3DVAR</span>.
This is the input observation file to WRFDA. It is an ASCII file that contains
a header section (listed below) followed by observations. The meanings and
format of observations in the file are described in the last six lines of the
header section.</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>TOTAL
=<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>9066, MISS. =-888888.,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>SYNOP
=<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span>757, METAR =<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>2416, SHIP<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>=<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span>145, BUOY<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>=<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   
</span>250, BOGUS =<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>0, TEMP<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>=<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>    
</span>86, <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>AMDAR
=<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     </span>19, AIREP =<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span>205, TAMDAR=<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>0, PILOT =<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     </span>85, SATEM =<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span>106, SATOB =<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>2556, <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>GPSPW
=<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span>187, GPSZD =<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>0, GPSRF =<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>3, GPSEP =<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>0, SSMT1 =<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>0, SSMT2 =<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>0, <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>TOVS<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>=<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>0, QSCAT =<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>2190, PROFL =<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     </span>61, AIRSR =<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>0, OTHER =<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>0, <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>PHIC<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>=<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>40.00, XLONC = -95.00, TRUE1 =<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>30.00, TRUE2 =<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>60.00, XIM11
=<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>1.00, XJM11 =<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>1.00,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>base_temp=
290.00, base_lapse=<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>50.00, PTOP<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>=<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>1000., base_pres=100000., base_tropo_pres= 20000., base_strat_temp=<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>215.,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>IXC<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>=<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>    
</span>60, JXC<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>=<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     </span>90, IPROJ =<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>1, IDD<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  
</span>=<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>1, MAXNES=<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>1,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>NESTIX=<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     </span>60, <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>NESTJX=<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     </span>90, <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>NUMC<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>=<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>1, <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>DIS<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>=<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>60.00, <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>NESTI
=<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>1, <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>NESTJ
=<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>1, <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>INFO<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>= PLATFORM, DATE, NAME, LEVELS, LATITUDE,
LONGITUDE, ELEVATION, ID.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>SRFC<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>= SLP, PW (DATA,QC,ERROR).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>EACH<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>= PRES, SPEED, DIR, HEIGHT, TEMP, DEW PT,
HUMID (DATA,QC,ERROR)*LEVELS.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>INFO_FMT
= (A12,1X,A19,1X,A40,1X,I6,3(F12.3,11X),6X,A40)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>SRFC_FMT
= (F12.3,I4,F7.2,F12.3,I4,F7.3)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>EACH_FMT
= (3(F12.3,I4,F7.2),11X,3(F12.3,I4,F7.2),11X,3(F12.3,I4,F7.2))<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>#------------------------------------------------------------------------------#<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>……
observations ………<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Before running WRFDA, you may
find it useful to learn more about various types of data that will be processed
to WRFDA (e.g., their geographical distribution). This file is in ASCII format
and so you can easily view it.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>For a
graphical view of the file's content, use the<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>MAP_plot</span>
utility to see the data distribution for each type of observation. To use this
utility, proceed to the MAP_plot directory, then compile by typing “</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>make</span>”.</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>If the build fails, it is likely
due to an improper configuration file. By viewing the contents of the MAP_plot
directory, you will see we have prepared some <br>
</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>configure.user.ibm/OS</span>
files (where OS is the type of operating system) for some platforms. When “</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>make</span>” is typed, the </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Makefile</span> uses one of them to determine the
compiler and compiler option. Modify the </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Makefile</span>
and </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>configure.user.xxx</span>
to accommodate the complier on your platform, then type “</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>make</span>” to attempt the compilation again. Successful
compilation will produce </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Map.exe</span>.
The following instructions are for the tutorial case, but can easily be
configured for your own data by changing the appropriate dates and file names.</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Note</i>:</b> The successful
compilation of</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Map.exe</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'> </span>requires pre-installed NCARG Graphics libraries
under</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:
"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$(NCARG_ROOT)/lib</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Modify the script </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Map.csh</span> to set the time window and full path
of the input observation file (</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.3DVAR</span>).
You will need to set the following strings in this script as follows:</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Map_plot
= $WRFDA_DIR/var/obsproc/MAP_plot<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>TIME_WINDOW_MIN
= ‘2008020511’<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>     </span>TIME_ANALYSIS<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>= ‘2008020512’<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>     </span>TIME_WINDOW_MAX
= ‘2008020513’<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span></span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><br>
</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-tab-count:1'>      </span>OBSDATA<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>= ../obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.3DVAR<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Next, type</span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'> </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Map.csh</span>
to run the script</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>When the job has completed, you
will have a gmeta file, </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>gmeta.2008020512</span><span
style='color:black'>. This </span>contains plots of data distribution for each
type of observation contained in the OBS data file: </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.3DVAR</span>. To view
this, type</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
style='mso-tab-count:2'>     </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p style='text-indent:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; idt
gmeta.2008020512<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>It will display a panel-by-panel
geographical distribution of various types of data. The following graphic shows
the geographic distribution of sonde observations for this case. </span></p>

<p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
 id="_x0000_i1039" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:234pt;height:186.75pt'
 filled="t">
 <v:fill color2="black"/>
 <v:imagedata src="users_guide_chap6_files/image005.png" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=234 height=187
src="users_guide_chap6_files/image006.png" v:shapes="_x0000_i1039"><![endif]></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>An alternative way to plot the
observations is to use an NCL script (for more information on NCL, the NCAR
Command Language, see </span><a href="http://www.ncl.ucar.edu/"><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>http://www.ncl.ucar.edu/</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>).
In the WRFDA Tools package (can be downloaded at </span><a
href="http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/tools.html"><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/tools.html</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>),
this script is located at </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$TOOLS_DIR/var/graphics/ncl/plot_ob_ascii_loc.ncl</span>.
With this method, however, you need to provide the first guess file to the NCL
script, and have NCL installed in your system. </span></p>

<p style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>b. Prepare observational data for 4D-Var<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>To prepare the observation file,
for example, at the analysis time 0h for 4D-Var, all observations from 0h to 6h
will be processed and grouped in 7 sub-windows (slot1 through slot7) as
illustrated in the following figure:</span></p>

<p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
 id="_x0000_i1040" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:6in;height:139.5pt'
 filled="t">
 <v:fill color2="black"/>
 <v:imagedata src="users_guide_chap6_files/image007.png" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=432 height=140
src="users_guide_chap6_files/image008.png" v:shapes="_x0000_i1040"><![endif]></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>NOTE: The “Analysis time” in the
above figure is not the actual analysis time (0h). It indicates the
time_analysis setting in the namelist file and is set to three hours later than
the actual analysis time. The actual analysis time is still 0h.</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>An example file (</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist_obsproc.4dvar.wrfvar-tut</span>) has
already been provided in the </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>var/obsproc</span>
directory. Thus, proceed as follows:</span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; cd
$WRFDA_DIR/var/obsproc<br>
&gt; cp namelist.obsproc.4dvar.wrfvar-tut namelist.obsproc<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>In the namelist file, you need to
change the following variables to accommodate your experiments. In this
tutorial case, the actual analysis time is </span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>2008-02-05_12:00:00, </span><span style='color:red'>but in
the namelist, the</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier;
color:red'> time_analysis </span><span style='color:red'>should be set to 3
hours later</span>. The different values of </span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>time_analysis</span>, </span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>num_slots_past</span>,
and </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>time_slots_ahead</span> contribute to the
actual times analyzed. For example, if you set </span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>time_analysis</span> = 2008-02-05_16:00:00, and set the </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>num_slots_past</span> = 4 and </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>time_slots_ahead</span>=2, the final results will
be the same as before.</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Edit all the domain settings
according to your own experiment. You should pay special attention to NESTIX
and NESTJX, which is described in the</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'> </span>section
</span><a href="#_Description_of_Namelist_1"><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Description
of Namelist Variables</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'> for details.</span></p>

<p style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>To run
OBSPROC, type</span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt;
obsproc.exe &gt;&amp;! obsproc.out<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Once </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obsproc.exe</span> has completed successfully, you
will see 7 observation data files, which for the tutorial case are named</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.4DVAR
<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obs_gts_2008-02-05_13:00:00.4DVAR<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obs_gts_2008-02-05_14:00:00.4DVAR<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obs_gts_2008-02-05_15:00:00.4DVAR<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obs_gts_2008-02-05_16:00:00.4DVAR<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obs_gts_2008-02-05_17:00:00.4DVAR<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obs_gts_2008-02-05_18:00:00.4DVAR<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>They are the input observation
files to WRF 4D-Var. As with 3D-Var, you can use </span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>MAP_Plot</span> to view the geographic distribution of
different observations at different time slots.</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<h3><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><a name="_Running_WRF-Var_1"></a>Running
WRFDA</span></h3>

<h4 style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:14.0pt;margin-left:
0in;page-break-after:auto'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
font-style:normal'>a. Download Test Data <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></h4>

<p style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>The
WRFDA system requires three input files to run:</span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.75in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>a)<span
style='mso-tab-count:1'>  </span>WRF <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>first
guess </i>and<i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'> boundary</i> input files
output from either WPS/real (cold-start) or WRF forecast (warm-start)</span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.75in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>b)<span style='mso-tab-count:1'>   </span>Observations
(in ASCII format, PREPBUFR or BUFR for radiance)</span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.75in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>c)<span style='mso-tab-count:1'>   </span>A
background error statistics file (containing background error covariance)</span></p>

<p style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>The
following table summarizes the above info:</span></p>

<table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='margin-left:5.4pt;border-collapse:collapse;mso-table-layout-alt:fixed;
 mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;height:17.0pt'>
  <td width=164 style='width:122.65pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:
  none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
  height:17.0pt'>
  <p align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;
  layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><i
  style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='color:blue'>Input Data<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=197 style='width:148.05pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:
  none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
  height:17.0pt'>
  <p align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;
  layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><i
  style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='color:blue'>Format<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=207 style='width:155.05pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid black .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt'>
  <p align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;
  layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><i
  style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='color:blue'>Created By<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1;height:17.0pt'>
  <td width=164 style='width:122.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid black 1.0pt;
  border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
  height:17.0pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;layout-grid-mode:
  char'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
  normal'>First Guess<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=197 style='width:148.05pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid black 1.0pt;
  border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
  height:17.0pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;layout-grid-mode:
  char'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>NETCDF</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=207 style='width:155.05pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid black .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:
  17.0pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;layout-grid-mode:
  char'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>WRF Preprocessing System
  (WPS) and real.exe</span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>or WRF</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2;height:17.0pt'>
  <td width=164 style='width:122.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid black 1.0pt;
  border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
  height:17.0pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;layout-grid-mode:
  char'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
  normal'>Observations<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=197 style='width:148.05pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid black 1.0pt;
  border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
  height:17.0pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;layout-grid-mode:
  char'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>ASCII</span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>(PREPBUFR also possible)</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=207 style='width:155.05pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid black .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:
  17.0pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;layout-grid-mode:
  char'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span><a
  href="#_Running_Observation_Preprocessor"><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Observation
  Preprocessor</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'> (OBSPROC)</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:17.0pt'>
  <td width=164 style='width:122.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid black 1.0pt;
  border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
  height:17.0pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;layout-grid-mode:
  char'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
  normal'>Background Error Statistics<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=197 style='width:148.05pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid black 1.0pt;
  border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
  height:17.0pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;layout-grid-mode:
  char'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Binary</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=207 style='width:155.05pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid black .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:
  17.0pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;layout-grid-mode:
  char'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span><a
  href="#_Running_gen_be"><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>WRFDA
  gen_be utility</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>or generic CV3</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
</table>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>In the test case, you will store
data in a directory defined by the environment variable </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$DAT_DIR</span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>.</i>
This directory can be in any location, and it should have read access. Type</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span></b></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; setenv DAT_DIR your_choice_of_dat_dir<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Here, </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>your_choice_of_dat_dir</span> is the directory
where the WRFDA input data is stored. If it does not exist, create this
directory by typing</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span></b></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; mkdir $DAT_DIR<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Download the test data for a the
tutorial case, valid at 12 UTC 5<sup>th </sup>February 2008, from </span><a
href="http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html"><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Once you have downloaded the </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDAV3.4-testdata.tar.gz</span> file to </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$DAT_DIR</span>, extract it by typing</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span></b></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; gunzip WRFDAV3.4-testdata.tar.gz</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt'><br>
</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-tab-count:1'>      </span>&gt; tar -xvf WRFDAV3.4-testdata.tar</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><strong><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";font-weight:normal'> <o:p></o:p></span></strong></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Now you should find the following
four files under </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>“$DAT_DIR</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>”<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ob/2008020512/ob.2008020512<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>#<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>Observation data in “little_r” format</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt'><br>
</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>rc/2008020512/wrfinput_d01<span
style='mso-tab-count:1'>    </span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>#<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>First guess file</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><br>
</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>rc/2008020512/wrfbdy_d01<span
style='mso-tab-count:1'>      </span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>#<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>lateral boundary file</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt'><br>
</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>be/be.dat
<span style='mso-tab-count:3'>              </span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>#<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>Background error file<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span lang=PT-BR
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:PT-BR'>......<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>At this point you should have
three of the input files (first guess, observations from OBSPROC, and
background error statistics files in the directory </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$DAT_DIR</span>) required to run WRFDA, and have successfully
downloaded and compiled the WRFDA code. If this is correct, you are ready to
learn how to run WRFDA<span style='color:blue'>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<h4 style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:14.0pt;margin-left:
0in;page-break-after:auto'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
font-style:normal'>b. Run the Case—3D-Var<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></h4>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>The data for the tutorial case is
valid at 12 UTC 5 February 2008. The first guess comes from the NCEP FNL
(Final) Operational Global Analysis data, passed through the WRF-WPS and <i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>real </i>programs. </span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>To run WRF 3D-Var, first create and
enter into a working directory (for example, </span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>$WRFDA_DIR/workdir</span>), and set the environment
variable </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>WORK_DIR </span>to this
directory (e.g., </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>setenv WORK_DIR
$WRFDA_DIR/workdir</span>). Then follow the steps below:</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; cd $WORK_DIR <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; cp
$WRFDA_DIR/var/test/tutorial/namelist.input .<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln -sf $WRFDA_DIR/run/LANDUSE.TBL
.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln -sf
$DAT_DIR/rc/2008020512/wrfinput_d01 ./fg<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln -sf $WRFDA_DIR/var/obsproc/obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.3DVAR
./ob.ascii </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'>(note the different name!)</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln -sf $DAT_DIR/be/be.dat . <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln -sf $WRFDA_DIR/var/da/da_wrfvar.exe
.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Now edit the file</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'> namelist.input</span>, which is a very basic
namelist for the tutorial test case, and is shown below. </span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar1<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>var4d=false,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>print_detail_grad=false,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar2<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar3<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ob_format=2,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar4<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar5<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar6<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>max_ext_its=1,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ntmax=50,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>orthonorm_gradient=true,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar7<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>cv_options=5,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar8<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar9<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar10<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>test_transforms=false,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>test_gradient=false,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar11<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar12<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar13<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar14<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar15<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar16<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar17<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar18<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>analysis_date=&quot;2008-02-05_12:00:00.0000&quot;,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar19<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar20<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar21<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>time_window_min=&quot;2008-02-05_11:00:00.0000&quot;,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar22<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>time_window_max=&quot;2008-02-05_13:00:00.0000&quot;,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar23<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;time_control<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>start_year=2008,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>start_month=02,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>start_day=05,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>start_hour=12,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>end_year=2008,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>end_month=02,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>end_day=05,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>end_hour=12,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;fdda<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;domains<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>e_we=90,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>e_sn=60,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>e_vert=41,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>dx=60000,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>dy=60000,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;dfi_control<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;tc<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;physics<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>mp_physics=3,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ra_lw_physics=1,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ra_sw_physics=1,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>radt=60,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>sf_sfclay_physics=1,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>sf_surface_physics=1,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>bl_pbl_physics=1,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>cu_physics=1,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>cudt=5,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>num_soil_layers=5,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>mp_zero_out=2,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>co2tf=0,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;scm<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;dynamics<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;bdy_control<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;grib2<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;fire<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;namelist_quilt<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;perturbation<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>No
edits should be needed if you are running the tutorial case without radiance
data. If you plan to use the PREPBUFR format data, change the </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ob_format=1</span> in </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar3</span> in </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.input</span> and link the data as </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ob.bufr</span>, </span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln -fs
$DAT_DIR/ob/2008020512/gds1.t12.prepbufr.nr<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>ob.bufr<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Please
note: Although WRFDA does not include any physics packages listed in </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;physics</span>, users still have to keep the
namelist options in </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;physics
the same as which in your firstguess (use “ncdump –h fg” to get the physics options
the firstguess uses), as the </span>WRFDA I/O utility decides which 4D
variables will be output based on the physics options.</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Once you have changed any other
necessary namelist variables, run WRFDA 3D-Var: </span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt;
da_wrfvar.exe &gt;&amp;! wrfda.log<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>The file</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'> wrfda.log</span> (or </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>rsl.out.0000,</span> if run in distributed-memory
mode) contains important WRFDA runtime log information. Always check the log
after a WRFDA run:</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>***<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>VARIATIONAL ANALYSIS ***<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>DYNAMICS OPTION: Eulerian Mass Coordinate<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span>alloc_space_field: domain<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>            </span>1,<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>              </span>606309816 bytes allocat<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>ed<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>WRF TILE<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  
</span>1 IS<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>1 IE<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     </span>89 JS<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>1 JE<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     </span>59<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>WRF NUMBER OF TILES =<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>1<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Set up
observations (ob)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Using
ASCII format observation input<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>scan obs ascii<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>end scan obs ascii<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Observation
summary<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>ob time<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>1<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>sound<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>                 </span>86 global,<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>86 local<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>synop<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>                </span>757 global,<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     </span>750 local<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>pilot<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>                 </span>85 global,<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>85 local<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>satem<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>                </span>106 global,<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     </span>105 local<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>geoamv<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>              </span>2556 global,<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span>2499 local<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>polaramv<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>               </span>0 global,<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>       </span>0 local<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>airep<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>               </span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>224 global,<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>    
</span>221 local<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>gpspw<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>                </span>187 global,<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     </span>187 local<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>gpsrf<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>                  </span>3 global,<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>       </span>3 local<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>metar<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>               </span>2416 global,<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span>2408 local<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>ships<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>                </span>145 global,<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     </span>140 local<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>ssmi_rv<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   
</span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>            </span>0 global,<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>       </span>0 local<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>ssmi_tb<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>                </span>0 global,<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>       </span>0 local<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>ssmt1<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>                  </span>0 global,<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>       </span>0 local<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>ssmt2<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>                  </span>0 global,<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>       </span>0 local<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>qscat<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>               </span>2190 global,<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span>2126 local<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>profiler<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>              </span>61 global,<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>61 local<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>buoy<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>                 </span>247 global,<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     </span>247 local<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>bogus<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>                  </span>0 global,<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>       </span>0 local<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>pseudo<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>                 </span>0 global,<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>       </span>0 local<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>radar<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>                  </span>0 global,<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>       </span>0 local<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>radiance<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>               </span>0 global,<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>       </span>0 local<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>airs retrieval<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>         </span>0 global,<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>       </span>0 local<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>sonde_sfc<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>             </span>86 global,<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>86 local<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>mtgirs<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>                 </span>0 global,<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>       </span>0 local<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>tamdar<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>                 </span>0 global,<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     </span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>0
local<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Set up
background errors for regional application for cv_options =<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>5<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>Using the averaged regression coefficients
for unbalanced part<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>WRF-Var dry control variables are:psi,
chi_u, t_u and ps_u<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>Humidity control variable is rh<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Vertical
truncation for psi<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span>=<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>15(<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>99.00%)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Vertical
truncation for chi_u<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>=<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>20(<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>99.00%)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Vertical
truncation for t_u<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span>=<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>29(<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>99.00%)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Vertical
truncation for rh<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     </span>=<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>22(<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>99.00%)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>Scaling: var, len, ds:<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>0.100000E+01<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>0.100000E+01<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>0.600000E+05<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>Scaling: var, len, ds:<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>0.100000E+01<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>0.100000E+01<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>0.600000E+05<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>Scaling: var, len, ds:<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>0.100000E+01<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>0.100000E+01<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>0.600000E+05<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>Scaling: var, len, ds:<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>0.100000E+01<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>0.100000E+01<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>0.600000E+05<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>Scaling: var, len, ds:<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>0.100000E+01<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>0.100000E+01<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>0.600000E+05<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Calculate
innovation vector(iv)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Minimize
cost function using CG method<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Starting
outer iteration :<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>1<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Starting
cost function:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>2.53214888D+04,
Gradient=<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>2.90675545D+02<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>For this
outer iteration gradient target is:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>       
</span>2.90675545D+00<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>----------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Iter<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span>Cost Function<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>         </span>Gradient<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>             </span>Step<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>1<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>2.32498037D+04<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>2.55571188D+02<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>4.90384516D-02<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>2<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>2.14988144D+04<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>2.22354203D+02<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>5.36154186D-02<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>3<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>2.01389088D+04<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>1.62537907D+02<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>5.50108123D-02<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>4<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>1.93433827D+04<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>1.26984567D+02<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>6.02247687D-02<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>5<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>1.88877194D+04<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>9.84565874D+01<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>5.65160951D-02<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>6<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>1.86297777D+04<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>7.49071361D+01<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>5.32184146D-02<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>7<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>1.84886755D+04<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>5.41516421D+01<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>5.02941363D-02<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>8<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>1.84118462D+04<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>4.68329312D+01<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>5.24003071D-02<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>9<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>1.83485166D+04<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>3.53595537D+01<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>5.77476335D-02<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>10<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>1.83191278D+04<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>2.64947070D+01<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>4.70109040D-02<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>11<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>1.82984221D+04<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>2.06996271D+01<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>5.89930206D-02<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>12<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>1.82875693D+04<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>1.56426527D+01<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>5.06578447D-02<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>13<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>1.82807224D+04<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>1.15892153D+01<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>5.59631997D-02<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>14<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>1.82773339D+04<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>8.74778514D+00<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>5.04582959D-02<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>15<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>1.82751663D+04<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>7.22150257D+00<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>5.66521675D-02<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>16<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>1.82736284D+04<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>4.81374868D+00<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>5.89786400D-02<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>17<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>1.82728636D+04<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>3.82286871D+00<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>6.60104384D-02<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>18<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>1.82724306D+04<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>3.16737517D+00<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>5.92526480D-02<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>19<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>1.82721735D+04<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     
</span>2.23392283D+00<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>5.12604438D-02<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>----------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Inner
iteration stopped after<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>19 iterations<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Final:<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>19 iter, J= 1.98187399D+04, g= 2.23392283D+00<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>----------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Diagnostics<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>Final cost function J<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>       </span>=<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>    
</span>19818.74<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>Total number of obs.<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>=<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   
</span>39800<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>Final value of J<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>            </span>=<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     </span>19818.73988<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>Final value of Jo<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>           </span>=<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>    
</span>16859.85861<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>Final value of Jb<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>           </span>=<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>2958.88127<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>Final value of Jc<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>           </span>=<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>         </span>0.00000<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>Final value of Je<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>           </span>=<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>         </span>0.00000<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>Final value of Jp<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>           </span>=<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>         </span>0.00000<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>Final value of Jl<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>           </span>=<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>         </span>0.00000<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>Final J / total num_obs<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     </span>=<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        
</span>0.49796<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>Jb factor used(1)<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>           </span>=<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>         </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>Jb factor used(2)<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>           </span>=<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>         </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>Jb factor used(3)<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>           </span>=<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>         </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     </span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>Jb factor used(4)<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>           </span>=<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>         </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>Jb factor used(5)<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>           </span>=<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>         </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        </span>1.00000<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>Jb factor used<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>              </span>=<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>         </span>1.00000<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>Je factor used<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     </span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>         </span>=<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>         </span>1.00000<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>VarBC factor used<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>           </span>=<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>         </span>1.00000<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>*** WRF-Var completed successfully ***<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>The file </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.output</span> (which contains the complete
namelist settings) will be generated after a successful run of </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New"'>da_wrfvar.exe</span>. The settings appearing in </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.output</span>, but not specified in your </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.input</span>, are the default values from </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$WRFDA_DIR/Registry/Registry.wrfvar</span>.</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>After successful completion, </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>wrfvar_output</span> (the WRFDA analysis file, i.e.
the new initial condition for WRF) should appear in the working directory along
with a number of diagnostic files. Various text diagnostics output files will
be explained in the next section (</span><a href="#_WRF-Var_Diagnostics_1"><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>WRFDA Diagnostics</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>).
</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>To understand the role of various
important WRFDA options, try re-running WRFDA by changing different namelist
options. For example, try making the WRFDA convergence criterion more
stringent. This is achieved by reducing the value of “</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>EPS</span>” to e.g. 0.0001 by adding &quot;</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>EPS=0.0001</span>&quot; in the </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.input</span> record </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar6</span>. See the section (</span><a
href="#_Additional_WRFDA_Exercises:_1"><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>WRFDA
additional exercises</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>) for more namelist options.</span></p>

<h4 style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:14.0pt;margin-left:
0in;page-break-after:auto'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:\5B8B\4F53;
font-style:normal'>c</span></b></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
font-style:normal'>. Run the Case—4D-Var<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></h4>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>To run WRF 4D-Var, first create
and enter a working directory, such as </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$WRFDA_DIR/workdir</span>.
Set the </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>WORK_DIR</span> environment
variable (e.g. </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>setenv
WORK_DIR $WRFDA_DIR/workdir</span>) </span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>For the tutorial case, the
analysis date is 2008020512 and the test data directories are:</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt;
setenv DAT_DIR {directory where data is stored}<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ls
–lr $DAT_DIR<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ob/2008020512<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ob/2008020513<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ob/2008020514<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ob/2008020515<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ob/2008020516<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ob/2008020517<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ob/2008020518<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>rc/2008020512<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>be<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Note</i>: </b>WRFDA 4D-Var is
able to assimilate conventional observational data, satellite radiance BUFR
data, radar data, and precipitation data. The input data format can be PREPBUFR
format data or observation data, processed by OBSPROC.</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Now follow the steps below:</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>1) Link the executables.</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; cd
$WORK_DIR<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln
-fs $WRFDA_DIR/var/da/da_wrfvar.exe .<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>2) Link the observational data,
first guess, BE and </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>LANDUSE.TBL</span>,</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'> etc</span>. </span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln
-fs $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020512/ob.ascii+ ob01.ascii<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln
-fs $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020513/ob.ascii<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>ob02.ascii<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln
-fs $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020514/ob.ascii<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>ob03.ascii<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln
-fs $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020515/ob.ascii<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>ob04.ascii<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln
-fs $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020516/ob.ascii<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>ob05.ascii<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln
-fs $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020517/ob.ascii<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>ob06.ascii<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln
-fs $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020518/ob.ascii- ob07.ascii<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln
-fs $DAT_DIR/rc/2008020512/wrfinput_d01 .<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln
-fs $DAT_DIR/rc/2008020512/wrfbdy_d01 .<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln
-fs wrfinput_d01 fg<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln
-fs $DAT_DIR/be/be.dat .<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln
-fs $WRFDA_DIR/run/LANDUSE.TBL .<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln
-fs $WRFDA_DIR/run/GENPARM.TBL .<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln
-fs $WRFDA_DIR/run/SOILPARM.TBL .<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln
-fs $WRFDA_DIR/run/VEGPARM.TBL .<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln
–fs $WRFDA_DIR/run/RRTM_DATA_DBL RRTM_DATA<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>3) Copy the sample namelist</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; cp $WRFDA_DIR/var/test/4dvar/namelist.input
.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>4) Edit necessary namelist
variables, link optional files</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Starting
with V3.4, WRFDA 4D-Var has the capability to consider lateral boundary conditions
as control variables as well during minimization. The namelist variable var4d_lbc=true
turns on this capability. To enable this option, WRF 4D-Var needs not only the
first guess at the beginning of the time window, but also the first guess at
the end of the time window.</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln
-fs $DAT_DIR/rc/2008020518/wrfinput_d01 fg02</span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:red'>Please note: For WRFDA beginner, please don’t use this option
before you have a good understanding of the 4D-Var lateral boundary conditions control.
To disable this feature, make sure </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:red'>var4d_lbc</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:red'> </span><span style='color:red'>in
namelist.input is set to false.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>If
you use PREPBUFR format data, set </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ob_format=1</span>
in </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar3</span> in </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.input</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span lang=EN-ZW style='mso-ansi-language:EN-ZW'>. Because
12UTC PREPBUFR data only includes the data from 9UTC to 15UTC, for 4D-Var you
should include 18UTC PREPBUFR data as well:</span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:-.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
lang=EN-ZW style='mso-ansi-language:EN-ZW'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln
-fs $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020512/gds1.t12.prepbufr.nr<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>ob01.bufr<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln
-fs $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020518/gds1.t18.prepbufr.nr<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>ob02.bufr<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='color:black'>Note</span></i><span style='color:black'>:</span></b><span
style='color:black'> NCEP BUFR files downloaded from NCEP’s public ftp server (<u>ftp://ftp.ncep.noaa.gov/pub/data/nccf/com/gfs/prod/gdas.${yyyymmddhh}</u>)
are Fortran-blocked on a big-endian machine and can be directly used on
big-endian machines (for example, IBM). For most Linux clusters with Intel
platforms, users need to download the byte-swapping code </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier;color:black'>ssrc.c</span><span style='color:black'>
(</span></span><a
href="http://www.dtcenter.org/com-GSI/users/support/faqs/index.php"><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>http://www.dtcenter.org/com-GSI/users/support/faqs/index.php</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>)<span
style='color:black'>. The C code </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black'>ssrc.c</span><span style='color:black'> is located in the </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";color:black'>/utils </span><span style='color:black'>directory of
the GSI distribution. This code will convert a prepbufr file generated on an
IBM platform to a prepbufr file that can be read on a Linux or Intel Mac
platform. </span>Compile </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ssrc.c</span>
with any c compiler (e.g., </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>gcc -o
ssrc.exe ssrc.c</span>). To convert an IBM prepbufr file, take the executable
(e.g. </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ssrc.exe</span>), and run
it as follows: </span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>ssrc.exe &lt;Big Endian
prepbufr file&gt; Little Endian prepbufr file <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:-.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'>Edit </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$WORK_DIR/namelist.input</span>
to match your experiment settings. The most important namelist variables
related to 4D-Var are listed below. Please refer to </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>README.namelist </span>under the</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'> $WRFDA_DIR/var </span>directory. Common mistakes
users make are in the time information settings. The rules are</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>: </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>analysis_date</span>, </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>time_window_min</span> and </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>start_xxx</span> in </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;time_control</span> should
always be equal to each other; </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>time_window_max</span> and </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>end_xxx</span> should always be equal to each other; and </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New"'>run_hours </span>is the difference between </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>start_xxx</span> and </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>end_xxx</span>, which is the
length of the 4D-Var time window.</span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:-.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar1<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var4d=true,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var4d_lbc=false,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var4d_bin=3600,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>……<br>
/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>……<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar18<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>analysis_date=&quot;2008-02-05_12:00:00.0000&quot;,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>……<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar21<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>time_window_min=&quot;2008-02-05_12:00:00.0000&quot;,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>……<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar22<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>time_window_max=&quot;2008-02-05_18:00:00.0000&quot;,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>……<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&amp;time_control<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>run_hours=6,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>start_year=2008,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>start_month=02,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>start_day=05,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>start_hour=12,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>end_year=2008,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>end_month=02,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>end_day=05,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>end_hour=18,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>interval_seconds=21600,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>debug_level=0,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>……<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'><br
style='mso-special-character:line-break'>
<![if !supportLineBreakNewLine]><br style='mso-special-character:line-break'>
<![endif]></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>5) Run WRF 4D-Var</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; cd
$WORK_DIR<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt;
./da_wrfvar.exe &gt;&amp;! wrfda.log<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><a
name="_Radiance_Data_Assimilations"></a>Please note: If you utilize the lateral
boundary conditions option (</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>var4d_lbc=true</span>), in addition
to the analysis at the beginning of the time window (</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New"'>wrfvar_output</span>), the analysis at the end of the time
window will also be generated as </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>ana02</span>, which will be
used in subsequent updating of boundary conditions before the forecast.</span></p>

<h3 style='page-break-after:avoid'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></h3>

<h3 style='page-break-after:avoid'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Radiance
Data Assimilation in WRFDA</span></h3>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>This section gives a brief description for various aspects
related to radiance assimilation in WRFDA. Each aspect is described mainly from
the viewpoint of usage, rather than more technical and scientific details,
which will appear in a separate technical report and scientific paper. Namelist
parameters controlling different aspects of radiance assimilation will be detailed
in the following sections. It should be noted that this section does not cover
general aspects of the assimilation process with WRFDA; these can be found in
other sections of chapter 6 of this user’s guide, or other WRFDA documentation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>a. Running WRFDA with radiances<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>In addition to the basic input files (</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>LANDUSE.TBL, fg, ob.ascii, be.dat</span><span
style='color:black'>) mentioned in the “</span></span><a
href="#_Running_WRF-Var_1"><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Running
WRFDA</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='color:black'>” section, the
following additional files are required for radiances: radiance data in NCEP
BUFR format, </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black'>radiance_info</span><span style='color:black'> files, </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>VARBC.in</span><span style='color:black'>,
and RTM (CRTM or RTTOV) coefficient files. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>Edit </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.input</span><span
style='color:black'> (Pay special attention to </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar4, &amp;wrfvar14, &amp;wrfvar21, and
&amp;wrfvar22</span><span style='color:black'> for radiance-related options. </span>A
very basic namelist.input for running the radiance test case is provided in </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/test/radiance/namelist.input</span><span
style='color:black'>)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln
-sf $DAT_DIR/gdas1.t00z.1bamua.tm00.bufr_d<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  
</span>./amsua.bufr<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln
-sf $DAT_DIR/gdas1.t00z.1bamub.tm00.bufr_d<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  
</span>./amsub.bufr<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln
-sf $WRFDA_DIR/var/run/radiance_info<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>./radiance_info<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span># (radiance_info
is a directory)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln
-sf $WRFDA_DIR/var/run/VARBC.in<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>./VARBC.in<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>(CRTM
only)<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>&gt; ln -sf
WRFDA/var/run/crtm_coeffs ./crtm_coeffs<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   
</span>#(crtm_coeffs is a directory)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>(RTTOV
only) &gt; ln -sf your_RTTOV_path/rtcoef_rttov10/rttov7pred51L<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>./rttov_coeffs<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     </span>#<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  
</span>(rttov_coeffs is a directory)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>See the following sections for more details on each aspect
of radiance assimilation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>b. Radiance Data Ingest<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>Currently, the ingest interface for NCEP BUFR radiance data
is implemented in WRFDA. The radiance data are available through NCEP’s public
ftp server (<u>ftp://ftp.ncep.noaa.gov/pub/data/nccf/com/gfs/prod/gdas.${yyyymmddhh}</u>)
in near real-time (with a 6-hour delay) and can meet requirements for both
research purposes and some real-time applications.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>As of Version 3.4, WRFDA can read data from the NOAA ATOVS
instruments (HIRS, AMSU-A, AMSU-B and MHS), the EOS Aqua instruments (AIRS,
AMSU-A) and DMSP instruments (SSMIS). Note that NCEP radiance BUFR files are
separated by instrument names (i.e., one file for each type of instrument), and
each file contains global radiance (generally converted to brightness
temperature) within a 6-hour assimilation window, from multi-platforms. For
running WRFDA, users need to rename NCEP corresponding BUFR files (table 1) to </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>hirs3.bufr</span><span
style='color:black'> (including HIRS data from NOAA-15/16/17), </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>hirs4.bufr</span><span
style='color:black'> (including HIRS data from NOAA-18/19, METOP-2), </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>amsua.bufr</span><span
style='color:black'> (including AMSU-A data from NOAA-15/16/18/19, METOP-2), </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>amsub.bufr</span><span
style='color:black'> (including AMSU-B data from NOAA-15/16/17), </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>mhs.bufr</span><span
style='color:black'> (including MHS data from NOAA-18/19 and METOP-2), </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>airs.bufr</span><span
style='color:black'> (including AIRS and AMSU-A data from EOS-AQUA) and </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>ssmis.bufr</span><span
style='color:black'> (SSMIS data from DMSP-16, AFWA provided) for WRFDA
filename convention. Note that the </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:black'>airs.bufr</span><span style='color:black'> file
contains not only AIRS data but also AMSU-A, which is collocated with AIRS
pixels (1 AMSU-A pixel collocated with 9 AIRS pixels). Users must place these
files in the working directory where the WRFDA executable is run. It should
also be mentioned that WRFDA reads these BUFR radiance files directly without
the use of any separate pre-processing program. All processing of radiance
data, such as quality control, thinning, bias correction, etc., is carried out
within WRFDA. This is different from conventional observation assimilation,
which requires a pre-processing package (OBSPROC) to generate WRFDA readable
ASCII files. For reading the radiance BUFR files, WRFDA must be compiled with
the NCEP BUFR library (see </span></span><a
href="http://www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov/sib/decoders/BUFRLIB/"><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>http://www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov/sib/decoders/BUFRLIB/</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Table
1: NCEP and WRFDA radiance BUFR file naming convention</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='margin-left:.5in;border-collapse:collapse;mso-table-layout-alt:fixed;
 mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'>
  <td width=247 valign=top style='width:185.4pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;layout-grid-mode:
  char'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>NCEP BUFR file names</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=216 valign=top style='width:2.25in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;layout-grid-mode:
  char'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>WRFDA naming convention</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'>
  <td width=247 valign=top style='width:185.4pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>gdas1.t00z.1bamua.tm00.bufr_d<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=216 valign=top style='width:2.25in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:"Courier New"'>amsua.bufr<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'>
  <td width=247 valign=top style='width:185.4pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>gdas1.t00z.1bamub.tm00.bufr_d<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=216 valign=top style='width:2.25in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:"Courier New"'>amsub.bufr<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3'>
  <td width=247 valign=top style='width:185.4pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>gdas1.t00z.1bhrs3.tm00.bufr_d<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=216 valign=top style='width:2.25in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:"Courier New"'>hirs3.bufr<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4'>
  <td width=247 valign=top style='width:185.4pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>gdas1.t00z.1bhrs4.tm00.bufr_d<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=216 valign=top style='width:2.25in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:"Courier New"'>hirs4.bufr<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5'>
  <td width=247 valign=top style='width:185.4pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>gdas1.t00z.1bmhs.tm00.bufr_d<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=216 valign=top style='width:2.25in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:"Courier New"'>mhs.bufr<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:6;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
  <td width=247 valign=top style='width:185.4pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>gdas1.t00z.airsev.tm00.bufr_d<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=216 valign=top style='width:2.25in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:"Courier New"'>airs.bufr<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
</table>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>Namelist parameters are used to control the reading of
corresponding BUFR files into WRFDA. For instance, </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:Courier;
color:red'>USE_AMSUAOBS</span><span style='color:red'>, </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:Courier;
color:red'>USE_AMSUBOBS</span><span style='color:red'>, </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:Courier;
color:red'>USE_HIRS3OBS</span><span style='color:red'>, </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:Courier;
color:red'>USE_HIRS4OBS</span><span style='color:red'>, </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:Courier;
color:red'>USE_MHSOBS</span><span style='color:red'>, </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:Courier;
color:red'>USE_AIRSOBS</span><span style='color:red'>, </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:Courier;
color:red'>USE_EOS_AMSUAOBS</span><span style='color:red'> and </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:Courier;
color:red'>USE_SSMISOBS </span><span style='color:black'>control whether or not
the respective file is read. These are logical parameters that are assigned to
.FALSE. by default; therefore they must be set to<i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'> </i>.TRUE. to read the respective observation file. Also note that
these parameters only control whether the data is read, not whether the data
included in the files is to be assimilated. This is controlled by other
namelist parameters explained in the next section.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>NCEP BUFR files downloaded from NCEP’s public ftp server (<u>ftp://ftp.ncep.noaa.gov/pub/data/nccf/com/gfs/prod/gdas.${yyyymmddhh}</u>)
are Fortran-blocked on a big-endian machine and can be directly used on
big-endian machines (for example, IBM). For most Linux clusters with Intel
platforms, users need to download the byte-swapping code </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>ssrc.c</span><span
style='color:black'> (</span></span><a
href="http://www.dtcenter.org/com-GSI/users/support/faqs/index.php"><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>http://www.dtcenter.org/com-GSI/users/support/faqs/index.php</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>)<span
style='color:black'>. The C code </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black'>ssrc.c</span><span style='color:black'> is located in the </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";color:black'>/utils </span><span style='color:black'>directory of
the GSI distribution, and will convert a PREPBUFR file generated on an IBM
platform to a PREPBUFR file that can be read on a Linux or Intel Mac platform.
Compile </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black'>ssrc.c</span><span style='color:black'> with any c compiler (e.g.,
</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:Courier;color:black'>gcc -o ssrc.exe ssrc.c</span><span
style='color:black'>). To convert an IBM PREPBUFR file, take the executable (e.g.
</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:Courier;color:black'>ssrc.exe</span><span style='color:black'>),
and run it as follows: <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><em><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier;color:black;font-style:normal'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></em></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><em><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier;color:black;font-style:normal'>ssrc.exe
&lt; Big Endian prepbufr file&gt; Little Endian prepbufr file</span></em></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><em><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
color:black;font-style:normal'> </span></em><em><span style='color:black;
font-style:normal'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><o:p></o:p></span></em></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>c. Radiative Transfer Model<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>The core component for direct radiance assimilation is to
incorporate a radiative transfer model (RTM) into the WRFDA system as one part
of observation operators. Two widely used RTMs in the NWP community, RTTOV
(developed by ECMWF and UKMET in Europe), and CRTM (developed by the Joint
Center for Satellite Data Assimilation (JCSDA) in US), are already implemented
in the WRFDA system with a flexible and consistent user interface. WRFDA is
designed to be able to compile with any combination of the two RTM libraries,
or without RTM libraries (for those not interested in radiance assimilation),
by the definition of environment variables “CRTM” and “RTTOV” (see the
“Installing WRFDA” section). Note, however, that at runtime the user must select
one of the two or neither, via the namelist parameter </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:Courier;
color:red'>RTM_OPTION</span><span style='color:black'> (1 for RTTOV, the default,
and 2 for CRTM).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>Both RTMs can calculate radiances for almost all available
instruments aboard the various satellite platforms in orbit. An important
feature of the WRFDA design is that all data structures related to radiance
assimilation are dynamically allocated during running time, according to a
simple namelist setup. The instruments to be assimilated are controlled at
run-time by four integer namelist parameters: </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:Courier;
color:red'>RTMINIT_NSENSOR</span><span style='color:black'> (the total number
of sensors to be assimilated), </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:Courier;color:red'>RTMINIT_PLATFORM</span><span
style='color:black'> (the platforms IDs array to be assimilated with dimension
RTMINIT_NSENSOR, e.g., 1 for NOAA, 9 for EOS, 10 for METOP and 2 for DMSP), </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:Courier;
color:red'>RTMINIT_SATID</span><span style='color:black'> (satellite IDs array)
and </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:Courier;color:red'>RTMINIT_SENSOR</span><span
style='color:black'> (sensor IDs array, e.g., 0 for HIRS, 3 for AMSU-A, 4 for
AMSU-B, 15 for MHS, 10 for SSMIS, 11 for AIRS). An example configuration for
assimilating 14 of the sensors from 7 satellites is listed here:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>RTMINIT_NSENSOR
= 14 # 6 AMSUA; 3 AMSUB; 3 MHS; 1 AIRS; 1 SSMIS<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>RTMINIT_PLATFORM
= 1, 1, 1, 1, 9, 10, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 10, 9, 2,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>RTMINIT_SATID
=<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>15, 16, 18, 19, 2, 2, 15, 16, 17, 18,
19, 2, 2, 16<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>RTMINIT_SENSOR
=<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 15, 15, 15,
11, 10,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>The instrument triplets (platform, satellite, and sensor
ID) in the namelist can be ranked in any order. More detail about the
convention of instrument triples can be found on the web page </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span><a
href="http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm/rttov_description.html"><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm/rttov_description.html</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span><a
href="http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm/rttov_description.html"></a><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='color:black'>or in tables 2
and 3 in the RTTOV v10 User’s Guide (</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'></span><a
href="http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm/docs_rttov10/users_guide_10_v1.5.pdf"><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm/docs_rttov10/users_guide_10_v1.5.pdf</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>CRTM uses a different instrument-naming method, however, a
conversion routine inside WRFDA is implemented such that the user interface remains
the same for RTTOV and CRTM, using the same instrument triplet for both. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>When running WRFDA with radiance assimilation switched on,
a set of RTM coefficient files need to be loaded. For the RTTOV option, RTTOV
coefficient files are to be copied or linked to a sub-directory </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";color:black'>rttov_coeffs/</span><span style='color:black'> under
the working directory. For the CRTM option, CRTM coefficient files are to be
copied or linked to a sub-directory </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:black'>crtm_coeffs/ </span><span style='color:black'>under the working
directory. Only coefficients listed in the namelist are needed. Potentially
WRFDA can assimilate all sensors as long as the corresponding coefficient files
are provided. In addition, necessary developments on the corresponding data
interface, quality control, and bias correction are important to make radiance
data assimilate properly; however, a modular design of radiance relevant
routines already facilitates the addition of more instruments in WRFDA.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>The RTTOV package is not distributed with WRFDA, due to
licensing and supporting issues. Users need to follow the instructions at </span></span><a
href="http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm"><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'> to download the RTTOV source code and supplement
coefficient files and the emissivity atlas dataset. Starting with version 3.3,
only RTTOV v10 can be used in WRFDA.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>Since V3.2.1, the CRTM package is distributed with WRFDA,
which is located in </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:black'>$WRFDA_DIR/var/external/crtm</span><span
style='color:black'>. The CRTM code in WRFDA is basically the same as the
source code that users can download from </span></span><a
href="ftp://ftp.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/jcsda/CRTM"><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>ftp://ftp.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/jcsda/CRTM</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>d. Channel Selection<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>Channel selection in WRFDA is controlled by radiance ‘info’
files, located in the sub-directory </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:black'>radiance_info</span><span style='color:black'>, under the working
directory. These files are separated by satellites and sensors; e.g., </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";color:black'>noaa-15-amsua.info</span><span style='color:black'>,
</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:black'>noaa-16-amsub.info</span><span
style='color:black'>, </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:black'>dmsp-16-ssmis.info</span><span
style='color:black'> and so on. An example of 5 channels from </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";color:black'>noaa-15-amsub.info</span><span style='color:black'>
is shown below. The fourth column is used by WRFDA to control when to use a
corresponding channel. Channels with the value “-1” in the fourth column
indicate that the channel is “not assimilated,” while the value “1” means
“assimilated.” The sixth column is used by WRFDA to set the observation error
for each channel. Other columns are not used by WRFDA. It should be mentioned that
these error values might not necessarily be optimal for your applications. It
is the user’s responsibility to obtain the optimal error statistics for his/her
own applications.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:.5in 81.0pt 117.0pt 2.0in 2.5in 283.5pt'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";color:black'>Sensor<span style='mso-tab-count:1'> </span>channel<span
style='mso-tab-count:1'>  </span>IR/MW<span style='mso-tab-count:1'>  </span>use<span
style='mso-tab-count:1'>  </span>idum <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>  </span>varch<span
style='mso-tab-count:1'>               </span>polarization <br>
<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span style='mso-tab-count:6'>                                                     </span>(0:vertical;1:horizontal)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:.5in 81.0pt 117.0pt 2.0in 2.5in 283.5pt'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:.5in 81.0pt 117.0pt 2.0in 2.5in 283.5pt'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";color:black'>415<span style='mso-tab-count:1'>    </span>1<span
style='mso-tab-count:1'>        </span>1<span style='mso-tab-count:1'>      </span>-1<span
style='mso-tab-count:1'>   </span>0<span style='mso-tab-count:1'>      </span>0.5500000000E+01<span
style='mso-tab-count:1'>    </span>0.0000000000E+00<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:.5in 81.0pt 117.0pt 2.0in 2.5in 283.5pt'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";color:black'>415<span style='mso-tab-count:1'>    </span>2<span
style='mso-tab-count:1'>        </span>1<span style='mso-tab-count:1'>      </span>-1<span
style='mso-tab-count:1'>   </span>0<span style='mso-tab-count:1'>      </span>0.3750000000E+01<span
style='mso-tab-count:1'>    </span>0.0000000000E+00<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:.5in 81.0pt 117.0pt 2.0in 2.5in 283.5pt'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";color:black'>415<span style='mso-tab-count:1'>    </span>3<span
style='mso-tab-count:1'>        </span>1<span style='mso-tab-count:1'>      </span>
1<span style='mso-tab-count:1'>   </span>0<span style='mso-tab-count:1'>      </span>0.3500000000E+01<span
style='mso-tab-count:1'>    </span>0.0000000000E+00<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:.5in 81.0pt 117.0pt 2.0in 2.5in 283.5pt'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";color:black'>415<span style='mso-tab-count:1'>    </span>4<span
style='mso-tab-count:1'>        </span>1<span style='mso-tab-count:1'>      </span>-1<span
style='mso-tab-count:1'>   </span>0<span style='mso-tab-count:1'>      </span>0.3200000000E+01<span
style='mso-tab-count:1'>    </span>0.0000000000E+00<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:.5in 81.0pt 117.0pt 2.0in 2.5in 283.5pt'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";color:black'>415<span style='mso-tab-count:1'>    </span>5<span
style='mso-tab-count:1'>        </span>1<span style='mso-tab-count:1'>      </span>
1<span style='mso-tab-count:1'>   </span>0<span style='mso-tab-count:1'>      </span>0.2500000000E+01<span
style='mso-tab-count:1'>    </span>0.0000000000E+00<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>e. Bias Correction<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>Satellite radiance is generally considered to be biased
with respect to a reference (e.g., background or analysis field in NWP
assimilation) due to systematic error of the observation itself, the reference
field, and RTM. Bias correction is a necessary step prior to assimilating radiance
data. There are two ways of performing bias correction in WRFDA. One is based
on the Harris and Kelly (2001) method, and is carried out using a set of coefficient
files pre-calculated with an off-line statistics package, which was applied to
a training dataset for a month-long period. The other is Variational Bias
Correction (VarBC).<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>Only VarBC is introduced
here, and recommended for users because of its relative simplicity in usage.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>f. Variational Bias Correction<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Getting started with VarBC<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>To use VarBC, set the namelist option </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:Courier;
color:red'>USE_VARBC</span><span style='color:black'> to TRUE and have the </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";color:black'>VARBC.in</span><span style='color:black'> file in
the working directory. </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:black'>VARBC.in</span><span
style='color:black'> is a VarBC setup file in ASCII format. A template is
provided with the WRFDA package (</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:black'>$WRFDA_DIR/var/run/VARBC.in</span><span
style='color:black'>).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Input and Output files<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>All VarBC input is passed through a single ASCII file
called </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:black'>VARBC.in</span><span
style='color:black'>. Once WRFDA has run with the VarBC option switched on, it
will produce a </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:black'>VARBC.out</span><span
style='color:black'> file in a similar ASCII format. This output file will then
be used as the input file for the next assimilation cycle.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Coldstart<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>Coldstarting means starting the VarBC from scratch; i.e.
when you do not know the values of the bias parameters.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>The Coldstart is a routine in WRFDA. The bias predictor
statistics (mean and standard deviation) are computed automatically and will be
used to normalize the bias parameters. All coldstart bias parameters are set to
zero, except the first bias parameter (= simple offset), which is set to the
mode (=peak) of the distribution of the (uncorrected) innovations for the given
channel.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>A threshold of a number of observations can be set through
the namelist option </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:Courier;color:red'>VARBC_NOBSMIN</span><span
style='color:black'> (default = 10), under which it is considered that not
enough observations are present to keep the Coldstart values (i.e. bias
predictor statistics and bias parameter values) for the next cycle. In this
case, the next cycle will do another Coldstart.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Background Constraint for the bias
parameters<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>The background constraint controls the inertia you want to
impose on the predictors (i.e. the smoothing in the predictor time series). It
corresponds to an extra term in the WRFDA cost function.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>It is defined through an integer number in the </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";color:black'>VARBC.in</span><span style='color:black'> file. This
number is related to a number of observations; the bigger the number, the more
inertia constraint. If these numbers are set to zero, the predictors can evolve
without any constraint.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Scaling factor<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>The VarBC uses a specific preconditioning, which can be
scaled through the namelist option </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:Courier;color:red'>VARBC_FACTOR</span><span
style='color:black'> (default = 1.0).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Offline bias correction<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>The analysis of the VarBC parameters can be performed
&quot;offline&quot; ; i.e. independently from the main WRFDA analysis. No extra
code is needed.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>Just set the following </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:Courier;
color:black'>MAX_VERT_VAR*</span><span style='color:black'> namelist variables
to be 0, which will disable the standard control variable and only keep the
VarBC control variable.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:Courier;color:black'>MAX_VERT_VAR1</span><span
style='color:black'>=0.0<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:Courier;color:black'>MAX_VERT_VAR2</span><span
style='color:black'>=0.0<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:Courier;color:black'>MAX_VERT_VAR3</span><span
style='color:black'>=0.0<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:Courier;color:black'>MAX_VERT_VAR4</span><span
style='color:black'>=0.0<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:Courier;color:black'>MAX_VERT_VAR5</span><span
style='color:black'>=0.0<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Freeze VarBC<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>In certain circumstances, you might want to keep the VarBC
bias parameters constant in time (=&quot;frozen&quot;). In this case, the bias
correction is read and applied to the innovations, but it is not updated during
the minimization. This can easily be achieved by setting the namelist options:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:Courier;color:black'>USE_VARBC</span><span style='color:
black'>=false<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:Courier;color:red'>FREEZE_VARBC</span><span
style='color:black'>=true<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Passive observations<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>Some observations are useful for preprocessing (e.g.
Quality Control, Cloud detection) but you might not want to assimilate them. If
you still need to estimate their bias correction, these observations need to go
through the VarBC code in the minimization. For this purpose, the VarBC uses a
separate threshold on the QC values, called &quot;qc_varbc_bad&quot;. This
threshold is currently set to the same value as &quot;qc_bad&quot;, but can
easily be changed to any ad hoc value.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></b></span></p>

<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:\5B8B\4F53;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'><br
clear=all style='page-break-before:always'>
</span></b>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>g. Other namelist variables to control
radiance assimilation<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:Courier;
color:black'>RAD_MONITORING</span></b><span style='color:black'> (30)<span
style='mso-tab-count:1'>      </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>Integer array of dimension RTMINIT_NSENSER, 0 for
assimilating mode, 1 for monitoring mode (only calculates innovation).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:Courier;
color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:Courier;
color:black'>THINNING<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>Logical, TRUE will perform thinning on radiance data.<span
style='mso-tab-count:1'>   </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:Courier;
color:black'>THINNING_MESH</span></b><span style='color:black'> (30)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>Real array with dimension RTMINIT_NSENSOR, values indicate
thinning mesh (in km) for different sensors.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:Courier;
color:black'>QC_RAD<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>Logical, controls if quality control is performed, always
set to TRUE.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:Courier;
color:black'>WRITE_IV_RAD_ASCII<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>Logical, controls whether to output
observation-minus-background (O-B) files, which are in ASCII format, and
separated by sensors and processors.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:Courier;
color:black'>WRITE_OA_RAD_ASCII<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>Logical, controls whether to output
observation-minus-analysis (O-A) files (including also O-B information), which
are in ASCII format, and separated by sensors and processors.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:Courier;
color:black'>USE_ERROR_FACTOR_RAD<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>Logical, controls use of a radiance error tuning factor
file <br>
(</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:black'>radiance_error.factor</span><span
style='color:black'>) which is created with empirical values, or generated
using a variational tuning method (Desroziers and Ivanov, 2001).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:Courier;
color:black'>ONLY_SEA_RAD<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>Logical, controls whether only assimilating radiance over
water.<span style='mso-tab-count:1'> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:Courier;
color:black'>TIME_WINDOW_MIN<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>String, e.g., &quot;2007-08-15_03:00:00.0000&quot;, start
time of assimilation time window<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:Courier;
color:black'>TIME_WINDOW_MAX<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>String, e.g., &quot;2007-08-15_09:00:00.0000&quot;, end
time of assimilation time window<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:Courier;
color:black'>USE_ANTCORR</span></b><span style='color:black'> (30)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>Logical array with dimension RTMINIT_NSENSER, controls if
performing Antenna Correction in CRTM.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:Courier;
color:black'>AIRS_WARMEST_FOV<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>Logical, controls whether using the observation brightness
temperature for AIRS Window channel #914 as criterium for GSI thinning.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:Courier;
color:black'>USE_CRTM_KMATRIX<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>Logical, controls whether </span>using the CRTM K matrix
rather than calling CRTM TL and AD routines for gradient calculation.</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>USE_RTTOV_KMATRIX<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>Logical, controls whether </span>using the RTTOV K matrix
rather than calling RTTOV TL and AD routines for gradient calculation.</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>RTTOV_EMIS_ATLAS_IR<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Integer,<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>controls the use of the IR emissivity atlas.</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Emissivity
atlas data (should be downloaded separately from the RTTOV web site) need to be
copied or linked under a sub-directory of the working directory (</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>emis_data</span>) if
RTTOV_EMIS_ATLAS_IR is set to 1.</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>RTTOV_EMIS_ATLAS_MW<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Integer,
controls the use of the MW emissivity atlas.</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Emissivity
atlas data (should be downloaded separately from the RTTOV web site) need to be
copied or linked under a sub-directory of the working directory (</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>emis_data</span>) if
RTTOV_EMIS_ATLAS_MW is set to 1 or 2.</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>h. Diagnostics and Monitoring<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>(1) Monitoring capability within WRFDA<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>Run WRFDA with the </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:black'>rad_monitoring</span><span style='color:black'>
namelist parameter in record </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black'>wrfvar14</span><span style='color:black'> in </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";color:black'>namelist.input</span><span style='color:black'>. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>0 means assimilating mode. Innovations (O minus B) are
calculated and data are used in minimization.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>1 means monitoring mode: innovations are calculated for
diagnostics and monitoring. Data are not used in minimization.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>The value of </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black'>rad_monitoring</span><span style='color:black'> should correspond
to the value of<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span></span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>rtminit_nsensor</span><span
style='color:black'>. If </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black'>rad_monitoring</span><span style='color:black'> is not set, then
the default value of 0 will be used for all sensors.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>(2) Outputting radiance diagnostics from WRFDA<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>Run WRFDA with the following namelist options in record </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>wrfvar14</span><span
style='color:black'> in </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:black'>namelist.input</span><span
style='color:black'>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
color:black'>write_iv_rad_ascii <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>Logical. TRUE to write out (observation-background, etc.)
diagnostics information in plain-text files with the prefix ‘inv,’ followed by
the instrument name and the processor id. For example,
01_inv_noaa-17-amsub.0000 (01 is outerloop index, 0000 is processor index)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
color:black'>write_oa_rad_ascii <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>Logical. TRUE to write out (observation-background,
observation-analysis, etc.) diagnostics information in plain-text files with
the prefix ‘oma,’ followed by the instrument name and the processor id. For example,
</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:black'>01_oma_noaa-18-mhs.0001</span><span
style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>Each processor writes out the information for one
instrument in one file in the WRFDA working directory.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>(3) Radiance diagnostics data processing<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>A Fortran90 program is used to collect the </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>01_inv*</span><span
style='color:black'> or </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black'>01_oma</span><span style='color:black'>* files and write them out
in netCDF format (one instrument in one file with prefix </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";color:black'>diags</span><span style='color:black'> followed by
the instrument name, analysis date, and the suffix </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>.nc</span><span
style='color:black'>) for easier data viewing, handling and plotting with
netCDF utilities and NCL scripts.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>(4) Radiance diagnostics plotting<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>Two NCL scripts (available as part of the WRFDA Tools
package, which can be downloaded at </span></span><a
href="http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/tools.html"><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/tools.html</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>) are used for plotting: </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>$TOOLS_DIR/var/graphics/ncl/plot_rad_diags.ncl</span><span
style='color:black'> and </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black'>$TOOLS_DIR/var/graphics/ncl/advance_cymdh.ncl</span><span
style='color:black'>. The NCL scripts can be run from a shell script, or run
alone with an interactive </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:"Courier New";color:black'>ncl</span><span style='color:
black'> command (the NCL script and set the plot options must be edited, and
the path of </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black'>advance_cymdh.ncl</span><span style='color:black'>, a
date-advancing script loaded in the main NCL plotting script, may need to be
modified).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>Steps (3) and (4) can be done by running a single ksh
script (also in the WRFDA Tools package: </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>$TOOLS_DIR/var/scripts/da_rad_diags.ksh</span><span
style='color:black'>) with proper settings. In addition to the settings of
directories and what instruments to plot, there are some useful plotting
options, explained below.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='border-collapse:collapse;mso-table-layout-alt:fixed;mso-padding-alt:
 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'>
  <td width=253 valign=top style='width:189.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>setenv
  OUT_TYPE=ncgm<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=337 valign=top style='width:252.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'>ncgm or pdf</span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>pdf will be
  much slower than ncgm and generate huge output if plots are not split. But
  pdf has higher resolution than ncgm.</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'>
  <td width=253 valign=top style='width:189.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>setenv
  PLOT_STATS_ONLY=false<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=337 valign=top style='width:252.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'>true or false</span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>true: only
  statistics of OMB/OMA vs channels and OMB/OMA vs dates will be plotted.</span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>false: data
  coverage, scatter plots (before and after bias correction), histograms
  (before and after bias correction), and statistics will be plotted.</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'>
  <td width=253 valign=top style='width:189.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>setenv
  PLOT_OPT=sea_only<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=337 valign=top style='width:252.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'>all, sea_only, land_only</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3'>
  <td width=253 valign=top style='width:189.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>setenv
  PLOT_QCED=false<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=337 valign=top style='width:252.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'>true or false</span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>true: plot only
  quality-controlled data</span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>false: plot all
  data</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4'>
  <td width=253 valign=top style='width:189.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>setenv
  PLOT_HISTO=false<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=337 valign=top style='width:252.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'>true or false: switch for histogram plots</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5'>
  <td width=253 valign=top style='width:189.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>setenv
  PLOT_SCATT=true<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=337 valign=top style='width:252.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'>true or false: switch for scatter plots</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:6'>
  <td width=253 valign=top style='width:189.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>setenv
  PLOT_EMISS=false<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=337 valign=top style='width:252.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'>true or false: switch for emissivity plots</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:7'>
  <td width=253 valign=top style='width:189.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>setenv
  PLOT_SPLIT=false<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=337 valign=top style='width:252.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'>true or false</span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>true: one frame
  in each file</span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>false: all
  frames in one file</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:8'>
  <td width=253 valign=top style='width:189.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>setenv
  PLOT_CLOUDY=false<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=337 valign=top style='width:252.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'>true or false</span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>true: plot
  cloudy data. Cloudy data to be plotted are defined by PLOT_CLOUDY_OPT (si or
  clwp), CLWP_VALUE, SI_VALUE settings.</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:9'>
  <td width=253 valign=top style='width:189.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>setenv
  PLOT_CLOUDY_OPT=si<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=337 valign=top style='width:252.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'>si or clwp</span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>clwp: cloud
  liquid water path from model</span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>si: scatter
  index from obs, for amsua, amsub and mhs only</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:10'>
  <td width=253 valign=top style='width:189.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>setenv
  CLWP_VALUE=0.2<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=337 valign=top style='width:252.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'>only plot points with</span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>clwp &gt;=
  clwp_value (when clwp_value &gt; 0)</span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>clwp &gt;<span
  style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>clwp_value (when clwp_value = 0)</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:11;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
  <td width=253 valign=top style='width:189.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>setenv
  SI_VALUE=3.0<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=337 valign=top style='width:252.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
</table>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>(5) Evolution of
VarBC parameters<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='color:black'>NCL scripts (also in the WRFDA Tools package: </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>$TOOLS_DIR</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>/var/graphics/ncl/plot_rad_varbc_param.ncl</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'> and </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black'>$TOOLS_DIR</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>/var/graphics/ncl/advance_cymdh.ncl</span><span
style='color:black'>) are used for plotting the evolution of VarBC parameters.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoBodyText><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<h3 style='page-break-after:avoid'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><a
name=precipitation></a>Precipitation Data Assimilation in WRFDA 4D-Var</span></h3>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>The assimilation
of precipitation observations in WRFDA 4D-Var is described in this section.
Currently, </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:Times'>WRFPLUS has already included the </span>adjoint and
tangent linear codes of large-scale condensation and cumulus scheme, therefore
precipitation data can be assimilated directly in 4D-Var. Users who are
interested in the scientific detail of 4D-Var assimilation of precipitation
should refer to related scientific papers, as this section is only a basic
guide to running WRFDA Precipitation Assimilation. This section instructs users
on data processing, namelist variable settings, and how to run WRFDA 4D-Var
with precipitation observations.</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>a. Prepare precipitation observations for
4D-Var<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>As of version 3.4,
WRFDA 4D-Var can assimilate NCEP Stage IV radar and gauge precipitation data.
NCEP Stage IV archived data are available on the NCAR CODIAC web page at: </span><a
href="http://data.eol.ucar.edu/codiac/dss/id=21.093"><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'>http://data.eol.ucar.edu/codiac/dss/id=21.093</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>
(for more information, please see the NCEP Stage IV Q&amp;A Web page at </span><a
href="http://www.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/mmb/ylin/pcpanl/QandA/"><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>http://www.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/mmb/ylin/pcpanl/QandA/</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>).
</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:
9.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica'>The
original precipitation data are at 4-km resolution on a polar-stereographic
grid. </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-font-family:
Verdana'>Hourly, 6-hourly and 24-hourly analyses are available.</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
16.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-font-family:Verdana'> </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt;
mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-font-family:Verdana'>The following image
shows the </span>accumulated 6-h precipitation </span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:
Cambria;mso-bidi-font-family:Verdana'>for the tutorial case.</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
16.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-font-family:Verdana'><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1041"
 type="#_x0000_t75" alt="2008020518" style='width:183.75pt;height:237.75pt;
 visibility:visible'>
 <v:imagedata src="users_guide_chap6_files/image009.png" o:title="2008020518"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=184 height=238
src="users_guide_chap6_files/image010.png" alt=2008020518 v:shapes="Picture_x0020_1"><![endif]></span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt;
mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-font-family:Verdana'><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-40.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-font-family:
Verdana'>It should be mentioned that </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Times","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria'>the </span>NCEP Stage IV archived data</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt;
font-family:"Times","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria'> is in GRIB1
format and it cannot be ingested into the WRFDA directly. A tool “</span>CONVERTER</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt;
font-family:"Times","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria'>” is provided to
reformat GRIB1 observations into the WRFDA-readable ASCII format. It can be
downloaded from the WRFDA users page at </span></span><a
href="http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/CONVERTER.gz"><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt;
font-family:"Times","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria'>http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/CONVERTER.gz</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Times","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
Cambria'>.</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-font-family:
Verdana'> The NCEP GRIB libraries, w3 and g2 are required to compile the
CONVERTER. These libraries are available for download from NCEP at </span></span><a
href="http://www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov/pmb/codes/GRIB2/"><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:
Cambria;mso-bidi-font-family:Verdana'>http://www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov/pmb/codes/GRIB2/</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-font-family:
Verdana'>. </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-font-family:
Helvetica'>The output file to the CONVERTER is named in the format </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria'>ob.rain.yyyymmddhh.xxh</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;
mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica'>; The '</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria'>yyyymmddhh</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;
mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica'>' in the file
name is the ending hour of the accumulation period, and '</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria'>xx</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;
mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica'>' (=01,06 or 24)
is the accumulating time period.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-40.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>For
users wishing to use their own observations instead of NCEP Stage IV, it is the
user’s responsibility to write a Fortran main program and call subroutine
writerainobs (in write_rainobs.f90) to generate their own precipitation data. For
more information please refer to the README file in the </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New"'>CONVERTER</span> directory.</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-40.5pt;text-align:justify;mso-prop-change:
"Junmei Ban" 20120320T1532'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica'>b. Running WRFDA 4D-Var with precipitation
observations<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-40.5pt;text-align:justify'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>WRFDA 4D-Var is
able to assimilate </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-font-family:
Verdana'>hourly, 3-hourly and 6-hourly precipitation data. According to </span>experiments
and related scientific papers, </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-font-family:
Verdana'>6-hour precipitation accumulations are the ideal observations to be
assimilated, as this leads to better results than directly assimilating </span>hourly
data.</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:
\5B8B\4F53;mso-ascii-font-family:\5B8B\4F53;mso-hansi-font-family:\5B8B\4F53'><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>The tutorial example
is for assimilating 6-hour accumulated precipitation. In your working
directory, link all the necessary files as follows,</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:Courier'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln
-fs $WRFDA_DIR/var/da/da_wrfvar.exe .<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln
-fs $DAT_DIR/rc/2008020512/wrfinput_d01 .<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln
-fs $DAT_DIR/rc/2008020512/wrfbdy_d01 .<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln
-fs wrfinput_d01 fg<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln
-fs $DAT_DIR/be/be.dat .<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln
-fs $WRFDA_DIR/run/LANDUSE.TBL ./LANDUSE.TBL<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln
-fs $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020518/ob.rain.2008020518.06h ob07.rain<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:-.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:-.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'>Note: The reason why the observation </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ob.rain.2008020518.06h</span> is linked </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt'>as </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ob07.rain</span>
will be explained in section d.</span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Edit </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New"'>namelist.input</span> and pay special attention to </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New"'>&amp;wrfvar1</span> and </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>&amp;wrfvar4</span> for precipitation-related
options.</span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:-.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar1<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var4d=true,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var4d_lbc=true,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var4d_bin=3600,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var4d_bin_rain=21600,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>……<br>
/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>……<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar4<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>use_rainobs=true,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>thin_rainobs=true,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>thin_mesh_conv=30*20.,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoFootnoteText><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoFootnoteText><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Then, run
4D-Var in serial or parallel mode,</span></p>

<p class=MsoFootnoteText><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoFootnoteText><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>            </span></span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt;./da_wrfvar.exe &gt;&amp;! wrfda.log</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoFootnoteText><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoFootnoteText><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>c. Namelist variables to control
precipitation assimilation<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoFootnoteText><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:Courier'>var4d_bin_rain
</span><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Precipitation
observation sub-window length for 4D-Var. It does not need to be consistent with
var4d_bin</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:Courier'>. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoFootnoteText><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoFootnoteText><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:Courier'>thin_rainobs<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoFootnoteText style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'>Logical, TRUE will perform thinning on precipitation data.</span></p>

<p class=MsoFootnoteText><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:Courier'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoFootnoteText><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:Courier'>thin_mesh_conv<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoFootnoteText style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'>Specify thinning mesh size (in km)</span></p>

<p class=MsoFootnoteText><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>d. Properly linking observation files<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>In section b, </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ob.rain.2008020518.06h</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'> </span>is linked as</span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ob07.rain</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>. </span>The number</span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>07</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'> </span>is assigned according to the following rule:</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>x=i*(var4d_bin_rain/var4d_bin)+1, <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoFootnoteText><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Here, </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>i</span> is </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-family:\5B8B\4F53'>the sequence number of the observation</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:\5B8B\4F53;
mso-ascii-font-family:\5B8B\4F53;mso-hansi-font-family:\5B8B\4F53'>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>for</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'> </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>x&lt;10</span>,
the observation file should be renamed as </span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>ob0x.rain</span>; </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>for </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>x&gt;=10</span>, it should be renamed as </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obx.rain</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:Courier'><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-family:\5B8B\4F53'>In the example above, </span>6-hour
accumulated precipitation data is assimilated in 6-hour time window. </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\5B8B\4F53'>In
the namelist, values should be set at </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var4d_bin=3600</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'> </span>and</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt'> </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>var4d_bin_rain=21600</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt'>,</span> and</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'> </span>there is one
observation file (i.e., </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>i=1</span>)
in the time window, Thus the value of </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>x</span>
is 7. The file </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ob.rain.2008020518.06h</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'> </span>should be renamed as </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ob07.rain</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>.</span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Let us take
another example for how to rename observation files for 3-hourly precipitation
data in 6-hour time window. The sample namelist is as follows, </span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar1<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var4d=true,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var4d_lbc=true,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var4d_bin=3600,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var4d_bin_rain=10800,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>……<br>
/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>There are two
observation files, </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ob.rain.2008020515.03h
</span>and</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'> </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ob.rain.2008020518.03h</span>. For the first file (</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>i=1</span>) </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ob.rain.2008020515.03h</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>, </span>it should be renamed as</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'> </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ob04.rain</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>,</span>and the second file (</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>i=2</span>) renamed as</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'> </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ob07.rain</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>.</span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoBodyText><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<h3><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><a name="_Updating_WRF_lateral_1"></a><a
name="_Updating_WRF_Boundary"></a>Updating WRF Boundary Conditions</span></h3>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>There are three input files:
WRFDA analysis, wrfinput, and wrfbdy files from </span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>WPS/real.exe</span>, and a namelist file: </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>parame.in</span> for running </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>da_update_bc.exe</span> for domain-1.
Before running an NWP forecast using the WRF-model with WRFDA analysis, update
the values and tendencies for each predicted variable in the first time period,
in the lateral boundary condition file. Domain-1 (</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>wrfbdy_d01</span>) must be updated to
be consistent with the new WRFDA initial condition (analysis). This is
absolutely essential. <a name=update></a>Moreover, in the cycling-run mode
(warm-start), the lower boundary in the WRFDA analysis file also needs to be
updated based on the information from the wrfinput file, generated by
WPS/real.exe at analysis time. </span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>For nested domains, domain-2,
domain-3, etc., the lateral boundaries are provided by their parent domains, so
no lateral boundary update is needed for these domains; but the low boundaries
in each of the nested domains’ WRFDA analysis files still need to be updated.
In these cases, you must set the namelist variable, </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New"'>domain_id</span> &gt; 1 (default is 1 for domain-1), and no </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>wrfbdy_d01</span>file needs to be
provided to the namelist variable </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>wrf_bdy_file</span>.</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>This procedure is performed by
the WRFDA utility called </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>da_updated_bc.exe</span>,
and is located in </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>$WRFDA_DIR/var/build</span>.</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>To run</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>da_update_bc.exe</span>, follow the steps below:</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; cd
$WRFDA_DIR/var/test/update_bc<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; cp
–p $DAT_DIR/rc/2008020512/wrfbdy_d01 . <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>(IMPORTANT: make a copy of </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>wrfbdy_d01</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt'>, as the </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>wrf_bdy_file</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt'> will be overwritten by </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>da_update_bc.exe</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt'>)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; vi
parame.in<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;control_param<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>da_file<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>            </span>= './wrfvar_output'<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>da_file_02<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>         </span>=<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>‘./ana02’<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>wrf_bdy_file<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>       </span>= './wrfbdy_d01'<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>wrf_input<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>          </span>=
'$DAT_DIR/rc/2008020512/wrfinput_d01'<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>domain_id<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>          </span>= 1<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>cycling = .false. </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt'>(set to .true. if first guess comes from a previous WRF forecast.)</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>debug<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>=
.true.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>low_bdy_only = .false.<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>             </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>update_lsm = .false. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>var4d_lbc =<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>.false.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln
–sf $WRFDA_DIR/var/da/da_update_bc.exe .<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt;
./da_update_bc.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>At this stage,
you should have the files </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>wrfvar_output</span>
and </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>wrfbdy_d01</span> in your
WRFDA working directory. They are the WRFDA updated initial condition and boundary
condition for any subsequent WRF model runs. To use, link a copy of </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>wrfvar_output</span> and </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>wrfbdy_d01</span> to </span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>wrfinput_d01</span> and </span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>wrfbdy_d01</span>, respectively, in your WRF working directory.</span></p>

<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></h3>

<p class=MsoBodyText style='mso-prop-change:"NCAR MMM" 20120312T0958'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'>If you activate the </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"'>var4d_lbc </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'>option in a WRF 4D-Var run, you should also
copy/link the </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"'>ana02</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> file from the WRFDA working directory to the </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"'>da_update_bc</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> working directory and set the </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"'>var4d_lbc</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> variable to TRUE in </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"'>parame.in</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'>. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoBodyText><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>Starting with V3.2, some changes
were made to </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
font-weight:normal'>da_update_bc</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'> to address some issues related to
sea-ice and snow change during cycling runs, and radiance data assimilation.
The new settings in </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";font-weight:normal'>parame.in</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:
normal'> are introduced as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>

<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></h3>

<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>Note:<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>for backward compatibility, the pre-V3.2 </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";font-weight:normal'>parame.in</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";font-weight:normal'>,</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:
normal'> mentioned above, still works with V3.2+ </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";font-weight:normal'>da_update_bc</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:
normal'>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>

<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></h3>

<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier;font-weight:normal'>&amp;control_param<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>

<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier;font-weight:normal'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>da_file<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>            </span>= '../tutorial/wrfvar_output'<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>

<p class=MsoBodyText><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>da_file_02<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>        
</span>=<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>‘./ana02’</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier;font-weight:normal'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>wrf_bdy_file<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>       </span>= './wrfbdy_d01'<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>

<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier;font-weight:normal'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>wrf_input<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>          </span>=
'$DAT_DIR/rc/2008020512/wrfinput_d01'<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>

<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier;font-weight:normal'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>domain_id<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>          </span>= 1<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>

<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier;font-weight:normal'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>debug<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>              </span>= .true.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>

<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier;font-weight:normal'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>update_lateral_bdy = .true.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>

<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier;font-weight:normal'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>update_low_bdy<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     </span>= .true.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>

<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier;font-weight:normal'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>update_lsm<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>         </span>= .false.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>

<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier;font-weight:normal'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>iswater<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>            </span>= 16<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>

<p class=MsoBodyText><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>var4d_lbc<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>          </span>= .false.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier;font-weight:normal'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>

<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier;font-weight:normal'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></h3>

<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier;font-weight:normal'>update_lateral_bdy</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:
normal'> is required only for domain 1.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>

<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
font-weight:normal'>update_low_bdy </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>is needed for
all domains if running in cycling mode.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>

<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
font-weight:normal'>iswater</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'> (water point index) is 16 for USGS
LANDUSE and 17 for MODIS LANDUSE.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>

<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></h3>

<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>If in cycling mode</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:
normal'> (especially if you are doing radiance data assimilation and there are
SEA ICE and SNOW in your domain), it is recommended that </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>before</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:
normal'> you run WRFDA, you run </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
font-weight:normal'>da_update_bc.exe</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'> with the
following namelist options:<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>

<p class=MsoBodyText><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier;font-weight:normal'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>update_lateral_bdy = .false.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>

<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier;font-weight:normal'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>update_low_bdy<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     </span>= .true. <o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>

<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier;font-weight:normal'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></h3>

<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>This creates a lower-boundary</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> updated </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:
normal'>first guess (</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
font-weight:normal'>da_file</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'> will be overwritten by </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";font-weight:normal'>da_update_bc</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:
normal'>). Then, after WRFDA has finished, run </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";font-weight:normal'>da_update_bc.exe</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:
normal'> again with the following namelist options:</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
Courier;font-weight:normal'><o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>

<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></h3>

<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier;font-weight:normal'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>update_lateral_bdy = .true.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>

<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier;font-weight:normal'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>update_low_bdy<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     </span>= .false.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>

<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></h3>

<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>This updates the lateral boundary
conditions (</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
font-weight:normal'>wrf_bdy_file</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'> will be overwritten by </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";font-weight:normal'>da_update_bc</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:
normal'>).<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>

<p class=MsoBodyText><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoBodyText><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<h3><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><a name="_Running_gen_be_1"></a>Running
gen_be</span></h3>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Starting with
WRFDA version 3.1, users have three choices to define the background error
covariance (BE). We call them CV3, CV5, and CV6 . With CV3 and CV5, the background
errors are applied to the same set of the control variables, stream function,
unbalanced potential velocity, unbalanced temperature, unbalanced surface
pressure, and pseudo-relative-humidity. However, for CV6 the moisture control
variable is the unbalanced part of pseudo-relative-humidity. With CV3, the
control variables are in physical space while with CV5 and CV6, the control
variables are in eigenvector space. The major difference between these two
kinds of BE is the vertical covariance; CV3 uses the vertical recursive filter
to model the vertical covariance but CV5 and CV6 use an empirical orthogonal
function (EOF) to represent the vertical covariance. The recursive filters to
model the horizontal covariance are also different with these BEs. We have not
conducted the systematic comparison of the analyses based on these BEs.
However, CV3 (a BE file provided with our WRFDA system) is a global BE and can
be used for any regional domain, while CV5 and CV6 BE’s are domain-dependent,
which should be generated based on the forecast data from the same domain. At
this time, it is hard to tell which BE is better; the impact on analysis may
vary from case to case.</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>CV3 is the NCEP
background error covariance. It is estimated in grid space by what has become
known as the NMC method (Parrish and Derber 1992) . The statistics are estimated
with the differences of 24 and 48-hour GFS forecasts with T170 resolution,
valid at the same time for 357 cases, distributed over a period of one year.
Both the amplitudes and the scales of the background error have to be tuned to
represent the forecast error in the estimated fields. The statistics that
project multivariate relations among variables are also derived from the NMC
method.</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>The variance of
each variable, and the variance of its second derivative, are used to estimate
its horizontal scales. For example, the horizontal scales of the stream
function can be estimated from the variance of the vorticity and stream
function.</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>The vertical
scales are estimated with the vertical correlation of each variable. A table is
built to cover the range of vertical scales for the variables. The table is
then used to find the scales in vertical grid units. The filter profile and the
vertical correlation are fitted locally. The scale of the best fit from the
table is assigned as the scale of the variable at that vertical level for each
latitude. Note that the vertical scales are locally defined so that the
negative correlation further away, in the vertical direction, is not included.</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Theoretically,
CV3 BE is a generic background error statistics file, which can be used for any
case. It is quite straightforward to use CV3 in your own case. To use the CV3
BE file in your case, set </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>cv_options=3</span>
in </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar7 </span>in </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>namelist.input</span> in your working directory, and use the </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>be.dat</span> is located in </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/run/be.dat.cv3</span>.</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>To use CV5 or CV6
background error covariance, it is necessary to generate your domain-specific
background error statistics with the </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>gen_be</span>
utility. The background error statistics file, supplied with the tutorial test
case, can NOT be used for your applications. </span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>The Fortran main
programs for </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>gen_be</span>
can be found in </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/gen_be</span>.
The executables of </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>gen_be</span>
should have been created when you compiled the WRFDA code (as described
earlier). The scripts to run these codes are in </span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/scripts/gen_be</span>. </span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>The input data
for </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>gen_be</span>
are WRF forecasts, which are used to generate model perturbations, used as a
proxy for estimates of forecast error. For the NMC-method, the model perturbations
are differences between forecasts (e.g. T+24 minus T+12 is typical for regional
applications, T+48 minus T+24 for global) valid at the same time.
Climatological estimates of background error may then be obtained by averaging
these forecast differences over a period of time (e.g. one month). Given input
from an ensemble prediction system (EPS), the inputs are the ensemble
forecasts, and the model perturbations created are the transformed ensemble
perturbations. The gen_be code has been designed to work with either forecast
difference or ensemble-based perturbations. The former is illustrated in this
tutorial example.</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>It is important
to include forecast differences, from at least 00Z and 12Z through the period,
to remove the diurnal cycle (i.e. do not run </span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>gen_be</span> using just 00Z or 12Z
model perturbations alone).</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>The inputs to </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>gen_be</span> are netCDF
WRF forecast output (&quot;wrfout&quot;) files at specified forecast ranges. To
avoid unnecessary large single data files, it is assumed that all forecast
ranges are output to separate files. For example, if we wish to calculate BE
statistics using the NMC-method with (T+24)-(T+12) forecast differences
(default for regional) then by setting the WRF </span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>namelist.input</span> options </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>history_interval=720</span>, and </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>frames_per_outfile=1</span> we get the necessary
output datasets. Then the forecast output files should be arranged as follows:
directory name is the forecast initial time, time info in the file name is the
forecast valid time. </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>2008020512/wrfout_d01_2008-02-06_00:00:00</span>
means a 12-hour forecast valid at </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>2008020600,</span>
initialized at </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>2008020512</span>.</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Example dataset
for a test case (90 x 60 x 41 gridpoints) can be downloaded from </span><a
href="http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html"><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>.
Untar the </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>gen_be_forecasts_20080205.tar.gz</span>
file. You will have:</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&gt;ls $FC_DIR<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rw-r--r--<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>1<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  
</span>users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>11556492
2008020512/wrfout_d01_2008-02-06_00:00:00<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rw-r--r--<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>1<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  
</span>users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>11556492
2008020512/wrfout_d01_2008-02-06_12:00:00<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rw-r--r--<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>1<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  
</span>users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>11556492
2008020600/wrfout_d01_2008-02-06_12:00:00<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rw-r--r--<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>1<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  
</span>users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>11556492
2008020600/wrfout_d01_2008-02-07_00:00:00<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rw-r--r--<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>1<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  
</span>users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>11556492
2008020612/wrfout_d01_2008-02-07_00:00:00<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rw-r--r--<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>1<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  
</span>users<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>11556492
2008020612/wrfout_d01_2008-02-07_12:00:00<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>In the above
example, only 1 day (12Z 05 Feb to 12Z 06 Feb. 2002) of forecasts, every 12
hours is supplied to </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>gen_be_wrapper</span>
to estimate forecast error covariance. It is only for demonstration. The
minimum number of forecasts required depends on the application, number of grid
points, etc. Month-long (or longer) datasets are typical for the NMC-method.
Generally, at least a 1-month dataset should be used.</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Under </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/scripts/gen_be</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>, </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>gen_be_wrapper.ksh</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'> </span>is used to generate the BE data. The following
variables need to be set to fit your case:</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>export
WRFVAR_DIR=/users/noname/work/code/trunk/phoenix_g95_opt/WRFDA<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>export
START_DATE=2008020612<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span># the first
perturbation valid date<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>export
END_DATE=2008020700<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span># the last
perturbation valid date<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>export
NUM_LEVELS=40<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>          </span># e_vert - 1<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>export
BIN_TYPE=5<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>export FC_DIR=/users/noname/work/exps/friendlies/expt/fc
# where wrf forecasts are<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>export
RUN_DIR=/users/noname/work/exps/friendlies/gen_be${BIN_TYPE}<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Note</b>: The START_DATE and END_DATE are
perturbation valid dates. As shown in the forecast list above, when you have
24-hour and 12-hour forecasts initialized at 2008020512, through 2008020612,
the first and final forecast difference valid dates are 2008020612 and
2008020700, respectively.</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Note</b>: The forecast dataset should be
located in </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$FC_DIR</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>.</span> Then type:</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt;
gen_be_wrapper.ksh<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Once the </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>gen_be_wrapper.ksh</span> run is completed, the </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>be.dat</span> can be found under the </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$RUN_DIR</span> directory.</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>To get a clear
idea about what is included in </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>be.dat</span>,
the script </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>gen_be_plot_wrapper.ksh</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> </span>may be used.<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>This plots</span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'> </span>various data in </span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>be.dat</span>; for example: </span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1042"
 type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:363.75pt;height:369pt' filled="t">
 <v:fill color2="black"/>
 <v:imagedata src="users_guide_chap6_files/image011.png" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=364 height=369
src="users_guide_chap6_files/image012.png" v:shapes="_x0000_i1042"><![endif]></span></p>

</div>

<span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
\5B8B\4F53;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-language:
AR-SA'><br clear=all style='page-break-before:auto;mso-break-type:section-break'>
</span>

<div class=WordSection2></div>

<span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
\5B8B\4F53;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-language:
AR-SA'><br clear=all style='page-break-before:auto;mso-break-type:section-break'>
</span>

<div class=WordSection3>

<h3><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><a
name="_Running_Observation_Preprocessor"></a><a name="_Running_WRF-Var"></a><a
name="_WRF-Var_Diagnostics"></a><a name="_Updating_WRF_lateral"></a><a
name=Schedule></a><a name=setup></a><a name=diagnostics></a><a
name="_Additional_WRF-Var_Exercises%2525252525"></a><a
name="_Additional_WRFDA_Exercises:"></a><a name="_Additional_WRFDA_Exercises:_1"></a>Additional
WRFDA Exercises:</span></h3>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'>a. Single Observation response in WRFDA: <o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>With the single observation test,
you may get some ideas of how the background and observation error statistics
work in the model variable space. A single observation test is done in WRFDA by
setting </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>num_pseudo=1,</span>
along with other pre-specified values in record </span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar15</span> and </span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar19</span> of </span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>namelist.input</span>,</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>With the settings shown below,
WRFDA generates a single observation with a pre-specified <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'>innovation</i> (Observation – First Guess) value at the desired
location; e.g. at (in terms of grid coordinate) 23x23, level 14 for “U”
observation with error characteristics 1 m/s, and innovation size = 1.0 m/s. </span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar15<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>num_pseudo
= 1,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>pseudo_x
= 23.0,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>pseudo_y
= 23.0,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>pseudo_z
= 14.0,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>pseudo_err
= 1.0,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>pseudo_val
= 1.0,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar19<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>pseudo_var
= “u”, (Note: pseudo_var can be u, v, t, p, q. </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt'><br>
</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>If
pseudo_var is q, then the reasonable values of pseudo_err and pseudo_val are
0.001)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Note: You may wish to repeat this
exercise for other observations, like temperature “t”, pressure “p”, specific
humidity “q”, and so on. </span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'>b. Response of BE length scaling parameter:<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Run the single observation test
with the following additional parameters in record </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar7</span> of </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>namelist.input.</span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar7<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>len_scaling1
= 0.5, # reduce psi length scale by 50%<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>len_scaling2
= 0.5, # reduce chi_u length scale by 50%<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>len_scaling3
= 0.5, # reduce T length scale by 50%<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>len_scaling4
= 0.5, # reduce q length scale by 50%<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>len_scaling5
= 0.5, # reduce Ps length scale by 50%<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'>Note</b>: You may wish to try the response of an individual variable by
setting one parameter at a time. Note the spread of analysis increment.</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'>c. Response of changing BE variance: <o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Run the single observation test
with the following additional parameters in record </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar7</span> of </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>namelist.input.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar7<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>var_scaling1
= 0.25,<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span># reduce psi variance by 75%<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>var_scaling2
= 0.25,<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span># reduce chi_u variance by 75%<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>var_scaling3
= 0.25,<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span># reduce T variance by 75%<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>var_scaling4
= 0.25,<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span># reduce q variance by 75%<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>var_scaling5
= 0.25,<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span># reduce Ps variance by 75%<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'>Note</b>: You may wish to try the response of individual variable by
setting one parameter at a time. Note the magnitude of analysis increments.</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'>d. Response of convergence criteria:<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Run the tutorial case with </span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar6<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>eps =
0.0001,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>You may wish to compare various
diagnostics with an earlier run. </span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'>e. Response of outer loop on minimization: <o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>Run the tutorial case with</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar6<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>max_ext_its
= 2,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>With this setting, the “outer
loop” for the minimization procedure will be activated. You may wish to compare
various diagnostics with an earlier run. </span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'>Note: </b>The<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'> </b>Maximum
permissible value for “</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>MAX_EXT_ITS</span>”
is 10.</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'>f. Response of suppressing particular types of data in WRFDA:<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>The types of observations that
WRFDA gets to use actually depend on what is included in the observation file
and the WRFDA namelist settings. For example, if you have SYNOP data in the
observation file, you can suppress its usage in WRFDA by setting </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>use_synopobs=false</span> in record </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar4</span> of </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.input</span>. It is OK if there are no
SYNOP data in the observation file and </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>use_synopobs=true</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Turning on and off certain types
of observations is widely used for assessing the impact of observations on data
assimilations.</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'>Note</b>: It is important to go through the default “use_*” settings in
record </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar4</span>
in </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/Registry/Registry.wrfvar</span>
to know what observations are activated in default.</span></p>

<h3><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><a
name="_Hybrid_Data_Assimilation"></a><a name="_Hybrid_Data_Assimilation_1"></a><a
name="_WRFDA_with_Multivariate_1"></a><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></h3>

<h3><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><a
name="_WRFDA_with_Multivariate_2"></a>WRFDA with Multivariate Background Error
(MBE) Statistics</span></h3>

<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt;
text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>A
new control variable option to implement multivariate background error (MBE)
statistics in WRFDA has been introduced. It may be activated by setting the
namelist variable </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>cv_options=6</span>.
This option introduces six additional correlation coefficients in the definition
of the balanced part of analysis control variables. Thus with this implementation,
moisture analysis is multivariate, in the sense that temperature and wind may
lead to moisture increments, and vise-versa. The gen_be utility has also been
updated to compute the desired MBE statistics required for this option. The
updates include basic source code, scripts, and graphics to display some
important diagnostics about MBE statistics. Further details may be seen at: </span><a
href="http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/Docs/WRFDA_updated_for_cv6.pdf"><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/Docs/WRFDA_updated_for_cv6.pdf</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>
</span></p>

<p style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>a. How to generate multivariate background
error statistics for WRFDA</b></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:13.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Multivariate background error
statistics for WRFDA is generated by executing a top-level script, </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>gen_be/wrapper_gen_be_gsi.ksh</span>, residing under </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>SCRIPTS_DIR</span> via a suitable wrapper script. The rest of the
procedure remains the same as with normal running of the </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>gen_be</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'> </span>utility.<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>
</b>A<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'> </b>successful run will create a </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>be.dat</span> file in the </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>RUN_DIR</span> directory.<b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>b. How to run WRFDA with multivariate
background error statistics<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>After successfully generating the
multivariate background error statistics file </span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>be.dat</span>,
the procedure for running WRFDA is straight-forward. If WRFDA is run through
the wrapper script, suitably declare the namelist variable </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>NL_CV_OPTIONS=6</span> in the “wrapper” script. If WRFDA is run
directly (by executing </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>da_wrfvar.exe</span>), then
include </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>cv_options=6</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt'> </span>in
the </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.input</span> file under the </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>&amp;wrfvar7</span> list of namelist options.</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'>c. How to tune multivariate background error statistics in running
WRFDA<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Below
is a list of nine tuning parameters available in WRFDA. Default values for
these variables are set as “1.0”. Setting corresponding values &gt; 1.0 (&lt;
1.0) will increase (decrease) the corresponding contributions as described in
the following Table:</span></p>

<table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='margin-left:2.35pt;border-collapse:collapse;mso-table-layout-alt:fixed;
 mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;height:10.3pt'>
  <td width=156 valign=top style='width:117.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  border-right:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
  height:10.3pt'>
  <p align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;
  layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Variable name<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=429 valign=top style='width:322.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:10.3pt'>
  <p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-83.7pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:
  0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
  style='mso-spacerun:yes'>                            </span>Description<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'>
  <td width=156 valign=top style='width:117.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:"Courier New"'>psi_chi_factor<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=429 valign=top style='width:322.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;layout-grid-mode:
  char'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Parameter to control
  contribution of stream function in defining balanced part of velocity
  potential</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'>
  <td width=156 valign=top style='width:117.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:"Courier New"'>psi_t_factor<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=429 valign=top style='width:322.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;layout-grid-mode:
  char'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Parameter to control
  contribution of stream function in defining balanced part of temperature</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3'>
  <td width=156 valign=top style='width:117.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:"Courier New"'>psi_ps_factor<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=429 valign=top style='width:322.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;layout-grid-mode:
  char'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Parameter to control
  contribution of stream function in defining balanced part of surface pressure</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4'>
  <td width=156 valign=top style='width:117.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:"Courier New"'>psi_rh_factor<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=429 valign=top style='width:322.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;layout-grid-mode:
  char'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Parameter to control
  contribution of stream function in defining balanced part of moisture</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5'>
  <td width=156 valign=top style='width:117.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:"Courier New"'>chi_u_t_factor<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=429 valign=top style='width:322.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;layout-grid-mode:
  char'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Parameter to control
  contribution of unbalanced part of velocity potential in defining balanced
  part of temperature</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:6'>
  <td width=156 valign=top style='width:117.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:"Courier New"'>chi_u_ps_factor<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=429 valign=top style='width:322.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;layout-grid-mode:
  char'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Parameter to control
  contribution of unbalanced part of velocity potential in defining balanced
  part of surface pressure</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:7'>
  <td width=156 valign=top style='width:117.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:"Courier New"'>chi_u_rh_factor<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=429 valign=top style='width:322.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;layout-grid-mode:
  char'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Parameter to control
  contribution of unbalanced part of velocity potential in defining balanced
  part of moisture</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:8'>
  <td width=156 valign=top style='width:117.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:"Courier New"'>t_u_rh_factor<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=429 valign=top style='width:322.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;layout-grid-mode:
  char'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Parameter to control
  contribution of unbalanced part of temperature in defining balanced part of
  moisture</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:9;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
  <td width=156 valign=top style='width:117.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:"Courier New"'>ps_u_rh_factor<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
  <td width=429 valign=top style='width:322.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;layout-grid-mode:
  char'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Parameter to control
  contribution of unbalanced part of surface pressure in defining balanced part
  of moisture</span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>
 </tr>
</table>

<h3><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><a name="_WRF-Var_Diagnostics_1"></a><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></h3>

<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:13.5pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
\5B8B\4F53;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-language:
AR-SA'><br clear=all style='page-break-before:always'>
</span></b>

<h3><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>WRFDA Diagnostics</span></h3>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>WRFDA produces a number of
diagnostic files that contain useful information on how the data assimilation
has performed. This section will introduce you to some of these files, and what
to look for.</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>After running
WRFDA, it is important to check a number of output files to see if the assimilation
appears sensible. The WRFDA package, which includes several useful scripts, may
be downloaded from </span><a
href="http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/tools.html"><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/tools.html</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></p>

<p style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>The
content of some useful diagnostic files are as follows:</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>cost_fn</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> </span></i>and</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> </span></i></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>grad_fn</span>: These files hold (in ASCII format)
WRFDA cost and gradient function values, respectively, for the first and last
iterations. If you run with </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>PRINT_DETAIL_GRAD=true</span>,
however, these values will be listed for each iteration; this can be helpful
for visualization purposes. The NCL script </span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl/plot_cost_grad_fn.ncl</span> may be
used to plot the content of </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>cost_fn</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> </span>and</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>grad_fn</span>, if these files are generated with </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>PRINT_DETAIL_GRAD=true</span>. </span></p>

</div>

<span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
\5B8B\4F53;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-language:
AR-SA'><br clear=all style='page-break-before:auto;mso-break-type:section-break'>
</span>

<div class=WordSection4>

<p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1043"
 type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:198pt;height:187.5pt' filled="t">
 <v:fill color2="black"/>
 <v:imagedata src="users_guide_chap6_files/image013.png" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=198 height=188
src="users_guide_chap6_files/image014.png" v:shapes="_x0000_i1043"><![endif]></b></span></p>

<p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1044"
 type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:198pt;height:193.5pt' filled="t">
 <v:fill color2="black"/>
 <v:imagedata src="users_guide_chap6_files/image015.png" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=198 height=194
src="users_guide_chap6_files/image016.png" v:shapes="_x0000_i1044"><![endif]><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

</div>

<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:\5B8B\4F53;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'><br
clear=all style='page-break-before:auto;mso-break-type:section-break'>
</span></b>

<div class=WordSection5>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'>Note:</b> Make sure that you remove the first two lines (header) in </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>cost_fn</span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>
</i>and </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>grad_fn</span><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'> </i>before you plot<i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'>. </i><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>You also need to specify
the directory name for these two files. </span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>gts_omb_oma_01</span>: It
contains (in ASCII format) information on all of the observations used by the
WRFDA run. Each observation has its observed value, quality flag, observation
error, observation minus background (OMB), and observation minus analysis
(OMA). This information is very useful for both analysis and forecast
verification purposes.</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.input</span>:<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>This is the WRFDA input namelist file, which
contains all the user-defined non-default options. Any namelist-defined options
that do not appear in this file should have their names checked against the
values in </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$WRFDA_DIR/Registry/Registry.wrfvar</span>.
</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.output</span>: A
consolidated list of all the namelist options used.<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>rsl*</span>:<i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'> </i>Files containing information for standard WRFDA output from
individual processors when multiple processors are used. It contains a host of
information on a number of observations, minimization, timings, etc. Additional
diagnostics may be printed in these files by including various “print” WRFDA
namelist options. To learn more about these additional “print” options, search
for the “print_” string in </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$WRFDA_DIR/Registry/Registry.wrfvar</span>.</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>statistics</span>: Text file
containing OMB (OI) and OMA (OA) statistics (minimum, maximum, mean and
standard deviation) for each observation type and variable. This information is
very useful in diagnosing how WRFDA has used different components of the observing
system. Also contained are the analysis minus background (A-B) statistics, i.e.
statistics of the analysis increments for each model variable at each model
level. This information is very useful in checking the range of analysis
increment values found in the analysis, and where they are in the WRF-model
grid space.</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>The WRFDA analysis file is </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>wrfvar_output</span>. It is in WRF (netCDF) format.
It will become the<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>input file </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New"'>wrfinput_d01</span> of any subsequent WRF run after lateral
boundary and/or lower boundary conditions are updated by another WRFDA utility
(See the section </span><a href="#_Updating_WRF_Boundary"><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Updating WRF boundary conditions</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>).</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>An NCL script, </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$WRFDA_DIR/var/graphics/ncl/WRF-Var_plot.ncl</span>,
is provided for plotting. You need to specify the </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>analsyis_file</span> name, its full path, etc.
Please see the in-line comments in the script for details.<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>As an example, if you are aiming
to display the U-component of the analysis at level 18, execute the following
command after modifying the script </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/graphcs/ncl/WRF-Var_plot.ncl</span>,
and make sure the following pieces of codes are uncommented:</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>var =
&quot;U&quot;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>fg =
first_guess-&gt;U<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>an =
analysis-&gt;U<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>plot_data
= an<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>When you execute the following
command from </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$WRFDA_DIR/var/graphics/ncl</span>.
</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>           </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ncl WRF-Var_plot.ncl<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>The plot should look like:</span></p>

<p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
 id="_x0000_i1045" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:198pt;height:168.75pt'
 filled="t">
 <v:fill color2="black"/>
 <v:imagedata src="users_guide_chap6_files/image017.png" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=198 height=169
src="users_guide_chap6_files/image018.png" v:shapes="_x0000_i1045"><![endif]></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>You may change the variable name,
level, etc. in this script to display the variable of your choice at the
desired eta level.</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Take time to look through the
text output files to ensure you understand how WRFDA works. For example:</span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>How
closely has WRFDA fit individual observation types? Look at the </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>statistics</span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'> </i>file to compare the O-B and O-A statistics.</span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>How big
are the analysis increments? Again, look in the </span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>statistics</span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'> </i>file
to see minimum/maximum values of A-B for each variable at various levels. It
will give you a feel for the impact of the input observation data you
assimilated via WRFDA by modifying the input analysis first guess. </span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>How long
did WRFDA take to converge? Does it really converge?<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>You will get the answers of all these
questions by looking into </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>rsl</span>-files,
as it indicates the number of iterations taken by WRFDA to converge. If this is
the same as the maximum number of iterations specified in the namelist (</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>NTMAX</span>), or its default value (=200) set in </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$WRFDA_DIR/Registry/Registry.wrfvar</span>, then it
means that the analysis solution did not converge. If this is the case, you may
need to increase the value of “</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>NTMAX</span>”
and rerun your case to ensure that the convergence is achieved. On the other
hand, a normal WRFDA run should usually converge within 100 iterations. If it
still doesn’t converge in 200 iterations, that means there may be a problem in
the observations or first guess.</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>A good way to visualize the
impact of assimilation of observations is to plot the analysis increments (i.e.
analysis minus the first guess difference). Many different graphics packages
(e.g. RIP4, NCL, GRADS etc) can do this. The plot of level 18 theta increments
below was produced using this particular NCL script. This script is located at </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$WRFDA_DIR/var/graphics/ncl/WRF-Var_plot.ncl</span>.</span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>You need to modify this script to
fix the full path for </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>first_guess
</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>and</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'> analysis</span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>
</i>files. You may also use it to modify the display level by setting </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>kl</span> and the name of the variable to display
by setting </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>var</span>.
Further details are given in this script. </span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>If you are aiming to display the
increment of potential temperature at level 18, after modifying </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$WRFDA_DIR/var/graphcs/ncl/WRF-Var_plot.ncl</span>,
make sure the following pieces of code are uncommented:</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>var =
&quot;T&quot;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>fg =
first_guess-&gt;T ;Theta- 300<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>an =
analysis-&gt;T<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span>;Theta- 300<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>plot_data
= an - fg<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>When you execute the following
command from </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA_DIR/var/graphics/ncl</span>.
</span></p>

<p style='text-indent:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ncl
WRF-Var_plot.ncl<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>The plot created will look as
follows:</span></p>

<p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
 id="_x0000_i1046" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:207pt;height:171.75pt'
 filled="t">
 <v:fill color2="black"/>
 <v:imagedata src="users_guide_chap6_files/image019.png" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=207 height=172
src="users_guide_chap6_files/image020.png" v:shapes="_x0000_i1046"><![endif]></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Note: Larger analysis increments
indicate a larger data impact in the corresponding region of the domain.</span></p>

<h3 style='page-break-after:avoid'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><a
name="_Hybrid_Data_Assimilation_2"></a><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></h3>

<h3 style='page-break-after:avoid'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Hybrid
Data Assimilation in WRFDA</span></h3>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>The WRFDA system
also includes a hybrid data assimilation technique, which is based on the
existing 3D-Var. The difference between hybrid and 3D-Var schemes is that
3D-Var relies solely on a static covariance model to specify the background
errors, while the hybrid system uses a combination of 3D-Var static error
covariances and ensemble-estimated error covariances to incorporate a
flow-dependent estimate of the background error statistics. Please refer to
Wang et al. (2008a,b) for a detailed description of the methodology used in the
WRF hybrid system. The following section will give a brief introduction of some
aspects of using the hybrid system.</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>a. Source Code<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Four executables
are used in the hybrid system. If you have successfully compiled the WRFDA
system, you will see the following:</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/build/gen_be_ensmean.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/build/gen_be_ep2.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/build/da_wrfvar.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/build/gen_be_vertloc.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>gen_be_ensmean.exe</span>
is used to calculate the ensemble mean, while </span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>gen_be_ep2.exe</span> is used to
calculate the ensemble perturbations. </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>gen_be_vertloc.exe</span>
is used for vertical localization. As with 3D-Var/4D-Var, </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>da_wrfvar.exe</span> is
the main WRFDA program. However, in this case, </span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>da_wrfvar.exe</span> will run in the
hybrid mode.</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>b. Running The Hybrid System<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>The procedure is
the same as running 3D-Var/4D-Var, with the exception of some extra input files
and namelist settings. The basic input files for WRFDA are LANDUSE.TBL, </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>ob.ascii</span> or </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>ob.bufr</span> (depending
on which observation format you use), and </span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>be.dat</span> (static background
errors). Additional input files required by the hybrid are a single ensemble
mean file (used as the fg for the hybrid application) and a set of ensemble
perturbation files (used to represent flow-dependent background errors). </span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>A set of initial
ensemble members must be prepared before the hybrid application can be started.
The ensemble can be obtained from other ensemble model outputs, or you can generate
them yourself. This can be done, for example, adding random noise to the
initial conditions at a previous time and integrating each member to the
desired time. A tutorial case with a test ensemble can be found at </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span><a
href="http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/Tutorials/2011_July/data/wrfda_hybrid_testdata.tar.gz"><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.5pt'>http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/Tutorials/2011_July/data/wrfda_hybrid_testdata.tar.gz</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'>.</span> In this example, the ensemble forecasts were
initialized at 2006102712 and valid 2006102800.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>A hybrid analysis at 2006102800 will be performed using the ensemble
valid 2006102800 as input. Once you have the initial ensemble, the ensemble
mean and perturbations can be calculated following the steps below:</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>1)<span style='mso-tab-count:1'>   </span>Set
an environment variable for your working directory and your data directory</span></p>

<p class=bodytext style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt;
setenv WORK_DIR <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>your_hybrid_path</i><br>
&gt; setenv DAT_DIR <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>your_data_path<br>
</i>&gt; cd $WORK_DIR<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>2)<span style='mso-tab-count:1'>   </span>Calculate
the ensemble mean</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l12 level1 lfo8'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>a)<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]>From
your working directory, copy or link the ensemble forecasts to your working
directory. The ensemble members are identified by three-digit numbers following
the valid time. </span></p>

<p class=bodytext style='margin-left:.75in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln –sf $DAT_DIR/Hybrid/fc/2006102712/wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00.e*
.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l12 level1 lfo8'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>b)<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]>Provide
two template files<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>(ensemble mean and
variance files) in your working directory.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>These files will be overwritten with the ensemble mean and variance as
discussed below.</span></p>

<p class=bodytext style='margin-left:.75in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
class=bodytextChar><span lang=PT-BR style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
PT-BR'>&gt; cp $DAT_DIR/Hybrid/fc/2006102712/</span></span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span class=bodytextChar><span lang=PT-BR
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:PT-BR'>.e001 ./</span></span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span class=bodytextChar><span lang=PT-BR
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:PT-BR'>.mean <br>
&gt; cp $DAT_DIR/Hybrid/fc/2006102712/</span></span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span class=bodytextChar><span lang=PT-BR
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:PT-BR'>.e001 ./</span></span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span class=bodytextChar><span lang=PT-BR
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:PT-BR'>.vari <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l12 level1 lfo8'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>c)<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]>Copy</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt'> </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>gen_be_ensmean_nl.nl</span>
(</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>cp $DAT_DIR/Hybrid/gen_be_ensmean_nl.nl .</span>)
You will need to set the information in this script as follows:</span></p>

<p class=vi><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><br>
&amp;gen_be_ensmean_nl<br>
directory = '.'<br>
filename = 'wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00'<br>
num_members = 10<br>
nv = 7<br>
cv = 'U', 'V', 'W', 'PH', 'T', 'MU', 'QVAPOR' \<br style='mso-special-character:
line-break'>
<![if !supportLineBreakNewLine]><br style='mso-special-character:line-break'>
<![endif]></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>where
</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span class=viChar><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>directory</span></span>
is the folder containing the ensemble members and template files, </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span class=viChar><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>filename</span></span> is the
name of the files before their suffixes (e.g., </span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Introduction_1'><span class=viChar><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>.mean</span></span>, </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
class=viChar><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>.vari</span></span>,
etc), </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>num_members</span> is the number of ensemble
members you are using, </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
class=viChar><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>nv</span></span>
is the number of variables, and </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>cv</span> is the name of variables
used in the hybrid system. Be sure </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
class=viChar><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>nv</span></span>
and </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span class=viChar><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>cv</span></span>
are consistent!</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l12 level1 lfo8'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>d)<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]>Link</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span class=viChar><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> gen_be_ensmean.exe</span></span>
to your working directory and run it.</span></p>

<p class=bodytext style='margin-left:.75in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln
–sf<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>$WRFDA_DIR/var/build/gen_be_ensmean.exe . <br>
&gt; ./gen_be_ensmean.exe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>Check
the output files. </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><em><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier;font-style:normal'>wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00.mean</span></em></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'> </span>is the ensemble mean; </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><em><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier;font-style:normal'>wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00.vari</span></em>
is the ensemble variance</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>3)<span style='mso-tab-count:1'>   </span>Calculate
ensemble perturbations</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l11 level1 lfo10'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>a)<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Create a sub-directory in which you will be
working to create ensemble perturbations.</span></span></p>

<p class=bodytext style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.05in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=bodytext style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.05in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.75in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; mkdir –p ./ep</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><br>
</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; cd ./ep <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=bodytext style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.05in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l11 level1 lfo10'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>b)<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>Run </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>gen_be_ep2.exe</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>.</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>The
executable requires four command-line arguments (</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>DATE</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>, </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>NUM_MEMBER</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>, </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>DIRECTORY</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>, and </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>FILENAME</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>) as shown
below for the tutorial example:</span></span></p>

<p class=bodytext style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.05in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=bodytext style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.05in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.75in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln –sf
WRFDA/var/build/gen_be_ep2.exe<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>.</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><br>
</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ./gen_be_ep2.exe<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>2006102800<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>10<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>.<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>../wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=bodytext style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.05in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l11 level1 lfo10'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
Times'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>c)<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Check the
output files. A list of binary files should now exist. Among them, </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>tmp.e*</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> are
temporary scratch files that can be removed.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>4)<span style='mso-tab-count:1'>   </span>Back
in the working directory, create the input file for vertical localization.<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>This program requires one command-line
argument: the number of vertical levels of the model configuration (same value
as </span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>e_vert</span> in the namelist; for the
tutorial example, this should be 42).</span></p>

<p class=bodytext style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:.5in'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=bodytext style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:.5in;
mso-prop-change:"Craig S" 20120313T1342'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; cd
$WORK_DIR<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=bodytext style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:.5in'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>&gt; ln –sf $WRFDA_DIR/var/build/gen_be_vertloc.exe&nbsp; &nbsp;.</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in;mso-prop-change:"Craig S" 20120313T1243'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ./gen_be_vertloc.exe 42<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-prop-change:"Craig S" 20120313T1245'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>The output is </span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New"'>./be.vertloc.dat</span> in your working directory.</span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Courier'><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'>5)<span style='mso-tab-count:1'>   </span>Run
WRFDA in hybrid mode</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l13 level1 lfo11'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>a)<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]>In
your hybrid working directory, link all the necessary files and directories as
follows: </span></p>

<p class=bodytext style='margin-left:.75in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&gt; ln
-fs ./ep/* . <br>
&gt; ln -fs ./wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00.mean ./fg <span class=style8><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>(first guess is the ensemble mean)</span> <br>
&gt; ln -fs $WRFDA_DIR/run/LANDUSE.TBL .<br>
&gt; ln -fs $DAT_DIR/Hybrid/ob/2006102800/ob.ascii ./ob.ascii (or ob.bufr)<br>
&gt; ln -fs $DAT_DIR/Hybrid/be/be.dat ./be.dat <br>
&gt; ln –fs $WRFDA_DIR/var/build/da_wrfvar.exe .<br>
&gt; cp $DAT_DIR/Hybrid/namelist.input . <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l13 level1 lfo11'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>b)<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]>Edit
</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span class=viChar><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>namelist.input</span></span>,
paying special attention to the following hybrid-related settings:</span></p>

<p class=bodytext style='margin-left:.75in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&amp;wrfvar7<br>
je_factor = 2.0<br>
/<br>
&amp;wrfvar16<br>
ensdim_alpha = 10 <br>
alphacv_method = 2<br>
alpha_corr_type=3<br>
alpha_corr_scale = 1500.0<br>
alpha_std_dev=1.000<br>
alpha_vertloc = .true.</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-family:"Times","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><br>
/ <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l13 level1 lfo11'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>c)<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]>Finally,
execute the WRFDA file, running in hybrid mode</span></p>

<p class=bodytext style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&lt;
./da_wrfvar.exe &gt;&amp;! wrfda.log<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=stylecode style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:0in;text-indent:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Check
the output files; the output file lists are the same as when you run WRF 3D</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:\5B8B\4F53'>-</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>V</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:\5B8B\4F53'>ar.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=stylecode style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=stylecode style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>c. Hybrid namelist options<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=stylecode style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:Courier'>je_factor
</span><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p class=stylecode style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>ensemble
covariance weighting factor. This factor controls the weighting component of
ensemble and static covariances. The corresponding jb_factor =
je_factor/(je_factor - 1). <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:Courier'>ensdim_alpha
</span><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p class=stylecode style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>the
number of ensemble members. <span class=style8>Hybrid mode is activated when
ensdim_alpha is larger than zero</span> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:Courier'>alphacv_method
</span><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p class=stylecode style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>1=perturbations
in control variable space (“psi”,”chi_u”,”t_u”,”rh”,”ps_u”); 2=perturbations in
model space (“u”,”v”,”t”,”q”,”ps”). Option 2 is extensively tested and
recommended to use. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:Courier'>alpha_corr_type
</span><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p class=stylecode style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>correlation
function. 1=Exponential; 2=SOAR; 3=Gaussian.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:Courier'>alpha_corr_scale
</span><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p class=stylecode style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>hybrid
covariance localization scale in km unit. Default value is 1500. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:Courier'>alpha_std_dev
</span><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p class=stylecode style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>alpha
standard deviation. Default value is 1.0 <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:Courier'>alpha_vertloc
</span><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p class=stylecode style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>for
vertical localization.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>.true.=use
vertical localization; .false.=no vertical localization <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<h3><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><a
name="_Description_of_Namelist_1"></a><a name="_Description_of_Namelist"><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></a></span></h3>

<h3><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>Description of Namelist
Variables</span></span></span></h3>

<span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist'></span>

<p class=MsoListBullet2><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>WRFDA namelist variables. </span></span></p>

<table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=614
 style='margin-left:-8.25pt;border-collapse:collapse;mso-table-layout-alt:fixed;
 mso-padding-alt:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><strong>Variable
  Names<o:p></o:p></strong></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><strong>Default
  Value<o:p></o:p></strong></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><strong>Description<o:p></o:p></strong></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'>
  <td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><strong>&amp;wrfvar1<o:p></o:p></strong></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>write_increments<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  write out a binary analysis increment file</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>var4d<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  4D-Var mode</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>var4d_lbc<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>true</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  on/off for lateral boundary control in 4D-Var</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>var4d_bin<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>3600</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>seconds,
  observation sub-window length for 4D-Var<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  
  </span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:6'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>var4d_bin_rain<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>3600</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>seconds,
  precipitation observation sub-window length for 4D-Var </span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:7;height:.25in'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;
  height:.25in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>multi_inc<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;
  height:.25in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;
  height:.25in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>&gt;
  0: multi-incremental run</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:8'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>print_detail_radar<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 rowspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;
  padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>print_detail_xxx:
  output extra (sometimes can be too many) diagnostics for debugging; not recommended
  to turn these on for production runs</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:9'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>print_detail_xa<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:10'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>print_detail_xb<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:11'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>print_detail_obs<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:12'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>print_detail_grad<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  to print out a detailed gradient of each observation type at each iteration</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:13'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>check_max_iv_print<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>true</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>obsolete
  (used only by Radar)</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:14'>
  <td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><strong>&amp;wrfvar2<o:p></o:p></strong></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:15'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>analysis_accu<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>900</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>in
  seconds, if the time difference between the namelist setting (analysis_date)
  and date info read-in from the first guess is larger than analysis_accu,
  WRFDA will issue a warning message (&quot;=======&gt; Wrong xb time
  found???&quot;), but won't abort.</span></span></p>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:16'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>calc_w_increment<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:&nbsp;
  the increment of the vertical velocity, W, will be diagnosed based on the increments
  of other fields. </span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.false.:
  the increment of the vertical velocity W is zero if no W information is
  assimilated.</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>If
  there is information on the W from observations assimilated, such as radar
  radial velocity, the W increments are always computed, whether
  calc_w_increment=true. or .false.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:17'>
  <td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><strong>&amp;wrfvar3<o:p></o:p></strong></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:18'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>fg_format<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>1</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>1: fg_format_wrf_arw_regional (default)</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>2: fg_format_wrf_nmm_regional</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>3: fg_format_wrf_arw_global</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>4: fg_format_kma_global</span></span></p>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:19'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>ob_format<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>2</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>1:
  ob_format_bufr (NCEP PREPBUFR), read in data from ob.bufr (not fully tested)</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>2:
  ob_format_ascii (output from obsproc), read in data from ob.ascii (default)</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>3:
  ob_format_madis (not tested)</span></span></p>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:20'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>num_fgat_time<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>1<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>1:
  3DVar</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>&gt;
  1: number of time slots for FGAT and 4DVAR </span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:21'>
  <td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><strong>&amp;wrfvar4<o:p></o:p></strong></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:22'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>thin_conv<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>true</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>for
  ob_format=1 (NCEP PREPBUFR) only. thinning is mandatory for ob_format=1, as
  time-duplicate data are &quot;thinned&quot; within the thinning routine; however,
  thin_conv can be set to .false. for debugging purpose.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:23'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>thin_mesh_conv <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>20.
  (max_instruments)</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>for
  ob_format=1 (NCEP PREPBUFR) only.</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>km,
  each observation type can set its thinning mesh and the index/order follows
  the definition in</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>WRFDA/var/da/da_control/da_control.f90</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:24'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>thin_rainobs<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>true</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  perform thinning on precipitation data</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:25'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_synopobs<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>true</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 rowspan=20 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;
  padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>use_xxxobs
  - .true.: assimilate xxx obs if available</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.false.:
  do not assimilate xxx obs even available</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:26'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_shipsobs<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>true</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:27'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_metarobs<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>true</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:28'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_soundobs<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>true</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:29'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_pilotobs<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>true</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:30'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_airepobs<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>true</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:31'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_geoamvobs<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>true</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:32'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_polaramvobs<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>true</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:33'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_bogusobs<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>true</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:34'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_buoyobs<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>true</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:35'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_profilerobs<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>true</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:36'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_satemobs<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>true</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:37'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_gpspwobs<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>true</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:38'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_gpsrefobs<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>true</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:39'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_qscatobs<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>true</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:40'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_radarobs<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:41'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_radar_rv<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:42'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_radar_rf<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:43'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_rainobs<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:44'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_airsretobs<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>true</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:45'>
  <td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     </span>; use_hirs2obs, use_hirs3obs,
  use_hirs4obs, use_mhsobs</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     </span>; use_msuobs, use_amsuaobs,
  use_amsubobs, use_airsobs,</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     </span>; use_eos_amsuaobs, use_hsbobs,
  use_ssmisobs are</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     </span>; radiance-related variables that only
  control if </span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     </span>; corresponding BUFR files are read into
  WRFDA or not, but</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     </span>; do not control if the data is
  assimilated or not.</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     </span>; Additional variables have to be set in
  &amp;wrfvar14 in order</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='mso-spacerun:yes'>     </span>; to assimilate radiance data.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:46'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_hirs2obs<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  to read in data from hirs2.bufr</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:47'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_hirs3obs<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  to read in data from hirs3.bufr</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:48'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_hirs4obs<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  to read in data from hirs4.bufr</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:49'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_mhsobs<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  to read in data from mhs.bufr</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:50'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_msuobs<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  to read in data from msu.bufr</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:51'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_amsuaobs<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  to read in data from amsua.bufr</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:52'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_amsubobs<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  to read in data from amsub.bufr</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:53'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_airsobs<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  to read in data from airs.bufr</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:54;height:14.85pt'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;
  height:14.85pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_eos_amsuaobs<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;
  height:14.85pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;
  height:14.85pt'>
  <p style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  to read in data from airs.bufr</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:55'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_hsbobs<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  to read in data from hsb.bufr</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:56'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_ssmisobs<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  to read in data from ssmis.bufr</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:57'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_obs_errfac<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  apply obs error tuning factors if errfac.dat is available for conventional data
  only</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:58'>
  <td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><strong>&amp;wrfvar5<o:p></o:p></strong></span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>&nbsp;</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:59'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>check_max_iv<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>true</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  reject the observations whose innovations (O-B) are<span
  style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>larger than a maximum value defined as a
  multiple of<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>the observation error for
  each observation. i.e., inv &gt; (obs_error*factor) --&gt; fails_error_max;
  the default maximum value is 5 times the observation error ; the factor of 5
  can be changed through max_error_* settings.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:60'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>max_error_t<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>5.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>maximum
  check_max_iv error check factor for t</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:61'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>max_error_uv<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>5.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>maximum
  check_max_iv error check factor for u and v</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:62'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>max_error_pw<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>5.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>maximum
  check_max_iv error check factor for precipitable water</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:63'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>max_error_ref<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>5.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>maximum
  check_max_iv error check factor for gps refractivity</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:64'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>max_error_q<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>5.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>maximum
  check_max_iv error check factor for specific humidity</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:65'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>max_error_p<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>5.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>maximum
  check_max_iv error check factor for pressure</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:66'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>max_error_thickness<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>5.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>maximum
  check_max_iv error check factor for thickness</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:67'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>max_error_rv<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>5.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>maximum
  check_max_iv error check factor for radar radial velocity</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:68'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>max_error_rf<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>5.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>maximum
  check_max_iv error check factor for radar reflectivity</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:69'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>max_error_rain<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>5.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>maximum
  check_max_iv error check factor for precipitation</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:70'>
  <td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>&amp;wrfvar6 (for minimization options)<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:71'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>max_ext_its<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>1</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>number
  of outer loops</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:72'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>ntmax<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>200</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>maximum
  number of iterations in an inner loop</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:73'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>eps<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>0.01
  (max_ext_its)</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>minimization
  convergence criterion (used dimension: max_ext_its); minimization stops when
  the norm of the gradient of the cost function gradient is reduced by a factor
  of eps. inner minimization stops either when the criterion is met or<span
  style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>when inner iterations reach ntmax.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:74'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>orthonorm_gradient<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  the gradient vectors are stored during the Conjugate Gradient for each iteration
  and used to re-orthogonalize the new gradient. This requires extra storage of
  large vectors (each one being the size of the control variable) but results
  in a better convergence of the Conjugate Gradient after around 20 iterations.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:75'>
  <td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>&amp;wrfvar7<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:76'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>cv_options<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;tab-stops:63.65pt;layout-grid-mode:
  char'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Description_of_Namelist_1'>5</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>3:
  NCEP Background Error model</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>5:
  NCAR Background Error model (default)</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>6: Use
  of multivariate background error statistics</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:77'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>as1(3)<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;tab-stops:63.65pt;layout-grid-mode:
  char'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Description_of_Namelist_1'>-1.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>tuning
  factors for variance, horizontal and vertical scales for control variable 1 =
  stream function. For cv_options=3 only. The actual default values are 0.25,
  1.0, 1.5.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:78'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>as2(3)<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;tab-stops:63.65pt;layout-grid-mode:
  char'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Description_of_Namelist_1'>-1.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>tuning
  factors for variance, horizontal and vertical scales for control variable 2 -
  unbalanced potential velocity. For cv_options=3 only. The actual default values
  are 0.25, 1.0, 1.5.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:79'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>as3(3)<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;tab-stops:63.65pt;layout-grid-mode:
  char'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Description_of_Namelist_1'>-1.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>tuning
  factors for variance, horizontal and vertical scales for control variable 3 -
  unbalanced temperature. For cv_options=3 only. The actual default values are
  0.25, 1.0, 1.5.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:80'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>as4(3) <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;tab-stops:63.65pt;layout-grid-mode:
  char'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Description_of_Namelist_1'>-1.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>tuning
  factors for variance, horizontal and vertical scales for control variable 4 -
  pseudo relative humidity. For cv_options=3 only. The actual default values
  are 0.25, 1.0, 1.5.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:81'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>as5(3)<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;tab-stops:63.65pt;layout-grid-mode:
  char'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Description_of_Namelist_1'>-1.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>tuning
  factors for variance, horizontal and vertical scales for control variable 5 -
  unbalanced surface pressure. For cv_options=3 only. The actual default values
  are 0.25, 1.0, 1.5.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:82'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>rf_passes<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>6</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>number
  of passes of recursive filter.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:83'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>var_scaling1<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>1.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>tuning
  factor of background error covariance for control variable 1 - stream function.
  For cv_options=5 only.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:84'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>var_scaling2<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>1.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>tuning
  factor of background error covariance for<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
  </span>control variable 2 - unbalanced velocity potential. For cv_options=5
  only.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:85'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>var_scaling3<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>1.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>tuning
  factor of background error covariance for control variable 3 - unbalanced
  temperature. For cv_options=5 only.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:86'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>var_scaling4<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>1.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>tuning
  factor of background error covariance for<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
  </span>control variable 4 - pseudo relative humidity. For cv_options=5 only.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:87'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>var_scaling5<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>1.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>tuning
  factor of background error covariance for<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
  </span>control variable 5 - unbalanced surface pressure. For cv_options=5
  only.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:88'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>len_scaling1<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>1.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>tuning
  factor of scale-length for stream function. For cv_options=5 only.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:89'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>len_scaling2<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>1.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>tuning
  factor of scale-length for unbalanced velocity potential. For cv_options=5
  only.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:90'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>len_scaling3<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>1.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>tuning
  factor of scale-length for unbalanced temperature. For cv_options=5 only.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:91'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>len_scaling4<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>1.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>tuning
  factor of scale-length for pseudo relative humidity. For cv_options=5 only.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:92'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>len_scaling5<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>1.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>tuning
  factor of scale-length for unbalanced surface pressure. For cv_options=5
  only.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:93'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>je_factor<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>1.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;tab-stops:61.7pt;layout-grid-mode:
  char'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Description_of_Namelist_1'>ensemble covariance weighting factor</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:94'>
  <td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>&amp;wrfvar8<span
  style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>;not used<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:95'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>&amp;wrfvar9<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>for
  program tracing. trace_use=.true. gives additional performance diagnostics (calling
  tree, local routine timings, overall routine timings, &amp; memory usage). It
  does not change results, but does add runtime overhead.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:96'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>stdout<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>6</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>unit
  number for standard output</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:97'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>stderr<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>unit
  number for error output</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:98'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>trace_unit<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>7</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>Unit
  number for tracing output.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>Note that
  units 10 and 9 are reserved for reading namelist.input and writing
  namelist.output respectively.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:99'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>trace_pe<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>Currently,
  statistics are always calculated for all processors, and output by processor
  0.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:100'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>trace_repeat_head<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>10</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>the
  number of times any trace statement will produce output for any particular routine.
  This stops overwhelming trace output when a routine is called multiple times.
  Once this limit is reached a 'going quiet' message is written to the trace
  file, and no more output is produced from the routine, though statistics are
  still gathered.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:101'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>trace_repeat_body<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>10</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>see
  trace_repeat_head description</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:102'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>trace_max_depth<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>30</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>define
  the deepest level to which tracing writes output</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:103'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>trace_use<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  activate tracing</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:104'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>trace_use_frequent<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:105'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>trace_use_dull<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:106'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>trace_memory<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>true</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  calculate allocated memory using a mallinfo call. On some platforms (Cray and
  Mac), mallinfo is not available and no memory monitoring can be done.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:107'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>trace_all_pes<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  tracing is output for all pes. As stated in trace_pe, this does not change processor
  statistics.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:108'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>trace_csv<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>true</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  tracing statistics are written to a xxxx.csv file in CSV format</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:109'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_html<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>true</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  tracing and error reporting routines will include HTML tags.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:110'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>warnings_are_fatal<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  warning messages that would normally allow the<span
  style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>program to continue are treated as fatal
  errors.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:111'>
  <td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>&amp;wrfvar10 (for code developer)</b></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:112'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>test_transforms<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  perform adjoint tests</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:113'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>test_gradient<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  perform gradient test</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:114'>
  <td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></b></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:115'>
  <td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><strong>&amp;wrfvar11<o:p></o:p></strong></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:116'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>cv_options_hum<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>&nbsp;1</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>do
  not change</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:117'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>check_rh<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>0
  --&gt; No supersaturation check after minimization.</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>1
  --&gt; supersaturation (rh&gt; 100%) and minimum rh (rh&lt;10%) check, and
  make the local adjustment of q.</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>2
  --&gt;<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>supersaturation (rh&gt; 95%)
  and minimum rh (rh&lt;11%) check and make the multi-level q adjustment under
  the constraint of conserved column integrated water vapor</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:118'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>sfc_assi_options<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>1</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>1
  --&gt;<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>surface observations will be
  assimilated based on the lowest model level first guess. Observations are not
  used when the elevation difference between the observing site and the lowest
  model level is larger than 100m.</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>2
  --&gt;<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>surface observations will be
  assimilated based on surface similarity theory in PBL. Innovations are
  computed based on 10-m wind, 2-m temperature and 2-m moisture.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:119'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>calculate_cg_cost_fn<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>conjugate
  gradient algorithm does not require the computation of cost function at every
  iteration during minimization.</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  Compute and write out cost function and gradient for each iteration into files
  </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:"Courier New"'>cost_fn</span> and </span></span><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>grad_fn</span>.</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false.:
  Only the initial and final cost functions are computed and output.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:120'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>lat_stats_option<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>do
  not change</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:121'>
  <td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><strong>&amp;wrfvar12<o:p></o:p></strong></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:122'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>balance_type<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>1</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>obsolete</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:123'>
  <td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><strong>&amp;wrfvar13<o:p></o:p></strong></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:124'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>vert_corr<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>2</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>do
  not change</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:125'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>vertical_ip<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>obsolete</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:126'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>vert_evalue<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>1</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>do
  not change</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:127;height:16.5pt'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;
  height:16.5pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>max_vert_var1<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;
  height:16.5pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>99.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;
  height:16.5pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>specify
  the maximum truncation value (percentage) to explain the variance of stream
  function in eigenvector decomposition</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:128'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>max_vert_var2<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>99.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>specify
  the maximum truncation value (percentage) to explain the<span
  style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>variance of unbalanced potential velocity
  in eigenvector decomposition</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:129'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>max_vert_var3<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>99.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>specify
  the maximum truncation value (percentage) to explain the variance of the unbalanced
  temperature in eigenvector decomposition</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:130'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>max_vert_var4<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>99.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>specify
  the maximum truncation value (percentage) to explain the variance of<span
  style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>pseudo relative humidity in eigenvector
  decomposition</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:131;height:62.55pt'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;
  height:62.55pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>max_vert_var5<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;
  height:62.55pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>99.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;
  height:62.55pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>for
  unbalanced surface pressure, it should be a non-zero positive number.</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>set
  max_vert_var5=0.0 only for offline VarBC applications.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:132;height:17.5pt'>
  <td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
  height:17.5pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>&amp;wrfvar14<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:133'>
  <td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>the
  following 4 variables (rtminit_nsensor, rtminit_platform, rtminit_satid,
  rtminit_sensor) together control what sensors to be assimilated.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:134'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>rtminit_nsensor<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>1</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>total
  number of sensors to be assimilated</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:135'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>rtminit_platform<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>-1</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>(max_instruments)</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>platforms
  IDs array (used dimension: rtminit_nsensor); e.g., 1 for NOAA, 9 for EOS, 10
  for METOP and 2 for DMSP</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:136'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;tab-stops:28.5pt;layout-grid-mode:
  char'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Description_of_Namelist_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
  12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>rtminit_satid<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>-1.0
  </span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>(max_instruments)</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>satellite
  IDs array (used dimension: rtminit_nsensor)</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:137'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>rtminit_sensor<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>&nbsp;-1.0
  </span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>(max_instruments)</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>sensor
  IDs array (used dimension: rtminit_nsensor); e.g., 0 for HIRS, 3 for AMSU-A,
  4 for AMSU-B,<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>15 for MHS, 10 for
  SSMIS, 11 for AIRS</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:138'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>rad_monitoring<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>0
  </span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>(max_instruments)</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>integer
  array (used dimension: rtminit_nsensor); 0: assimilating mode; </span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>1:
  monitoring mode (only calculate innovations)</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:139'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>thinning_mesh<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>60.0
  </span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>(max_instruments)</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>real
  array (used dimension: rtminit_nsensor); specify thinning mesh size (in km)
  for different sensors.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:140'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>thinning<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  perform thinning on radiance data</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:141'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>qc_rad<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>true</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  perform quality control. Do not change.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:142'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>write_iv_rad_ascii<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  output radiance Observation minus Background files, which are in ASCII format
  and separated by sensor and processor.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:143'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>write_oa_rad_ascii<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  output radiance Observation minus Analysis files (Observation minus
  Background information is also included), which are in ASCII format and
  separated by sensor and processor.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:144'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_error_factor_rad<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.05in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:
  0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  use a radiance error tuning factor file </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>radiance_error.factor</span>,
  which can be created with empirical values or generated using variational
  tuning method (Desroziers and Ivanov, 2001)</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:145'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_antcorr<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>(max_instruments)</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.05in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:
  0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  perform Antenna Correction in CRTM</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:146'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>rtm_option<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>1</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.05in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:
  0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>which
  RTM (Radiative Transfer Model) to use (WRFDA must be compiled with the
  desired model included, see first section for details)<br>
  1: RTTOV <br>
  2: CRTM<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:147'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>only_sea_rad<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  assimilate radiance over water only</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:148'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_varbc<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  perform Variational Bias Correction. A parameter file in ASCII format called </span></span><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>VARBC.in</span> (a
  template is provided with the source code tar ball) is required.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:149'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>freeze_varbc<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true:
  together with </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:"Courier New"'>use_varbc</span>=.false., keep the VarBC bias
  parameters constant in time. In this case, the bias correction is read and
  applied to the innovations, but it is not updated during the minimization.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:150'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;tab-stops:center 66.0pt;
  layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
  mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman"'>varbc_factor<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>1.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>for
  scaling the VarBC preconditioning</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:151'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;tab-stops:center 66.0pt;
  layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
  mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman"'>varbc_nobsmin<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>10</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>defines
  the minimum number of observations required for the computation of the
  predictor statistics during the first assimilation cycle. If there are not
  enough data (according to &quot;VARBC_NOBSMIN&quot;) on the first cycle, the
  next cycle will perform a coldstart again.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:152'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>airs_warmest_fov<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  uses the observation brightness temperature for AIRS Window channel #914 as
  criterion for GSI <span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>thinning (with a
  higher amplitude than the distance from the observation location to the
  nearest grid point).</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:153;mso-row-margin-right:226.5pt'>
  <td width=2 valign=top style='width:1.5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <p class=TableContents style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=310 colspan=6 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>
  <td style='mso-cell-special:placeholder;border:none;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'
  width=302 colspan=2><p class='MsoNormal'>&nbsp;</td>
  </span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:154'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_crtm_kmatrix<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.
  use CRTM K matrix rather than calling CRTM TL and AD routines for gradient
  calculation, which reduces runtime noticeably.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:155'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_rttov_kmatrix<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.
  use RTTOV K matrix rather than calling RTTOV TL and AD routines for gradient
  calculation, which reduces runtime noticeably.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:156'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>rttov_emis_atlas_ir<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>0:
  do not use IR emissivity atlas</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>1: use
  IR emissivity atlas (recommended)</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:157'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>rttov_emis_atlas_mw<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>0:
  do not use MW emissivity atlas</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>1: use
  TELSEM MW emissivity atlas (recommended)</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>2: use
  CNRM MW emissivity atlas</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:158'>
  <td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>&amp;wrfvar15 (needs to be set together
  with &amp;wrfvar19)<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:159'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>num_pseudo<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>Set
  the number of pseudo observations, either 0 or 1 (single ob)</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:160'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>pseudo_x<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>1.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>Set
  the x-position (I) of the OBS in unit of grid-point.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:161'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>pseudo_y<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>1.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>Set
  the y-position (J) of the OBS in unit of grid-point.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:162'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>pseudo_z<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>1.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>Set
  the z-position (K) of OBS with the vertical level index, in bottom-up order.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:163'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>pseudo_val<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>1.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>Set
  the innovation of the<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>ob; wind in m/s,
  pressure in Pa, temperature in K, specific humidity in kg/kg </span></span></p>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:164'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>pseudo_err<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>1.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>set
  the error of the pseudo ob. Unit the same as pseudo_val.; if
  pseudo_var=&quot;q&quot;, pseudo_err=0.001 is more reasonable.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:165'>
  <td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>&amp;wrfvar16 (for hybrid WRFDA/ensemble)<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:166'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>alphacv_method<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>2</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>1:
  ensemble perturbations in control variable space</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>2:
  ensemble perturbations in model variable space</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:167'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>ensdim_alpha<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>ensemble
  size</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:168'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>alpha_corr_type<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>3</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>1:
  alpha_corr_type_exp</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>2:
  alpha_corr_type_soar</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>3:
  alpha_corr_type_gaussian (default)</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:169'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>alpha_corr_scale<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>1500.0</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>km</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:170'>
  <td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>&amp;wrfvar17<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:171'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>analysis_type<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>“3D-VAR”</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>&quot;3D-VAR&quot;:
  3D-VAR mode (default);</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&quot;QC-OBS&quot;: 3D-VAR mode plus extra
  filtered_obs output; </span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>&quot;VERIFY&quot;:
  verification mode. WRFDA resets check_max_iv=.false. and ntmax=0;
  &quot;RANDOMCV&quot;: for creating ensemble perturbations</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:172'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>adj_sens<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  write out gradient of Jo for adjoint sensitivity</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:173'>
  <td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>&amp;wrfvar18 (needs to set &amp;wrfvar21
  and &amp;wrfvar22 as well if ob_format=1 and/or radiances are used)<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:174'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>analysis_date<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>“2002-08-03_00:00:00.0000”</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>specify
  the analysis time. It should be consistent with the first guess time;
  however, if time difference between analysis_date and date info read in from
  first guess is larger than analysis_accu, WRFDA will issue a warning message
  (&quot;=======&gt; Wrong xb time found???&quot;), but won't abort.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:175'>
  <td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>&amp;wrfvar19 (needs to be set together
  with &amp;wrfvar15)<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:176'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>pseudo_var<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>“t”</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>Set
  the name of the OBS variable:</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>'u' =
  X-direction component of wind,</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>'v' =
  Y-direction component of wind,</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>'t' =
  Temperature,</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>'p' =
  Pressure,</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>'q' =
  Specific humidity</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>&quot;pw&quot;:
  total precipitable water</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>&quot;ref&quot;:
  refractivity</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>&quot;ztd&quot;:
  zenith total delay</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:177'>
  <td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>&amp;wrfvar20<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:178'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>documentation_url<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>“http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/people/wrfhelp/wrfvar/code/trunk”</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:179'>
  <td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>&amp;wrfvar21<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:180'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>time_window_min<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>&quot;2002-08-02_21:00:00.0000&quot;</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;tab-stops:134.0pt;layout-grid-mode:
  char'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Description_of_Namelist_1'>start time of assimilation time window used for
  ob_format=1 and radiances to select observations inside the defined
  time_window. Note: Start from V3.1, this variable is also used for
  ob_format=2 to double-check if the obs are within the specified time window.</span></span></p>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;tab-stops:134.0pt'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:181'>
  <td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>&amp;wrfvar22<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:182'>
  <td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>time_window_max<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>&quot;2002-08-03_03:00:00.0000&quot;</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>end
  time of assimilation time window used for ob_format=1 and radiances to select
  observations inside the defined time_window. Note: this variable is also used
  for ob_format=2 to double-check if the obs are within the specified time window.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:183'>
  <td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>&amp;perturbation (settings related to
  the 4D-Var)<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:184;mso-row-margin-right:.4pt'>
  <td width=179 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:134.2pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>jcdfi_use<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=100 valign=top style='width:75.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.65pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  Include JcDF term in cost function.</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.false.:
  Ignore JcDF term in cost function.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>
  <td style='mso-cell-special:placeholder;border:none;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'
  width=1><p class='MsoNormal'>&nbsp;</td>
  </span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:185;mso-row-margin-right:.4pt'>
  <td width=179 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:134.2pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>jcdfi_diag<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=100 valign=top style='width:75.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>1</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.65pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>0:
  Doesn't print out the value of Jc.</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>1:Print
  out the value of Jc.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>
  <td style='mso-cell-special:placeholder;border:none;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'
  width=1><p class='MsoNormal'>&nbsp;</td>
  </span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:186;mso-row-margin-right:.4pt'>
  <td width=179 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:134.2pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>jcdfi_penalty<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=100 valign=top style='width:75.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>10</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.65pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>The
  weight to Jc term.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>
  <td style='mso-cell-special:placeholder;border:none;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'
  width=1><p class='MsoNormal'>&nbsp;</td>
  </span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:187;mso-row-margin-right:.4pt'>
  <td width=179 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:134.2pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>enable_identity<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=100 valign=top style='width:75.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.false.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.65pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  use identity adjoint and tangent linear model in 4D-Var.</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.false.:
  use full adjoint and tangent linear model in 4D-Var.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>
  <td style='mso-cell-special:placeholder;border:none;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'
  width=1><p class='MsoNormal'>&nbsp;</td>
  </span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:188;mso-row-margin-right:.4pt'>
  <td width=179 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:134.2pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>trajectory_io<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=100 valign=top style='width:75.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.65pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  use memory I/O in 4D-Var for data exchange</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.false.:
  use disk I/O in 4D-Var for data exchange</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>
  <td style='mso-cell-special:placeholder;border:none;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'
  width=1><p class='MsoNormal'>&nbsp;</td>
  </span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:189;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;mso-row-margin-right:.4pt'>
  <td width=179 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:134.2pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>var4d_detail_out<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=100 valign=top style='width:75.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>false</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.65pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.true.:
  output extra diagnostics for debugging 4D-Var</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>
  <td style='mso-cell-special:placeholder;border:none;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'
  width=1><p class='MsoNormal'>&nbsp;</td>
  </span></span>
 </tr>
 <![if !supportMisalignedColumns]>
 <tr height=0>
  <td width=2 style='border:none'></td>
  <td width=153 style='border:none'></td>
  <td width=3 style='border:none'></td>
  <td width=366 style='border:none'></td>
  <td width=4 style='border:none'></td>
  <td width=24 style='border:none'></td>
  <td width=8 style='border:none'></td>
  <td width=223 style='border:none'></td>
  <td width=1 style='border:none'></td>
 </tr>
 <![endif]>
</table>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>OBSPROC
namelist variables. </span></span></p>

<table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='margin-left:2.4pt;border-collapse:collapse;mso-table-layout-alt:fixed;
 mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><strong>Variable
  Names<o:p></o:p></strong></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><strong>Description<o:p></o:p></strong></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'>
  <td width=614 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><strong><span
  style='font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>&amp;record1<o:p></o:p></span></strong></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>obs_gts_filename<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>name
  and path of decoded observation file</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>fg_format<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.05in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:
  0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>'MM5'
  for MM5 application, 'WRF' for WRF application</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>obserr.txt<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>name
  and path of observational error file</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>first_guess_file<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>name
  and path of the first guess file</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:6'>
  <td width=614 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><strong><span
  style='font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>&amp;record2<o:p></o:p></span></strong></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:7'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>time_window_min<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>The
  earliest time edge as ccyy-mm-dd_hh:mn:ss</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:8'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>time_analysis<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>The
  analysis time as ccyy-mm-dd_hh:mn:ss</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:9'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>time_window_max<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>The
  latest time edge as ccyy-mm-dd_hh:mn:ss</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>**
  Note : Only observations between [time_window_min, time_window_max] will
  kept.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:10'>
  <td width=614 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><strong><span
  style='font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>&amp;record3<o:p></o:p></span></strong></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:11'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>max_number_of_obs<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>Maximum
  number of observations to be loaded, i.e. in domain and time window, this is
  independent of the number of obs actually read.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:12'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>fatal_if_exceed_max_obs<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.TRUE.:<span
  style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>will stop when more than max_number_of_obs
  are loaded</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.FALSE.:
  will process the first max_number_of_obs loaded observations. </span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:13'>
  <td width=614 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><strong><span
  style='font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>&amp;record4<o:p></o:p></span></strong></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:14'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>qc_test_vert_consistency<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.TRUE.
  will perform a vertical consistency quality control check on sounding</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:15'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>qc_test_convective_adj<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.TRUE.
  will perform a convective adjustment quality control check on sounding</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:16'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>qc_test_above_lid<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.TRUE.
  will flag the observation above model lid</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:17'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>remove_above_lid<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.TRUE.
  will remove the observation above model lid</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:18'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>domain_check_h<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.TRUE.
  will discard the observations outside the domain</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:19'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Thining_SATOB<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.FALSE.:
  no thinning for SATOB data.</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.TRUE.:
  thinning procedure applied to SATOB data.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:20'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Thining_SSMI<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.FALSE.:
  no thinning for SSMI data.</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.TRUE.:
  thinning procedure applied to SSMI data.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:21'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Thining_QSCAT<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.FALSE.:
  no thinning for SATOB data.</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.TRUE.:
  thinning procedure applied to SSMI data.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:22'>
  <td width=614 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><strong><span
  style='font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>&amp;record5<o:p></o:p></span></strong></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:23'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>print_gts_read<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>TRUE.
  will write diagnostic on the decoded obs reading in file obs_gts_read.diag</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:24'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>print_gpspw_read<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.TRUE.
  will write diagnostic on the gpsppw obs reading in file obs_gpspw_read.diag</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:25'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>print_recoverp<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.TRUE.
  will write diagnostic on the obs pressure recovery in file
  obs_recover_pressure.diag</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:26'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>print_duplicate_loc<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.TRUE.
  will<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>write diagnostic on space
  duplicate removal in file obs_duplicate_loc.diag</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:27'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>print_duplicate_time<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.TRUE.
  will<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>write diagnostic on time
  duplicate removal in file obs_duplicate_time.diag</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:28'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>print_recoverh<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.TRUE
  will write diagnostic on the obs height recovery in file
  obs_recover_height.diag</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:29'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>print_qc_vert<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.TRUE
  will write diagnostic on the vertical consistency check in file obs_qc1.diag</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:30'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>print_qc_conv<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.TRUE
  will write diagnostic on the convective adjustment check in file obs_qc1.diag</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:31'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>print_qc_lid<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.TRUE.
  will write diagnostic on the above model lid height check in file
  obs_qc2.diag</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:32'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>print_uncomplete<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.TRUE.
  will write diagnostic on the uncompleted obs removal in file
  obs_uncomplete.diag</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:33'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>user_defined_area<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.TRUE.:
  read in the record6: x_left, x_right, y_top, y_bottom,</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>.FALSE.:
  not read in the record6.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:34'>
  <td width=614 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><strong><span
  style='font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>&amp;record6<o:p></o:p></span></strong></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:35'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>x_left<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>West
  border of sub-domain, not used</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:36'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>x_right<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>East
  border of sub-domain, not used</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:37'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>y_bottom<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>South
  border of sub-domain, not used</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:38'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>y_top<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>North
  border of sub-domain, not used</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:39'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>ptop<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>Reference
  pressure at model top</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:40'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>ps0<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>Reference
  sea level pressure</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:41'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>base_pres<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>Same
  as ps0. User must set either ps0 or base_pres.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:42'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>ts0<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>Mean
  sea level temperature</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:43'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>base_temp<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>Same
  as ts0. User must set either ts0 or base_temp.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:44'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>tlp<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>Temperature
  lapse rate</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:45'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>base_lapse<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>Same
  as tlp. User must set either tlp or base_lapse.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:46'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>pis0<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>Tropopause
  pressure, the default = 20000.0 Pa</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:47'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>base_tropo_pres<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>Same
  as pis0. User must set either pis0 or base_tropo_pres</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:48'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>tis0<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>Isothermal
  temperature above tropopause (K), the default = 215 K.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:49'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>base_start_temp<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>Same
  as tis0. User must set either tis0 or base_start_temp.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:50'>
  <td width=614 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><strong><span
  style='font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>&amp;record7<o:p></o:p></span></strong></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:51'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>IPROJ<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>Map
  projection (0 = Cylindrical Equidistance, 1 = Lambert Conformal, 2 = Polar
  stereographic, 3 = Mercator)</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:52'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>PHIC<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>Central
  latitude of the domain</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:53'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>XLONC<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>Central
  longitude of the domain</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:54'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>TRUELAT1<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>True
  latitude 1</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:55'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>TRUELAT2<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>True
  latitude 2</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:56'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>MOAD_CEN_LAT<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>The
  central latitude for the Mother Of All Domains</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:57'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>STANDARD_LON<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>The
  standard longitude (Y-direction) of the working domain.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:58'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><strong><span
  style='font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>&amp;record8<o:p></o:p></span></strong></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:59'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>IDD<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>Domain
  ID (1=&lt; ID =&lt; MAXNES), Only the observations geographically located on
  that domain will be processed. For WRF application with XLONC /=
  STANDARD_LON, set IDD=2, otherwise set 1.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:60'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>MAXNES<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>Maximum
  number of domains as needed.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:61'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>NESTIX<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>The
  I(y)-direction dimension for each of the domains</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:62'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>NESTJX<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>The
  J(x)-direction dimension for each of the domains</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:63'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>DIS<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>The
  grid size for each of the domains. For WRF application, always set
  NESTIX(1),NESTJX(1), and DIS(1) based on the information in wrfinput.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:64'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>NUMC<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>The
  mother domain ID number for each of the domains</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:65'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>NESTI<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>The
  I location in its mother domain of the nest domain's low left corner -- point
  (1,1)</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:66'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>NESTI<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>The
  J location in its mother domain of the nest domain's low left corner -- point
  (1,1). For WRF application, NUMC(1), NESTI(1), and NESTJ(1) are always set to
  be 1.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:67'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><strong><span
  style='font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>&amp;record9<o:p></o:p></span></strong></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:68'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>prepbufr_output_filename<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>Name
  of the PREPBUFR OBS file.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:69'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>prepbufr_table_filename<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>'prepbufr_table_filename'
  ; not change</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:70'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>output_ob_format<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>output
  1, PREPBUFR OBS file only;</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='mso-spacerun:yes'>           </span>2, ASCII OBS file only;</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='mso-spacerun:yes'>           </span>3, Both PREPBUFR and ASCII OBS
  files.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:71'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>use_for<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>'3DVAR'
  obs file, same as before, default</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>'FGAT
  ' obs files for FGAT</span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='mso-bookmark:
  _Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>'4DVAR'
  obs files for 4DVAR</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:72'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>num_slots_past<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>the
  number of time slots before time_analysis</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:73'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>num_slots_ahead<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>the
  number of time slots after time_analysis</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:74'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>write_synop<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>If
  keep synop obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:75'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>write_ship<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>If
  keep ship obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:76'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>write_metar<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>If
  keep metar obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:77'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>write_buoy<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>If
  keep buoy obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:78'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>write_pilot<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>If
  keep pilot obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:79'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>write_sound<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>If
  keep sound obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:80'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>write_amdar<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>If
  keep amdar obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:81'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>write_satem<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>If
  keep satem obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:82'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>write_satob<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>If
  keep satob obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:83'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>write_airep<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>If
  keep airep obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:84'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>write_gpspw<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>If
  keep gpspw obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:85'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>write_gpsztd<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>If
  keep gpsztd obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:86'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>write_gpsref<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>If
  keep gpsref obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:87'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>write_gpseph<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>If
  keep gpseph obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:88'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>write_ssmt1<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>If
  keep ssmt1 obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:89'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>write_ssmt2<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>If
  keep ssmt2 obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:90'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>write_ssmi<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>If
  keep ssmi obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:91'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>write_tovs<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>If
  keep tovs obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:92'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>write_qscat<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>If
  keep qscat obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:93'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>write_profl<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>If
  keep profile obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:94'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>write_bogus<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>If
  keep bogus obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:95;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
  <td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>write_airs<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
  <td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
  style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'>If
  keep airs obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <span style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span></span>
 </tr>
</table>

<span style='mso-bookmark:_Description_of_Namelist_1'></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Introduction_1'></span>

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