---
name: screen-reader-testing
description: Test web applications with screen readers including VoiceOver, NVDA, and JAWS. Use when validating screen reader compatibility, debugging accessibility issues, or ensuring assistive technology support.
---

# Screen Reader Testing

Practical guide to testing web applications with screen readers for comprehensive accessibility validation.

## When to Use This Skill

- Validating screen reader compatibility
- Testing ARIA implementations
- Debugging assistive technology issues
- Verifying form accessibility
- Testing dynamic content announcements
- Ensuring navigation accessibility

## Core Concepts

### 1. Major Screen Readers

| Screen Reader | Platform | Browser | Usage |
|---------------|----------|---------|-------|
| **VoiceOver** | macOS/iOS | Safari | ~15% |
| **NVDA** | Windows | Firefox/Chrome | ~31% |
| **JAWS** | Windows | Chrome/IE | ~40% |
| **TalkBack** | Android | Chrome | ~10% |
| **Narrator** | Windows | Edge | ~4% |

### 2. Testing Priority

```
Minimum Coverage:
1. NVDA + Firefox (Windows)
2. VoiceOver + Safari (macOS)
3. VoiceOver + Safari (iOS)

Comprehensive Coverage:
+ JAWS + Chrome (Windows)
+ TalkBack + Chrome (Android)
+ Narrator + Edge (Windows)
```

### 3. Screen Reader Modes

| Mode | Purpose | When Used |
|------|---------|-----------|
| **Browse/Virtual** | Read content | Default reading |
| **Focus/Forms** | Interact with controls | Filling forms |
| **Application** | Custom widgets | ARIA applications |

## VoiceOver (macOS)

### Setup

```
Enable: System Preferences → Accessibility → VoiceOver
Toggle: Cmd + F5
Quick Toggle: Triple-press Touch ID
```

### Essential Commands

```
Navigation:
VO = Ctrl + Option (VoiceOver modifier)

VO + Right Arrow   Next element
VO + Left Arrow    Previous element
VO + Shift + Down  Enter group
VO + Shift + Up    Exit group

Reading:
VO + A             Read all from cursor
Ctrl               Stop speaking
VO + B             Read current paragraph

Interaction:
VO + Space         Activate element
VO + Shift + M     Open menu
Tab                Next focusable element
Shift + Tab        Previous focusable element

Rotor (VO + U):
Navigate by: Headings, Links, Forms, Landmarks
Left/Right Arrow   Change rotor category
Up/Down Arrow      Navigate within category
Enter              Go to item

Web Specific:
VO + Cmd + H       Next heading
VO + Cmd + J       Next form control
VO + Cmd + L       Next link
VO + Cmd + T       Next table
```

### Testing Checklist

```markdown
## VoiceOver Testing Checklist

### Page Load
- [ ] Page title announced
- [ ] Main landmark found
- [ ] Skip link works

### Navigation
- [ ] All headings discoverable via rotor
- [ ] Heading levels logical (H1 → H2 → H3)
- [ ] Landmarks properly labeled
- [ ] Skip links functional

### Links & Buttons
- [ ] Link purpose clear
- [ ] Button actions described
- [ ] New window/tab announced

### Forms
- [ ] All labels read with inputs
- [ ] Required fields announced
- [ ] Error messages read
- [ ] Instructions available
- [ ] Focus moves to errors

### Dynamic Content
- [ ] Alerts announced immediately
- [ ] Loading states communicated
- [ ] Content updates announced
- [ ] Modals trap focus correctly

### Tables
- [ ] Headers associated with cells
- [ ] Table navigation works
- [ ] Complex tables have captions
```

### Common Issues & Fixes

```html
<!-- Issue: Button not announcing purpose -->
<button><svg>...</svg></button>

<!-- Fix -->
<button aria-label="Close dialog"><svg aria-hidden="true">...</svg></button>

<!-- Issue: Dynamic content not announced -->
<div id="results">New results loaded</div>

<!-- Fix -->
<div id="results" role="status" aria-live="polite">New results loaded</div>

<!-- Issue: Form error not read -->
<input type="email">
<span class="error">Invalid email</span>

<!-- Fix -->
<input type="email" aria-invalid="true" aria-describedby="email-error">
<span id="email-error" role="alert">Invalid email</span>
```

## NVDA (Windows)

### Setup

```
Download: nvaccess.org
Start: Ctrl + Alt + N
Stop: Insert + Q
```

### Essential Commands

```
Navigation:
Insert = NVDA modifier

Down Arrow         Next line
Up Arrow           Previous line
Tab                Next focusable
Shift + Tab        Previous focusable

Reading:
NVDA + Down Arrow  Say all
Ctrl               Stop speech
NVDA + Up Arrow    Current line

Headings:
H                  Next heading
Shift + H          Previous heading
1-6                Heading level 1-6

Forms:
F                  Next form field
B                  Next button
E                  Next edit field
X                  Next checkbox
C                  Next combo box

Links:
K                  Next link
U                  Next unvisited link
V                  Next visited link

Landmarks:
D                  Next landmark
Shift + D          Previous landmark

Tables:
T                  Next table
Ctrl + Alt + Arrows Navigate cells

Elements List (NVDA + F7):
Shows all links, headings, form fields, landmarks
```

### Browse vs Focus Mode

```
NVDA automatically switches modes:
- Browse Mode: Arrow keys navigate content
- Focus Mode: Arrow keys control interactive elements

Manual switch: NVDA + Space

Watch for:
- "Browse mode" announcement when navigating
- "Focus mode" when entering form fields
- Application role forces forms mode
```

### Testing Script

```markdown
## NVDA Test Script

### Initial Load
1. Navigate to page
2. Let page finish loading
3. Press Insert + Down to read all
4. Note: Page title, main content identified?

### Landmark Navigation
1. Press D repeatedly
2. Check: All main areas reachable?
3. Check: Landmarks properly labeled?

### Heading Navigation
1. Press Insert + F7 → Headings
2. Check: Logical heading structure?
3. Press H to navigate headings
4. Check: All sections discoverable?

### Form Testing
1. Press F to find first form field
2. Check: Label read?
3. Fill in invalid data
4. Submit form
5. Check: Errors announced?
6. Check: Focus moved to error?

### Interactive Elements
1. Tab through all interactive elements
2. Check: Each announces role and state
3. Activate buttons with Enter/Space
4. Check: Result announced?

### Dynamic Content
1. Trigger content update
2. Check: Change announced?
3. Open modal
4. Check: Focus trapped?
5. Close modal
6. Check: Focus returns?
```

## JAWS (Windows)

### Essential Commands

```
Start: Desktop shortcut or Ctrl + Alt + J
Virtual Cursor: Auto-enabled in browsers

Navigation:
Arrow keys         Navigate content
Tab                Next focusable
Insert + Down      Read all
Ctrl               Stop speech

Quick Keys:
H                  Next heading
T                  Next table
F                  Next form field
B                  Next button
G                  Next graphic
L                  Next list
;                  Next landmark

Forms Mode:
Enter              Enter forms mode
Numpad +           Exit forms mode
F5                 List form fields

Lists:
Insert + F7        Link list
Insert + F6        Heading list
Insert + F5        Form field list

Tables:
Ctrl + Alt + Arrows Table navigation
```

## TalkBack (Android)

### Setup

```
Enable: Settings → Accessibility → TalkBack
Toggle: Hold both volume buttons 3 seconds
```

### Gestures

```
Explore: Drag finger across screen
Next: Swipe right
Previous: Swipe left
Activate: Double tap
Scroll: Two finger swipe

Reading Controls (swipe up then right):
- Headings
- Links
- Controls
- Characters
- Words
- Lines
- Paragraphs
```

## Common Test Scenarios

### 1. Modal Dialog

```html
<!-- Accessible modal structure -->
<div role="dialog"
     aria-modal="true"
     aria-labelledby="dialog-title"
     aria-describedby="dialog-desc">
  <h2 id="dialog-title">Confirm Delete</h2>
  <p id="dialog-desc">This action cannot be undone.</p>
  <button>Cancel</button>
  <button>Delete</button>
</div>
```

```javascript
// Focus management
function openModal(modal) {
  // Store last focused element
  lastFocus = document.activeElement;

  // Move focus to modal
  modal.querySelector('h2').focus();

  // Trap focus
  modal.addEventListener('keydown', trapFocus);
}

function closeModal(modal) {
  // Return focus
  lastFocus.focus();
}

function trapFocus(e) {
  if (e.key === 'Tab') {
    const focusable = modal.querySelectorAll(
      'button, [href], input, select, textarea, [tabindex]:not([tabindex="-1"])'
    );
    const first = focusable[0];
    const last = focusable[focusable.length - 1];

    if (e.shiftKey && document.activeElement === first) {
      last.focus();
      e.preventDefault();
    } else if (!e.shiftKey && document.activeElement === last) {
      first.focus();
      e.preventDefault();
    }
  }

  if (e.key === 'Escape') {
    closeModal(modal);
  }
}
```

### 2. Live Regions

```html
<!-- Status messages (polite) -->
<div role="status" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true">
  <!-- Content updates will be announced after current speech -->
</div>

<!-- Alerts (assertive) -->
<div role="alert" aria-live="assertive">
  <!-- Content updates interrupt current speech -->
</div>

<!-- Progress updates -->
<div role="progressbar"
     aria-valuenow="75"
     aria-valuemin="0"
     aria-valuemax="100"
     aria-label="Upload progress">
</div>

<!-- Log (additions only) -->
<div role="log" aria-live="polite" aria-relevant="additions">
  <!-- New messages announced, removals not -->
</div>
```

### 3. Tab Interface

```html
<div role="tablist" aria-label="Product information">
  <button role="tab"
          id="tab-1"
          aria-selected="true"
          aria-controls="panel-1">
    Description
  </button>
  <button role="tab"
          id="tab-2"
          aria-selected="false"
          aria-controls="panel-2"
          tabindex="-1">
    Reviews
  </button>
</div>

<div role="tabpanel"
     id="panel-1"
     aria-labelledby="tab-1">
  Product description content...
</div>

<div role="tabpanel"
     id="panel-2"
     aria-labelledby="tab-2"
     hidden>
  Reviews content...
</div>
```

```javascript
// Tab keyboard navigation
tablist.addEventListener('keydown', (e) => {
  const tabs = [...tablist.querySelectorAll('[role="tab"]')];
  const index = tabs.indexOf(document.activeElement);

  let newIndex;
  switch (e.key) {
    case 'ArrowRight':
      newIndex = (index + 1) % tabs.length;
      break;
    case 'ArrowLeft':
      newIndex = (index - 1 + tabs.length) % tabs.length;
      break;
    case 'Home':
      newIndex = 0;
      break;
    case 'End':
      newIndex = tabs.length - 1;
      break;
    default:
      return;
  }

  tabs[newIndex].focus();
  activateTab(tabs[newIndex]);
  e.preventDefault();
});
```

## Debugging Tips

```javascript
// Log what screen reader sees
function logAccessibleName(element) {
  const computed = window.getComputedStyle(element);
  console.log({
    role: element.getAttribute('role') || element.tagName,
    name: element.getAttribute('aria-label') ||
          element.getAttribute('aria-labelledby') ||
          element.textContent,
    state: {
      expanded: element.getAttribute('aria-expanded'),
      selected: element.getAttribute('aria-selected'),
      checked: element.getAttribute('aria-checked'),
      disabled: element.disabled
    },
    visible: computed.display !== 'none' && computed.visibility !== 'hidden'
  });
}
```

## Best Practices

### Do's
- **Test with actual screen readers** - Not just simulators
- **Use semantic HTML first** - ARIA is supplemental
- **Test in browse and focus modes** - Different experiences
- **Verify focus management** - Especially for SPAs
- **Test keyboard only first** - Foundation for SR testing

### Don'ts
- **Don't assume one SR is enough** - Test multiple
- **Don't ignore mobile** - Growing user base
- **Don't test only happy path** - Test error states
- **Don't skip dynamic content** - Most common issues
- **Don't rely on visual testing** - Different experience

## Resources

- [VoiceOver User Guide](https://support.apple.com/guide/voiceover/welcome/mac)
- [NVDA User Guide](https://www.nvaccess.org/files/nvda/documentation/userGuide.html)
- [JAWS Documentation](https://support.freedomscientific.com/Products/Blindness/JAWS)
- [WebAIM Screen Reader Survey](https://webaim.org/projects/screenreadersurvey/)