# anti-reversing-techniques — detailed patterns and worked examples

## Anti-Debugging Techniques

### Windows Anti-Debugging

#### API-Based Detection

```c
// IsDebuggerPresent
if (IsDebuggerPresent()) {
    exit(1);
}

// CheckRemoteDebuggerPresent
BOOL debugged = FALSE;
CheckRemoteDebuggerPresent(GetCurrentProcess(), &debugged);
if (debugged) exit(1);

// NtQueryInformationProcess
typedef NTSTATUS (NTAPI *pNtQueryInformationProcess)(
    HANDLE, PROCESSINFOCLASS, PVOID, ULONG, PULONG);

DWORD debugPort = 0;
NtQueryInformationProcess(
    GetCurrentProcess(),
    ProcessDebugPort,        // 7
    &debugPort,
    sizeof(debugPort),
    NULL
);
if (debugPort != 0) exit(1);

// Debug flags
DWORD debugFlags = 0;
NtQueryInformationProcess(
    GetCurrentProcess(),
    ProcessDebugFlags,       // 0x1F
    &debugFlags,
    sizeof(debugFlags),
    NULL
);
if (debugFlags == 0) exit(1);  // 0 means being debugged
```

**Bypass:** Use ScyllaHide plugin in x64dbg (patches all common checks automatically). Manually: force `IsDebuggerPresent` return to 0, patch `PEB.BeingDebugged` to 0, hook `NtQueryInformationProcess`. In IDA: `ida_bytes.patch_byte(check_addr, 0x90)`.

#### PEB-Based Detection

```c
// Direct PEB access
#ifdef _WIN64
    PPEB peb = (PPEB)__readgsqword(0x60);
#else
    PPEB peb = (PPEB)__readfsdword(0x30);
#endif

// BeingDebugged flag
if (peb->BeingDebugged) exit(1);

// NtGlobalFlag
// Debugged: 0x70 (FLG_HEAP_ENABLE_TAIL_CHECK |
//                 FLG_HEAP_ENABLE_FREE_CHECK |
//                 FLG_HEAP_VALIDATE_PARAMETERS)
if (peb->NtGlobalFlag & 0x70) exit(1);

// Heap flags
PDWORD heapFlags = (PDWORD)((PBYTE)peb->ProcessHeap + 0x70);
if (*heapFlags & 0x50000062) exit(1);
```

**Bypass:** In x64dbg, follow `gs:[60]` (x64) or `fs:[30]` (x86) in dump. Set `BeingDebugged` (offset +2) to 0; clear `NtGlobalFlag` (offset +0xBC on x64).

#### Timing-Based Detection

```c
// RDTSC timing
uint64_t start = __rdtsc();
// ... some code ...
uint64_t end = __rdtsc();
if ((end - start) > THRESHOLD) exit(1);

// QueryPerformanceCounter
LARGE_INTEGER start, end, freq;
QueryPerformanceFrequency(&freq);
QueryPerformanceCounter(&start);
// ... code ...
QueryPerformanceCounter(&end);
double elapsed = (double)(end.QuadPart - start.QuadPart) / freq.QuadPart;
if (elapsed > 0.1) exit(1);  // Too slow = debugger

// GetTickCount
DWORD start = GetTickCount();
// ... code ...
if (GetTickCount() - start > 1000) exit(1);
```

**Python script — timing-based anti-debug detection scanner:**

```python
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""Scan a binary for common timing-based anti-debug patterns."""
import re
import sys

PATTERNS = {
    "RDTSC":              rb"\x0f\x31",                    # RDTSC opcode
    "RDTSCP":             rb"\x0f\x01\xf9",                # RDTSCP opcode
    "GetTickCount":       rb"GetTickCount\x00",
    "QueryPerfCounter":   rb"QueryPerformanceCounter\x00",
    "NtQuerySysInfo":     rb"NtQuerySystemInformation\x00",
}

def scan(path: str) -> None:
    data = open(path, "rb").read()
    print(f"Scanning: {path} ({len(data)} bytes)\n")
    for name, pattern in PATTERNS.items():
        hits = [m.start() for m in re.finditer(re.escape(pattern), data)]
        if hits:
            offsets = ", ".join(hex(h) for h in hits[:5])
            print(f"  [{name}] found at: {offsets}")
    print("\nDone. Cross-reference offsets in IDA/Ghidra to find check logic.")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    scan(sys.argv[1])
```

**Bypass:** Use hardware breakpoints (no INT3 overhead), NOP the comparison + conditional jump, freeze RDTSC via hypervisor, or hook timing APIs to return consistent values.

#### Exception-Based Detection

```c
// SEH: if debugger is attached it consumes the INT3 exception
// and execution falls through to exit(1) instead of the __except handler
__try { __asm { int 3 } }
__except(EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER) { return; }  // Clean: exception handled here
exit(1);  // Dirty: debugger swallowed the exception

// VEH: register handler that self-handles INT3 (increments RIP past INT3)
// Debugger intercepts first, handler never runs → detected
LONG CALLBACK VectoredHandler(PEXCEPTION_POINTERS ep) {
    if (ep->ExceptionRecord->ExceptionCode == EXCEPTION_BREAKPOINT) {
        ep->ContextRecord->Rip++;
        return EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_EXECUTION;
    }
    return EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH;
}
```

**Bypass**: In x64dbg, set "Pass exception to program" for EXCEPTION_BREAKPOINT (Options → Exceptions → add 0x80000003).

### Linux Anti-Debugging

```c
// ptrace self-trace
if (ptrace(PTRACE_TRACEME, 0, NULL, NULL) == -1) {
    // Already being traced
    exit(1);
}

// /proc/self/status
FILE *f = fopen("/proc/self/status", "r");
char line[256];
while (fgets(line, sizeof(line), f)) {
    if (strncmp(line, "TracerPid:", 10) == 0) {
        int tracer_pid = atoi(line + 10);
        if (tracer_pid != 0) exit(1);
    }
}

// Parent process check
if (getppid() != 1 && strcmp(get_process_name(getppid()), "bash") != 0) {
    // Unusual parent (might be debugger)
}
```

**Bypass (LD_PRELOAD hook):**

```bash
# hook.c: long ptrace(int request, ...) { return 0; }
# gcc -shared -fPIC -o hook.so hook.c
LD_PRELOAD=./hook.so ./target
```

**GDB bypass command sequence:**

```gdb
# 1. Make ptrace(PTRACE_TRACEME) always return 0 (success)
catch syscall ptrace
commands
  silent
  set $rax = 0
  continue
end

# 2. Bypass check after ptrace call: find "cmp rax, 0xffffffff; je <exit>"
#    Clear ZF so the conditional jump is not taken:
#    set $eflags = $eflags & ~0x40

# 3. Bypass /proc/self/status TracerPid check at the open() level
catch syscall openat
commands
  silent
  # If arg contains "status", patch the fd result to /dev/null equivalent
  continue
end

# 4. Bypass parent process name check
set follow-fork-mode child
set detach-on-fork off
```

---

## Anti-VM Detection

### Hardware Fingerprinting

```c
// CPUID-based detection
int cpuid_info[4];
__cpuid(cpuid_info, 1);
// Check hypervisor bit (bit 31 of ECX)
if (cpuid_info[2] & (1 << 31)) {
    // Running in hypervisor
}

// CPUID brand string
__cpuid(cpuid_info, 0x40000000);
char vendor[13] = {0};
memcpy(vendor, &cpuid_info[1], 12);
// "VMwareVMware", "Microsoft Hv", "KVMKVMKVM", "VBoxVBoxVBox"

// MAC address prefix
// VMware: 00:0C:29, 00:50:56
// VirtualBox: 08:00:27
// Hyper-V: 00:15:5D
```

### Registry/File Detection

```c
// Windows registry keys
// HKLM\SOFTWARE\VMware, Inc.\VMware Tools
// HKLM\SOFTWARE\Oracle\VirtualBox Guest Additions
// HKLM\HARDWARE\ACPI\DSDT\VBOX__

// Files
// C:\Windows\System32\drivers\vmmouse.sys
// C:\Windows\System32\drivers\vmhgfs.sys
// C:\Windows\System32\drivers\VBoxMouse.sys

// Processes
// vmtoolsd.exe, vmwaretray.exe
// VBoxService.exe, VBoxTray.exe
```

### Timing-Based VM Detection

```c
// VM exits cause timing anomalies
uint64_t start = __rdtsc();
__cpuid(cpuid_info, 0);  // Causes VM exit
uint64_t end = __rdtsc();
if ((end - start) > 500) {
    // Likely in VM (CPUID takes longer)
}
```

**Bypass:** Use bare-metal environment, harden VM (remove guest tools, randomize MAC, delete artifact files), patch detection branches in the binary, or use FLARE-VM/REMnux with hardened settings.

For advanced VM detection (RDTSC delta calibration, VMware backdoor port, hypervisor leaf enumeration, guest driver artifact checks), see [references/advanced-techniques.md](references/advanced-techniques.md).

---

## Code Obfuscation

### Control Flow Obfuscation

#### Control Flow Flattening

```c
// Original
if (cond) {
    func_a();
} else {
    func_b();
}
func_c();

// Flattened
int state = 0;
while (1) {
    switch (state) {
        case 0:
            state = cond ? 1 : 2;
            break;
        case 1:
            func_a();
            state = 3;
            break;
        case 2:
            func_b();
            state = 3;
            break;
        case 3:
            func_c();
            return;
    }
}
```

**Analysis Approach:**

- Identify state variable
- Map state transitions
- Reconstruct original flow
- Tools: D-810 (IDA), SATURN

#### Opaque Predicates

```c
int x = rand();
if ((x * x) >= 0) { real_code(); }   // Always true  → junk_code() is dead
if ((x*(x+1)) % 2 == 1) { junk(); }  // Always false → consecutive product is even
```

**Analysis Approach:** Identify invariant expressions via symbolic execution (angr, Triton), or pattern-match known opaque forms and prune them.

### Data Obfuscation

#### String Encryption

```c
// XOR encryption
char decrypt_string(char *enc, int len, char key) {
    char *dec = malloc(len + 1);
    for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
        dec[i] = enc[i] ^ key;
    }
    dec[len] = 0;
    return dec;
}

// Stack strings
char url[20];
url[0] = 'h'; url[1] = 't'; url[2] = 't'; url[3] = 'p';
url[4] = ':'; url[5] = '/'; url[6] = '/';
// ...
```

**Analysis Approach:**

```python
# FLOSS for automatic string deobfuscation
floss malware.exe

# IDAPython string decryption
def decrypt_xor(ea, length, key):
    result = ""
    for i in range(length):
        byte = ida_bytes.get_byte(ea + i)
        result += chr(byte ^ key)
    return result
```

#### API Obfuscation

```c
// Dynamic API resolution
typedef HANDLE (WINAPI *pCreateFileW)(LPCWSTR, DWORD, DWORD,
    LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES, DWORD, DWORD, HANDLE);

HMODULE kernel32 = LoadLibraryA("kernel32.dll");
pCreateFileW myCreateFile = (pCreateFileW)GetProcAddress(
    kernel32, "CreateFileW");

// API hashing
DWORD hash_api(char *name) {
    DWORD hash = 0;
    while (*name) {
        hash = ((hash >> 13) | (hash << 19)) + *name++;
    }
    return hash;
}
// Resolve by hash comparison instead of string
```

**Analysis Approach:** Identify the hash algorithm, build a database of known API name hashes, use HashDB plugin for IDA, or run under a debugger to let the binary resolve calls at runtime.

### Instruction-Level Obfuscation

```asm
; Dead code insertion — semantically inert but pollutes disassembly
push ebx / mov eax, 1 / pop ebx / xor ecx, ecx / add ecx, ecx

; Instruction substitution — same semantics, different encoding
xor eax, eax  →  sub eax, eax  |  mov eax, 0  |  and eax, 0
mov eax, 1    →  xor eax, eax; inc eax  |  push 1; pop eax
```

For advanced anti-disassembly tricks (overlapping instructions, junk byte insertion, self-modifying code, ROP as obfuscation), see [references/advanced-techniques.md](references/advanced-techniques.md).

---

## Bypass Strategies Summary

### General Principles

1. **Understand the protection**: Identify what technique is used
2. **Find the check**: Locate protection code in binary
3. **Patch or hook**: Modify check to always pass
4. **Use appropriate tools**: ScyllaHide, x64dbg plugins
5. **Document findings**: Keep notes on bypassed protections

### Tool Recommendations

```
Anti-debug bypass:    ScyllaHide, TitanHide
Unpacking:           x64dbg + Scylla, OllyDumpEx
Deobfuscation:       D-810, SATURN, miasm
VM analysis:         VMAttack, NoVmp, manual tracing
String decryption:   FLOSS, custom scripts
Symbolic execution:  angr, Triton
```

### Ethical Considerations

This knowledge should only be used for:

- Authorized security research
- Malware analysis (defensive)
- CTF competitions
- Understanding protections for legitimate purposes
- Educational purposes

Never use to bypass protections for: software piracy, unauthorized access, or malicious purposes.

---