---
name: dataset-curation
description: Prepare, format, and validate datasets for supervised fine-tuning and preference training. Use when converting raw data into training format, applying chat templates, configuring sequence packing, generating synthetic training data, or writing a dataset card before a run.
---

# Dataset Curation

This skill assumes `finetuning-method-selection`
already routed here — the next step is preparing
data, not choosing a method. What follows: format
selection by target method, the template/packing
mechanics behind the most common silent training
failures, rules for mixing in synthetic data
without collapse, and the dataset card that closes
out Phase 2 before a run starts.

**Input:** raw examples (demonstrations, preference
judgments, or task prompts) plus a routing decision
from `finetuning-method-selection`.
**Output format:** a formatted, packed, validated
JSONL dataset plus a completed dataset card — the
Phase 2 artifact `/finetune` checks before launching
training.

## Format Selection

| Method | Shape | Rows |
|---|---|---|
| SFT, single-turn | Instruct (`instruction`/`response` or `prompt`/`completion`) | ~1,000+ floor |
| SFT, multi-turn | Conversation / ChatML `messages` list | ~1,000+ floor |
| DPO / ORPO | Preference pair (`prompt`, `chosen`, `rejected`) | Method-dependent, see `preference-optimization` |
| KTO | Unpaired (`prompt`, `completion`, `label`) | Method-dependent, see `preference-optimization` |
| GRPO / RLVR | Prompt-only (`prompt` + verifier metadata) | Method-dependent, see `grpo-rlvr-training` |

- **~1,000+ rows is the recommended floor for SFT**,
  not a target. Below it, a handful of low-quality
  or duplicate examples can dominate the gradient;
  above it, **quality over quantity** — a smaller
  verified, deduplicated set beats a larger noisy one.
- The ChatML shape, for orientation; the other four
  formats plus a ShareGPT conversion note live in
  `references/formats-and-templates.md`:

  ```json
  {"messages": [
    {"role": "user", "content": "..."},
    {"role": "assistant", "content": "..."}
  ]}
  ```

## Chat Templates and Loss Masking

Apply the target model's chat template **before**
any concatenation or packing, never after — packing
raw text and templating the packed blob afterward
corrupts turn boundaries, landing role markers in
the wrong place relative to each example.

- **Train on assistant responses only.** Mask the
  loss (`-100` in the labels tensor) over system/user
  turns and the template's own role markers — only
  assistant-turn content tokens contribute to loss.
- **Template/tokenizer mismatches are a top silent
  failure mode.** A model trained against one chat
  template but served or evaluated with a different
  one degrades without erroring. Verify the same
  template string used in training is applied at
  inference and eval time.
- **Keep the dataset in `messages` shape** and let
  the trainer template and mask it
  (`assistant_only_loss=True` in current TRL) —
  pre-rendering to a flat text field destroys the
  turn boundaries masking needs. Full code sketch:
  `references/formats-and-templates.md`. Sanity-check
  before training — decode only unmasked positions;
  expect only assistant text:

  ```python
  keep = batch["labels"][0] != -100
  print(tokenizer.decode(batch["input_ids"][0][keep]))
  ```

## Packing

**Without packing, 40–70% of compute is spent on
padding** — variable-length examples batched at a
fixed sequence length waste the gap between each
example's length and the batch's max. Packing
concatenates multiple examples into one sequence
up to the max length, cutting most of that waste.

- **Packing changes batch semantics.** A packed
  sequence can contain several original examples, so
  "steps per epoch" and any LR schedule keyed to
  example count shift once packing is on — recompute
  schedule milestones against packed-sequence count.
- **MANDATORY: decode and manually inspect 5–10
  packed sequences before scaling to a full run.**
  Confirm example boundaries land where expected,
  template markers are intact per sub-example, and
  the loss mask is still assistant-only within each
  packed sequence. Not optional — packing bugs are
  silent (the loss curve looks normal) and only
  surface in eval quality, hours later:

  ```python
  for seq in packed_dataset.select(range(10)):
      print(tokenizer.decode(seq["input_ids"]))
  ```

## Synthetic Data Rules

- **Keep ≥25% real data as a collapse guard.**
  Training on a growing share of model-generated
  data without a real-data floor drives measurable
  quality collapse over successive generations —
  25% real is the minimum that holds the line.
  **General-domain replay rows
  count toward this floor** —
  "real" means "not generated
  for this task from this
  student," not "human-authored."
  An all-synthetic-by-construction
  dataset can meet the ≥25% floor
  through replay alone (see
  `references/synthetic-data.md`'s
  Replay-Mix Construction recipe);
  state which rows count as "real"
  in the dataset card rather than
  leaving the floor structurally
  unmeetable.
- **Magpie and rejection sampling are the
  workhorses.** Magpie extracts prompts from the
  model's own template prior; rejection sampling
  generates several candidates per prompt and keeps
  only the ones a filter passes. Both beat naive
  single-shot generation.
- **Targeted, student-aware generation beats static
  generation by 1.3–2x sample efficiency** — aiming
  at the student's actual failure modes hits a
  quality bar with fewer filtered examples.
- **Typical accept rates after filtering run
  10–30%.** Plan volume accordingly — a 10,000-row
  target at 15% accept needs ~65,000+ raw generations.
- Generation-method ranking, filter funnel, replay-
  mix construction, and distillation pattern:
  `references/synthetic-data.md`.

## The Dataset Card

Every dataset that reaches training gets a card —
the required Phase 2 artifact `/finetune` checks
before launching. The card is not free-form
documentation; it MUST carry these fields:

- **Provenance** — where every row came from (real
  source(s), synthetic method(s), or both),
  traceable to `trace-to-training-data` output.
- **Counts** — total rows, and rows per split
  (train/eval/held-out) if split.
- **Synthetic/real ratio** — the measured ratio,
  checked against the ≥25% real floor above.
- **Dedup method** — exact-match, semantic
  (embedding threshold), or both; see the filter
  funnel in `references/synthetic-data.md`.
- **Template used** — the exact chat template
  string/identifier, kept consistent through
  inference and eval — this is what ties an
  `eval-harness-first` run back to the checkpoint.
- **Packing config** — whether packing was used,
  max sequence length, and confirmation the
  5–10-sequence manual inspection above was done.

A dataset missing any of these six fields isn't
ready for `/finetune` — the card is a gate, not a
summary written after the fact.

### Phase 2 Exit Checklist

Before handing off to `/finetune`, confirm:

1. Format matches the method (table above).
2. Template applied before concatenation.
3. Loss masked to assistant turns only.
4. 5–10 packed sequences decoded and read.
5. ≥25% real data in the final mix.
6. Dataset card complete — all six fields.

## References

- `references/formats-and-templates.md` — JSONL
  examples per format, current-TRL masking code,
  and the ShareGPT conversion note.
- `references/synthetic-data.md` — generation-method
  ranking, filter funnel, replay-mix construction,
  and teacher→student distillation pattern.

Related skills: `finetuning-method-selection` routes
here; `lora-qlora-recipes`, `vision-sft`, and
`preference-optimization` consume the datasets this
skill produces; `trace-to-training-data` is the
provenance source for graded-trajectory datasets;
`eval-harness-first` grades the resulting checkpoint.