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<title>Chapter 6: WRFDA</title>
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font-weight:bold;}
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margin-bottom:6.0pt;
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font-family:"Liberation Sans","sans-serif";
font-style:italic;}
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a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
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a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
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margin-bottom:.0001pt;
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p
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pre
{mso-style-link:"HTML Preformatted Char";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
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font-family:"Courier New";}
tt
{font-family:"Courier New";}
p.MsoCommentSubject, li.MsoCommentSubject, div.MsoCommentSubject
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font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
font-weight:bold;}
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margin-bottom:.0001pt;
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font-family:"Lucida Grande";}
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span.WW8Num8z0
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font-family:Wingdings;}
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span.WW8Num3z2
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span.WW8Num4z2
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span.WW8Num4z3
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span.bodytext1
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span.bodytextChar
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<div class=WordSection1>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<h2 align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=X-NONE>Chapter 6: WRF
Data Assimilation</span></h2>
<h3><span lang=X-NONE>Table of Contents</span></h3>
<ul style='margin-top:0in' type=disc>
<li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:14.0pt'><a href="#_Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li class=MsoNormal><a href="#_Installing_WRFDA_for">Installing WRFDA for 3D-Var
Run</a></li>
<li class=MsoNormal><a href="#WRFPlus">Installing WRFPLUS and WRFDA for
4D-Var Run</a></li>
<li class=MsoNormal><a href="#_Running_Observation_Preprocessor_1">Running Observation
Preprocessor (OBSPROC)</a></li>
<li class=MsoNormal><a href="#_Running_WRFDA">Running WRFDA</a></li>
<li class=MsoNormal><a href="#_Radiance_Data_Assimilation">Radiance Data
Assimilation in WRFDA</a></li>
<li class=MsoNormal><a href="#Precipitation">Precipitation Data Assimilation in
WRFDA 4D-Var</a></li>
<li class=MsoNormal><a href="#_Updating_WRF_lateral_1">Updating WRF Boundary
Conditions</a></li>
<li class=MsoNormal><a href="#_Running_gen_be">Running gen_be</a></li>
<li class=MsoNormal><a href="#_Additional_WRFDA_Exercises:">Additional WRFDA
Exercises</a></li>
<li class=MsoNormal><a href="#_WRFDA_with_Multivariate_2">WRFDA with Multivariate
Background Error (MBE) Statistics</a></li>
<li class=MsoNormal><a href="#_WRF-Var_Diagnostics_1">WRFDA Diagnostics</a></li>
<li class=MsoNormal><a href="#_Hybrid_Data_Assimilation_2">Hybrid Data Assimilation</a></li>
<li class=MsoNormal><a href="#_ETKF_Data_Assimilation">ETKF Data Assimilation</a></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:14.0pt'><a
href="#_Description_of_Namelist_2">Description of Namelist Variables</a></li>
</ul>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
14.0pt;margin-left:.25in'> </p>
<h3><a name="_Introduction_1"></a><a name=Introduction></a><a
name="_Introduction"></a><span lang=X-NONE>Introduction</span></h3>
<p>Data assimilation is the technique by which <b>observations</b> are combined
with an NWP product (the <b>first guess</b> or background forecast) and their
respective error statistics to provide an improved estimate (the <b>analysis</b>)
of the atmospheric (or oceanic, Jovian, etc.) state. Variational (Var) data
assimilation achieves this through the iterative minimization of a prescribed
cost (or penalty) function. Differences between the analysis and observations/first
guess are penalized (damped) according to their perceived error. The difference
between three-dimensional (3D-Var) and four-dimensional (4D-Var) data assimilation
is the use of a numerical forecast model in the latter.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal>The MMM Division of NCAR supports a unified
(global/regional, multi-model, 3/4D-Var) model-space data assimilation system
(WRFDA) for use by the NCAR staff and collaborators, and is also freely
available to the general community, together with further documentation, test
results, plans etc., from the WRFDA web-page (<a
href="http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/index.html">http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/index.html</a>).
</p>
<p>Various components of the WRFDA system are shown in blue in the sketch
below, together with their relationship with the rest of the WRF system.</p>
<p align=center style='text-align:center'><img border=0 width=576 height=409
src="users_guide_chap6_files/image001.png"></p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.75in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.5in'><a
name="_Setting_up_WRF-Var"></a><b><i>x<sup>b</sup></i></b> first guess,
either from a previous WRF forecast or from WPS/REAL output.</p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.75in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.5in'><b><i>x<sup>lbc</sup></i></b> lateral
boundary from WPS/REAL output.</p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.75in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.5in'><b><i>x<sup>a</sup></i></b> analysis
from the WRFDA data assimilation system.</p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.75in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.5in'><b><i>x<sup>f</sup></i></b> WRF
forecast output.</p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.75in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.5in'><b><i>y<sup>o</sup></i></b> observations
processed by OBSPROC. (note: PREPBUFR input, radar, radiance, and rainfall
data do not go through OBSPROC)</p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.75in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.5in'><b>B<sub>0</sub></b> background
error statistics from generic BE data (CV3) or gen_be.</p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.75in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.5in'><b>R</b> observational
and representative error statistics.</p>
<p>In this chapter, you will learn how to install and run the various
components of the WRFDA system. For training purposes, you are supplied with a
test case, including the following input data: </p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:Symbol'>·<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span>an observation file (which must be processed through OBSPROC),</p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:Symbol'>·<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span>a netCDF background file (WPS/REAL output, the first guess of the
analysis)</p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:Symbol'>·<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span>background error statistics (estimate of errors in the background
file). </p>
<p>This tutorial dataset can be downloaded from the WRFDA Users Page (<a
href="http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html">http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html</a>),
and will be described later in more detail. In your own work, however, you will
have to create all these input files yourself. See the section <a
href="#_Running_Observation_Preprocessor_1">Running Observation Preprocessor</a>
for creating your observation files. See the section <a href="#_Running_gen_be">Running
gen_be</a> for generating your background error statistics file, if you want to
use cv_options=5 or cv_options=6.</p>
<p>Before using your own data, we suggest that you start by running through the
WRFDA- related programs using the supplied test case. This serves two purposes:
First, you can learn how to run the programs with data we have tested
ourselves, and second you can test whether your computer is capable of running
the entire modeling system. After you have done the tutorial, you can try
running other, more computationally intensive case studies, and experimenting
with some of the many namelist variables. </p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>WARNING:</b> It is impossible to test every permutation
of computer, compiler, number of processors, case, namelist option, etc. for
every WRFDA release. The namelist options that are supported are indicated in
the “<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/README.namelist</span>”,
and these are the default options. </p>
<p>Hopefully, our test cases will prepare you for the variety of ways in which
you may wish to run your own WRFDA experiments. Please inform us about your
experiences.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal>As a professional courtesy, we request that you include the
following references in any publication that uses any component of the
community WRFDA system:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:navy'>Barker, D.M., W. Huang, Y.R. Guo,
and Q.N. Xiao., 2004: A Three-Dimensional (3DVAR) Data Assimilation System For
Use With MM5: Implementation and Initial Results. <i>Mon. Wea. Rev</i>., <b>132</b>,
897-914.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:navy'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:navy'>Huang, X.Y., Q. Xiao, D.M. Barker,
X. Zhang, J. Michalakes, W. Huang, T. Henderson, J. Bray, Y. Chen, Z. Ma, J.
Dudhia, Y. Guo, X. Zhang, D.J. Won, H.C. Lin, and Y.H. Kuo, 2009:
Four-Dimensional Variational Data Assimilation for WRF: Formulation and Preliminary
Results. <i>Mon. Wea. Rev.</i>, 137, 299–314.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:navy'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:navy'>Barker, D., X.-Y. Huang, Z. Liu, T.
Auligné, X. Zhang, S. Rugg, R. Ajjaji, A. Bourgeois, J. Bray, Y. Chen, M. Demirtas,
Y.-R. Guo, T. Henderson, W. Huang, H.-C. Lin, J. Michalakes, S. Rizvi, and X.
Zhang, 2012: The Weather Research and Forecasting Model's Community
Variational/Ensemble Data Assimilation System: WRFDA. <i>Bull. Amer. Meteor.
Soc.</i>, 93, 831–843.</span></p>
<p>Running WRFDA requires a Fortran 90 compiler. We have tested the WRFDA system
on the following platforms: IBM (XLF), SGI Altix (IFORT), PC/Linux (IFORT,
GFORTRAN, PGF90), and Macintosh (G95/GFORTRAN/PGF90). Please let us know if
this does not meet your requirements, and we will attempt to add other machines
to our list of supported architectures, as resources allow. Although we are
interested in hearing about your experiences in modifying compiler options, we
do not recommend making changes to the configure file used to compile WRFDA.</p>
<p> </p>
<h3><a name="_Installing_WRF-Var"></a><a name="_Installing_WRFDA_for"></a><span
lang=X-NONE>Installing WRFDA for 3D-Var Run</span></h3>
<p class=bodytext style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in'><b><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>a.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></b><b><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Obtaining
WRFDA Source Code</span></b></p>
<p class=bodytext><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Users can
download the WRFDA source code from </span><a
href="http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/get_source.html"><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/get_source.html</span></a><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>.</span></p>
<p><b><i>Note</i>: WRF compiles with the –r4 option while WRFDA compiles with
–r8.</b> For this reason, WRF and WRFDA cannot reside or be compiled in the
same directory.</p>
<p>After the tar file is unzipped (<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>gunzip WRFDAV3.6.TAR.gz</span>) and untarred (<span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>tar -xf WRFDAV3.6.TAR</span>), the directory <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA</span> should be created.
This directory contains the WRFDA source, external libraries, and fixed files.
The following is a list of the system components and content for each
subdirectory: </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'> </p>
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<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'>Directory
Name</p>
</td>
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padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'>Content</p>
</td>
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<tr>
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<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'>WRFDA
source code </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=295 valign=top style='width:221.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;
padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'>var/run</p>
</td>
<td width=305 valign=top style='width:228.4pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'>Fixed
input files required by WRFDA, such as background error covariance, <br>
radiance-related files, CRTM coefficients and VARBC.in</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=295 valign=top style='width:221.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;
padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'>var/external</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'> </p>
</td>
<td width=305 valign=top style='width:228.4pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'>Libraries
needed by WRFDA, includes CRTM, BUFR, LAPACK, BLAS</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=295 valign=top style='width:221.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;
padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'>var/obsproc</p>
</td>
<td width=305 valign=top style='width:228.4pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'>OBSPROC
source code, namelist, and observation error files</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=295 valign=top style='width:221.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;
padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'>var/gen_be</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'> </p>
</td>
<td width=305 valign=top style='width:228.4pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'>Source
code of gen_be, the utility to create background error statistics files</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=295 valign=top style='width:221.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;
padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'>var/build</p>
</td>
<td width=305 valign=top style='width:228.4pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'>Builds
all .exe files.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'> </p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class=bodytext style='margin-left:.5in'><b><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></b></p>
<p class=bodytext style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in'><b><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>b.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></b><b><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Compile
WRFDA and Libraries</span></b></p>
<p class=bodytext><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Some
external libraries (e.g., LAPACK, BLAS, and NCEP BUFR) are included in the
WRFDA tar file. To compile the WRFDA code, the only mandatory library is the
netCDF library. You should set an environment variable NETCDF to point to the
directory where your netCDF library is installed</span></p>
<p class=bodytext style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>> </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>setenv NETCDF your_netcdf_path</span></p>
<p>If BUFR or PREPBUFR data are to be assimilated, BUFR libraries need to be
compiled. The source code for BUFRLIB 10.2.3 (with minor modifications) is
included in the WRFDA tar file. To compile this library, set the environment
variable BUFR prior to compilation.</p>
<p class=bodytext style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>> </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>setenv BUFR 1</span></p>
<p>If satellite radiance data are to be used, a Radiative Transfer Model (RTM)
is required. The current RTM versions that WRFDA supports are CRTM V2.1.3 and
RTTOV V11.1/11.2. </p>
<p>The CRTM V2.1.3 source code is included in the WRFDA tar file. To compile
the library, prior to compilation set the environment variable CRTM:</p>
<p class=bodytext style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>> </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>setenv CRTM 1</span></p>
<p>If the user wishes to use RTTOV, download and install the RTTOV v11 library
before compiling WRFDA. This library can be downloaded from <a
href="http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm">http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm</a>.
<b>The RTTOV libraries must be compiled with the “emis_atlas” option in order
to work with WRFDA; see the RTTOV “readme.txt”.</b> After compiling RTTOV (see
the RTTOV documentation for detailed instructions), set the “RTTOV” environment
variable to the path where the <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>lib</span>
directory resides. For example, if the library files can be found in <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>/usr/local/rttov11/pgi/lib/librttov11.*.a</span>,
you should set RTTOV as:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> setenv RTTOV /usr/local/rttov11/pgi </span></p>
<p><em><b>Note</b></em>: <b>Make sure the required libraries were all compiled
using the same compiler that will be used to build WRFDA</b>, since the
libraries produced by one compiler may not be compatible with code compiled with
another. </p>
<p>Assuming all required libraries are available and the WRFDA source code is
ready, you can start to build WRFDA using the following steps:</p>
<p>Enter the <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA</span>
directory and run the configure script:</p>
<p class=bodytext style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> cd WRFDA<br>
> ./configure wrfda</span></p>
<p>A list of configuration options should appear. Each option combines an
operating system, a compiler type, and a parallelism option. Since the
configuration script doesn’t check which compilers are <i>actually</i>
installed on your system, be sure to select only among the options that you
have available to you. The available parallelism options are single-processor
(serial), shared-memory parallel (smpar), distributed-memory parallel (dmpar),
and distributed-memory with shared-memory parallel (sm+dm). <b>However,
shared-memory (smpar and sm+dm) options are not supported as of WRFDA Version
3.6, so we do not recommend selecting any of these options.</b></p>
<p>For example, on a Linux machine such as NCAR’s Yellowstone, the above steps
will look similar to the following: </p>
<p style='margin-top:.25in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>>
./configure wrfda</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>checking
for perl5... no</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>checking
for perl... found /usr/bin/perl (perl)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Will use
NETCDF in dir: /glade/apps/opt/netcdf/4.2/intel/default</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>PHDF5 not
set in environment. Will configure WRF for use without.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$JASPERLIB
or $JASPERINC not found in environment, configuring to build without grib2
I/O...</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Please
select from among the following supported platforms.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 1.
Linux x86_64 i486 i586 i686, PGI compiler with gcc (serial)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 2.
Linux x86_64 i486 i586 i686, PGI compiler with gcc (smpar)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 3.
Linux x86_64 i486 i586 i686, PGI compiler with gcc (dmpar)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 4.
Linux x86_64 i486 i586 i686, PGI compiler with gcc (dm+sm)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 5.
Linux x86_64 i486 i586 i686 PGI compiler with pgcc YELLOWSTONE (serial)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 6.
Linux x86_64 i486 i586 i686 PGI compiler with pgcc YELLOWSTONE (smpar)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 7.
Linux x86_64 i486 i586 i686 PGI compiler with pgcc YELLOWSTONE (dmpar)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 8.
Linux x86_64 i486 i586 i686 PGI compiler with pgcc YELLOWSTONE (dm+sm)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 9.
Linux x86_64, PGI compiler with pgcc, SGI MPT (serial)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 10.
Linux x86_64, PGI compiler with pgcc, SGI MPT (smpar)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 11.
Linux x86_64, PGI compiler with pgcc, SGI MPT (dmpar)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 12.
Linux x86_64, PGI compiler with pgcc, SGI MPT (dm+sm)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 13.
Linux x86_64, PGI accelerator compiler with gcc (serial)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 14.
Linux x86_64, PGI accelerator compiler with gcc (smpar)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 15.
Linux x86_64, PGI accelerator compiler with gcc (dmpar)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 16.
Linux x86_64, PGI accelerator compiler with gcc (dm+sm)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 17.
Linux x86_64 i486 i586 i686, ifort compiler with icc (serial)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 18.
Linux x86_64 i486 i586 i686, ifort compiler with icc (smpar)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 19.
Linux x86_64 i486 i586 i686, ifort compiler with icc (dmpar)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 20.
Linux x86_64 i486 i586 i686, ifort compiler with icc (dm+sm)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 21.
Linux x86_64 i486 i586 i686, Xeon Phi (MIC architecture) ifort compiler with
icc (dm+sm)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 22.
Linux x86_64 i486 i586 i686, Xeon (SNB with AVX mods) ifort compiler with icc
(serial)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 23.
Linux x86_64 i486 i586 i686, Xeon (SNB with AVX mods) ifort compiler with icc
(smpar)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 24.
Linux x86_64 i486 i586 i686, Xeon (SNB with AVX mods) ifort compiler with icc
(dmpar)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 25.
Linux x86_64 i486 i586 i686, Xeon (SNB with AVX mods) ifort compiler with icc
(dm+sm)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 26.
Linux x86_64 i486 i586 i686, ifort compiler with icc YELLOWSTONE (serial)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 27.
Linux x86_64 i486 i586 i686, ifort compiler with icc YELLOWSTONE (smpar)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 28.
Linux x86_64 i486 i586 i686, ifort compiler with icc YELLOWSTONE (dmpar)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 29.
Linux x86_64 i486 i586 i686, ifort compiler with icc YELLOWSTONE (dm+sm)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 30.
Linux x86_64 i486 i586 i686, ifort compiler with icc, SGI MPT (serial)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 31.
Linux x86_64 i486 i586 i686, ifort compiler with icc, SGI MPT (smpar)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 32.
Linux x86_64 i486 i586 i686, ifort compiler with icc, SGI MPT (dmpar)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 33.
Linux x86_64 i486 i586 i686, ifort compiler with icc, SGI MPT (dm+sm)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 34.
Linux x86_64 i486 i586 i686, ifort compiler with icc, IBM POE (serial)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 35.
Linux x86_64 i486 i586 i686, ifort compiler with icc, IBM POE (smpar)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 36. Linux
x86_64 i486 i586 i686, ifort compiler with icc, IBM POE (dmpar)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 37.
Linux x86_64 i486 i586 i686, ifort compiler with icc, IBM POE (dm+sm)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 38.
Linux i486 i586 i686 x86_64, PathScale compiler with pathcc (serial)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 39.
Linux i486 i586 i686 x86_64, PathScale compiler with pathcc (dmpar)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 40.
x86_64 Linux, gfortran compiler with gcc (serial)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 41.
x86_64 Linux, gfortran compiler with gcc (smpar)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 42.
x86_64 Linux, gfortran compiler with gcc (dmpar)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> 43.
x86_64 Linux, gfortran compiler with gcc (dm+sm)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Enter
selection [1-43] : 28</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Compile
for nesting? (1=basic, 2=preset moves, 3=vortex following) [default 1]:</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Configuration
successful. To build the model type compile .</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>... ...</span></p>
<p>After running the configuration script and choosing a compilation option, a <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>configure.wrf</span> file will be
created. Because of the variety of ways that a computer can be configured, if
the WRFDA build ultimately fails, there is a chance that minor modifications to
the <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>configure.wrf</span>
file may be needed. </p>
<p>To compile WRFDA, type</p>
<p style='text-indent:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>>
./compile all_wrfvar >& compile.out</span></p>
<p>Successful compilation will produce 44 executables: 43 of which are in the <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>var/build</span> directory and
linked in the <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>var/da</span>
directory, with the 44th, <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obsproc.exe</span>,
found in the <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>var/obsproc/src</span>
directory. You can list these executables by issuing the command:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>>ls -l
var/build/*exe var/obsproc/src/obsproc.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 885143 Apr 4 17:22 var/build/da_advance_time.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1162003 Apr 4 17:24 var/build/da_bias_airmass.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1143027 Apr 4 17:23 var/build/da_bias_scan.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1116933 Apr 4 17:23 var/build/da_bias_sele.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1126173 Apr 4 17:23 var/build/da_bias_verif.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1407973 Apr 4 17:23 var/build/da_rad_diags.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1249431 Apr 4 17:22 var/build/da_tune_obs_desroziers.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1186368 Apr 4 17:24 var/build/da_tune_obs_hollingsworth1.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1083862 Apr 4 17:24 var/build/da_tune_obs_hollingsworth2.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1193390 Apr 4 17:24 var/build/da_update_bc_ad.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1245842 Apr 4 17:23 var/build/da_update_bc.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1492394 Apr 4 17:24 var/build/da_verif_grid.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1327002 Apr 4 17:24 var/build/da_verif_obs.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 26031927 Apr 4 17:31 var/build/da_wrfvar.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1933571 Apr 4 17:23 var/build/gen_be_addmean.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1944047 Apr 4 17:24 var/build/gen_be_cov2d3d_contrib.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1927988 Apr 4 17:24 var/build/gen_be_cov2d.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1945213 Apr 4 17:24 var/build/gen_be_cov3d2d_contrib.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1941439 Apr 4 17:24 var/build/gen_be_cov3d3d_bin3d_contrib.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1947331 Apr 4 17:24 var/build/gen_be_cov3d3d_contrib.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1931820 Apr 4 17:24 var/build/gen_be_cov3d.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1915177 Apr 4 17:24 var/build/gen_be_diags.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1947942 Apr 4 17:24 var/build/gen_be_diags_read.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1930465 Apr 4 17:24 var/build/gen_be_ensmean.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1951511 Apr 4 17:24 var/build/gen_be_ensrf.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1994167 Apr 4 17:24 var/build/gen_be_ep1.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1996438 Apr 4 17:24 var/build/gen_be_ep2.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 2001400 Apr 4 17:24 var/build/gen_be_etkf.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1942988 Apr 4 17:24 var/build/gen_be_hist.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 2021659 Apr 4 17:24 var/build/gen_be_stage0_gsi.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 2012035 Apr 4 17:24 var/build/gen_be_stage0_wrf.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1973193 Apr 4 17:24 var/build/gen_be_stage1_1dvar.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1956835 Apr 4 17:24 var/build/gen_be_stage1.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1963314 Apr 4 17:24 var/build/gen_be_stage1_gsi.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1975042 Apr 4 17:24 var/build/gen_be_stage2_1dvar.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1938468 Apr 4 17:24 var/build/gen_be_stage2a.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1952538 Apr 4 17:24 var/build/gen_be_stage2.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1202392 Apr 4 17:22 var/build/gen_be_stage2_gsi.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1947836 Apr 4 17:24 var/build/gen_be_stage3.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1928353 Apr 4 17:24 var/build/gen_be_stage4_global.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1955622 Apr 4 17:24 var/build/gen_be_stage4_regional.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 1924416 Apr 4 17:24 var/build/gen_be_vertloc.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 2057673 Apr 4 17:24 var/build/gen_mbe_stage2.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user 2110993 Apr 4 17:32 var/obsproc/src/obsproc.exe </span></p>
<p>The main executable for running WRFDA is<span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> da_wrfvar.exe</span>. Make sure it has been created after
the compilation: it is fairly common that all the executables will be successfully
compiled except this main executable. If this occurs, please check the compilation
log file carefully for any errors.</p>
<p>The basic gen_be utility for the regional model consists of <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>gen_be_stage0_wrf.exe,
gen_be_stage1.exe, gen_be_stage2.exe, gen_be_stage2a.exe, gen_be_stage3.exe,
gen_be_stage4_regional.exe,</span> and <span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>gen_be_diags.exe</span>.</p>
<p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>da_update_bc.exe</span>
is used for updating the WRF lower and lateral boundary conditions before and
after a new WRFDA analysis is generated. This is detailed in the section on <a
href="#_Updating_WRF_lateral_1">Updating WRF Boundary Conditions</a>.</p>
<p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>da_advance_time.exe</span>
is a very handy and useful tool for date/time manipulation. Type <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$WRFDA_DIR/var/build/da_advance_time.exe</span>
to see its usage instructions.</p>
<p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obsproc.exe</span> is the
executable for preparing conventional observations for assimilation by WRFDA. Its
use is detailed in the section on <a href="#_Running_Observation_Preprocessor_1">Running
Observation Preprocessor</a>.</p>
<p>If you specified that the CRTM library was needed, check <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>$WRFDA_DIR/var/external/crtm_2.1.3/libsrc</span>
to ensure that <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>libCRTM.a</span>
was generated.</p>
<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in'><b>c.<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></b><b>Clean
Compilation</b></p>
<p>To remove all object files and executables, type:</p>
<p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-family:Courier'>./clean</span></p>
<p>To remove all build files, including <span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>configure.wrf</span>, type:</p>
<p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-family:Courier'>./clean -a</span></p>
<p>The <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>clean –a</span><span
style='font-family:Courier'> </span>command is recommended if your compilation
fails, or if the configuration file has been changed and you wish to restore
the default settings. </p>
<h3><a name=WRFPlus></a><a name="_Installing_WRFNL_and"></a><span lang=X-NONE>Installing
WRFPLUS and WRFDA for 4D-Var Run</span></h3>
<p>If you intend to run WRF 4D-Var, it is necessary to have WRFPLUS installed.
WRFPLUS contains the adjoint and tangent linear models based on a simplified
WRF model, which includes a few simplified physics packages, such as surface
drag, large scale condensation and precipitation, and cumulus parameterization.
</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
14.0pt;margin-left:0in'>To install WRFPLUS: </p>
<ul style='margin-top:0in' type=disc>
<li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-bottom:14.0pt'>Get the
WRFPLUS zipped tar file from <a
href="http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/wrfplus.html"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/wrfplus.html</span></a></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-bottom:14.0pt'>Unzip and
untar the WRFPLUS file, then run the <span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>configure</span> script</li>
</ul>
<p class=MsoListBullet2><span style='font-family:Courier'>> gunzip
WRFPLUSV3.6_r7153.tar.gz </span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2><span style='font-family:Courier'>> tar -xf
WRFPLUSV3.6_r7153.tar </span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2><span style='font-family:Courier'>> cd WRFPLUSV3</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2><span style='font-family:Courier'>> ./configure
wrfplus</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
14.0pt;margin-left:.25in'>As with 3D-Var, “serial” means single-processor, and
“dmpar” means Distributed Memory Parallel (MPI). Be sure to select the same
option for WRFPLUS as you will use for WRFDA.</p>
<ul style='margin-top:0in' type=disc>
<li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-bottom:14.0pt'>Compile
WRFPLUS</li>
</ul>
<p class=MsoListBullet2><span style='font-family:Courier'>> ./compile
em_real </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>>&
compile.out</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2><span style='font-family:Courier'>> ls -ls
main/*.exe</span><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
14.0pt;margin-left:.25in'>You should see the following files:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user users 23179920 Apr 3 15:22 main/ndown.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user users 22947466 Apr 3 15:22 main/nup.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user users 23113961 Apr 3 15:22 main/real.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user users 22991725 Apr 3 15:22 main/tc.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>-rwxr-xr-x
1 user users 32785447 Apr 3 15:20 main/wrf.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
14.0pt;margin-left:0in'>Finally, set the environment variable <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFPLUS_DIR</span> to the
appropriate directory:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
14.0pt;margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>>setenv
WRFPLUS_DIR ${your_source_code_dir}/WRFPLUSV3</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
14.0pt;margin-left:0in'>To install WRFDA for the 4D-Var run:</p>
<ul style='margin-top:0in' type=disc>
<li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-bottom:14.0pt'>If you
intend to use observational data in BUFR or PREPBUFR format, or if you intend
to assimilate satellite radiance data, you need to set environment
variables for BUFR, CRTM, and/or RTTOV. See <a href="#_Installing_WRF-Var">the
previous 3D-Var section</a> for instructions.</li>
</ul>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
14.0pt;margin-left:36.75pt;text-indent:-.75pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>>./configure 4dvar</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
14.0pt;margin-left:36.75pt;text-indent:-.75pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>>./compile all_wrfvar >& compile.out</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
14.0pt;margin-left:36.75pt;text-indent:-.75pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>>ls -ls var/build/*.exe var/obsproc/*.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
14.0pt;margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify'>You should see the same 44 executables
as are listed in the above 3D-Var section, including <span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>da_wrfvar.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
14.0pt;margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify'> </p>
<h3><a name="_Running_Observation_Preprocessor_1"></a><span lang=X-NONE>Running
Observation Preprocessor (OBSPROC)</span></h3>
<p>The OBSPROC program reads observations in LITTLE_R format (a text-based
format, in use since the MM5 era). We have provided observations for the
tutorial case, but for your own applications, you will have to prepare your own
observation files. Please see <a
href="http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/free_data.html">http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/free_data.html</a>
for the sources of some freely-available observations. Because the raw
observation data files have many possible formats, such as ASCII, BUFR,
PREPBUFR, MADIS (<b><i>note</i></b>: a converter for MADIS data to LITTLE_R is
available on the WRFDA website: <a
href="http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/madis.html">www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/madis.html</a>),
and HDF, the free data site also contains instructions for converting the observations
to LITTLE_R format. To make the WRFDA system as general as possible, the
LITTLE_R format was adopted as an intermediate observation data format for the
WRFDA system, however, <i>the conversion of the user-specific source data to
LITTLE_R format is the user’s task</i>. A more complete description of the
LITTLE_R format, as well as conventional observation data sources for WRFDA,
can be found by reading the “Observation Pre-processing” tutorial found at <a
href="http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/Tutorials/2012_July/tutorial_presentation_summer_2012.html"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'>http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/Tutorials/2012_July/tutorial_presentation_summer_2012.html</span></a>,
or by referencing <a
href="http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/docs/user_guide_V3/users_guide_chap7.htm#format">Chapter
7 of this User’s Guide</a>.</p>
<p style='text-align:justify'>The purpose of OBSPROC is to:</p>
<p style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:
.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span>Remove observations outside the specified temporal and spatial
domains</p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span>Re-order and merge duplicate (in time and location) data reports</p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span>Retrieve pressure or height based on observed information using
the hydrostatic assumption</p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span>Check multi-level observations for vertical consistency and
superadiabatic conditions</p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span>Assign observation errors based on a pre-specified error file</p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:14.0pt;margin-left:
.5in;text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol'>·<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span>Write out the observation file to be used by WRFDA in ASCII or
BUFR format</p>
<p>The OBSPROC program (<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obsproc.exe</span>)
should be found under the directory <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>$WRFDA_DIR/var/obsproc/src</span><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>
</span>if<span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> </span>“<span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>compile all_wrfvar</span>”
completed successfully.</p>
<p>If you haven’t already, you should download the tutorial case, which
contains example files for all the exercises in this User’s Guide. The case can
be found at the WRFDA website (<a
href="http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html">http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html</a>).</p>
<p style='text-align:justify'><b>a. Prepare observational data for 3D-Var</b></p>
<p>As an example, to prepare the observation file at the analysis time, all the
observations in the range ±1h will be processed, which means that (in the
example case) the observations between 23h and 1h are treated as the
observations at 0h. This is illustrated in the following figure:</p>
<p align=center style='text-align:center'><img border=0 width=575 height=183
src="users_guide_chap6_files/image002.png"></p>
<p style='text-align:justify'>OBSPROC requires at least 3 files to run
successfully:</p>
<p style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:
.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span>A namelist file (namelist.obsproc)</p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span>An observation error file (obserr.txt)</p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span>One or more observation files</p>
<p>To create the required namelist file, we have provided an example file <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist_obsproc.3dvar.wrfvar-tut</span>
in the <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>var/obsproc</span>
directory. Thus, proceed as follows.</p>
<p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>>
cd $WRFDA_DIR/var/obsproc<br>
> cp namelist.obsproc.3dvar.wrfvar-tut namelist.obsproc</span></p>
<p>Next, edit the namelist file,<span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.obsproc</span>,<span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'> </span>to accommodate your experiments. You
will likely only need to change variables listed under records 1, 2, 6, 7, and
8. See <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$WRFDA_DIR/var/obsproc/README.namelist</span>,
or the section <a href="#_Description_of_Namelist_2">Description of Namelist
Variables</a> for details; you should pay special attention to NESTIX and
NESTJX.</p>
<p style='text-align:justify'>If you are running the tutorial case, you should
copy or link the sample observation file (<span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>ob/2008020512/obs.2008020512</span>) to the <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obsproc</span> directory. Alternatively,
you can edit the namelist variable <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>obs_gts_filename</span> to point to the observation file’s full path.</p>
<p style='text-align:justify'>To run OBSPROC, type</p>
<p><b><i> </i></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>>
./obsproc.exe >& obsproc.out</span></p>
<p>Once <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obsproc.exe</span>
has completed successfully, you will see an observation data file, with the
name formatted <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obs_gts_YYYY-MM-DD_HH:NN:SS.3DVAR</span>,
in the <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obsproc </span>directory.
For the tutorial case, this will be <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.3DVAR</span>. This is the input observation
file to WRFDA. It is an ASCII file that contains a header section (listed below)
followed by observations. The meanings and format of observations in the file
are described in the last six lines of the header section.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>TOTAL =
9066, MISS. =-888888.,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>SYNOP =
757, METAR = 2416, SHIP = 145, BUOY = 250, BOGUS = 0, TEMP
= 86, </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>AMDAR
= 19, AIREP = 205, TAMDAR= 0, PILOT = 85, SATEM = 106, SATOB
= 2556, </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>GPSPW =
187, GPSZD = 0, GPSRF = 3, GPSEP = 0, SSMT1 = 0, SSMT2
= 0, </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>TOVS
= 0, QSCAT = 2190, PROFL = 61, AIRSR = 0, OTHER = 0, </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>PHIC =
40.00, XLONC = -95.00, TRUE1 = 30.00, TRUE2 = 60.00, XIM11 = 1.00, XJM11
= 1.00,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>base_temp=
290.00, base_lapse= 50.00, PTOP = 1000., base_pres=100000., base_tropo_pres=
20000., base_strat_temp= 215.,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>IXC
= 60, JXC = 90, IPROJ = 1, IDD = 1, MAXNES= 1,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>NESTIX=
60, </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>NESTJX=
90, </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>NUMC
= 1, </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>DIS =
60.00, </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>NESTI
= 1, </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>NESTJ
= 1, </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>INFO =
PLATFORM, DATE, NAME, LEVELS, LATITUDE, LONGITUDE, ELEVATION, ID.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>SRFC =
SLP, PW (DATA,QC,ERROR).</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>EACH =
PRES, SPEED, DIR, HEIGHT, TEMP, DEW PT, HUMID (DATA,QC,ERROR)*LEVELS.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>INFO_FMT =
(A12,1X,A19,1X,A40,1X,I6,3(F12.3,11X),6X,A40)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>SRFC_FMT =
(F12.3,I4,F7.2,F12.3,I4,F7.3)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>EACH_FMT =
(3(F12.3,I4,F7.2),11X,3(F12.3,I4,F7.2),11X,3(F12.3,I4,F7.2))</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>#------------------------------------------------------------------------------#</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>……
observations ………</span></p>
<p>Before running WRFDA, you may find it useful to learn more about various
types of data that will be processed (e.g., their geographical distribution).
This file is in ASCII format and so you can easily view it. For a graphical
view of the file's content, there are NCL scripts available which can display
the distribution and type of observations. In the WRFDA Tools package (can be
downloaded at <a
href="http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/tools.html">http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/tools.html</a>),
the relevant script is located at <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>$TOOLS_DIR/var/graphics/ncl/plot_ob_ascii_loc.ncl</span>. You will
need have NCL installed in your system to use this script; for more information
on NCL, the NCAR Command Language, see <a href="http://www.ncl.ucar.edu/">http://www.ncl.ucar.edu/</a>.</p>
<p style='text-align:justify'><b>b. Prepare observational data for 4D-Var</b></p>
<p>To prepare the observation file, for example, at the analysis time 0h for
4D-Var, all observations from 0h to 6h will be processed and grouped in 7
sub-windows (slot1 through slot7) as illustrated in the following figure:</p>
<p align=center style='text-align:center'><img border=0 width=576 height=186
src="users_guide_chap6_files/image003.png"></p>
<p>NOTE: The “Analysis time” in the above figure is not the actual analysis
time (0h). It indicates the time_analysis setting in the namelist file, which
in this example is three hours later than the actual analysis time. The actual
analysis time is still 0h.</p>
<p>An example file (<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist_obsproc.4dvar.wrfvar-tut</span>)
has already been provided in the <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>var/obsproc</span> directory. Thus, proceed as follows:</p>
<p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>>
cd $WRFDA_DIR/var/obsproc<br>
> cp namelist.obsproc.4dvar.wrfvar-tut namelist.obsproc</span></p>
<p>In the namelist file, you need to change the following variables to
accommodate your experiments. In this tutorial case, the actual analysis time
is <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>2008-02-05_12:00:00, </span><b>but
in the namelist, </b><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>time_analysis
</span>should be set to 3 hours later</b>. The different values of <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>time_analysis</span>, <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>num_slots_past</span>, and <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>time_slots_ahead</span>
contribute to the actual times analyzed. For example, if you set <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>time_analysis</span> =
2008-02-05_16:00:00, and set the <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>num_slots_past</span> = 4 and <span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>time_slots_ahead</span>=2, the final results will be the
same as before.</p>
<p>Edit all the domain settings according to your own experiment. You should
pay special attention to NESTIX and NESTJX, which is described in the<span
style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'> </span>section <a
href="#_Description_of_Namelist_2">Description of Namelist Variables</a> for
details.</p>
<p style='text-align:justify'>If you are running the tutorial case, you should
copy or link the sample observation file (<span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>ob/2008020512/obs.2008020512</span>) to the <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obsproc</span> directory. Alternatively,
you can edit the namelist variable <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>obs_gts_filename</span> to point to the observation file’s full path.</p>
<p style='text-align:justify'>To run OBSPROC, type</p>
<p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>>
obsproc.exe >& obsproc.out</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>Once <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obsproc.exe</span>
has completed successfully, you will see 7 observation data files, which for
the tutorial case are named</p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.4DVAR
</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obs_gts_2008-02-05_13:00:00.4DVAR</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obs_gts_2008-02-05_14:00:00.4DVAR</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obs_gts_2008-02-05_15:00:00.4DVAR</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obs_gts_2008-02-05_16:00:00.4DVAR</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obs_gts_2008-02-05_17:00:00.4DVAR</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obs_gts_2008-02-05_18:00:00.4DVAR</span></p>
<p>They are the input observation files to WRF 4D-Var. </p>
<h3><a name="_Running_WRFDA"></a><span lang=X-NONE>Running WRFDA</span></h3>
<h4 style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:14.0pt;margin-left:
0in;page-break-after:auto'><b><span lang=X-NONE style='font-style:normal'>a.
Download Test Data </span></b></h4>
<p style='text-align:justify'>The WRFDA system requires three input files to
run:</p>
<p style='margin-left:.75in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in'> a) WRF <i>first
guess </i>file, output from either WPS/real (cold-start) or a WRF forecast (warm-start)</p>
<p style='margin-left:.75in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in'>b) Observations
(in ASCII format, PREPBUFR or BUFR for radiance)</p>
<p style='margin-left:.75in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in'>c) A
background error statistics file (containing background error covariance)</p>
<p style='text-align:justify'>The following table summarizes the above info:</p>
<table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
style='margin-left:5.4pt;border-collapse:collapse'>
<tr style='height:17.0pt'>
<td width=164 style='width:122.65pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:
none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt'>
<p align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;
layout-grid-mode:char'><i><span style='color:blue'>Input Data</span></i></p>
</td>
<td width=197 style='width:148.05pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:
none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt'>
<p align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;
layout-grid-mode:char'><i><span style='color:blue'>Format</span></i></p>
</td>
<td width=207 style='width:155.05pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
height:17.0pt'>
<p align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;
layout-grid-mode:char'><i><span style='color:blue'>Created By</span></i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:17.0pt'>
<td width=164 style='width:122.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid black 1.0pt;
border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
height:17.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;layout-grid-mode:
char'><b>First Guess</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'> </p>
</td>
<td width=197 style='width:148.05pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid black 1.0pt;
border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
height:17.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;layout-grid-mode:
char'>NETCDF</p>
</td>
<td width=207 style='width:155.05pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;border-top:none;
padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;layout-grid-mode:
char'>WRF Preprocessing System (WPS) and real.exe</p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>or WRF</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:17.0pt'>
<td width=164 style='width:122.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid black 1.0pt;
border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
height:17.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;layout-grid-mode:
char'><b>Observations</b></p>
</td>
<td width=197 style='width:148.05pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid black 1.0pt;
border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
height:17.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;layout-grid-mode:
char'>ASCII</p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>(PREPBUFR also
possible)</p>
</td>
<td width=207 style='width:155.05pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;border-top:none;
padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;layout-grid-mode:
char'><a href="#_Running_Observation_Preprocessor">Observation Preprocessor</a>
(OBSPROC)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:17.0pt'>
<td width=164 style='width:122.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid black 1.0pt;
border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
height:17.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;layout-grid-mode:
char'><b>Background Error Statistics</b></p>
</td>
<td width=197 style='width:148.05pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid black 1.0pt;
border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
height:17.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;layout-grid-mode:
char'>Binary</p>
</td>
<td width=207 style='width:155.05pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;border-top:none;
padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;layout-grid-mode:
char'><a href="#_Running_gen_be">WRFDA gen_be utility</a></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>or generic CV3</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>In the test case, you will store data in a directory defined by the
environment variable <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$DAT_DIR</span><i>.</i>
This directory can be in any location, and it should have read access. Type</p>
<p><b> </b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>>
setenv DAT_DIR your_choice_of_dat_dir</span></p>
<p style='text-align:justify'>Here, <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>your_choice_of_dat_dir</span> is the directory where the WRFDA input
data is stored. </p>
<p>If you have not already done so, download the example data for the tutorial
case, valid at 12 UTC 5<sup>th </sup>February 2008, from <a
href="http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html">http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html</a></p>
<p>Once you have downloaded the <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDAV3.6-testdata.tar.gz</span>
file to <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$DAT_DIR</span>, extract
it by typing</p>
<p><b> </b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>>
gunzip WRFDAV3.6-testdata.tar.gz</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><br>
</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'> > tar -xvf
WRFDAV3.6-testdata.tar</span><strong><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
font-weight:normal'> </span></strong></p>
<p>Now you should find the following four files under <span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>“$DAT_DIR</span><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>”</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ob/2008020512/ob.2008020512
# Observation data in “little_r” format</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt'><br>
</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>rc/2008020512/wrfinput_d01
# First guess file</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'><br>
</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>rc/2008020512/wrfbdy_d01
# lateral boundary file</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt'><br>
</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>be/be.dat #
Background error file</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=PT-BR style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>......</span></p>
<p>At this point you should have three of the input files (first guess,
observations from OBSPROC, and background error statistics files in the
directory <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$DAT_DIR</span>)
required to run WRFDA, and have successfully downloaded and compiled the WRFDA
code. If this is correct, you are ready to run WRFDA<span style='color:blue'>.</span></p>
<h4 style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:14.0pt;margin-left:
0in;page-break-after:auto'><b><span lang=X-NONE style='font-style:normal'>b.
Run the Case—3D-Var</span></b></h4>
<p>The data for the tutorial case is valid at 12 UTC 5 February 2008. The first
guess comes from the NCEP FNL (Final) Operational Global Analysis data, passed
through the WRF-WPS and <i>real </i>programs. </p>
<p>To run WRF 3D-Var, first create and enter into a working directory (for
example, <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$WRFDA_DIR/workdir</span>),
and set the environment variable <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New"'>WORK_DIR</span> to this directory (e.g., <span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>setenv WORK_DIR $WRFDA_DIR/workdir</span>).
Then follow the steps below:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> cd $WORK_DIR
</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> cp
$WRFDA_DIR/var/test/tutorial/namelist.input .</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> ln
-sf $WRFDA_DIR/run/LANDUSE.TBL .</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> ln
-sf $DAT_DIR/rc/2008020512/wrfinput_d01 ./fg</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> ln
-sf $WRFDA_DIR/var/obsproc/obs_gts_2008-02-05_12:00:00.3DVAR ./ob.ascii </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'>(note the different name!)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> ln
-sf $DAT_DIR/be/be.dat . </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> ln
-sf $WRFDA_DIR/var/da/da_wrfvar.exe .</span></p>
<p>Now edit the file<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>
namelist.input</span>, which is a very basic namelist for the tutorial test
case, and is shown below. </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar1</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var4d=false,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>print_detail_grad=false,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar2</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar3</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>ob_format=2,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar4</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar5</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar6</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>max_ext_its=1,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>ntmax=50,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>orthonorm_gradient=true,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar7</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>cv_options=5,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar8</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar9</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar10</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>test_transforms=false,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>test_gradient=false,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar11</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar12</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar13</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar14</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar15</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar16</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar17</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar18</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>analysis_date="2008-02-05_12:00:00.0000",</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar19</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar20</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar21</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>time_window_min="2008-02-05_11:00:00.0000",</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar22</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>time_window_max="2008-02-05_13:00:00.0000",</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar23</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&time_control</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>start_year=2008,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>start_month=02,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>start_day=05,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>start_hour=12,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>end_year=2008,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>end_month=02,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>end_day=05,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>end_hour=12,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&fdda</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&domains</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>e_we=90,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>e_sn=60,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>e_vert=41,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>dx=60000,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>dy=60000,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&dfi_control</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&tc</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&physics</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>mp_physics=3,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>ra_lw_physics=1,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>ra_sw_physics=1,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>radt=60,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>sf_sfclay_physics=1,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>sf_surface_physics=1,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>bl_pbl_physics=1,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>cu_physics=1,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>cudt=5,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>num_soil_layers=5,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>mp_zero_out=2,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>co2tf=0,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&scm</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&dynamics</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&bdy_control</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&grib2</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&fire</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&namelist_quilt</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&perturbation</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5pt'>No edits should be needed if you
are running the tutorial case without radiance data. If you plan to use the
PREPBUFR-format data, change the <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>ob_format=1</span> in <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar3</span>
in <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.input</span> and
link the data as <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ob.bufr</span>,
</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5pt'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020512/gds1.t12.prepbufr.nr ob.bufr</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p>Once you have changed any other necessary namelist variables, run WRFDA
3D-Var: </p>
<p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>>
da_wrfvar.exe >& wrfda.log</span></p>
<p>The file<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'> wrfda.log</span>
(or <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>rsl.out.0000,</span> if
run in distributed-memory mode) contains important WRFDA runtime log
information. Always check the log after a WRFDA run:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>*** VARIATIONAL ANALYSIS ***</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> DYNAMICS OPTION: Eulerian Mass Coordinate</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> alloc_space_field: domain 1,
606309816 bytes allocat</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> ed</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> WRF TILE 1 IS 1 IE 89 JS 1 JE 59</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> WRF NUMBER OF TILES = 1</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>Set up observations (ob)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>Using ASCII format observation input</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> scan obs ascii</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> end scan obs ascii</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>Observation summary</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> ob time 1</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> sound 86 global, 86 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> synop 757 global, 750 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> pilot 85 global, 85 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> satem 106 global, 105 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> geoamv 2556 global, 2499 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> polaramv 0 global, 0 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> airep 224 global, 221 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> gpspw 187 global, 187 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> gpsrf 3 global, 3 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> metar 2416 global, 2408 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> ships 145 global, 140 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> ssmi_rv 0 global, 0 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> ssmi_tb 0 global, 0 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> ssmt1 0 global, 0 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> ssmt2 0 global, 0 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> qscat 2190 global, 2126 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> profiler 61 global, 61 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> buoy 247 global, 247 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> bogus 0 global, 0 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> pseudo 0 global, 0 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> radar 0 global, 0 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> radiance 0 global, 0 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> airs retrieval 0 global, 0 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> sonde_sfc 86 global, 86 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> mtgirs 0 global, 0 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> tamdar 0 global, 0 local</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>Set up background errors for regional application for
cv_options = 5</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Using the averaged regression coefficients for
unbalanced part</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> WRF-Var dry control variables are:psi, chi_u, t_u and
ps_u</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Humidity control variable is rh</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>Vertical truncation for psi = 15( 99.00%)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>Vertical truncation for chi_u = 20( 99.00%)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>Vertical truncation for t_u = 29( 99.00%)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>Vertical truncation for rh = 22( 99.00%)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Scaling: var, len, ds: 0.100000E+01 0.100000E+01
0.600000E+05</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Scaling: var, len, ds: 0.100000E+01 0.100000E+01
0.600000E+05</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Scaling: var, len, ds: 0.100000E+01 0.100000E+01
0.600000E+05</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Scaling: var, len, ds: 0.100000E+01 0.100000E+01
0.600000E+05</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Scaling: var, len, ds: 0.100000E+01 0.100000E+01
0.600000E+05</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>Calculate innovation vector(iv)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>Minimize cost function using CG method</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>Starting outer iteration : 1</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>Starting cost function: 2.53214888D+04, Gradient=
2.90675545D+02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>For this outer iteration gradient target is:
2.90675545D+00</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>----------------------------------------------------------</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>Iter Cost Function Gradient Step</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 1 2.32498037D+04 2.55571188D+02
4.90384516D-02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 2 2.14988144D+04 2.22354203D+02
5.36154186D-02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 3 2.01389088D+04 1.62537907D+02
5.50108123D-02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 4 1.93433827D+04 1.26984567D+02
6.02247687D-02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 5 1.88877194D+04 9.84565874D+01
5.65160951D-02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 6 1.86297777D+04 7.49071361D+01
5.32184146D-02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 7 1.84886755D+04 5.41516421D+01
5.02941363D-02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 8 1.84118462D+04 4.68329312D+01
5.24003071D-02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 9 1.83485166D+04 3.53595537D+01
5.77476335D-02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 10 1.83191278D+04 2.64947070D+01
4.70109040D-02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 11 1.82984221D+04 2.06996271D+01
5.89930206D-02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 12 1.82875693D+04 1.56426527D+01
5.06578447D-02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 13 1.82807224D+04 1.15892153D+01
5.59631997D-02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 14 1.82773339D+04 8.74778514D+00
5.04582959D-02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 15 1.82751663D+04 7.22150257D+00
5.66521675D-02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 16 1.82736284D+04 4.81374868D+00
5.89786400D-02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 17 1.82728636D+04 3.82286871D+00
6.60104384D-02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 18 1.82724306D+04 3.16737517D+00
5.92526480D-02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 19 1.82721735D+04 2.23392283D+00
5.12604438D-02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>----------------------------------------------------------</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>Inner iteration stopped after 19 iterations</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>Final: 19 iter, J= 1.98187399D+04, g= 2.23392283D+00</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>----------------------------------------------------------</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>Diagnostics</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Final cost function J = 19818.74</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Total number of obs. = 39800</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Final value of J = 19818.73988</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Final value of Jo = 16859.85861</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Final value of Jb = 2958.88127</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Final value of Jc = 0.00000</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Final value of Je = 0.00000</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Final value of Jp = 0.00000</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Final value of Jl = 0.00000</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Final J / total num_obs = 0.49796</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Jb factor used(1) = 1.00000
1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000
1.00000 1.00000</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Jb factor used(2) = 1.00000
1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000
1.00000 1.00000</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Jb factor used(3) = 1.00000
1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000
1.00000 1.00000</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Jb factor used(4) = 1.00000
1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000
1.00000 1.00000</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Jb factor used(5) = 1.00000
1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000
1.00000 1.00000</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Jb factor used = 1.00000</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> Je factor used = 1.00000</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> VarBC factor used = 1.00000</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> *** WRF-Var completed successfully ***</span></p>
<p>The file <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.output.da</span>
(which contains the complete namelist settings) will be generated after a
successful run of <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>da_wrfvar.exe</span>.
The settings appearing in <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.output.da</span>,
but not specified in your <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.input</span>,
are the default values from <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$WRFDA_DIR/Registry/registry.var</span>.</p>
<p>After successful completion, <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>wrfvar_output</span>
(the WRFDA analysis file, i.e. the new initial condition for WRF) should appear
in the working directory along with a number of diagnostic files. Text files containing
various diagnostics will be explained in the <a href="#_WRF-Var_Diagnostics_1">WRFDA
Diagnostics</a> section. </p>
<p>To understand the role of various important WRFDA options, try re-running
WRFDA by changing different namelist options. For example, try making the WRFDA
convergence criterion more stringent. This is achieved by reducing the value of
“<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>EPS</span>” to e.g. 0.0001
by adding "<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>EPS=0.0001</span>"
in the <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.input</span>
record <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar6</span>.
See the section <a href="#_Additional_WRFDA_Exercises:_1">Additional WRFDA exercises</a>
for more namelist options.</p>
<h4 style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:14.0pt;margin-left:
0in;page-break-after:auto'><b><span lang=X-NONE style='font-style:normal'>c</span></b><b><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-style:normal'>. Run the Case—4D-Var</span></b></h4>
<p>To run WRF 4D-Var, first create and enter a working directory, such as <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$WRFDA_DIR/workdir</span>. Set the
<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>WORK_DIR</span> environment
variable (e.g. <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>setenv
WORK_DIR $WRFDA_DIR/workdir</span>) </p>
<p>For the tutorial case, the analysis date is 2008020512 and the test data
directories are:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> setenv DAT_DIR {directory where data is stored}</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ls –lr $DAT_DIR</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>ob/2008020512</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>ob/2008020513</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>ob/2008020514</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>ob/2008020515</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>ob/2008020516</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>ob/2008020517</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>ob/2008020518</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>rc/2008020512</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>be</span></p>
<p><b><i>Note</i>: </b>WRFDA 4D-Var is able to assimilate conventional
observational data, satellite radiance BUFR data, and precipitation data. The
input data format can be PREPBUFR format data or ASCII observation data,
processed by OBSPROC.</p>
<p>Now follow the steps below:</p>
<p>1) Link the executable file</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> cd $WORK_DIR</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $WRFDA_DIR/var/da/da_wrfvar.exe .</span></p>
<p>2) Link the observational data, first guess, BE and <span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>LANDUSE.TBL</span>,<span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> etc</span>. </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020512/ob.ascii+ ob01.ascii</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020513/ob.ascii ob02.ascii</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020514/ob.ascii ob03.ascii</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020515/ob.ascii ob04.ascii</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020516/ob.ascii ob05.ascii</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020517/ob.ascii ob06.ascii</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020518/ob.ascii- ob07.ascii</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $DAT_DIR/rc/2008020512/wrfinput_d01 .</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $DAT_DIR/rc/2008020512/wrfbdy_d01 .</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs wrfinput_d01 fg</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $DAT_DIR/be/be.dat .</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $WRFDA_DIR/run/LANDUSE.TBL .</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $WRFDA_DIR/run/GENPARM.TBL .</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $WRFDA_DIR/run/SOILPARM.TBL .</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $WRFDA_DIR/run/VEGPARM.TBL .</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln –fs $WRFDA_DIR/run/RRTM_DATA_DBL RRTM_DATA</span></p>
<p>3) Copy the sample namelist</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> cp $WRFDA_DIR/var/test/4dvar/namelist.input .</span></p>
<p>4) Edit necessary namelist variables, link optional files</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5pt'>WRFDA 4D-Var has the capability to
consider lateral boundary conditions as control variables as well during
minimization. The namelist variable <span class=viChar><span lang=X-NONE>var4d_lbc=true</span></span>
turns on this capability. To enable this option, WRF 4D-Var needs not only the
first guess at the beginning of the time window, but also the first guess at
the end of the time window.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5pt'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $DAT_DIR/rc/2008020518/wrfinput_d01 fg02</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5pt'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5pt'><span style='color:red'>Please
note: WRFDA beginners should not use this option until you have a good understanding
of the 4D-Var lateral boundary conditions control. To disable this feature,
make sure </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:red'>var4d_lbc</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:red'> </span><span
style='color:red'>in namelist.input is set to false.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5pt'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5pt'>If you use PREPBUFR format data,
set <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ob_format=1</span> in <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar3</span> in <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.input</span><span
lang=EN-ZW>. Because 12UTC PREPBUFR data only includes the data from 9UTC to
15UTC, for 4D-Var you should include 18UTC PREPBUFR data as well:</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:-.5pt'><span lang=EN-ZW> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020512/gds1.t12.prepbufr.nr
ob01.bufr</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020518/gds1.t18.prepbufr.nr
ob02.bufr</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:-.5pt'>Edit <span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$WORK_DIR/namelist.input</span> to match your
experiment settings. The most important namelist variables related to 4D-Var
are listed below. Please refer to <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>README.namelist</span> under the<span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> $WRFDA_DIR/var</span> directory. A common mistake users
make is in the time information settings. The rules are<span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>: </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>analysis_date</span>,
<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>time_window_min</span> and <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>start_xxx</span> in <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&time_control</span> should
always be equal to each other; <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>time_window_max</span>
and <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>end_xxx</span> should
always be equal to each other; and <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New"'>run_hours </span>is the difference between <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>start_xxx</span> and <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>end_xxx</span>, which is the
length of the 4D-Var time window.</p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:-.5pt'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar1</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var4d=true,</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var4d_lbc=false,</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var4d_bin=3600,</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>……<br>
/</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>……</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar18</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>analysis_date="2008-02-05_12:00:00.0000",</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>……</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar21</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>time_window_min="2008-02-05_12:00:00.0000",</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>……</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar22</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>time_window_max="2008-02-05_18:00:00.0000",</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>……</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&time_control</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>run_hours=6,</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>start_year=2008,</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>start_month=02,</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>start_day=05,</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>start_hour=12,</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>end_year=2008,</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>end_month=02,</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>end_day=05,</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>end_hour=18,</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>interval_seconds=21600,</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>debug_level=0,</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>……</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'><br>
<br>
</span></p>
<p>5) Run WRF 4D-Var</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> cd $WORK_DIR</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ./da_wrfvar.exe >& wrfda.log</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5pt'><a
name="_Radiance_Data_Assimilations"></a>Please note: If you utilize the lateral
boundary conditions option (<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>var4d_lbc=true</span>),
in addition to the analysis at the beginning of the time window (<span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>wrfvar_output</span>), the
analysis at the end of the time window will also be generated as <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>ana02</span>, which will be
used in subsequent updating of boundary conditions before the forecast.</p>
<h3 style='page-break-after:avoid'><a name="_Radiance_Data_Assimilation"></a><span
lang=X-NONE>Radiance Data Assimilation in WRFDA</span></h3>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>This section gives a brief
description for various aspects related to radiance assimilation in WRFDA. Each
aspect is described mainly from the viewpoint of usage, rather than more technical
and scientific details, which will appear in a separate technical report and
scientific paper. Namelist parameters controlling different aspects of radiance
assimilation will be detailed in the following sections. It should be noted
that this section does not cover general aspects of the assimilation process
with WRFDA; these can be found in other sections of chapter 6 of this user’s
guide, or other WRFDA documentation.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>a. Running WRFDA with radiances</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'> </span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>In addition to the basic input
files (</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>LANDUSE.TBL,
fg, ob.ascii, be.dat</span><span style='color:black'>) mentioned in the “</span><a
href="#_Running_WRFDA">Running WRFDA</a><span style='color:black'>”
section, the following additional files are required for radiances: radiance
data in NCEP BUFR format, </span><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
color:black'>radiance_info</span><span style='color:black'> files, </span><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>VARBC.in</span><span style='color:black'>,
and RTM (CRTM or RTTOV) coefficient files. </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Edit </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.input</span><span
style='color:black'> (Pay special attention to </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar4, &wrfvar14, &wrfvar21, and
&wrfvar22</span><span style='color:black'> for radiance-related options. </span>A
very basic namelist.input for running the radiance test case is provided in <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/test/radiance/namelist.input</span><span
style='color:black'>)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> ln
-sf $DAT_DIR/gdas1.t00z.1bamua.tm00.bufr_d ./amsua.bufr</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> ln
-sf $DAT_DIR/gdas1.t00z.1bamub.tm00.bufr_d ./amsub.bufr</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> ln
-sf $WRFDA_DIR/var/run/radiance_info ./radiance_info # (radiance_info is a
directory)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> ln
-sf $WRFDA_DIR/var/run/VARBC.in ./VARBC.in</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>(CRTM
only) > ln -sf WRFDA/var/run/crtm_coeffs ./crtm_coeffs #(crtm_coeffs is
a directory)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>(RTTOV
only) > ln -sf your_RTTOV_path/rtcoef_rttov10/rttov7pred51L ./rttov_coeffs
# (rttov_coeffs is a directory)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>See the following sections for
more details on each aspect of radiance assimilation.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>b. Radiance Data Ingest</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'> </span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Currently, the ingest interface
for NCEP BUFR radiance data is implemented in WRFDA. The radiance data are
available through NCEP’s public ftp server (<u>ftp://ftp.ncep.noaa.gov/pub/data/nccf/com/gfs/prod/gdas.${yyyymmddhh}</u>)
in near real-time (with a 6-hour delay) and can meet requirements for both research
purposes and some real-time applications.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>As of Version 3.4, WRFDA can read
data from the NOAA ATOVS instruments (HIRS, AMSU-A, AMSU-B and MHS), the EOS
Aqua instruments (AIRS, AMSU-A) and DMSP instruments (SSMIS). Note that NCEP
radiance BUFR files are separated by instrument names (i.e., one file for each
type of instrument), and each file contains global radiance (generally
converted to brightness temperature) within a 6-hour assimilation window, from
multi-platforms. For running WRFDA, users need to rename NCEP corresponding
BUFR files (table 1) to </span><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
color:red'>hirs3.bufr</span><span style='color:black'> (including HIRS data
from NOAA-15/16/17), </span><span style='font-family:"Courier New";color:red'>hirs4.bufr</span><span
style='color:black'> (including HIRS data from NOAA-18/19, METOP-2), </span><span
style='font-family:"Courier New";color:red'>amsua.bufr</span><span
style='color:black'> (including AMSU-A data from NOAA-15/16/18/19, METOP-2), </span><span
style='font-family:"Courier New";color:red'>amsub.bufr</span><span
style='color:black'> (including AMSU-B data from NOAA-15/16/17), </span><span
style='font-family:"Courier New";color:red'>mhs.bufr</span><span
style='color:black'> (including MHS data from NOAA-18/19 and METOP-1 and -2), </span><span
style='font-family:"Courier New";color:red'>airs.bufr</span><span
style='color:black'> (including AIRS and AMSU-A data from EOS-AQUA) </span><span
style='font-family:"Courier New";color:red'>ssmis.bufr</span><span
style='color:black'> (SSMIS data from DMSP-16, AFWA provided) </span><span
class=viChar><span lang=X-NONE style='color:red'>iasi.bufr</span></span><span
style='color:black'> (IASI data from METOP-1 and -2) and </span><span
class=viChar><span lang=X-NONE style='color:red'>seviri.bufr</span></span><span
style='color:black'> (SEVIRI data from Meteosat 8-10) for WRFDA filename
convention. Note that the </span><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
color:black'>airs.bufr</span><span style='color:black'> file contains not only
AIRS data but also AMSU-A, which is collocated with AIRS pixels (1 AMSU-A pixel
collocated with 9 AIRS pixels). Users must place these files in the working
directory where the WRFDA executable is run. It should also be mentioned that
WRFDA reads these BUFR radiance files directly without the use of any separate
pre-processing program. All processing of radiance data, such as quality
control, thinning, bias correction, etc., is carried out within WRFDA. This is
different from conventional observation assimilation, which requires a
pre-processing package (OBSPROC) to generate WRFDA readable ASCII files. For
reading the radiance BUFR files, WRFDA must be compiled with the NCEP BUFR
library (see </span><a href="http://www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov/sib/decoders/BUFRLIB/">http://www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov/sib/decoders/BUFRLIB/</a><span
style='color:black'>).</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'>Table 1: NCEP and WRFDA radiance
BUFR file naming convention</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'> </p>
<table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
style='margin-left:.5in;border-collapse:collapse'>
<tr>
<td width=247 valign=top style='width:185.4pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;layout-grid-mode:
char'>NCEP BUFR file names</p>
</td>
<td width=216 valign=top style='width:2.25in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;layout-grid-mode:
char'>WRFDA naming convention</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=247 valign=top style='width:185.4pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>gdas1.t00z.airsev.tm00.bufr_d</span></p>
</td>
<td width=216 valign=top style='width:2.25in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>airs.bufr</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=247 valign=top style='width:185.4pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>gdas1.t00z.1bamua.tm00.bufr_d</span></p>
</td>
<td width=216 valign=top style='width:2.25in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>amsua.bufr</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=247 valign=top style='width:185.4pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>gdas1.t00z.1bamub.tm00.bufr_d</span></p>
</td>
<td width=216 valign=top style='width:2.25in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>amsub.bufr</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=247 valign=top style='width:185.4pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>gdas1.t00z.atms.tm00.bufr_d</span></p>
</td>
<td width=216 valign=top style='width:2.25in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>atms.bufr</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=247 valign=top style='width:185.4pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>gdas1.t00z.1bhrs3.tm00.bufr_d</span></p>
</td>
<td width=216 valign=top style='width:2.25in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>hirs3.bufr</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=247 valign=top style='width:185.4pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>gdas1.t00z.1bhrs4.tm00.bufr_d</span></p>
</td>
<td width=216 valign=top style='width:2.25in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>hirs4.bufr</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=247 valign=top style='width:185.4pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>gdas1.t00z.mtiasi.tm00.bufr_d</span></p>
</td>
<td width=216 valign=top style='width:2.25in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>iasi.bufr</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=247 valign=top style='width:185.4pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>gdas1.t00z.1bmhs.tm00.bufr_d</span></p>
</td>
<td width=216 valign=top style='width:2.25in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>mhs.bufr</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=247 valign=top style='width:185.4pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>gdas1.t00z.sevcsr.tm00.bufr_d</span></p>
</td>
<td width=216 valign=top style='width:2.25in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>seviri.bufr</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Namelist parameters are used to
control the reading of corresponding BUFR files into WRFDA. For instance, </span><span
style='font-family:Courier;color:red'>USE_AMSUAOBS</span><span
style='color:red'>, </span><span style='font-family:Courier;color:red'>USE_AMSUBOBS</span><span
style='color:red'>, </span><span style='font-family:Courier;color:red'>USE_HIRS3OBS</span><span
style='color:red'>, </span><span style='font-family:Courier;color:red'>USE_HIRS4OBS</span><span
style='color:red'>, </span><span style='font-family:Courier;color:red'>USE_MHSOBS</span><span
style='color:red'>, </span><span style='font-family:Courier;color:red'>USE_AIRSOBS</span><span
style='color:red'>, </span><span style='font-family:Courier;color:red'>USE_EOS_AMSUAOBS</span><span
style='color:red'>, </span><span style='font-family:Courier;color:red'>USE_SSMISOBS</span><span
style='color:red'>,</span><span style='font-family:Courier;color:red'> USE_ATMSOBS</span><span
style='color:red'>,</span><span style='font-family:Courier;color:red'> USE_IASIOBS</span><span
style='color:red'>, and </span><span style='font-family:Courier;color:red'>USE_SEVIRIOBS
</span><span style='color:black'>control whether or not the respective file is
read. These are logical parameters that are assigned to .FALSE. by default;
therefore they must be set to<i> </i>.TRUE. to read the respective observation
file. Also note that these parameters only control whether the data is read,
not whether the data included in the files is to be assimilated. This is
controlled by other namelist parameters explained in the next section.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Sources for downloading these and
other data can be found on the WRFDA website: </span><a
href="http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/free_data.html">http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/free_data.html</a><span
style='color:black'>.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b> </b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b> </b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b> </b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>c. Radiative Transfer Model</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'> </span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>The core component for direct
radiance assimilation is to incorporate a radiative transfer model (RTM) into
the WRFDA system as one part of observation operators. Two widely used RTMs in
the NWP community, RTTOV (developed by ECMWF and UKMET in Europe), and CRTM
(developed by the Joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation (JCSDA) in US),
are already implemented in the WRFDA system with a flexible and consistent user
interface. WRFDA is designed to be able to compile with any combination of the
two RTM libraries, or without RTM libraries (for those not interested in radiance
assimilation), by the definition of environment variables “CRTM” and “RTTOV”
(see the “Installing WRFDA” section). Note, however, that at runtime the user
must select one of the two or neither, via the namelist parameter </span><span
style='font-family:Courier;color:red'>RTM_OPTION</span><span style='color:black'>
(1 for RTTOV, the default, and 2 for CRTM).</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Both RTMs can calculate radiances
for almost all available instruments aboard the various satellite platforms in
orbit. An important feature of the WRFDA design is that all data structures related
to radiance assimilation are dynamically allocated during running time,
according to a simple namelist setup. The instruments to be assimilated are
controlled at run-time by four integer namelist parameters: </span><span
style='font-family:Courier;color:red'>RTMINIT_NSENSOR</span><span
style='color:black'> (the total number of sensors to be assimilated), </span><span
style='font-family:Courier;color:red'>RTMINIT_PLATFORM</span><span
style='color:black'> (the platforms IDs array to be assimilated with dimension
RTMINIT_NSENSOR, e.g., 1 for NOAA, 9 for EOS, 10 for METOP and 2 for DMSP), </span><span
style='font-family:Courier;color:red'>RTMINIT_SATID</span><span
style='color:black'> (satellite IDs array) and </span><span style='font-family:
Courier;color:red'>RTMINIT_SENSOR</span><span style='color:black'> (sensor IDs
array, e.g., 0 for HIRS, 3 for AMSU-A, 4 for AMSU-B, 15 for MHS, 10 for SSMIS,
11 for AIRS, 16 for IASI). An example configuration for assimilating 14 of the sensors
from 7 satellites is listed here:</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>RTMINIT_NSENSOR
= 15 # 6 AMSUA; 3 AMSUB; 3 MHS; 1 AIRS; 1 SSMIS; 1 IASI</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>RTMINIT_PLATFORM
= 1, 1, 1, 1, 9, 10, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 10, 9, 2, 10,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>RTMINIT_SATID
= 15, 16, 18, 19, 2, 2, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 2, 2, 16, 2</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>RTMINIT_SENSOR
= 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 15, 15, 15, 11, 10, 16,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>The instrument triplets (platform,
satellite, and sensor ID) in the namelist can be ranked in any order. More
detail about the convention of instrument triples can be found on the web page </span><a
href="http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm/rttov_description.html"><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'>http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm/rttov_description.html</span></a></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><a
href="http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm/rttov_description.html"></a><span
style='color:black'>or in tables 2 and 3 in the RTTOV v10 User’s Guide (</span><a
href="http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm/docs_rttov10/users_guide_10_v1.5.pdf"><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'>research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm/docs_rttov10/users_guide_10_v1.5.pdf</span></a><span
style='color:black'>)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>CRTM uses a different
instrument-naming method, however, a conversion routine inside WRFDA is
implemented such that the user interface remains the same for RTTOV and CRTM,
using the same instrument triplet for both. </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>When running WRFDA with radiance
assimilation switched on, a set of RTM coefficient files need to be loaded. For
the RTTOV option, RTTOV coefficient files are to be copied or linked to a
sub-directory </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:black'>rttov_coeffs/</span><span style='color:black'> under the working
directory. For the CRTM option, CRTM coefficient files are to be copied or
linked to a sub-directory </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";color:black'>crtm_coeffs/ </span><span style='color:black'>under
the working directory. Only coefficients listed in the namelist are needed.
Potentially WRFDA can assimilate all sensors as long as the corresponding coefficient
files are provided. In addition, necessary developments on the corresponding data
interface, quality control, and bias correction are important to make radiance
data assimilate properly; however, a modular design of radiance relevant
routines already facilitates the addition of more instruments in WRFDA.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>The RTTOV package is not distributed
with WRFDA, due to licensing and supporting issues. Users need to follow the
instructions at </span><a
href="http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm">http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm</a><span
style='color:black'> to download the RTTOV source code and supplement
coefficient files and the emissivity atlas dataset. Only RTTOV v11 can be used
in WRFDA, so if you have an older version you must upgrade.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>As mentioned in a previous
paragraph, the CRTM package is distributed with WRFDA, and is located in </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:black'>$WRFDA_DIR/var/external/crtm_2.1.3</span><span
style='color:black'>. The CRTM code in WRFDA is the same as the source code
that users can download from </span><a
href="ftp://ftp.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/jcsda/CRTM">ftp://ftp.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/jcsda/CRTM</a><span
style='color:black'>, with only minor modifications (mainly for ease of
compilation).</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>d. Channel Selection</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Channel selection in WRFDA is
controlled by radiance ‘info’ files, located in the sub-directory </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:black'>radiance_info</span><span
style='color:black'>, under the working directory. These files are separated by
satellites and sensors; e.g., </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";color:black'>noaa-15-amsua.info</span><span style='color:black'>,
</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:black'>noaa-16-amsub.info</span><span
style='color:black'>, </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:black'>dmsp-16-ssmis.info</span><span style='color:black'> and so on. An
example of 5 channels from </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";color:black'>noaa-15-amsub.info</span><span style='color:black'>
is shown below. The fourth column is used by WRFDA to control when to use a
corresponding channel. Channels with the value “-1” in the fourth column
indicate that the channel is “not assimilated,” while the value “1” means “assimilated.”
The sixth column is used by WRFDA to set the observation error for each
channel. Other columns are not used by WRFDA. It should be mentioned that these
error values might not necessarily be optimal for your applications. It is the
user’s responsibility to obtain the optimal error statistics for his/her own
applications.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:black'>Sensor channel IR/MW use idum varch polarization(0:vertical;1:horizontal)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:black'>415 1 1 -1 0 0.5500000000E+01 0.0000000000E+00</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:black'>415 2 1 -1 0 0.3750000000E+01 0.0000000000E+00</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:black'>415 3 1 1 0 0.3500000000E+01 0.0000000000E+00</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:black'>415 4 1 -1 0 0.3200000000E+01 0.0000000000E+00</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:black'>415 5 1 1 0 0.2500000000E+01 0.0000000000E+00</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'> </span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'> </span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>e. Bias Correction</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'> </span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Satellite radiance is generally
considered to be biased with respect to a reference (e.g., background or
analysis field in NWP assimilation) due to systematic error of the observation
itself, the reference field, and RTM. Bias correction is a necessary step prior
to assimilating radiance data. There are two ways of performing bias correction
in WRFDA. One is based on the Harris and Kelly (2001) method, and is carried
out using a set of coefficient files pre-calculated with an off-line statistics
package, which was applied to a training dataset for a month-long period. The
other is Variational Bias Correction (VarBC). Only VarBC is introduced here,
and recommended for users because of its relative simplicity in usage.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>f. Variational Bias Correction</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'> </span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>Getting started with VarBC</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>To use VarBC, set the namelist
option </span><span style='font-family:Courier;color:red'>USE_VARBC</span><span
style='color:black'> to TRUE and have the </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:black'>VARBC.in</span><span style='color:black'>
file in the working directory. </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";color:black'>VARBC.in</span><span style='color:black'> is a VarBC
setup file in ASCII format. A template is provided with the WRFDA package (</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:black'>$WRFDA_DIR/var/run/VARBC.in</span><span
style='color:black'>).</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'> </span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>Input and Output files</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>All VarBC input is passed through
a single ASCII file called </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";color:black'>VARBC.in</span><span style='color:black'>. Once
WRFDA has run with the VarBC option switched on, it will produce a </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:black'>VARBC.out</span><span
style='color:black'> file in a similar ASCII format. This output file will then
be used as the input file for the next assimilation cycle.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'> </span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>Coldstart</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Coldstarting means starting the
VarBC from scratch; i.e. when you do not know the values of the bias
parameters.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>The Coldstart is a routine in
WRFDA. The bias predictor statistics (mean and standard deviation) are computed
automatically and will be used to normalize the bias parameters. All coldstart
bias parameters are set to zero, except the first bias parameter (= simple offset),
which is set to the mode (=peak) of the distribution of the (uncorrected) innovations
for the given channel.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>A threshold of a number of
observations can be set through the namelist option </span><span
style='font-family:Courier;color:red'>VARBC_NOBSMIN</span><span
style='color:black'> (default = 10), under which it is considered that not
enough observations are present to keep the Coldstart values (i.e. bias predictor
statistics and bias parameter values) for the next cycle. In this case, the
next cycle will do another Coldstart.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>Background Constraint for the bias parameters</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>The background constraint controls
the inertia you want to impose on the predictors (i.e. the smoothing in the
predictor time series). It corresponds to an extra term in the WRFDA cost function.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>It is defined through an integer
number in the </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:black'>VARBC.in</span><span style='color:black'> file. This number is
related to a number of observations; the bigger the number, the more inertia
constraint. If these numbers are set to zero, the predictors can evolve without
any constraint.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>Scaling factor</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>The VarBC uses a specific
preconditioning, which can be scaled through the namelist option </span><span
style='font-family:Courier;color:red'>VARBC_FACTOR</span><span
style='color:black'> (default = 1.0).</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b> </b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>Offline bias correction</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>The analysis of the VarBC
parameters can be performed "offline" ; i.e. independently from the
main WRFDA analysis. No extra code is needed. Just set the following </span><span
style='font-family:Courier;color:black'>MAX_VERT_VAR*</span><span
style='color:black'> namelist variables to be 0, which will disable the
standard control variable and only keep the VarBC control variable.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'>MAX_VERT_VAR1</span><span
style='color:black'>=0.0</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'>MAX_VERT_VAR2</span><span
style='color:black'>=0.0</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'>MAX_VERT_VAR3</span><span
style='color:black'>=0.0</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'>MAX_VERT_VAR4</span><span
style='color:black'>=0.0</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'>MAX_VERT_VAR5</span><span
style='color:black'>=0.0</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'> </span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>Freeze VarBC</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>In certain circumstances, you
might want to keep the VarBC bias parameters constant in time (="frozen").
In this case, the bias correction is read and applied to the innovations, but
it is not updated during the minimization. This can easily be achieved by
setting the namelist options:</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'>USE_VARBC</span><span
style='color:black'>=false</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Courier;color:red'>FREEZE_VARBC</span><span
style='color:black'>=true</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'> </span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>Passive observations</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Some observations are useful for
preprocessing (e.g. Quality Control, Cloud detection) but you might not want to
assimilate them. If you still need to estimate their bias correction, these observations
need to go through the VarBC code in the minimization. For this purpose, the
VarBC uses a separate threshold on the QC values, called
"qc_varbc_bad". This threshold is currently set to the same value as
"qc_bad", but can easily be changed to any ad hoc value.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b> </b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>g. Other namelist variables to control radiance
assimilation</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'> </span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'>RAD_MONITORING</span></b><span
style='color:black'> (30) </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Integer
array of dimension RTMINIT_NSENSOR, 0 for assimilating mode, 1 for monitoring
mode (only calculates innovation).</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'> </span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'>THINNING</span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Logical,
TRUE will perform thinning on radiance data. </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'>THINNING_MESH</span></b><span
style='color:black'> (30)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Real
array with dimension RTMINIT_NSENSOR, values indicate thinning mesh (in km) for
different sensors.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'>QC_RAD</span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Logical,
controls if quality control is performed, always set to TRUE.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'>WRITE_IV_RAD_ASCII</span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Logical,
controls whether to output observation-minus-background (O-B) files, which are
in ASCII format, and separated by sensors and processors.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'>WRITE_OA_RAD_ASCII</span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Logical,
controls whether to output observation-minus-analysis (O-A) files (including
also O-B information), which are in ASCII format, and separated by sensors and processors.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'>USE_ERROR_FACTOR_RAD</span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Logical,
controls use of a radiance error tuning factor file <br>
(</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:black'>radiance_error.factor</span><span
style='color:black'>) which is created with empirical values, or generated
using a variational tuning method (Desroziers and Ivanov, 2001).</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'>ONLY_SEA_RAD</span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Logical,
controls whether only assimilating radiance over water. </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'>TIME_WINDOW_MIN</span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>String,
e.g., "2007-08-15_03:00:00.0000", start time of assimilation time
window</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'>TIME_WINDOW_MAX</span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>String,
e.g., "2007-08-15_09:00:00.0000", end time of assimilation time window</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'>USE_ANTCORR</span></b><span
style='color:black'> (30)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Logical
array with dimension RTMINIT_NSENSOR, controls if performing Antenna Correction
in CRTM.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Courier New";color:black'>USE_CLDDET_MMR</span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Logical,
controls whether using the MMR scheme to conduct cloud detection for infrared
radiance.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Courier New";color:black'>USE_CLDDET_ECMWF</span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Logical,
controls whether using the ECMWF scheme to conduct cloud detection for infrared
radiance.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'>AIRS_WARMEST_FOV</span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Logical,
controls whether using the observation brightness temperature for AIRS Window
channel #914 as criterium for GSI thinning.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify'><span
style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:Courier;color:black'>USE_CRTM_KMATRIX</span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Logical,
controls whether </span>using the CRTM K matrix rather than calling CRTM TL and
AD routines for gradient calculation.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>USE_RTTOV_KMATRIX</span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Logical,
controls whether </span>using the RTTOV K matrix rather than calling RTTOV TL
and AD routines for gradient calculation.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>RTTOV_EMIS_ATLAS_IR</span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'>Integer, controls the use of the
IR emissivity atlas.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'>Emissivity atlas data (should be
downloaded separately from the RTTOV web site) need to be copied or linked
under a sub-directory of the working directory (<span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>emis_data</span>) if RTTOV_EMIS_ATLAS_IR is set to
1.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><b> </b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>RTTOV_EMIS_ATLAS_MW</span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'>Integer, controls the use of the MW
emissivity atlas.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'>Emissivity atlas data (should be
downloaded separately from the RTTOV web site) need to be copied or linked
under a sub-directory of the working directory (<span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>emis_data</span>) if RTTOV_EMIS_ATLAS_MW is set to 1
or 2.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>h. Diagnostics and Monitoring</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'> </span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>(1) Monitoring capability within
WRFDA</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Run WRFDA
with the </span><span style='font-family:"Courier New";color:black'>rad_monitoring</span><span
style='color:black'> namelist parameter in record </span><span
style='font-family:"Courier New";color:black'>wrfvar14</span><span
style='color:black'> in </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:black'>namelist.input</span><span style='color:black'>. </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>0 means
assimilating mode. Innovations (O minus B) are calculated and data are used in
minimization.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>1 means
monitoring mode: innovations are calculated for diagnostics and monitoring.
Data are not used in minimization.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>The value
of </span><span style='font-family:"Courier New";color:black'>rad_monitoring</span><span
style='color:black'> should correspond to the value of </span><span
style='font-family:"Courier New";color:black'>rtminit_nsensor</span><span
style='color:black'>. If </span><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
color:black'>rad_monitoring</span><span style='color:black'> is not set, then
the default value of 0 will be used for all sensors.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>(2) Outputting radiance
diagnostics from WRFDA</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Run WRFDA
with the following namelist options in record </span><span style='font-family:
"Courier New";color:black'>wrfvar14</span><span style='color:black'> in </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:black'>namelist.input</span><span
style='color:black'>.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><b><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
color:black'>write_iv_rad_ascii </span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='color:black'>Logical.
TRUE to write out (observation-background, etc.) diagnostics information in
plain-text files with the prefix ‘inv,’ followed by the instrument name and the
processor id. For example, 01_inv_noaa-17-amsub.0000 (01 is outerloop index,
0000 is processor index)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><b><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
color:black'>write_oa_rad_ascii </span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='color:black'>Logical.
TRUE to write out (observation-background, observation-analysis, etc.)
diagnostics information in plain-text files with the prefix ‘oma,’ followed by
the instrument name and the processor id. For example, </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:black'>01_oma_noaa-18-mhs.0001</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Each
processor writes out the information for one instrument in one file in the
WRFDA working directory.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>(3) Radiance diagnostics data
processing</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>One of
the 44 executables compiled as part of the WRFDA system is the file </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:black'>da_rad_diags.exe</span><span
style='color:black'>. This program can be used to collect the </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:black'>01_inv*</span><span
style='color:black'> or </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:black'>01_oma</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>*</span><span
style='color:black'> files and write them out in netCDF format (one instrument
in one file with prefix </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:black'>diags</span><span style='color:black'> followed by the instrument
name, analysis date, and the suffix </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:black'>.nc</span><span style='color:black'>)
for easier data viewing, handling and plotting with netCDF utilities and NCL
scripts. See </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:black'>WRFDA/var/da/da_monitor/README</span><span style='color:black'>
for information on how to use this program.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>(4) Radiance diagnostics plotting</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Two NCL
scripts (available as part of the WRFDA Tools package, which can be downloaded
at </span><a href="http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/tools.html">http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/tools.html</a><span
style='color:black'>) are used for plotting: </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:black'>$TOOLS_DIR/var/graphics/ncl/plot_rad_diags.ncl</span><span
style='color:black'> and </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:black'>$TOOLS_DIR/var/graphics/ncl/advance_cymdh.ncl</span><span
style='color:black'>. The NCL scripts can be run from a shell script, or run
alone with an interactive </span><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
color:black'>ncl</span><span style='color:black'> command (the NCL script and
set the plot options must be edited, and the path of </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:black'>advance_cymdh.ncl</span><span
style='color:black'>, a date-advancing script loaded in the main NCL plotting
script, may need to be modified).</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Steps (3)
and (4) can be done by running a single ksh script (also in the WRFDA Tools
package: </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:black'>$TOOLS_DIR/var/scripts/da_rad_diags.ksh</span><span
style='color:black'>) with proper settings. In addition to the settings of
directories and what instruments to plot, there are some useful plotting
options, explained below.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify'><span
style='color:black'> </span></p>
<table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
style='border-collapse:collapse'>
<tr>
<td width=253 valign=top style='width:189.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>setenv OUT_TYPE=ncgm</span></p>
</td>
<td width=337 valign=top style='width:252.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'>ncgm or pdf</p>
<p class=MsoNormal>pdf will be much slower than ncgm and generate huge output
if plots are not split. But pdf has higher resolution than ncgm.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=253 valign=top style='width:189.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>setenv PLOT_STATS_ONLY=false</span></p>
</td>
<td width=337 valign=top style='width:252.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'>true or false</p>
<p class=MsoNormal>true: only statistics of OMB/OMA vs channels and OMB/OMA
vs dates will be plotted.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal>false: data coverage, scatter plots (before and after bias
correction), histograms (before and after bias correction), and statistics
will be plotted.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=253 valign=top style='width:189.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>setenv PLOT_OPT=sea_only</span></p>
</td>
<td width=337 valign=top style='width:252.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'>all, sea_only, land_only</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=253 valign=top style='width:189.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>setenv PLOT_QCED=false</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'> </span></p>
</td>
<td width=337 valign=top style='width:252.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'>true or false</p>
<p class=MsoNormal>true: plot only quality-controlled data</p>
<p class=MsoNormal>false: plot all data</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=253 valign=top style='width:189.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>setenv PLOT_HISTO=false</span></p>
</td>
<td width=337 valign=top style='width:252.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'>true or false: switch for
histogram plots</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=253 valign=top style='width:189.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>setenv PLOT_SCATT=true</span></p>
</td>
<td width=337 valign=top style='width:252.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'>true or false: switch for
scatter plots</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=253 valign=top style='width:189.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>setenv PLOT_EMISS=false</span></p>
</td>
<td width=337 valign=top style='width:252.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'>true or false: switch for
emissivity plots</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=253 valign=top style='width:189.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>setenv PLOT_SPLIT=false</span></p>
</td>
<td width=337 valign=top style='width:252.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'>true or false</p>
<p class=MsoNormal>true: one frame in each file</p>
<p class=MsoNormal>false: all frames in one file</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=253 valign=top style='width:189.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>setenv PLOT_CLOUDY=false</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'> </span></p>
</td>
<td width=337 valign=top style='width:252.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'>true or false</p>
<p class=MsoNormal>true: plot cloudy data. Cloudy data to be plotted are
defined by PLOT_CLOUDY_OPT (si or clwp), CLWP_VALUE, SI_VALUE settings.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=253 valign=top style='width:189.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>setenv PLOT_CLOUDY_OPT=si</span></p>
</td>
<td width=337 valign=top style='width:252.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'>si or clwp</p>
<p class=MsoNormal>clwp: cloud liquid water path from model</p>
<p class=MsoNormal>si: scatter index from obs, for amsua, amsub and mhs only</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=253 valign=top style='width:189.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>setenv CLWP_VALUE=0.2</span></p>
</td>
<td width=337 valign=top style='width:252.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'>only plot points with</p>
<p class=MsoNormal>clwp >= clwp_value (when clwp_value > 0)</p>
<p class=MsoNormal>clwp > clwp_value (when clwp_value = 0)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=253 valign=top style='width:189.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>setenv SI_VALUE=3.0</span></p>
</td>
<td width=337 valign=top style='width:252.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'> </p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> (5) Evolution of VarBC parameters</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>NCL
scripts (also in the WRFDA Tools package: </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:black'>$TOOLS_DIR</span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>/var/graphics/ncl/plot_rad_varbc_param.ncl</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'> and </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:black'>$TOOLS_DIR</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>/var/graphics/ncl/advance_cymdh.ncl</span><span
style='color:black'>) are used for plotting the evolution of VarBC parameters.</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE> </span></p>
<h3 style='page-break-after:avoid'><a name=Precipitation></a><span lang=X-NONE>Precipitation
Data Assimilation in WRFDA 4D-Var</span></h3>
<p class=MsoNormal>The assimilation of precipitation observations in WRFDA
4D-Var is described in this section. Currently, WRFPLUS has already included
the adjoint and tangent linear codes of large-scale condensation and cumulus
scheme, therefore precipitation data can be assimilated directly in 4D-Var.
Users who are interested in the scientific detail of 4D-Var assimilation of
precipitation should refer to related scientific papers, as this section is only
a basic guide to running WRFDA Precipitation Assimilation. This section
instructs users on data processing, namelist variable settings, and how to run
WRFDA 4D-Var with precipitation observations.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>a. Prepare precipitation observations for 4D-Var</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>WRFDA 4D-Var can assimilate NCEP Stage IV radar and gauge
precipitation data. NCEP Stage IV archived data are available on the NCAR
CODIAC web page at: <a href="http://data.eol.ucar.edu/codiac/dss/id=21.093">http://data.eol.ucar.edu/codiac/dss/id=21.093</a>
(for more information, please see the NCEP Stage IV Q&A Web page at <a
href="http://www.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/mmb/ylin/pcpanl/QandA/">http://www.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/mmb/ylin/pcpanl/QandA/</a>).
The original precipitation data are at 4-km resolution on a polar-stereographic
grid. Hourly, 6-hourly and 24-hourly analyses are available.<span
style='font-size:9.0pt'> </span>The following image shows the accumulated 6-h
precipitation for the tutorial case.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><img border=0
width=245 height=317 id="Picture 1"
src="users_guide_chap6_files/image004.png" alt=2008020518></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-40.5pt'>It should be mentioned that <span
style='font-family:"Times","serif"'>the </span>NCEP Stage IV archived data<span
style='font-family:"Times","serif"'> is in GRIB1 format and it cannot be
ingested into the WRFDA directly. A tool “</span>precip_converter<span
style='font-family:"Times","serif"'>” is provided to reformat GRIB1 observations
into the WRFDA-readable ASCII format. It can be downloaded from the WRFDA users
page at </span><a
href="http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/precip_converter.tar.gz"><span
style='font-family:"Times","serif"'>http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/precip_converter.tar.gz</span></a><span
style='font-family:"Times","serif"'>.</span> The NCEP GRIB libraries, w3 and g2
are required to compile the precip_converter utility. These libraries are
available for download from NCEP at <a
href="http://www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov/pmb/codes/GRIB2/">http://www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov/pmb/codes/GRIB2/</a>.
The output file to the precip_converter utility is named in the format <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>ob.rain.yyyymmddhh.xxh</span>;
The '<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>yyyymmddhh</span>'
in the file name is the ending hour of the accumulation period, and '<span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>xx</span>' (=01,06 or 24) is
the accumulating time period.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-40.5pt'>For users wishing to use their
own observations instead of NCEP Stage IV, it is the user’s responsibility to
write a Fortran main program and call subroutine writerainobs (in
write_rainobs.f90) to generate their own precipitation data. For more information
please refer to the README file in the <span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>precip_converter</span> directory.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-40.5pt;text-align:justify'><b>b.
Running WRFDA 4D-Var with precipitation observations</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-40.5pt;text-align:justify'><b> </b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>WRFDA 4D-Var is able to assimilate hourly, 3-hourly and
6-hourly precipitation data. According to experiments and related scientific
papers, 6-hour precipitation accumulations are the ideal observations to be
assimilated, as this leads to better results than directly assimilating hourly
data.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>The tutorial example is for assimilating 6-hour accumulated
precipitation. In your working directory, link all the necessary files as
follows,</p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $WRFDA_DIR/var/da/da_wrfvar.exe .</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $DAT_DIR/rc/2008020512/wrfinput_d01 .</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $DAT_DIR/rc/2008020512/wrfbdy_d01 .</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs wrfinput_d01 fg</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $DAT_DIR/be/be.dat .</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $WRFDA_DIR/run/LANDUSE.TBL ./LANDUSE.TBL</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $WRFDA_DIR/run/RRTM_DATA_DBL ./RRTM_DATA</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs $DAT_DIR/ob/2008020518/ob.rain.2008020518.06h
ob07.rain</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:-.5pt'> </p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:-.5pt'>Note: The reason why the
observation <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ob.rain.2008020518.06h</span>
is linked <span style='font-size:10.0pt'>as </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>ob07.rain</span> will be explained in section d.</p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:0in'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>Edit <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>namelist.input</span>
and pay special attention to <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>&wrfvar1</span>
and <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>&wrfvar4</span>
for precipitation-related options.</p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:-.5pt'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar1</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var4d=true,</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var4d_lbc=true,</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var4d_bin=3600,</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var4d_bin_rain=21600,</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>……<br>
/</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>……</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar4</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>use_rainobs=true,</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>thin_rainobs=true,</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>thin_mesh_conv=30*20.,</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoFootnoteText><span lang=X-NONE> </span></p>
<p class=MsoFootnoteText><span lang=X-NONE>Then, run 4D-Var in serial or
parallel mode,</span></p>
<p class=MsoFootnoteText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:
Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoFootnoteText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:
Courier'> </span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>>./da_wrfvar.exe >& wrfda.log</span></p>
<p class=MsoFootnoteText><span lang=X-NONE> </span></p>
<p class=MsoFootnoteText><b><span lang=X-NONE> </span></b></p>
<p class=MsoFootnoteText><b><span lang=X-NONE>c. Namelist variables to control
precipitation assimilation</span></b></p>
<p class=MsoFootnoteText><span lang=X-NONE> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:Courier'>var4d_bin_rain </span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'>Precipitation observation
sub-window length for 4D-Var. It does not need to be consistent with var4d_bin<span
style='font-family:Courier'>. </span></p>
<p class=MsoFootnoteText><span lang=X-NONE> </span></p>
<p class=MsoFootnoteText><b><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>thin_rainobs</span></b></p>
<p class=MsoFootnoteText style='margin-left:.5in'><span lang=X-NONE>Logical,
TRUE will perform thinning on precipitation data.</span></p>
<p class=MsoFootnoteText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoFootnoteText><b><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>thin_mesh_conv</span></b></p>
<p class=MsoFootnoteText style='margin-left:.5in'><span lang=X-NONE>Specify
thinning mesh size (in km)</span></p>
<p class=MsoFootnoteText><span lang=X-NONE> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>d. Properly linking observation files</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b> </b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>In section b, <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>ob.rain.2008020518.06h</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:
Courier'> </span>is linked as<span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>
</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ob07.rain</span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>. </span>The number<span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>07</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:
Courier'> </span>is assigned according to the following rule:<span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>x=i*(var4d_bin_rain/var4d_bin)+1, </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoFootnoteText><span lang=X-NONE>Here, </span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>i</span><span lang=X-NONE> is </span><span
lang=X-NONE>the sequence number of the observation</span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:\5B8B\4F53'>.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>for<span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>x<10</span>, the observation
file should be renamed as <span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ob0x.rain</span>;
</p>
<p class=MsoNormal>for <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>x>=10</span>,
it should be renamed as <span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>obx.rain</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>In the example above, 6-hour accumulated precipitation data
is assimilated in 6-hour time window. In the namelist, values should be set at <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>var4d_bin=3600</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'> </span>and<span style='font-size:10.0pt'> </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>var4d_bin_rain=21600</span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>,</span> and<span style='font-size:9.0pt'> </span>there
is one observation file (i.e., <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>i=1</span>)
in the time window, Thus the value of <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>x</span> is 7. The file <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>ob.rain.2008020518.06h</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:
Courier'> </span>should be renamed as <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>ob07.rain</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>Let us take another example for how to rename observation
files for 3-hourly precipitation data in 6-hour time window. The sample
namelist is as follows, </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar1</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var4d=true,</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var4d_lbc=true,</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var4d_bin=3600,</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var4d_bin_rain=10800,</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>……<br>
/</span></p>
<p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:72.5pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>There are two observation files, <span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ob.rain.2008020515.03h </span>and<span
style='font-size:10.0pt'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>ob.rain.2008020518.03h</span>. For the first file (<span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>i=1</span>) <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ob.rain.2008020515.03h</span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>, </span>it should be renamed as<span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'> </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ob04.rain</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>,</span>and the second file (<span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>i=2</span>) renamed as<span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>ob07.rain</span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Courier'>.</span></p>
<h3><a name="_Updating_WRF_lateral_1"></a><a name="_Updating_WRF_Boundary"></a><span
lang=X-NONE>Updating WRF Boundary Conditions</span></h3>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>a. Lateral boundary conditions</b></p>
<p>When using WRFDA output to run a WRF forecast, it is essential that you
update the WRF lateral boundary conditions (contained in the file <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>wrfbdy_01</span>, created by
<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>real.exe</span>) to
match your new analysis. Domain-1 (<span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>wrfbdy_d01</span>)
must be updated to be consistent with the new WRFDA initial condition
(analysis). This is absolutely essential. <a name=update></a>For nested
domains, domain-2, domain-3, etc., the lateral boundary conditions are provided
by their parent domains, so no lateral boundary update is needed for these
domains. The update procedure is performed by the WRFDA utility called <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>da_update_bc.exe</span>, and after
compilation can be found in <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>$WRFDA_DIR/var/build</span>.</p>
<p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>da_update_bc.exe</span>
requires three input files: the WRFDA analysis (<span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>wrfvar_output</span>), the wrfbdy file from <span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>real.exe</span>, and a namelist file: <span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>parame.in</span>. To run<span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>da_update_bc.exe</span> to update lateral boundary
conditions, follow the steps below:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> cd $WRFDA_DIR/var/test/update_bc</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> cp –p $DAT_DIR/rc/2008020512/wrfbdy_d01 . </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>(IMPORTANT:
make a copy of </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>wrfbdy_d01</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'>, as the </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>wrf_bdy_file</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>
will be overwritten by </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>da_update_bc.exe</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'>)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> vi parame.in</span></p>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE>&control_param</span></p>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE> da_file = '../tutorial/wrfvar_output'</span></p>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE> </span><span lang=X-NONE>wrf_bdy_file =
'./wrfbdy_d01'</span></p>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE> </span><span lang=X-NONE>domain_id = 1</span></p>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE> debug = .true.</span></p>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE> update_lateral_bdy = .true.</span></p>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE> update_low_bdy = .</span>false<span
lang=X-NONE>.</span></p>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE> update_lsm = .false.</span></p>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE> iswater = 16</span></p>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE> var4d_lbc = .false.</span></p>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE>/</span></p>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE> </span></p>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE>> ln –sf $WRFDA_DIR/var/da/da_update_bc.exe .</span></p>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE>> ./da_update_bc.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>At this stage, you should have the files <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>wrfvar_output</span> and <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>wrfbdy_d01</span> in your WRFDA
working directory. They are the WRFDA updated initial and boundary condition files
for any subsequent WRF model runs. To use, link a copy of <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>wrfvar_output</span> and <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>wrfbdy_d01</span> to <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>wrfinput_d01</span> and <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>wrfbdy_d01</span>, respectively,
in your WRF working directory.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>You
should also see two additional output files: fort.11 and fort.12. These contain
information about the changes made to wrfbdy_01.</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText> </p>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE>&control_param</span></p>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE> da_file = '../tutorial/wrfvar_output'</span></p>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE> </span><span lang=X-NONE>wrf_bdy_file =
'./wrfbdy_d01'</span></p>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE> wrf_input =
'$DAT_DIR/rc/2008020512/wrfinput_d01'</span></p>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE> domain_id = 1</span></p>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE> debug = .true.</span></p>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE> update_lateral_bdy = .true.</span></p>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE> update_low_bdy = .true.</span></p>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE> update_lsm = .false.</span></p>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE> </span><span lang=X-NONE>var4d_lbc =
.false.</span></p>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE>/</span></p>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt'> </span></p>
<p class=vi><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> </span></p>
<p class=vi><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>b. Cycling with WRF and WRFDA (warm-start)</b></p>
<p class=vi><strong><span lang=X-NONE> </span></strong></p>
<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-weight:normal'>In </span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-weight:normal'>cycling mode (warm-start), the lower boundary in the </span><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>first guess </span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>file also needs to be
updated based on the information from the wrfinput file, generated by
WPS/real.exe at analysis time. If in cycling mode (especially if you are doing
radiance data assimilation and there are SEA ICE </span><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>or</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:
normal'> <span lang=X-NONE>SNOW in your domain), it is recommended that </span></span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt'>before</span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'> you run WRFDA, you run </span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:normal'>da_update_bc.exe</span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'> with the following
namelist options:</span></h3>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE> </span></p>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE> </span><span lang=X-NONE>da_file =
'./fg'</span></p>
<p class=vi> <span lang=X-NONE>wrf_input = '</span>.<span lang=X-NONE>/wrfinput_d01'</span></p>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE> </span><span lang=X-NONE>update_lateral_bdy =
.false.</span></p>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE> update_low_bdy = .true. </span></p>
<p class=vi> <span lang=X-NONE>iswater = 16</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='text-indent:.25in'><b><span style='font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'>Note:</span></b> <span style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>“</span>iswater<span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>” (water point index) </span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>is 16 for USGS
LANDUSE and 17 for MODIS LANDUSE.</span></p>
<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Courier;font-weight:normal'> </span></h3>
<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>This creates a lower-boundary</span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt'> updated </span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>first guess (</span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";font-weight:normal'>da_file</span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'> will be overwritten by
</span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
font-weight:normal'>da_update_bc</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-weight:normal'> with updated lower boundary conditions from </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";font-weight:normal'>wrf_input</span><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>)</span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>. Then, after WRFDA has finished,
run </span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
font-weight:normal'>da_update_bc.exe</span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-weight:normal'> again with the following namelist options:</span></h3>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE> </span></p>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE> </span><span lang=X-NONE>da_file = '.</span>/<span
lang=X-NONE>wrfvar_output'</span></p>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE> </span><span lang=X-NONE>wrf_bdy_file =
'./wrfbdy_d01'</span></p>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE> update_lateral_bdy = .true.</span></p>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE> update_low_bdy = .false.</span></p>
<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier;font-weight:normal'> </span></h3>
<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>This updates the lateral boundary
conditions (</span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
font-weight:normal'>wrf_bdy_file</span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-weight:normal'> will be overwritten by </span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";font-weight:normal'>da_update_bc</span><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'> with lateral boundary conditions
from </span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
font-weight:normal'>da_</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
font-weight:normal'>file</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>)</span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>.</span></h3>
<p>As mentioned previously, lateral boundary conditions for child domains (wrfinput_02,
wrfinput_03, etc.) come from the respective parent domains, so update_bc is not
necessary after running WRFDA. However, in a cycling procedure, the lower
boundaries in each of the nested domains’ WRFDA analysis files still need to be
updated. In these cases, you must set the namelist variable, <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>domain_id</span> > 1
(default is 1 for domain-1) and provide the appropriate wrfinput file (<span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>wrf_input = './wrfinput_d02'</span>
for domain 2, for instance).</p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>c. WRFDA 4DVAR with lateral boundary conditions as
control variables</b></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'>If you activate the </span><span lang=X-NONE>var4d_lbc
</span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>option
in a WRF 4D-Var run, </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>in
addition to the above-mentioned files you will also need </span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>the </span><span
lang=X-NONE>ana02</span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> file from the WRFDA working directory</span><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>. I</span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>n </span><span
lang=X-NONE>parame.in</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>,
set </span><span lang=X-NONE>var4d_lbc</span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> to TRUE</span><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> and use “</span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>da_file_02</span><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>” to point to
the location of </span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'>the </span><span lang=X-NONE>ana02</span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>
file</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>.</span></p>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE> </span></p>
<p class=vi><a name="_Running_gen_be_1"></a><span lang=X-NONE>da_file_02
= './ana02'</span></p>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE>var4d_lbc = .true.</span></p>
<h3><a name="_Running_gen_be"></a><span lang=X-NONE>Running gen_be</span></h3>
<p class=MsoNormal>Users have three choices to define the background error
covariance (BE). We call them CV3, CV5, and CV6 . With CV3 and CV5, the background
errors are applied to the same set of the control variables, stream function,
unbalanced potential velocity, unbalanced temperature, unbalanced surface
pressure, and pseudo-relative-humidity. However, for CV6 the moisture control
variable is the unbalanced part of pseudo-relative-humidity. With CV3, the
control variables are in physical space while with CV5 and CV6, the control
variables are in eigenvector space. The major difference between these two
kinds of BE is the vertical covariance; CV3 uses the vertical recursive filter
to model the vertical covariance but CV5 and CV6 use an empirical orthogonal
function (EOF) to represent the vertical covariance. The recursive filters to
model the horizontal covariance are also different with these BEs. We have not
conducted the systematic comparison of the analyses based on these BEs. However,
CV3 (a BE file provided with our WRFDA system) is a global BE and can be used
for any regional domain, while CV5 and CV6 BE’s are domain-dependent, which
should be generated based on the forecast data from the same domain. At this
time, it is hard to tell which BE is better; the impact on analysis may vary
from case to case.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>CV3 is the NCEP background error covariance. It is estimated
in grid space by what has become known as the NMC method (Parrish and Derber
1992) . The statistics are estimated with the differences of 24 and 48-hour GFS
forecasts with T170 resolution, valid at the same time for 357 cases,
distributed over a period of one year. Both the amplitudes and the scales of
the background error have to be tuned to represent the forecast error in the
estimated fields. The statistics that project multivariate relations among
variables are also derived from the NMC method.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>The variance of each variable, and the variance of its
second derivative, are used to estimate its horizontal scales. For example, the
horizontal scales of the stream function can be estimated from the variance of
the vorticity and stream function.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>The vertical scales are estimated with the vertical
correlation of each variable. A table is built to cover the range of vertical
scales for the variables. The table is then used to find the scales in vertical
grid units. The filter profile and the vertical correlation are fitted locally.
The scale of the best fit from the table is assigned as the scale of the
variable at that vertical level for each latitude. Note that the vertical
scales are locally defined so that the negative correlation further away, in
the vertical direction, is not included.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>Theoretically, CV3 BE is a generic background error
statistics file, which can be used for any case. It is quite straightforward to
use CV3 in your own case. To use the CV3 BE file in your case, set <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>cv_options=3</span> in <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar7 </span>in <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.input</span> in your
working directory, and use the <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>be.dat</span>
is located in <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/run/be.dat.cv3</span>.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>To use CV5 or CV6 background error covariance, it is
necessary to generate your domain-specific background error statistics with the
<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>gen_be</span> utility.
The background error statistics file, supplied with the tutorial test case, can
NOT be used for your applications. </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>The Fortran main programs for <span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>gen_be</span> can be found in <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/gen_be</span>. The executables
of <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>gen_be</span>
should have been created when you compiled the WRFDA code (as described earlier).
The scripts to run these codes are in <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'>WRFDA/var/scripts/gen_be</span>. </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>The input data for <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New"'>gen_be</span> are WRF forecasts, which are used to generate
model perturbations, used as a proxy for estimates of forecast error. For the
NMC-method, the model perturbations are differences between forecasts (e.g.
T+24 minus T+12 is typical for regional applications, T+48 minus T+24 for
global) valid at the same time. Climatological estimates of background error
may then be obtained by averaging these forecast differences over a period of
time (e.g. one month). Given input from an ensemble prediction system (EPS),
the inputs are the ensemble forecasts, and the model perturbations created are
the transformed ensemble perturbations. The gen_be code has been designed to
work with either forecast difference or ensemble-based perturbations. The
former is illustrated in this tutorial example.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>It is important to include forecast differences, from at
least 00Z and 12Z through the period, to remove the diurnal cycle (i.e. do not
run <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>gen_be</span>
using just 00Z or 12Z model perturbations alone).</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>The inputs to <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New"'>gen_be</span> are netCDF WRF forecast output
("wrfout") files at specified forecast ranges. To avoid unnecessary
large single data files, it is assumed that all forecast ranges are output to
separate files. For example, if we wish to calculate BE statistics using the
NMC-method with (T+24)-(T+12) forecast differences (default for regional) then
by setting the WRF <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.input</span>
options <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>history_interval=720</span>,
and <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>frames_per_outfile=1</span>
we get the necessary output datasets. Then the forecast output files should be
arranged as follows: directory name is the forecast initial time, time info in
the file name is the forecast valid time. <span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>2008020512/wrfout_d01_2008-02-06_00:00:00</span> means a
12-hour forecast valid at <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>2008020600,</span>
initialized at <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>2008020512</span>.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>Example dataset for a test case (90 x 60 x 41 gridpoints)
can be downloaded from <a
href="http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html">http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/testdata.html</a>.
Untar the <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>gen_be_forecasts_20080205.tar.gz</span>
file. You will have:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'> <span
style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Courier'>>ls $FC_DIR</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>-rw-r--r-- 1 users 11556492
2008020512/wrfout_d01_2008-02-06_00:00:00</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>-rw-r--r-- 1 users 11556492
2008020512/wrfout_d01_2008-02-06_12:00:00</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>-rw-r--r-- 1 users 11556492
2008020600/wrfout_d01_2008-02-06_12:00:00</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>-rw-r--r-- 1 users 11556492
2008020600/wrfout_d01_2008-02-07_00:00:00</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>-rw-r--r-- 1 users 11556492
2008020612/wrfout_d01_2008-02-07_00:00:00</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>-rw-r--r-- 1 users 11556492
2008020612/wrfout_d01_2008-02-07_12:00:00</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>In the above example, only 1 day (12Z 05 Feb to 12Z 06 Feb.
2008) of forecasts, every 12 hours is supplied to <span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>gen_be_wrapper</span> to estimate forecast error covariance.
It is only for demonstration. The minimum number of forecasts required depends
on the application, number of grid points, etc. Month-long (or longer) datasets
are typical for the NMC-method. Generally, at least a 1-month dataset should be
used.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>Under <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/scripts/gen_be</span><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>, </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>gen_be_wrapper.ksh</span><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>
</span>is used to generate the BE data. The following variables need to be set
to fit your case:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>export WRFVAR_DIR=/users/noname/work/code/trunk/phoenix_g95_opt/WRFDA</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>export START_DATE=2008020612 # the first perturbation
valid date</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>export END_DATE=2008020700 # the last perturbation
valid date</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>export NUM_LEVELS=40 # e_vert - 1</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>export BIN_TYPE=5</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>export FC_DIR=/users/noname/work/exps/friendlies/expt/fc #
where wrf forecasts are</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>export
RUN_DIR=/users/noname/work/exps/friendlies/gen_be${BIN_TYPE}</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>Note</b>: The START_DATE and END_DATE are perturbation
valid dates. As shown in the forecast list above, when you have 24-hour and
12-hour forecasts initialized at 2008020512, through 2008020612, the first and
final forecast difference valid dates are 2008020612 and 2008020700,
respectively.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><b> </b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>Note</b>: The forecast dataset should be located in <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$FC_DIR</span><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>.</span> Then type:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> gen_be_wrapper.ksh</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>Once the <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>gen_be_wrapper.ksh</span>
run is completed, the <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>be.dat</span>
can be found under the <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$RUN_DIR</span>
directory.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>To get a clear idea about what is included in <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>be.dat</span>, the script <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>gen_be_plot_wrapper.ksh</span><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'> </span>may be used. This plots<span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'> </span>various data in <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>be.dat</span>; for example: </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><img border=0
width=485 height=492 src="users_guide_chap6_files/image005.png"></p>
</div>
<span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><br
clear=all style='page-break-before:auto'>
</span>
<div class=WordSection2></div>
<span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><br
clear=all style='page-break-before:auto'>
</span>
<div class=WordSection3>
<h3><a name="_Running_Observation_Preprocessor"></a></a><a
name="_WRF-Var_Diagnostics"></a><a name="_Updating_WRF_lateral"></a><a
name=Schedule></a><a name=setup></a><a name=diagnostics></a><a
name="_Additional_WRF-Var_Exercises%2525252525"></a><a
name="_Additional_WRFDA_Exercises:"></a><a name="_Additional_WRFDA_Exercises:_1"></a><span
lang=X-NONE>Additional WRFDA Exercises:</span></h3>
<p><b>a. Single Observation response in WRFDA: </b></p>
<p>With the single observation test, you may get some ideas of how the
background and observation error statistics work in the model variable space. A
single observation test is done in WRFDA by setting <span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>num_pseudo=1,</span> along with other pre-specified
values in record <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar15</span>
and <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar19</span> of <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.input</span>.</p>
<p>With the settings shown below, WRFDA generates a single observation with a
pre-specified <i>innovation</i> (Observation – First Guess) value at the
desired location; e.g. at (in terms of grid coordinate) 23x23, level 14 for “U”
observation with error characteristics 1 m/s, and innovation size = 1.0 m/s. </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar15</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>num_pseudo = 1,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>pseudo_x = 23.0,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>pseudo_y = 23.0,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>pseudo_z = 14.0,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>pseudo_err = 1.0,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>pseudo_val = 1.0,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar19</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>pseudo_var = “u”, (Note: pseudo_var can be u, v, t, p, q. </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'><br>
</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>If pseudo_var is q,
then the reasonable values of pseudo_err and pseudo_val are 0.001)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p>Note: You may wish to repeat this exercise for other observations, like
temperature “t”, pressure “p”, specific humidity “q”, and so on. </p>
<p><b>b. Response of BE length scaling parameter:</b></p>
<p>Run the single observation test with the following additional parameters in
record <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar7</span>
of <span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>namelist.input.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar7</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>len_scaling1 = 0.5, # reduce psi length scale by 50%</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>len_scaling2 = 0.5, # reduce chi_u length scale by 50%</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>len_scaling3 = 0.5, # reduce T length scale by 50%</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>len_scaling4 = 0.5, # reduce q length scale by 50%</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>len_scaling5 = 0.5, # reduce Ps length scale by 50%</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p><b>Note</b>: You may wish to try the response of an individual variable by
setting one parameter at a time. Note the spread of analysis increment.</p>
<p><b>c. Response of changing BE variance: </b></p>
<p>Run the single observation test with the following additional parameters in
record <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar7</span>
of <span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>namelist.input.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar7</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var_scaling1 = 0.25, # reduce psi variance by 75%</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var_scaling2 = 0.25, # reduce chi_u variance by 75%</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var_scaling3 = 0.25, # reduce T variance by 75%</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var_scaling4 = 0.25, # reduce q variance by 75%</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var_scaling5 = 0.25, # reduce Ps variance by 75%</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p><b>Note</b>: You may wish to try the response of individual variable by
setting one parameter at a time. Note the magnitude of analysis increments.</p>
<p><b>d. Response of convergence criteria:</b></p>
<p>Run the tutorial case with </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar6</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>eps = 0.0001,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p>You may wish to compare various diagnostics with an earlier run. </p>
<p><b>e. Response of outer loop on minimization: </b></p>
<p> Run the tutorial case with</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar6</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>max_ext_its = 2,</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>/</span></p>
<p>With this setting, the “outer loop” for the minimization procedure will be
activated. You may wish to compare various diagnostics with an earlier run. </p>
<p><b>Note: </b>The<b> </b>Maximum permissible value for “<span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>MAX_EXT_ITS</span>” is 10.</p>
<p><b>f. Response of suppressing particular types of data in WRFDA:</b></p>
<p>The types of observations that WRFDA gets to use actually depend on what is
included in the observation file and the WRFDA namelist settings. For example,
if you have SYNOP data in the observation file, you can suppress its usage in
WRFDA by setting <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>use_synopobs=false</span>
in record <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar4</span>
of <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.input</span>. It
is OK if there are no SYNOP data in the observation file and <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>use_synopobs=true</span><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>.</span></p>
<p>Turning on and off certain types of observations is widely used for
assessing the impact of observations on data assimilations.</p>
<p><b>Note</b>: It is important to go through the default “use_*” settings in
record <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar4</span>
in <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/Registry/registry.var</span>
to know what observations are activated in default.</p>
<p><a name="_Hybrid_Data_Assimilation"></a><a name="_Hybrid_Data_Assimilation_1"></a><a
name="_WRFDA_with_Multivariate_1"></a><b>g. Utilizing wind speed/direction
assimilation:</b></p>
<p>If observations containing wind speed/direction information are provided to WRFDA,
you can assimilate these observations directly, rather than converting the wind
to its u- and v-componants prior to assimilation. </p>
<p>Wind speed/direction assimilation is controlled by the following namelist
options:</p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.25in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-1.25in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>&wrfvar2</span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.25in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-1.25in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>wind_sd </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>true:</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'> </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'>wind values which are reported as speed/direction will
be assimilated as such<br>
false: (default behavior) all wind obs are converted to u/v prior to
assimilation</span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.25in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-1.25in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>qc_rej_both </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>true:
if either u or v (spd or dir) do not pass quality control, both obs are
rejected</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'><br>
</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>false: (default behavior) qc on wind obs
is handled individually</span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.25in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-1.25in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>&wrfvar5</span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.25in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-1.25in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>max_omb_spd </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>Max
absolute value of innovation for wind speed obs in m/s; greater than this and
the innovation will be set to zero (default: 100.0)</span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.25in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-1.25in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>max_omb_dir </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>Max
absolute value of innovation for wind direction obs in degrees; greater than
this and the innovation will be set to zero (default: 1000.0)</span></p>
<p>The following settings only matter if <span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>check_max_iv=true</span> (if innovation is greater
than observation error times the error factor listed below, the observation will
be rejected):</p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.25in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-1.25in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>&wrfvar5</span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.25in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-1.25in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>max_error_spd </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>Speed
error factor (default: 5.0)</span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.25in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-1.25in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>max_error_dir </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>Direction
error factor (default: 5.0)</span></p>
<p>The assimilation of wind speed/direction can also be controlled by
observation type, using the following variables:</p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.25in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-1.25in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>&wrfvar2</span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-1.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>wind_sd_airep </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Aircraft reports</span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-1.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>wind_sd_buoy </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Buoy reports</span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-1.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>wind_sd_geoamv </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Geostationary satellite atmospheric motion vectors</span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-1.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>wind_sd_metar </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>METAR reports</span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-1.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>wind_sd_mtgirs </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Meteosat Third Generation </span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-1.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>wind_sd_pilot </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Pilot reports</span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-1.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>wind_sd_polaramv </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Polar satellite atmospheric motion vectors</span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-1.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>wind_sd_profiler </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Wind profiler reports</span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-1.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>wind_sd_qscat </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>QuikScat reports</span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-1.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>wind_sd_ships </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Ship reports</span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-1.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>wind_sd_sound </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Sounding reports</span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-1.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>wind_sd_synop </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Synoptic reports</span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-1.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>wind_sd_tamdar </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>TAMDAR reports</span></p>
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:
1.25in;text-indent:-1.25in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'> </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'>true:</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New"'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>wind values which are
reported as speed/direction will be assimilated as such<br>
false: (default behavior) all wind obs are converted to u/v prior to
assimilation</span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-1.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>wind_stats_sd </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Assimilate wind in u/v format, but output speed/direction statistics</span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.25in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-1.25in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt'> </span></p>
<p>Further detail about this method can be found in the following publication:</p>
<p style='margin-top:14.0pt;margin-right:.25in;margin-bottom:14.0pt;margin-left:
.25in'>Huang, X.-Y., F. Gao, N. A. Jacobs, and H. Wang, 2013: Assimilation of
wind speed and direction observations: a new formulation and results from
idealised experiments. <i>Tellus A</i>, 65, 19936,
doi:10.3402/tellusa.v65i0.19936.</p>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.25in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-1.25in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt'> </span></p>
<h3><a name="_WRFDA_with_Multivariate_2"></a><span lang=X-NONE>WRFDA with
Multivariate Background Error (MBE) Statistics</span></h3>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'>A new control
variable option to implement multivariate background error (MBE) statistics in
WRFDA has been introduced. It may be activated by setting the namelist variable
<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>cv_options=6</span>. This
option introduces six additional correlation coefficients in the definition of
the balanced part of analysis control variables. Thus with this implementation,
moisture analysis is multivariate, in the sense that temperature and wind may
lead to moisture increments, and vise-versa. The gen_be utility has also been
updated to compute the desired MBE statistics required for this option. The
updates include basic source code, scripts, and graphics to display some
important diagnostics about MBE statistics. Further details may be seen at: <a
href="http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/Docs/WRFDA_updated_for_cv6.pdf">http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/Docs/WRFDA_updated_for_cv6.pdf</a>
</p>
<p style='text-align:justify'><b>a. How to generate multivariate background
error statistics for WRFDA</b></p>
<p>Multivariate background error statistics for WRFDA is generated by executing
a top-level script, <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>gen_be/wrapper_gen_be_gsi.ksh</span>,
residing under <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>SCRIPTS_DIR</span>
via a suitable wrapper script. The rest of the procedure remains the same as
with normal running of the <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>gen_be</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'> </span>utility.<b> </b>A<b> </b>successful run will
create a <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>be.dat</span> file
in the <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>RUN_DIR</span> directory.<b>
</b></p>
<p style='text-align:justify'><b>b. How to run WRFDA with multivariate
background error statistics</b></p>
<p>After successfully generating the multivariate background error statistics
file <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>be.dat</span>, the
procedure for running WRFDA is straight-forward: Include <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>cv_options=6</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'> </span>in the <span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>namelist.input</span> file under the <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar7</span> list of
namelist options.</p>
<p><b>c. How to tune multivariate background error statistics in running WRFDA</b></p>
<p style='text-align:justify'>Below is a list of nine tuning parameters
available in WRFDA. Default values for these variables are set as “1.0”.
Setting corresponding values > 1.0 (< 1.0) will increase (decrease) the
corresponding contributions as described in the following Table:</p>
<table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
style='margin-left:2.35pt;border-collapse:collapse'>
<tr style='height:10.3pt'>
<td width=156 valign=top style='width:117.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:10.3pt'>
<p align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;
layout-grid-mode:char'><b>Variable name</b></p>
</td>
<td width=429 valign=top style='width:322.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:10.3pt'>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-83.7pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:
0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;layout-grid-mode:char'><b>
Description</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=156 valign=top style='width:117.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;
padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>psi_chi_factor</span></p>
</td>
<td width=429 valign=top style='width:322.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;layout-grid-mode:
char'>Parameter to control contribution of stream function in defining balanced
part of velocity potential</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=156 valign=top style='width:117.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;
padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>psi_t_factor</span></p>
</td>
<td width=429 valign=top style='width:322.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;layout-grid-mode:
char'>Parameter to control contribution of stream function in defining balanced
part of temperature</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=156 valign=top style='width:117.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;
padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>psi_ps_factor</span></p>
</td>
<td width=429 valign=top style='width:322.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;layout-grid-mode:
char'>Parameter to control contribution of stream function in defining balanced
part of surface pressure</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=156 valign=top style='width:117.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;
padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>psi_rh_factor</span></p>
</td>
<td width=429 valign=top style='width:322.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;layout-grid-mode:
char'>Parameter to control contribution of stream function in defining balanced
part of moisture</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=156 valign=top style='width:117.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;
padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>chi_u_t_factor</span></p>
</td>
<td width=429 valign=top style='width:322.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;layout-grid-mode:
char'>Parameter to control contribution of unbalanced part of velocity potential
in defining balanced part of temperature</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=156 valign=top style='width:117.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;
padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>chi_u_ps_factor</span></p>
</td>
<td width=429 valign=top style='width:322.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;layout-grid-mode:
char'>Parameter to control contribution of unbalanced part of velocity potential
in defining balanced part of surface pressure</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=156 valign=top style='width:117.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;
padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>chi_u_rh_factor</span></p>
</td>
<td width=429 valign=top style='width:322.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;layout-grid-mode:
char'>Parameter to control contribution of unbalanced part of velocity potential
in defining balanced part of moisture</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=156 valign=top style='width:117.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;
padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>t_u_rh_factor</span></p>
</td>
<td width=429 valign=top style='width:322.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;layout-grid-mode:
char'>Parameter to control contribution of unbalanced part of temperature in
defining balanced part of moisture</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=156 valign=top style='width:117.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;
padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>ps_u_rh_factor</span></p>
</td>
<td width=429 valign=top style='width:322.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;layout-grid-mode:
char'>Parameter to control contribution of unbalanced part of surface
pressure in defining balanced part of moisture</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3><a name="_WRF-Var_Diagnostics_1"></a><span lang=X-NONE>WRFDA Diagnostics</span></h3>
<p>WRFDA produces a number of diagnostic files that contain useful information
on how the data assimilation has performed. This section will introduce you to
some of these files, and what to look for.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal>After running WRFDA, it is important to check a number of
output files to see if the assimilation appears sensible. The WRFDA package,
which includes several useful scripts, may be downloaded from <a
href="http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/tools.html">http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/tools.html</a></p>
<p style='text-align:justify'>The content of some useful diagnostic files are
as follows:</p>
<p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>cost_fn</span><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'> </span>and<span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>
</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>grad_fn</span>: These
files hold (in ASCII format) WRFDA cost and gradient function values,
respectively, for the first and last iterations. If you run with <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>PRINT_DETAIL_GRAD=true</span>,
however, these values will be listed for each iteration; this can be helpful
for visualization purposes. The NCL script <span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/graphics/ncl/plot_cost_grad_fn.ncl</span> may be
used to plot the content of <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>cost_fn</span><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'> </span>and<span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>
</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>grad_fn</span>, if
these files are generated with <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>PRINT_DETAIL_GRAD=true</span>.
</p>
</div>
<span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><br
clear=all style='page-break-before:auto'>
</span>
<div class=WordSection4>
<p align=center style='text-align:center'><b><img border=0 width=264
height=250 src="users_guide_chap6_files/image006.png"></b></p>
<p align=center style='text-align:center'><b><img border=0 width=264
height=258 src="users_guide_chap6_files/image007.png"></b></p>
</div>
<b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><br
clear=all style='page-break-before:auto'>
</span></b>
<div class=WordSection5>
<p><b>Note:</b> Make sure that you remove the first two lines (header) in <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>cost_fn</span><i> </i>and <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>grad_fn</span><i> </i>before you
plot<i>. </i> You also need to specify the directory name for these two files. </p>
<p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>gts_omb_oma_01</span>: It
contains (in ASCII format) information on all of the observations used by the
WRFDA run. Each observation has its observed value, quality flag, observation
error, observation minus background (OMB), and observation minus analysis
(OMA). This information is very useful for both analysis and forecast
verification purposes.</p>
<p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.input</span>:
This is the WRFDA input namelist file, which contains all the user-defined
non-default options. Any namelist-defined options that do not appear in this
file should have their names checked against the values in <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$WRFDA_DIR/Registry/registry.var</span>.
</p>
<p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.output.da</span>:
A list of all the namelist options used. If an option was not specified in <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>namelist.input</span>, the default
listed in the registry value will be used.</p>
<p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>rsl*</span>:<i> </i>Files
containing information for standard WRFDA output from individual processors
when multiple processors are used. It contains a host of information on a
number of observations, minimization, timings, etc. Additional diagnostics may
be printed in these files by including various “print” WRFDA namelist options.
To learn more about these additional “print” options, search for the “print_”
string in <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$WRFDA_DIR/Registry/registry.var</span>.</p>
<p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>statistics</span>: Text
file containing OMB (OI) and OMA (OA) statistics (minimum, maximum, mean and
standard deviation) for each observation type and variable. This information is
very useful in diagnosing how WRFDA has used different components of the observing
system. Also contained are the analysis minus background (A-B) statistics, i.e.
statistics of the analysis increments for each model variable at each model
level. This information is very useful in checking the range of analysis
increment values found in the analysis, and where they are in the WRF-model
grid space.</p>
<p>The WRFDA analysis file is <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>wrfvar_output</span>.
It is in WRF (netCDF) format. It will become the input file <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>wrfinput_d01</span> of any
subsequent WRF run after lateral boundary and/or lower boundary conditions are
updated by another WRFDA utility (See the section <a
href="#_Updating_WRF_Boundary">Updating WRF boundary conditions</a>).</p>
<p>An NCL script, <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$TOOLS_DIR/var/graphics/ncl/WRF-Var_plot.ncl</span>,
is provided in the tools package for plotting. You need to specify the <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>analsyis_file</span> name, its
full path, etc. Please see the in-line comments in the script for details.</p>
<p>As an example, if you are aiming to display the U-component of the analysis
at level 18, use the script <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>WRF-Var_plot.ncl</span>,
and make sure the following pieces of codes are uncommented:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var = "U"</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>fg = first_guess->U</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>an = analysis->U</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>plot_data = an</span></p>
<p>When you execute the following command from <span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>$WRFDA_DIR/var/graphics/ncl</span>. </p>
<p> <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> ncl
WRF-Var_plot.ncl</span></p>
<p>The plot should look like:</p>
<p align=center style='text-align:center'><img border=0 width=264 height=225
src="users_guide_chap6_files/image008.png"></p>
<p>You may change the variable name, level, etc. in this script to display the
variable of your choice at the desired eta level.</p>
<p>Take time to look through the text output files to ensure you understand how
WRFDA works. For example:</p>
<p style='margin-left:.5in'>How closely has WRFDA fit individual observation
types? Look at the <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>statistics</span><i>
</i>file to compare the O-B and O-A statistics.</p>
<p style='margin-left:.5in'>How big are the analysis increments? Again, look in
the <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>statistics</span><i> </i>file
to see minimum/maximum values of A-B for each variable at various levels. It
will give you a feel for the impact of the input observation data you
assimilated via WRFDA by modifying the input analysis first guess. </p>
<p style='margin-left:.5in'>How long did WRFDA take to converge? Does it really
converge? You will get the answers of all these questions by looking into the <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>rsl.*</span> -files, as it
indicates the number of iterations taken by WRFDA to converge. If this is the
same as the maximum number of iterations specified in the namelist (<span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>NTMAX</span>), or its default
value (=200) set in <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$WRFDA_DIR/Registry/registry.var</span>,
then it means that the analysis solution did not converge. If this is the case,
you may need to increase the value of “<span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>NTMAX</span>” and rerun your case to ensure that the
convergence is achieved. On the other hand, a normal WRFDA run should usually
converge within 100 iterations. If it still doesn’t converge in 200 iterations,
that means there may be a problem in the observations or first guess.</p>
<p>A good way to visualize the impact of assimilation of observations is to
plot the analysis increments (i.e. analysis minus the first guess difference).
Many different graphics packages (e.g. RIP4, NCL, GRADS etc) can do this. </p>
<p>You need to modify this script to fix the full path for <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>first_guess </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'>and</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Courier'> analysis</span><i> </i>files. You may also use it to modify the
display level by setting <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>kl</span>
and the name of the variable to display by setting <span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var</span>. Further details are given in this script. </p>
<p>If you are aiming to display the increment of potential temperature at level
18, after modifying <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>$WRFDA_DIR/var/graphcs/ncl/WRF-Var_plot.ncl</span>,
make sure the following pieces of code are uncommented:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>var = "T"</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>fg = first_guess->T ;Theta- 300</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>an = analysis->T ;Theta- 300</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>plot_data = an - fg</span></p>
<p>When you execute the following command from <span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>WRFDA_DIR/var/graphics/ncl</span>. </p>
<p style='text-indent:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>>
ncl WRF-Var_plot.ncl</span></p>
<p>The plot created will look as follows:</p>
<p align=center style='text-align:center'><img border=0 width=276 height=229
src="users_guide_chap6_files/image009.png"></p>
<p>Note: Larger analysis increments indicate a larger data impact in the
corresponding region of the domain.</p>
<h3 style='page-break-after:avoid'><a name="_Hybrid_Data_Assimilation_2"></a><span
lang=X-NONE>Hybrid Data Assimilation in WRFDA</span></h3>
<p class=MsoNormal>The WRFDA system also includes a hybrid data assimilation
technique, which is based on the existing 3D-Var. The difference between hybrid
and 3D-Var schemes is that 3D-Var relies solely on a static covariance model to
specify the background errors, while the hybrid system uses a combination of
3D-Var static error covariances and ensemble-estimated error covariances to
incorporate a flow-dependent estimate of the background error statistics.
Please refer to Wang et al. (2008a,b) for a detailed description of the
methodology used in the WRF hybrid system. The following section will give a
brief introduction of some aspects of using the hybrid system.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><b> </b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><b>a. Source Code</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>Four executables are used in the hybrid system. If you have
successfully compiled the WRFDA system, you will see the following:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/build/gen_be_ensmean.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/build/gen_be_ep2.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/build/da_wrfvar.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/build/gen_be_vertloc.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>gen_be_ensmean.exe</span>
is used to calculate the ensemble mean, while <span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>gen_be_ep2.exe</span> is used to calculate the
ensemble perturbations. <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>gen_be_vertloc.exe</span>
is used for vertical localization. As with 3D-Var/4D-Var, <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>da_wrfvar.exe</span> is the
main WRFDA program. However, in this case, <span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>da_wrfvar.exe</span> will run in the hybrid mode.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>b. Running The Hybrid System</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>The procedure is the same as running 3D-Var/4D-Var, with the
exception of some extra input files and namelist settings. The basic input
files for WRFDA are LANDUSE.TBL, <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New"'>ob.ascii</span> or <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New"'>ob.bufr</span> (depending on which observation format you use),
and <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>be.dat</span>
(static background errors). Additional input files required by the hybrid are a
single ensemble mean file (used as the fg for the hybrid application) and a set
of ensemble perturbation files (used to represent flow-dependent background
errors). </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>A set of initial ensemble members must be prepared before
the hybrid application can be started. The ensemble can be obtained from other
ensemble model outputs, or you can generate them yourself. This can be done,
for example, adding random noise to the initial conditions at a previous time
and integrating each member to the desired time. A tutorial case with a test
ensemble can be found at <a
href="http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/wrfda_hybrid_etkf_testdata.tar.gz"><span
style='font-size:10.5pt'>http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/wrfda_hybrid_etkf_testdata.tar.gz</span></a><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'>.</span> In this example, the ensemble forecasts were
initialized at 2006102712 and valid 2006102800. A hybrid analysis at 2006102800
will be performed using the ensemble valid 2006102800 as input. Once you have
the initial ensemble, the ensemble mean and perturbations can be calculated
following the steps below:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in'>1) Set an
environment variable for your working directory and your data directory</p>
<p class=bodytext style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> setenv WORK_DIR <i>your_hybrid_path</i><br>
> setenv DAT_DIR <i>your_data_path<br>
</i>> cd $WORK_DIR</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in'>2) Calculate
the ensemble mean</p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in'>a)<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span>From
your working directory, copy or link the ensemble forecasts to your working
directory. The ensemble members are identified by three-digit numbers following
the valid time. </p>
<p class=bodytext style='margin-left:.75in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln –sf $DAT_DIR/Hybrid/fc/2006102712/wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00.e*
.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in'>b)<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span>Provide
two template files (ensemble mean and variance files) in your working directory.
These files will be overwritten with the ensemble mean and variance as discussed
below.</p>
<p class=bodytext style='margin-left:.75in'><span class=bodytextChar><span
lang=PT-BR style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> cp
$DAT_DIR/Hybrid/fc/2006102712/</span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00</span><span
class=bodytextChar><span lang=PT-BR style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>.e001
./</span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00</span><span
class=bodytextChar><span lang=PT-BR style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>.mean
<br>
> cp $DAT_DIR/Hybrid/fc/2006102712/</span></span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00</span><span
class=bodytextChar><span lang=PT-BR style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>.e001
./</span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00</span><span
class=bodytextChar><span lang=PT-BR style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>.vari
</span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in'>c)<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span>Copy<span
style='font-size:10.0pt'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New"'>gen_be_ensmean_nl.nl</span> (<span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>cp $DAT_DIR/Hybrid/gen_be_ensmean_nl.nl .</span>)
You will need to set the information in this script as follows:</p>
<p class=vi><span lang=X-NONE><br>
&gen_be_ensmean_nl<br>
directory = '.'<br>
filename = 'wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00'<br>
num_members = 10<br>
nv = 7<br>
cv = 'U', 'V', 'W', 'PH', 'T', 'MU', 'QVAPOR' \<br>
<br>
</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in'>where <span class=viChar><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:10.0pt'>directory</span></span> is the folder
containing the ensemble members and template files, <span class=viChar><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:10.0pt'>filename</span></span> is the name of the
files before their suffixes (e.g., <span class=viChar><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:10.0pt'>.mean</span></span>, <span class=viChar><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:10.0pt'>.vari</span></span>, etc), <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>num_members</span> is the number
of ensemble members you are using, <span class=viChar><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:10.0pt'>nv</span></span> is the number of variables, and <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>cv</span> is the name of variables
used in the hybrid system. Be sure <span class=viChar><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:10.0pt'>nv</span></span> and <span class=viChar><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:10.0pt'>cv</span></span> are consistent!</p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in'>d)<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span>Link<span
class=viChar><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:10.0pt'> gen_be_ensmean.exe</span></span>
to your working directory and run it.</p>
<p class=bodytext style='margin-left:.75in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln –sf $WRFDA_DIR/var/build/gen_be_ensmean.exe . <br>
> ./gen_be_ensmean.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'>Check the output files. <em><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier;font-style:normal'>wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00.mean</span></em><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'> </span>is the ensemble mean; <em><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier;font-style:normal'>wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00.vari</span></em>
is the ensemble variance</p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in'>3) Calculate
ensemble perturbations</p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in'>a)<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span>Create
a sub-directory in which you will be working to create ensemble perturbations.</p>
<p class=bodytext style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.05in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=bodytext style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.05in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.75in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> mkdir –p ./ep</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'><br>
</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> cd ./ep </span></p>
<p class=bodytext style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.05in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in'>b)<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span><span
style='font-family:"Times","serif"'>Run </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>gen_be_ep2.exe</span><span style='font-family:"Times","serif"'>.</span><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'> </span><span style='font-family:"Times","serif"'>The
executable requires four command-line arguments (</span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>DATE</span><span style='font-family:"Times","serif"'>,
</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>NUM_MEMBER</span><span
style='font-family:"Times","serif"'>, </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>DIRECTORY</span><span style='font-family:"Times","serif"'>,
and </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>FILENAME</span><span
style='font-family:"Times","serif"'>) as shown below for the tutorial example:</span></p>
<p class=bodytext style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.05in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=bodytext style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.05in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.75in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln –sf WRFDA/var/build/gen_be_ep2.exe .</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'><br>
</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>>
./gen_be_ep2.exe 2006102800 10 . ../wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00</span></p>
<p class=bodytext style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.05in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:"Times","serif"'>c)<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:"Times","serif"'>Check the output files. A list of binary
files should now exist. Among them, </span><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>tmp.e*</span><span
style='font-family:"Times","serif"'> are temporary scratch files that can be
removed.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in'>4) Back in
the working directory, create the input file for vertical localization. This
program requires one command-line argument: the number of vertical levels of
the model configuration (same value as <span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'>e_vert</span> in the namelist; for the tutorial
example, this should be 42).</p>
<p class=bodytext style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:.5in'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=bodytext style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:.5in'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> cd $WORK_DIR</span></p>
<p class=bodytext style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:.5in'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>> ln –sf
$WRFDA_DIR/var/build/gen_be_vertloc.exe .</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ./gen_be_vertloc.exe 42</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>The output is <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New"'>./be.vertloc.dat</span> in your working directory.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in'>5) Run WRFDA
in hybrid mode</p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in'>a)<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span>In
your hybrid working directory, link all the necessary files and directories as
follows: </p>
<p class=bodytext style='margin-left:.75in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ln -fs ./ep/* . <br>
> ln -fs ./wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00.mean ./fg <span class=style8> (first
guess is the ensemble mean)</span> <br>
> ln -fs $WRFDA_DIR/run/LANDUSE.TBL .<br>
> ln -fs $DAT_DIR/Hybrid/ob/2006102800/ob.ascii ./ob.ascii (or ob.bufr)<br>
> ln -fs $DAT_DIR/Hybrid/be/be.dat ./be.dat <br>
> ln –fs $WRFDA_DIR/var/build/da_wrfvar.exe .<br>
> cp $DAT_DIR/Hybrid/namelist.input . </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in'>b)<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span>Edit
<span class=viChar><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:10.0pt'>namelist.input</span></span>,
paying special attention to the following hybrid-related settings:</p>
<p class=bodytext style='margin-left:.75in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>&wrfvar7<br>
je_factor = 2.0<br>
/<br>
&wrfvar16<br>
ensdim_alpha = 10 <br>
alphacv_method = 2<br>
alpha_corr_type=3<br>
alpha_corr_scale = 1500.0<br>
alpha_std_dev=1.000<br>
alpha_vertloc = .true.</span><span style='font-family:"Times","serif"'><br>
/ </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in'>c)<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span>Finally,
execute the WRFDA file, running in hybrid mode</p>
<p class=bodytext style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>> ./da_wrfvar.exe >& wrfda.log</span></p>
<p class=stylecode style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:0in;text-indent:.5in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'>Check the output files; the output file lists are
the same as when you run WRF 3D</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'>-</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'>V</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'>ar.</span></p>
<p class=stylecode style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=stylecode style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:0in'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>c.
Hybrid namelist options</span></b></p>
<p class=stylecode style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:Courier'>je_factor </span></b></p>
<p class=stylecode style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>ensemble
covariance weighting factor. This factor controls the weighting component of
ensemble and static covariances. The corresponding jb_factor =
je_factor/(je_factor - 1). </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:Courier'>ensdim_alpha </span></b></p>
<p class=stylecode style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>the
number of ensemble members. <span class=style8>Hybrid mode is activated when
ensdim_alpha is larger than zero</span> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:Courier'>alphacv_method </span></b></p>
<p class=stylecode style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>1=perturbations
in control variable space (“psi”,”chi_u”,”t_u”,”rh”,”ps_u”); 2=perturbations in
model space (“u”,”v”,”t”,”q”,”ps”). Option 2 is extensively tested and
recommended to use. </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:Courier'>alpha_corr_type </span></b></p>
<p class=stylecode style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>correlation
function. 1=Exponential; 2=SOAR; 3=Gaussian.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:Courier'>alpha_corr_scale </span></b></p>
<p class=stylecode style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>hybrid
covariance localization scale in km unit. Default value is 1500. </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:Courier'>alpha_std_dev </span></b></p>
<p class=stylecode style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>alpha
standard deviation. Default value is 1.0 </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:Courier'>alpha_vertloc </span></b></p>
<p class=stylecode style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>for
vertical localization. .true.=use vertical localization; .false.=no vertical
localization </span></p>
<h3><a name="_Description_of_Namelist_1"></a><a name="_Description_of_Namelist"></a><a
name="_ETKF_Data_Assimilation"></a><span lang=X-NONE>ETKF Data Assimilation</span></h3>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'>The WRFDA system also includes a ETKF assimilation
technique. The ETKF system updates the ensemble perturbations. Please refer to
Bishop et al. (2001) and Wang et al. (2003) for a detailed description of the
methodology. The following section will give a brief introduction of some
aspects of using the ETKF system.</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><b>a. Source Code</b></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'>Three executables are used in the ETKF system. If
you have successfully compiled the WRFDA system, you will see the following:</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/build/gen_be_etkf.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/build/gen_be_addmean.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Courier'>WRFDA/var/build/da_wrfvar.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>The
file</span> <span lang=X-NONE>gen_be_etkf.exe</span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> is used to
update the ensemble perturbations, while </span><span lang=X-NONE>gen_be_addmean.exe</span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> is
used to combine the emsemble mean and the ensemble perturbations. As with
3D-Var/4D-Var, </span><span lang=X-NONE>da_wrfvar.exe</span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> is the main
WRFDA program. However, in this case</span><span lang=X-NONE>, da_wrfvar.exe</span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>
will create filtered observation</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>s</span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> and prepare
formatted omb files for ETKF.</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><b><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'>b. Running </span></b><b><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>t</span></b><b><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>he ETKF System</span></b></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'>The </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'>first </span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>procedure is to update the ensemble
perturbations. A set of initial ensemble members must be prepared before the
ETKF application can be started. The ensemble can be obtained from </span><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>a </span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>previous
ensemble forecast. A tutorial case with a test ensemble can be found at
<a href=http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/wrfda_hybrid_etkf_testdata.tar.gz>
http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/download/wrfda_hybrid_etkf_testdata.tar.gz</a>.
In this example, the ensemble forecasts were initialized at 2006102712 and
valid 2006102800. ETKF will be performed using the ensemble valid 2006102800 as
input. Once you have the initial ensemble, the ensemble perturbations can be
updated </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>by
</span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>following
the steps below:</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'>1) Set </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>environment variables for convenience</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> >
setenv WORK_DIR_ETKF <i>your_etkf_path</i></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> >
setenv DAT_DIR <i>your_data_path</i></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> >
setenv </span><span style='font-family:Courier'>WRFDA</span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'>_DIR <i>your_</i></span><i><span style='font-family:
Courier'>WRFDA</span></i><i><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>_path</span></i></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> >
cd $WORK_DIR_ETKF</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'>2) Prepare the filtered observation</span><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>s</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='margin-left:33.0pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>a)<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>In
your ETKF working directory, make a subdirectory to prepare the filtered </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='margin-left:33.0pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>observation</span><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>s</span><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> <span
lang=X-NONE>and link all the necessary files and directories as follows: </span></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-9.0pt'><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> > mkdir obs_filter</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> >
cd obs_filter</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> >
ln -fs $DAT_DIR/Hybrid/fc/2006102712/wrfout_d01_2006-10- 28_00:00:00.mean
./fg (first guess is the ensemble mean) </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> >
ln -fs $WRFDA_DIR/run/LANDUSE.TBL .</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='text-indent:13.5pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'> > ln -fs
$DAT_DIR/Hybrid/ob/2006102800/ob.ascii ./ob.ascii (or ob.bufr)</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> >
ln -fs $DAT_DIR/Hybrid/be/be.dat ./be.dat </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> >
ln -fs $WRFDA_DIR/var/build/da_wrfvar.exe .</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> >
cp $DAT_DIR/ETKF/namelist.input .</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> b) Edit namelist.input, paying special
attention to the following 'QC-OBS'-related settings:</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='text-indent:13.5pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'> &wrfvar17</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='text-indent:13.5pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'> analysis_type = 'QC-OBS',</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='text-indent:13.5pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'> / </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> c) Execute the WRFDA file, running in QC-OBS
mode</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='text-indent:13.5pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'> > ./da_wrfvar.exe >& wrfda.log</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'>Check the output files; the output file</span><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>s</span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> are
the same as when you run WRF 3D-Var</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>, </span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>and the
'filtered_obs_01' </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> file
contains the </span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>filtered
observation</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>s</span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>. </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'>3) Prepare omb files for ETKF</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> a) In your ETKF working directory, make a subdirectory
to prepare the omb files for each ensemble member and link all the necessary
files and directories as follows:</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='text-indent:13.5pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'> > cd $WORK_DIR_ETKF</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='text-indent:13.5pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'> > mkdir -p omb/working.e001</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='text-indent:13.5pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'> > cd omb/working.e001</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='text-indent:13.5pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'> > ln -fs
$DAT_DIR/Hybrid/fc/2006102712/wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00:00:00.e001 ./fg (first
guess is the ensemble member) </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='text-indent:13.5pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'> > ln -fs $WRFDA_DIR/run/LANDUSE.TBL .</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='text-indent:13.5pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'> > ln -fs
$WORK_DIR_ETKF/obs_filter/filtered_obs_01 ./ob.ascii </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='text-indent:13.5pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'> > ln -fs $DAT_DIR/Hybrid/be/be.dat ./be.dat </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='text-indent:13.5pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'> > ln </span><span style='font-family:Courier'>-</span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>fs $WRFDA_DIR/var/build/da_wrfvar.exe .</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='text-indent:13.5pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'> > cp $DAT_DIR/ETKF/namelist.input .</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> b) Edit namelist.input, paying special attention
to the following 'VERIFY'-related settings:</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='text-indent:13.5pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'> &wrfvar17</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='text-indent:13.5pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'> analysis_type = 'VERIFY',</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='text-indent:13.5pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'> / </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> c) Execute the WRFDA file, running in VERIFY
mode</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='text-indent:13.5pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'> > ./da_wrfvar.exe >& wrfda.log</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'>Check the output files</span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>.</span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>T</span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>he
output file</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>s</span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> are
the same as when you run WRF 3D-Var</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> (except </span><span style='font-family:
Courier'>wrfvar_output</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>
will NOT be created), </span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>and the 'ob.etkf.0*' </span><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>files are </span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>omb
files</span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>.</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> d) Combine the ob.etkf.0* files and
add the observation number in the head of</span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>ob.etkf.e0*</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='text-indent:13.5pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'> > cat ob.etkf.0* > ob.all</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='text-indent:13.5pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'> > wc -l ob.all > ob.etkf.e001</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='text-indent:13.5pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'> > cat ob.all >> ob.etkf.e001</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> e) Likewise, prepare ob.etkf.e0* files for other
ensemble members</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'>4) Run ETKF</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> a) Copy or link the ensemble mean and forecasts
and ob.etkf.e0* files to your working </span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>directory
and make a parameter</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>
directory</span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>
to save the parameter files.</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='text-indent:13.5pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'> </span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>>
cd $WORK_DIR_ETK</span><span style='font-family:Courier'>F</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='text-indent:13.5pt'><span style='font-family:Courier'> <span
lang=X-NONE>> setenv PAR_DIR_ETKF $WORK_DIR_ETK</span></span><span
style='font-family:Courier'>F/param</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='text-indent:13.5pt'><span style='font-family:Courier'> </span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>> ln -sf
$DAT_DIR/Hybrid/fc/2006102712/wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00</span><span
style='font-family:Courier'>_</span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>00</span><span
style='font-family:Courier'>_</span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>00.mean
./etkf_input</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='text-indent:13.5pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'> > ln -sf $DAT_DIR/Hybrid/fc/2006102712/wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00</span><span
style='font-family:Courier'>_</span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>00</span><span
style='font-family:Courier'>_</span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>00.e001
./etkf_input.e001</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='text-indent:13.5pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'>...</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='text-indent:13.5pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'> > ln -sf $DAT_DIR/Hybrid/fc/2006102712/wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00</span><span
style='font-family:Courier'>_</span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>00</span><span
style='font-family:Courier'>_</span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>00.e010
./etkf_input.e010</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='text-indent:13.5pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='text-indent:13.5pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'> > ln -sf omb/working.e001/ob.etkf.e001 .</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='text-indent:13.5pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'>...</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='text-indent:13.5pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'> > ln -sf omb/working.e010/ob.etkf.e010 .</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> b) Provide template files. These files will be
overwritten with the ensemble perturbations.</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='text-indent:13.5pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'> > cp $DAT_DIR/Hybrid/fc/2006102712/wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00</span><span
style='font-family:Courier'>_</span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>00</span><span
style='font-family:Courier'>_</span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>00.e001
./etkf_output.e001</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='text-indent:13.5pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'>...</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='text-indent:13.5pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'> > cp $DAT_DIR/Hybrid/fc/2006102712/wrfout_d01_2006-10-28_00</span><span
style='font-family:Courier'>_</span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>00</span><span
style='font-family:Courier'>_</span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>00.e010
./etkf_output.e010</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> c) Copy gen_be_etkf_nl.nl (cp
$DAT_DIR/ETKF/gen_be_etkf_nl.nl .) </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>You will need to
set the information in this script as follows:</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> &gen_be_etkf_nl</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> num_members
= 10,</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> nv = 7,</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> cv =
'U', 'V', 'W', 'PH', 'T', 'QVAPOR', 'MU',</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> </span><span
lang=FR style='font-family:Courier'>naccumt1 = 20,</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=FR style='font-family:Courier'> naccumt2 =
20,</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=FR style='font-family:Courier'>
nstartaccum1 = 1,</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=FR style='font-family:Courier'>
nstartaccum2 = 1,</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=FR style='font-family:Courier'> nout = 1,</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=FR style='font-family:Courier'>
tainflatinput = 1,</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=FR style='font-family:Courier'> rhoinput =
1,</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=FR style='font-family:Courier'>
infl_fac_file = '$PAR_DIR_ETKF/inflation_factor.dat',</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=FR style='font-family:Courier'>
infl_let_file = '$PAR_DIR_ETKF/inflation_letkf.dat',</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=FR style='font-family:Courier'>
eigen_val_file = '$PAR_DIR_ETKF/eigen_value.dat',</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=FR style='font-family:Courier'>
inno2_val_file = '$PAR_DIR_ETKF/innovation_value.dat',</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=FR style='font-family:Courier'>
proj2_val_file = '$PAR_DIR_ETKF/projection_value.dat',</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=FR style='font-family:Courier'> </span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>infl_fac_TRNK = .false.,</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> infl_fac_WG03
= .false.,</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> infl_fac_WG07
= .true.,</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> infl_fac_BOWL
= .false.,</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> letkf_flg=.false.,</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> rand_filt
= .false.,</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> rnd_seed
= 2006102800,</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> rnd_nobs
= 5000</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> etkf_erro_max
= 20.</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> etkf_erro_min
= .00001</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> etkf_inno_max
= 20.</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> etkf_inno_min
= .00001</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> etkf_erro_flg
= .true.</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> etkf_inno_flg
= .true.</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> etkf_wrfda
= .false.</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> /</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Important
note: since environment variables are not parsed when reading namelists, you
MUST manually change </span></i><i><span lang=FR style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>$PAR_DIR_ETKF to its actual value in the
namelist</span></i></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>W</span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>here
</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>the
various namelist parameters are as follows:</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>num_members</span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> is
the ensemble members size</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span><span style='font-family:Courier'>nv</span><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> <span
lang=X-NONE>is the number of variables</span></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span><span style='font-family:Courier'>cv</span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> the name of
variables</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>n</span><span
style='font-family:Courier'>accumt1</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> <span lang=X-NONE>and </span></span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>n</span><span style='font-family:Courier'>accumt1</span><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> <span
lang=X-NONE>are number of previous cycles used to accumulate for inflation and rho
factor</span></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>n</span><span
style='font-family:Courier'>startaccumt1</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>and </span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'>n</span><span style='font-family:Courier'>startaccumt2</span><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>are not used for
ordinary ETKF</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>nout
is the cycle index</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span><span style='font-family:Courier'>tainflatinput</span><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> <span
lang=X-NONE>and </span></span><span style='font-family:Courier'>rhoinput</span><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> <span
lang=X-NONE>are prescribed factors for inflation and rho factor</span></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span><span lang=FR style='font-family:Courier'>infl_fac_file</span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>, </span><span
lang=FR style='font-family:Courier'>eigen_val_file</span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>, </span><span
lang=FR style='font-family:Courier'>inno2_val_file</span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> and </span><span
lang=FR style='font-family:Courier'>proj2_val_file</span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> are files to save
template parameters</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>infl_fac_TRNK</span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>,</span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>infl_fac_WG03</span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>,</span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>infl_fac_WG07</span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>,</span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>and</span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> infl_fac_BOWL</span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> are</span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>options
for different adaptive inflation</span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> schemes</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>rand_filt</span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>, </span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>rnd_seed</span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> and </span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>rnd_nobs</span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> are options for
using filtered observation and random observations</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in'><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'>·<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>etkf_erro_max</span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>, </span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>etkf_erro_min</span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>, </span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>etkf_inno_max</span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>, </span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>etkf_inno_min</span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>, </span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>etkf_erro_flg</span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>, </span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>etkf_inno_flg</span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>, and </span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>etkf_wrfda</span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> are options to
conduct further observation filtering. </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> d) Link gen_be_etkf.exe to your working
directory and run it.</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> > ln -sf
$WRFDA_DIR/var/build/gen_be_etkf.exe . </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> >
./gen_be_etkf.exe</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='text-indent:6.0pt'><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Check the output
files. etkf_output.* files are updated ensemble pertubations.</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'>5) Add updated ensemble perturbations to </span><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>the </span><span
lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>ensemble
mean </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>to
</span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>get
new emsemble members</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> > cd
$WORK_DIR_ETKF</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> a) Copy add_mean_nl.nl (cp
$DAT_DIR/ETKF/add_mean_nl.nl .) </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>You will need to
set the information in this script as follows for each member:</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> &add_mean_nl</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> num_members
= 10</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> cv
= 'U', 'V', 'W', 'PH', 'T', 'QVAPOR', 'MU'</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> nv
= 7</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> path
= '$WORK_DIR_ETKF'</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> file_mean
= 'etkf_input' </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> file_pert
= 'etkf_output.e001' (for each member,</span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'> </span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>etkf_output.e0*...)</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> /</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Again,
be sure to substitute the actual path in the place of $WORK_DIR_ETKF</span></i></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> b) Run gen_</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>be_</span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>addmean.exe.</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> > ln -sf
</span><span style='font-family:Courier'>$WRFDA_DIR</span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'>/var/build/gen_</span><span style='font-family:
Courier'>be_</span><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'>addmean.exe .</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> >
./gen_</span><span style='font-family:Courier'>be_</span><span lang=X-NONE
style='font-family:Courier'>addmean.exe </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-family:Courier'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span lang=X-NONE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"'> Check the output files. etkf_output.e0* files are
the new ensemble members.</span></p>
<h3><a name="_Description_of_Namelist_2"></a><span lang=X-NONE>Description of
Namelist Variables</span></h3>
<p class=MsoListBullet2>WRFDA namelist variables. </p>
<table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=614
style='border-collapse:collapse'>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><strong>Variable
Names</strong></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><strong>Default
Value</strong></p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><strong>Description</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><strong>&wrfvar1</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>write_increments</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'>.true.:
write out a binary analysis increment file</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>var4d</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
4D-Var mode</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>var4d_lbc</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>true</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
on/off for lateral boundary control in 4D-Var</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>var4d_bin</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>3600</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>seconds,
observation sub-window length for 4D-Var </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>var4d_bin_rain</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>3600</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>seconds,
precipitation observation sub-window length for 4D-Var </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:.25in'>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;
height:.25in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>multi_inc</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;
height:.25in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;
height:.25in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>> 0:
multi-incremental run</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>print_detail_radar</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 rowspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;
padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>print_detail_xxx:
output extra (sometimes can be too many) diagnostics for debugging; not recommended
to turn these on for production runs</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>print_detail_xa</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>print_detail_xb</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>print_detail_obs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>print_detail_grad</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.true.: to print out a
detailed gradient of each observation type at each iteration</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>check_max_iv_print</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>true</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'>obsolete
(used only by Radar)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><strong>&wrfvar2</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>analysis_accu</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>900</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>in
seconds, if the time difference between the namelist setting (analysis_date)
and date info read-in from the first guess is larger than analysis_accu,
WRFDA will issue a warning message ("=======> Wrong xb time
found???"), but won't abort.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>calc_w_increment</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
the increment of the vertical velocity, W, will be diagnosed based on the increments
of other fields. </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.false.:
the increment of the vertical velocity W is zero if no W information is assimilated.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>If there
is information on the W from observations assimilated, such as radar radial
velocity, the W increments are always computed, whether
calc_w_increment=true. or .false.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><strong>&wrfvar3</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>fg_format</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>1</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'> 1:
fg_format_wrf_arw_regional (default)</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> 3: fg_format_wrf_arw_global</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> 4: fg_format_kma_global</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>Options 3 and 4 are untested;
use with caution!</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>ob_format</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>2</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>1: read
in NCEP PREPBUFR data from ob.bufr</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>2: read in data from ob.ascii
(default)</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>ob_format_gpsro</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>2</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>1: read
in GPSRO data from gpsro.bufr</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>2: read in GPSRO data from
ob.ascii (default)</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>num_fgat_time</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'>1</span></p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>1: 3DVar</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>> 1: number of time slots
for FGAT and 4DVAR </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><strong>&wrfvar4</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>thin_conv</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>true</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>Turns on
observation thinning for ob_format=1 (NCEP PREPBUFR) only. thin_conv can be
set to .false., but this is not recommended.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>thin_conv_ascii</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>Turns on
observation thinning for ob_format=2 (ASCII from OBSPROC) only.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>thin_mesh_conv </span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>20.
(max_instruments)</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>km, each observation type can
set its thinning mesh and the index/order follows the definition in</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>WRFDA/var/da/da_control/da_control.f90</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>thin_rainobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>true</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.: perform
thinning on precipitation data</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_synopobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>true</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 rowspan=20 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;
padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>use_xxxobs
- .true.: assimilate xxx obs if available</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.false.: do not assimilate xxx
obs even available</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_shipsobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>true</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_metarobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>true</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_soundobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>true</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_pilotobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>true</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_airepobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>true</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_geoamvobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>true</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_polaramvobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>true</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_bogusobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>true</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_buoyobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>true</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_profilerobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>true</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_satemobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>true</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_gpspwobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>true</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_gpsrefobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>true</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_qscatobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>true</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_radarobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_radar_rv</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_radar_rf</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_rainobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_airsretobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>true</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'> ;
use_hirs2obs, use_hirs3obs, use_hirs4obs, use_mhsobs</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> ; use_msuobs,
use_amsuaobs, use_amsubobs, use_airsobs,</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> ; use_eos_amsuaobs,
use_hsbobs, use_ssmisobs are</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> ; radiance-related
variables that only control if </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> ; corresponding BUFR
files are read into WRFDA or not, but</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> ; do not control if the
data is assimilated or not.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> ; Additional variables
have to be set in &wrfvar14 in order</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> ; to assimilate radiance
data.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_hirs2obs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
read in data from hirs2.bufr</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_hirs3obs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
read in data from hirs3.bufr</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_hirs4obs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
read in data from hirs4.bufr</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_mhsobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
read in data from mhs.bufr</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_msuobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
read in data from msu.bufr</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_amsuaobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
read in data from amsua.bufr</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_amsubobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
read in data from amsub.bufr</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_airsobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
read in data from airs.bufr</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_eos_amsuaobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
read in data EOS-AMSUA data from </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>airs.bufr</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_hsbobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
read in data from hsb.bufr</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_ssmisobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
to read in data from ssmis.bufr</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_atmsobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
to read in data from atms.bufr</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_iasiobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
to read in data from iasi.bufr</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_seviriobs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
to read in data from seviri.bufr</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_obs_errfac</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'>.true.:
apply obs error tuning factors if errfac.dat is available for conventional
data only</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><strong>&wrfvar5</strong></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>check_max_iv</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>true</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'>.true.:
reject the observations whose innovations (O-B) are larger than a maximum
value defined as a multiple of the observation error for each observation.
i.e., inv > (obs_error*factor) --> fails_error_max; the default maximum
value is 5 times the observation error ; the factor of 5 can be changed through
max_error_* settings.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>max_error_t</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>5.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>maximum
check_max_iv error check factor for t</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>max_error_uv</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>5.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>maximum
check_max_iv error check factor for u and v</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>max_error_pw</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>5.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>maximum
check_max_iv error check factor for precipitable water</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>max_error_ref</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>5.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>maximum
check_max_iv error check factor for gps refractivity</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>max_error_q</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>5.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>maximum
check_max_iv error check factor for specific humidity</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>max_error_p</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>5.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>maximum
check_max_iv error check factor for pressure</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>max_error_thickness</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>5.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>maximum
check_max_iv error check factor for thickness</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>max_error_rv</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>5.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>maximum
check_max_iv error check factor for radar radial velocity</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>max_error_rf</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>5.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>maximum
check_max_iv error check factor for radar reflectivity</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>max_error_rain</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>5.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>maximum
check_max_iv error check factor for precipitation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><b>&wrfvar6
(for minimization options)</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>max_ext_its</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>1</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>number
of outer loops</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>ntmax</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>200
(max_ext_its)</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>maximum
number of iterations in an inner loop criterion (uses dimension: max_ext_its)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>eps</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New"'> </span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>0.01
(max_ext_its)</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>minimization
convergence criterion (uses dimension: max_ext_its); minimization stops when
the norm of the gradient of the cost function gradient is reduced by a factor
of eps. inner minimization stops either when the criterion is met or when
inner iterations reach ntmax.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>orthonorm_gradient</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
the gradient vectors are stored during the Conjugate Gradient for each iteration
and used to re-orthogonalize the new gradient. This requires extra storage of
large vectors (each one being the size of the control variable) but results
in a better convergence of the Conjugate Gradient after around 20 iterations.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><b>&wrfvar7</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>cv_options</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>5</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>3: NCEP
Background Error model</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>5: NCAR Background Error model
(default)</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>6: Use of multivariate
background error statistics</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>as1(3)</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>-1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>tuning
factors for variance, horizontal and vertical scales for control variable 1 =
stream function. For cv_options=3 only. The actual default values are 0.25,
1.0, 1.5.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>as2(3)</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>-1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>tuning
factors for variance, horizontal and vertical scales for control variable 2 -
unbalanced potential velocity. For cv_options=3 only. The actual default values
are 0.25, 1.0, 1.5.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>as3(3)</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>-1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>tuning
factors for variance, horizontal and vertical scales for control variable 3 -
unbalanced temperature. For cv_options=3 only. The actual default values are
0.25, 1.0, 1.5.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>as4(3) </span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>-1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>tuning
factors for variance, horizontal and vertical scales for control variable 4 -
pseudo relative humidity. For cv_options=3 only. The actual default values
are 0.25, 1.0, 1.5.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>as5(3)</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>-1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>tuning
factors for variance, horizontal and vertical scales for control variable 5 -
unbalanced surface pressure. For cv_options=3 only. The actual default values
are 0.25, 1.0, 1.5.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>rf_passes</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>6</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>number
of passes of recursive filter.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>var_scaling1</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>tuning
factor of background error covariance for control variable 1 - stream function.
For cv_options=5 only.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>var_scaling2</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>tuning
factor of background error covariance for control variable 2 - unbalanced
velocity potential. For cv_options=5 only.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>var_scaling3</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>tuning
factor of background error covariance for control variable 3 - unbalanced
temperature. For cv_options=5 only.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>var_scaling4</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>tuning
factor of background error covariance for control variable 4 - pseudo relative
humidity. For cv_options=5 only.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>var_scaling5</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>tuning
factor of background error covariance for control variable 5 - unbalanced
surface pressure. For cv_options=5 only.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>len_scaling1</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>tuning
factor of scale-length for stream function. For cv_options=5 only.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>len_scaling2</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>tuning
factor of scale-length for unbalanced velocity potential. For cv_options=5
only.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>len_scaling3</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char'>tuning factor of
scale-length for unbalanced temperature. For cv_options=5 only.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>len_scaling4</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>tuning
factor of scale-length for pseudo relative humidity. For cv_options=5 only.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>len_scaling5</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>tuning
factor of scale-length for unbalanced surface pressure. For cv_options=5
only.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>je_factor</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>ensemble
covariance weighting factor</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><b>&wrfvar8
;not used</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><b>&wrfvar9</b></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'> </p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>for
program tracing. trace_use=.true. gives additional performance diagnostics
(calling tree, local routine timings, overall routine timings, & memory usage).
It does not change results, but does add runtime overhead.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>stdout</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>6</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>unit
number for standard output</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>stderr</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>unit
number for error output</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>trace_unit</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>7</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>Unit
number for tracing output. Note that units 10 and 9 are reserved for reading
namelist.input and writing namelist.output respectively.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>trace_pe</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>Currently,
statistics are always calculated for all processors, and output by processor
0.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>trace_repeat_head</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>10</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>the
number of times any trace statement will produce output for any particular routine.
This stops overwhelming trace output when a routine is called multiple times.
Once this limit is reached a 'going quiet' message is written to the trace
file, and no more output is produced from the routine, though statistics are
still gathered.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>trace_repeat_body</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>10</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>see
trace_repeat_head description</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>trace_max_depth</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>30</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>define
the deepest level to which tracing writes output</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>trace_use</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
activate tracing</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>trace_use_frequent</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>trace_use_dull</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>trace_memory</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>true</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
calculate allocated memory using a mallinfo call. On some platforms (Cray and
Mac), mallinfo is not available and no memory monitoring can be done.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>trace_all_pes</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
tracing is output for all pes. As stated in trace_pe, this does not change processor
statistics.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>trace_csv</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>true</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
tracing statistics are written to a xxxx.csv file in CSV format</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_html</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>true</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
tracing and error reporting routines will include HTML tags.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>warnings_are_fatal</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
warning messages that would normally allow the program to continue are
treated as fatal errors.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><b>&wrfvar10
(for code developer)</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>test_transforms</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
perform adjoint tests</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>test_gradient</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
perform gradient test</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><b> </b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><strong>&wrfvar11</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>cv_options_hum</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'> 1</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>do not
change</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>check_rh</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>0 -->
No supersaturation check after minimization.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1 --> supersaturation
(rh> 100%) and minimum rh (rh<10%) check, and make the local adjustment
of q.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>2 --> supersaturation
(rh> 95%) and minimum rh (rh<11%) check and make the multi-level q
adjustment under the constraint of conserved column integrated water vapor</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>sfc_assi_options</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>1</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='layout-grid-mode:char;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'>1
--> surface observations will be assimilated based on the lowest model level
first guess. Observations are not used when the elevation difference between
the observing site and the lowest model level is larger than 100m.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:ideograph-numeric'>2 --> surface
observations will be assimilated based on surface similarity theory in PBL.
Innovations are computed based on 10-m wind, 2-m temperature and 2-m
moisture.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>calculate_cg_cost_fn</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>conjugate
gradient algorithm does not require the computation of cost function at every
iteration during minimization.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.true.: Compute and write out
cost function and gradient for each iteration into files <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>cost_fn</span> and <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>grad_fn</span>.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>false.: Only the initial and
final cost functions are computed and output.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>lat_stats_option</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>do not
change</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><strong>&wrfvar12</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>balance_type</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>1</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>obsolete</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><strong>&wrfvar13</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>vert_corr</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>2</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>do not
change</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>vertical_ip</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>obsolete</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>vert_evalue</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>1</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>do not
change</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:16.5pt'>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;
height:16.5pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>max_vert_var1</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;
height:16.5pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>99.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;
height:16.5pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>specify
the maximum truncation value (percentage) to explain the variance of stream
function in eigenvector decomposition</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>max_vert_var2</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>99.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>specify
the maximum truncation value (percentage) to explain the variance of unbalanced
potential velocity in eigenvector decomposition</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>max_vert_var3</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>99.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>specify
the maximum truncation value (percentage) to explain the variance of the unbalanced
temperature in eigenvector decomposition</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>max_vert_var4</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>99.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>specify
the maximum truncation value (percentage) to explain the variance of pseudo
relative humidity in eigenvector decomposition</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:62.55pt'>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;
height:62.55pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>max_vert_var5</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;
height:62.55pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>99.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;
height:62.55pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>for
unbalanced surface pressure, it should be a non-zero positive number.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>set max_vert_var5=0.0 only for
offline VarBC applications.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:17.5pt'>
<td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
height:17.5pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><b>&wrfvar14</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>the
following 4 variables (rtminit_nsensor, rtminit_platform, rtminit_satid,
rtminit_sensor) together control what sensors to be assimilated.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>rtminit_nsensor</span></p>
</td>
<td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>1</p>
</td>
<td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>total
number of sensors to be assimilated</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>rtminit_platform</span></p>
</td>
<td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>-1</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>(max_instruments)</p>
</td>
<td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>platforms
IDs array (used dimension: rtminit_nsensor); e.g., 1 for NOAA, 9 for EOS, 10
for METOP and 2 for DMSP</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>rtminit_satid</span></p>
</td>
<td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>-1.0 </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>(max_instruments)</p>
</td>
<td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>satellite
IDs array (used dimension: rtminit_nsensor)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>rtminit_sensor</span></p>
</td>
<td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'> -1.0
</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>(max_instruments)</p>
</td>
<td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>sensor
IDs array (used dimension: rtminit_nsensor); e.g., 0 for HIRS, 3 for AMSU-A,
4 for AMSU-B, 15 for MHS, 10 for SSMIS, 11 for AIRS</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>rad_monitoring</span></p>
</td>
<td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>0 </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>(max_instruments)</p>
</td>
<td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>integer
array (used dimension: rtminit_nsensor); 0: assimilating mode; </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1: monitoring mode (only
calculate innovations)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>thinning_mesh</span></p>
</td>
<td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>60.0 </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>(max_instruments)</p>
</td>
<td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>real
array (used dimension: rtminit_nsensor); specify thinning mesh size (in km)
for different sensors.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>thinning</span></p>
</td>
<td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
perform thinning on radiance data</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>qc_rad</span></p>
</td>
<td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>true</p>
</td>
<td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
perform quality control. Do not change.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>write_iv_rad_ascii</span></p>
</td>
<td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
output radiance Observation minus Background files, which are in ASCII format
and separated by sensor and processor.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>write_oa_rad_ascii</span></p>
</td>
<td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
output radiance Observation minus Analysis files (Observation minus
Background information is also included), which are in ASCII format and
separated by sensor and processor.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_error_factor_rad</span></p>
</td>
<td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.05in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:
0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.: use a radiance error
tuning factor file <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>radiance_error.factor</span>,
which can be created with empirical values or generated using variational
tuning method (Desroziers and Ivanov, 2001)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_antcorr</span></p>
</td>
<td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>(max_instruments)</p>
</td>
<td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.05in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:
0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.: perform Antenna
Correction in CRTM</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>rtm_option</span></p>
</td>
<td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>1</p>
</td>
<td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.05in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:
0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;layout-grid-mode:char'>which RTM (Radiative Transfer
Model) to use (WRFDA must be compiled with the desired model included, see
first section for details)<br>
1: RTTOV <br>
2: CRTM </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>only_sea_rad</span></p>
</td>
<td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
assimilate radiance over water only</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_varbc</span></p>
</td>
<td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
perform Variational Bias Correction. A parameter file in ASCII format called <span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>VARBC.in</span> (a
template is provided with the source code tar ball) is required.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>freeze_varbc</span></p>
</td>
<td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true:
together with <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_varbc</span>=.false.,
keep the VarBC bias parameters constant in time. In this case, the bias correction
is read and applied to the innovations, but it is not updated during the
minimization.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>varbc_factor</span></p>
</td>
<td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>for
scaling the VarBC preconditioning</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>varbc_nobsmin</span></p>
</td>
<td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>10</p>
</td>
<td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>defines
the minimum number of observations required for the computation of the
predictor statistics during the first assimilation cycle. If there are not
enough data (according to "VARBC_NOBSMIN") on the first cycle, the
next cycle will perform a coldstart again.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_clddet_mmr</span></p>
</td>
<td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.
:use the MMR scheme to conduct cloud detection for infrared radiance</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_clddet_ecmwf</span></p>
</td>
<td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.
:use the ECMWF operational scheme to conduct cloud detection for infrared
radiance.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>airs_warmest_fov</span></p>
</td>
<td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
uses the observation brightness temperature for AIRS Window channel #914 as
criterion for GSI thinning (with a higher amplitude than the distance from
the observation location to the nearest grid point).</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=2 valign=top style='width:1.5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=TableContents style='layout-grid-mode:char'> </p>
</td>
<td width=310 colspan=6 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'> </span></p>
</td>
<td style='border:none;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in' width=302 colspan=2><p class='MsoNormal'> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_crtm_kmatrix</span></p>
</td>
<td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>true</p>
</td>
<td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.
use CRTM K matrix rather than calling CRTM TL and AD routines for gradient
calculation, which reduces runtime noticeably.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_rttov_kmatrix</span></p>
</td>
<td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.
use RTTOV K matrix rather than calling RTTOV TL and AD routines for gradient
calculation, which reduces runtime noticeably.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>rttov_emis_atlas_ir</span></p>
</td>
<td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>0</p>
</td>
<td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>0: do
not use IR emissivity atlas</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1: use IR emissivity atlas
(recommended)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>rttov_emis_atlas_mw</span></p>
</td>
<td width=126 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:94.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>0</p>
</td>
<td width=310 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:232.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>0: do
not use MW emissivity atlas</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>1: use TELSEM MW emissivity
atlas (recommended)</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>2: use CNRM MW emissivity
atlas</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><b>&wrfvar15
(needs to be set together with &wrfvar19)</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>num_pseudo</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>Set the
number of pseudo observations, either 0 or 1 (single ob)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>pseudo_x</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>Set the
x-position (I) of the OBS in unit of grid-point.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>pseudo_y</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>Set the
y-position (J) of the OBS in unit of grid-point.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>pseudo_z</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>Set the
z-position (K) of OBS with the vertical level index, in bottom-up order.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>pseudo_val</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>Set the
innovation of the ob; wind in m/s, pressure in Pa, temperature in K,
specific humidity in kg/kg </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>pseudo_err</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>set the
error of the pseudo ob. Unit the same as pseudo_val.; if
pseudo_var="q", pseudo_err=0.001 is more reasonable.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><b>&wrfvar16
(for hybrid WRFDA/ensemble)</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>alphacv_method</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>2</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>1:
ensemble perturbations in control variable space</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>2: ensemble perturbations in
model variable space</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>ensdim_alpha</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>ensemble
size</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>alpha_corr_type</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>3</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>1:
alpha_corr_type_exp</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>2: alpha_corr_type_soar</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>3: alpha_corr_type_gaussian
(default)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>alpha_corr_scale</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>1500.0</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>km</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><b>&wrfvar17</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>analysis_type</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>“3D-VAR”</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>"3D-VAR":
3D-VAR mode (default);</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> "QC-OBS": 3D-VAR
mode plus extra filtered_obs output; </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>"VERIFY":
verification mode. WRFDA resets check_max_iv=.false. and ntmax=0; </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>"RANDOMCV": for
creating ensemble perturbations</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>adj_sens</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
write out gradient of Jo for adjoint sensitivity</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><b>&wrfvar18
(needs to set &wrfvar21 and &wrfvar22 as well if ob_format=1 and/or
radiances are used)</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>analysis_date</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>“2002-08-03_00:00:00.0000”</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>specify
the analysis time. It should be consistent with the first guess time;
however, if time difference between analysis_date and date info read in from
first guess is larger than analysis_accu, WRFDA will issue a warning message
("=======> Wrong xb time found???"), but won't abort.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><b>&wrfvar19
(needs to be set together with &wrfvar15)</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>pseudo_var</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>“t”</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>Set the
name of the OBS variable:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>'u' = X-direction component of
wind,</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>'v' = Y-direction component of
wind,</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>'t' = Temperature,</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>'p' = Pressure,</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>'q' = Specific humidity</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>"pw": total
precipitable water</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>"ref": refractivity</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>"ztd": zenith total
delay</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><b>&wrfvar20</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>documentation_url</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>“http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/people/wrfhelp/wrfvar/code/trunk”</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><b>&wrfvar21</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>time_window_min</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>"2002-08-02_21:00:00.0000"</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>start
time of assimilation time window used for ob_format=1 and radiances to select
observations inside the defined time_window. Note: Start from V3.1, this
variable is also used for ob_format=2 to double-check if the obs are within
the specified time window.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><b>&wrfvar22</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>time_window_max</span></p>
</td>
<td width=102 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:76.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>"2002-08-03_03:00:00.0000"</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>end time
of assimilation time window used for ob_format=1 and radiances to select
observations inside the defined time_window. Note: this variable is also used
for ob_format=2 to double-check if the obs are within the specified time window.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=614 colspan=9 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><b>&perturbation
(settings related to the 4D-Var)</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=179 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:134.2pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>jcdfi_use</span></p>
</td>
<td width=100 valign=top style='width:75.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.65pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
Include JcDF term in cost function.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.false.: Ignore JcDF term in
cost function.</p>
</td>
<td style='border:none;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in' width=1><p class='MsoNormal'> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=179 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:134.2pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>jcdfi_diag</span></p>
</td>
<td width=100 valign=top style='width:75.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>1</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.65pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>0:
Doesn't print out the value of Jc.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>1:Print
out the value of Jc.</p>
</td>
<td style='border:none;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in' width=1><p class='MsoNormal'> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=179 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:134.2pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>jcdfi_penalty</span></p>
</td>
<td width=100 valign=top style='width:75.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>10</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.65pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>The
weight to Jc term.</p>
</td>
<td style='border:none;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in' width=1><p class='MsoNormal'> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=179 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:134.2pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>enable_identity</span></p>
</td>
<td width=100 valign=top style='width:75.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.false.</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.65pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
use identity adjoint and tangent linear model in 4D-Var.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.false.:
use full adjoint and tangent linear model in 4D-Var.</p>
</td>
<td style='border:none;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in' width=1><p class='MsoNormal'> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=179 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:134.2pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>trajectory_io</span></p>
</td>
<td width=100 valign=top style='width:75.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.65pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
use memory I/O in 4D-Var for data exchange</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.false.:
use disk I/O in 4D-Var for data exchange</p>
</td>
<td style='border:none;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in' width=1><p class='MsoNormal'> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=179 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:134.2pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>var4d_detail_out</span></p>
</td>
<td width=100 valign=top style='width:75.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>false</p>
</td>
<td width=334 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:250.65pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
output extra diagnostics for debugging 4D-Var</p>
</td>
<td style='border:none;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in' width=1><p class='MsoNormal'> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=0>
<td width=2 style='border:none'></td>
<td width=153 style='border:none'></td>
<td width=3 style='border:none'></td>
<td width=366 style='border:none'></td>
<td width=4 style='border:none'></td>
<td width=24 style='border:none'></td>
<td width=8 style='border:none'></td>
<td width=223 style='border:none'></td>
<td width=1 style='border:none'></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p>OBSPROC namelist variables. </p>
<table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=614
style='margin-left:2.4pt;border-collapse:collapse'>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><strong>Variable
Names</strong></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><strong>Description</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=614 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><strong><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>&record1</span></strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>obs_gts_filename</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>name and
path of decoded observation file</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>fg_format</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.05in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:
0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;layout-grid-mode:char'>'MM5' for MM5 application,
'WRF' for WRF application</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>obserr.txt</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>name and
path of observational error file</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>gts_from_mmm_archive</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>set to
.true. if decoded observation file is from NCAR/MMM
hsi:/BRESCH/RT/DATA/ccyymm/obs.ccyymmddhh.gz</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=614 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><strong><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>&record2</span></strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>time_window_min</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>The
earliest time edge as ccyy-mm-dd_hh:mn:ss</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>time_analysis</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>The
analysis time as ccyy-mm-dd_hh:mn:ss</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>time_window_max</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>The
latest time edge as ccyy-mm-dd_hh:mn:ss</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>** Note : Only observations
between [time_window_min, time_window_max] will kept.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=614 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><strong><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>&record3</span></strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>max_number_of_obs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>Maximum
number of observations to be loaded, i.e. in domain and time window, this is
independent of the number of obs actually read.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>fatal_if_exceed_max_obs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.TRUE.:
will stop when more than max_number_of_obs are loaded</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.FALSE.: will process the
first max_number_of_obs loaded observations. </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=614 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><strong><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>&record4</span></strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>qc_test_vert_consistency</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.TRUE.
will perform a vertical consistency quality control check on sounding</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>qc_test_convective_adj</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.TRUE.
will perform a convective adjustment quality control check on sounding</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>qc_test_above_lid</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.TRUE.
will flag the observation above model lid</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>remove_above_lid</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.TRUE.
will remove the observation above model lid</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>domain_check_h</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.TRUE.
will discard the observations outside the domain</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>Thining_SATOB</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.FALSE.:
no thinning for SATOB data.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.TRUE.: thinning procedure
applied to SATOB data.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>Thining_SSMI</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.FALSE.:
no thinning for SSMI data.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.TRUE.: thinning procedure
applied to SSMI data.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>Thining_QSCAT</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.FALSE.:
no thinning for SATOB data.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.TRUE.: thinning procedure
applied to SSMI data.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>calc_psfc_from_QNH</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>valid
for gts_from_mmm_archive=.true. only.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>set to
.true. for calculating surface pressure from METAR QNH value. QNH value is
stored in psfc field in the NCAR/MMM decoded observation file.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=614 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><strong><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>&record5</span></strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>print_gts_read</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>TRUE.
will write diagnostic on the decoded obs reading in file obs_gts_read.diag</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>print_gpspw_read</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.TRUE.
will write diagnostic on the gpsppw obs reading in file obs_gpspw_read.diag</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>print_recoverp</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.TRUE.
will write diagnostic on the obs pressure recovery in file
obs_recover_pressure.diag</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>print_duplicate_loc</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.TRUE.
will write diagnostic on space duplicate removal in file
obs_duplicate_loc.diag</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>print_duplicate_time</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.TRUE.
will write diagnostic on time duplicate removal in file
obs_duplicate_time.diag</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>print_recoverh</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.TRUE
will write diagnostic on the obs height recovery in file
obs_recover_height.diag</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>print_qc_vert</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.TRUE
will write diagnostic on the vertical consistency check in file obs_qc1.diag</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>print_qc_conv</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.TRUE
will write diagnostic on the convective adjustment check in file obs_qc1.diag</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>print_qc_lid</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.TRUE.
will write diagnostic on the above model lid height check in file
obs_qc2.diag</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>print_uncomplete</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.TRUE.
will write diagnostic on the uncompleted obs removal in file obs_uncomplete.diag</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>user_defined_area</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.TRUE.:
read in the record6: x_left, x_right, y_top, y_bottom,</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>.FALSE.: not read in the
record6.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=614 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><strong><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>&record6</span></strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>x_left</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>West
border of sub-domain, not used</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>x_right</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>East
border of sub-domain, not used</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>y_bottom</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>South
border of sub-domain, not used</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>y_top</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>North
border of sub-domain, not used</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>ptop</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>Reference
pressure at model top</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>ps0</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>Reference
sea level pressure</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>base_pres</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>Same as
ps0. User must set either ps0 or base_pres.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>ts0</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>Mean sea
level temperature</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>base_temp</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>Same as ts0.
User must set either ts0 or base_temp.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>tlp</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>Temperature
lapse rate</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>base_lapse</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>Same as
tlp. User must set either tlp or base_lapse.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>pis0</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>Tropopause
pressure, the default = 20000.0 Pa</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>base_tropo_pres</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>Same as
pis0. User must set either pis0 or base_tropo_pres</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>tis0</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>Isothermal
temperature above tropopause (K), the default = 215 K.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>base_start_temp</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>Same as
tis0. User must set either tis0 or base_start_temp.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=614 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:460.25pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><strong><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>&record7</span></strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>IPROJ</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>Map
projection (0 = Cylindrical Equidistance, 1 = Lambert Conformal, 2 = Polar stereographic,
3 = Mercator)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>PHIC</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>Central
latitude of the domain</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>XLONC</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>Central
longitude of the domain</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>TRUELAT1</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>True
latitude 1</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>TRUELAT2</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>True
latitude 2</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>MOAD_CEN_LAT</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>The
central latitude for the Mother Of All Domains</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>STANDARD_LON</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>The
standard longitude (Y-direction) of the working domain.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><strong><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>&record8</span></strong></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>IDD</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>Domain
ID (1=< ID =< MAXNES), Only the observations geographically located on
that domain will be processed. For WRF application with XLONC /=
STANDARD_LON, set IDD=2, otherwise set 1.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>MAXNES</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>Maximum
number of domains as needed.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>NESTIX</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>The
I(y)-direction dimension for each of the domains</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>NESTJX</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>The
J(x)-direction dimension for each of the domains</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>DIS</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>The resolution
(in kilometers) for each of the domains. For WRF application, always set
NESTIX(1),NESTJX(1), and DIS(1) based on the information in wrfinput.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>NUMC</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>The
mother domain ID number for each of the domains</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>NESTI</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>The I
location in its mother domain of the nest domain's low left corner -- point
(1,1)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>NESTI</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>The J
location in its mother domain of the nest domain's low left corner -- point
(1,1). For WRF application, NUMC(1), NESTI(1), and NESTJ(1) are always set to
be 1.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><strong><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>&record9</span></strong></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>prepbufr_output_filename</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>Name of
the PREPBUFR OBS file.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>prepbufr_table_filename</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>'prepbufr_table_filename'
; do not change</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>output_ob_format</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>output
1, PREPBUFR OBS file only;</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> 2, ASCII OBS file
only;</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'> 3, Both PREPBUFR
and ASCII OBS files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>use_for</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>'3DVAR'
obs file, same as before, default</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>'FGAT ' obs files for FGAT</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in'>'4DVAR' obs files for 4DVAR</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>num_slots_past</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>the
number of time slots before time_analysis</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>num_slots_ahead</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>the
number of time slots after time_analysis</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>write_synop</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>If keep
synop obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>write_ship</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>If keep
ship obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>write_metar</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>If keep
metar obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>write_buoy</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>If keep
buoy obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>write_pilot</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>If keep
pilot obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>write_sound</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>If keep
sound obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>write_amdar</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>If keep
amdar obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>write_satem</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>If keep
satem obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>write_satob</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>If keep
satob obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>write_airep</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>If keep
airep obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>write_gpspw</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>If keep
gpspw obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>write_gpsztd</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>If keep
gpsztd obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>write_gpsref</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>If keep
gpsref obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>write_gpseph</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>If keep
gpseph obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>write_ssmt1</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>If keep
ssmt1 obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>write_ssmt2</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>If keep
ssmt2 obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>write_ssmi</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>If keep
ssmi obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>write_tovs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>If keep
tovs obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>write_qscat</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>If keep
qscat obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>write_profl</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>If keep
profile obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>write_bogus</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>If keep
bogus obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>write_airs</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>If keep
airs obs in obs_gts (ASCII) files.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><strong><span
style='font-family:"Courier New"'>&record10</span></strong></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>wind_sd</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.false.,
default to use wind_uv; still can use wind_sd by setting wind_sd_${type} to
true</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.,
use wind_sd for all wind types.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>wind_sd_buoy</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
Use speed/direction information for BUOY obs</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>wind_sd_synop</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
Use speed/direction information for SYNOP obs</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>wind_sd_ships</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
Use speed/direction information for SHIP obs</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>wind_sd_metar</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
Use speed/direction information for METAR obs</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>wind_sd_sound</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
Use speed/direction information for SOUNDING obs</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>wind_sd_pilot</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
Use speed/direction information for PILOT obs</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>wind_sd_airep</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
Use speed/direction information for AIREP obs</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>wind_sd_qscat</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
Use speed/direction information for QSCAT obs</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>wind_sd_tamdar</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
Use speed/direction information for TAMDAR obs</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>wind_sd_geoamv</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
Use speed/direction information for GEOAMV obs</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=178 valign=top style='width:133.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>wind_sd_profiler</span></p>
</td>
<td width=435 valign=top style='width:326.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:-.05in;layout-grid-mode:char'>.true.:
Use speed/direction information for PROFILER obs</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
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<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
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<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
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<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
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<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
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