XAO:0000000 XAO:1000000 XAO represents the anatomy and development of the African frogs Xenopus laevis and tropicalis. Xenopus Anatomy Ontology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ * XAO:$sequence(7,6000,9999999)$ 03:09:2024 11:00 xenopus_anatomy 1.2 eriksegerdell CARO part_of NCBITaxon:8353 CL part_of NCBITaxon:8353 GO part_of NCBITaxon:8353 UBERON part_of NCBITaxon:8353 Citation for XAO v1 by Xenbase: Segerdell E, Bowes JB, Pollet N, Vize PD; BMC Dev Biol 2008 8:92; PMID:18817563. Citation for XAO v3 by Xenbase: Segerdell E, Ponferrada VG, James-Zorn C, Burns KA, Fortriede JD, Dahdul WM, Vize PD, Zorn AM; J Biomed Semantics 2013 4(1):31; PMID:24139024. Supported by NIH R01 HD045776 and NICHD P41 HD064556. Version: 11.1 definition IAO:0000700 term replaced by plural form Anatomical Site slim Frequently Used Anatomy slim Organism View slim Sectional Anatomy Item slim namespace-id-rule subset_property synonym_type_property consider has_alternative_id has_broad_synonym database_cross_reference has_exact_synonym has_narrow_synonym has_obo_format_version has_obo_namespace has_related_synonym has_synonym_type in_subset shorthand treat-xrefs-as-genus-differentia BFO:0000050 xenopus_anatomy part_of part_of part of RO:0002202 xenopus_anatomy develops_from develops_from develops from Anatomical structure/expression stops being viable, obvious or of utility during this developmental stage. xenopus_anatomy end_stage ends during Anatomical structure/expression stops being viable, obvious or of utility during this developmental stage. Xenbase:Staff xenopus_anatomy preceded_by preceded by Anatomical structure/expression begins being viable, obvious or of utility during this developmental stage. xenopus_anatomy start_stage starts during Anatomical structure/expression begins being viable, obvious or of utility during this developmental stage. Xenbase:Staff An entity that is either an individual member of Xenopus or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of Xenopus. CARO:0000000 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000000 Xenopus anatomical entity An entity that is either an individual member of Xenopus or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of Xenopus. CARO:0000000 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Primary germ layer that is the outer of the embryo's germ layers and gives rise to epidermis and neural tissue. UBERON:0000924 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000001 ectoderm Primary germ layer that is the outer of the embryo's germ layers and gives rise to epidermis and neural tissue. UBERON:0000924 Surface structure that has an important role in tadpole locomotion. It starts to develop along the trunk and tail of the embryo at the tail bud stage and continues to grow until the start of metamorphosis when it begins to regress. It consists of flattened epidermal cells elevated into a keel-like structure by a supporting core of mesenchyme and extracellular matrix. UBERON:0008897 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000002 fin Surface structure that has an important role in tadpole locomotion. It starts to develop along the trunk and tail of the embryo at the tail bud stage and continues to grow until the start of metamorphosis when it begins to regress. It consists of flattened epidermal cells elevated into a keel-like structure by a supporting core of mesenchyme and extracellular matrix. PMID:15188431 Part of the fin consisting of flattened epidermal cells elevated into a keel-like structure. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000003 outer fin Part of the fin consisting of flattened epidermal cells elevated into a keel-like structure. PMID:15188431 Part of the fin consisting of a supporting core of mesenchyme and extracellular matrix. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000004 inner fin Part of the fin consisting of a supporting core of mesenchyme and extracellular matrix. PMID:15188431 A thick plate of cells derived from the neural ectoderm in the head region of the embryo that develops into the olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity. UBERON:0003050 xenopus_anatomy nasal placode XAO:0000005 olfactory placode A thick plate of cells derived from the neural ectoderm in the head region of the embryo that develops into the olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/olfactory+placode The saccular invagination of ectoderm from which the vertebrate inner ear develops. XAO:0000184 ear UBERON:0003051 xenopus_anatomy ear vesicle otocyst XAO:0000006 otic vesicle The saccular invagination of ectoderm from which the vertebrate inner ear develops. UBERON:0003051 A surface structure consisting of a set of membranes that cover and protect the eye. UBERON:0001713 ventral eyelid xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000007 lower eyelid A surface structure consisting of a set of membranes that cover and protect the eye. Wikipedia:Frog Transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that, along with the cornea, helps to refract light to be focused on the retina. UBERON:0000965 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000008 lens Transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that, along with the cornea, helps to refract light to be focused on the retina. Wikipedia:Lens_(anatomy) Sensory membrane that lines the posterior chamber of the eye and functions as the immediate instrument of vision by receiving the image formed by the lens and converting it into chemical and nervous signals which reach the brain by way of the optic nerve. UBERON:0000966 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000009 retina Sensory membrane that lines the posterior chamber of the eye and functions as the immediate instrument of vision by receiving the image formed by the lens and converting it into chemical and nervous signals which reach the brain by way of the optic nerve. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/retina Organ that is the center of the nervous system. It is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. It appears when the neural tube segregates in forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain at NF stage 22. The general pattern of the brain has been mainly established at NF stage 28. Yolky material is consumed and the fibre tracts and later the commissures develop. In general all of its parts are well developed at NF stage 53 and later development consists mainly of growth and some further cytological differentiation. In the period of metamorphosis only topographical changes take place. UBERON:0000955 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000010 brain Organ that is the center of the nervous system. It is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. It appears when the neural tube segregates in forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain at NF stage 22. The general pattern of the brain has been mainly established at NF stage 28. Yolky material is consumed and the fibre tracts and later the commissures develop. In general all of its parts are well developed at NF stage 53 and later development consists mainly of growth and some further cytological differentiation. In the period of metamorphosis only topographical changes take place. ISBN:0815318960 UBERON:0000955 The part of the brain that is the anterior of its three primary divisions and that includes the telencephalon and diencephalon. UBERON:0001890 xenopus_anatomy prosencephalon XAO:0000011 forebrain The part of the brain that is the anterior of its three primary divisions and that includes the telencephalon and diencephalon. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/forebrain Part of the forebrain consisting of paired olfactory bulbs and cerebral hemispheres. UBERON:0001893 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000012 telencephalon Part of the forebrain consisting of paired olfactory bulbs and cerebral hemispheres. AAO:0010479 A division of the forebrain situated between the telencephalon and midbrain. In the developing brain it is the more posterior and ventral of two forebrain neuromeres, the other being the telencephalon; major derivatives are the eye vesicle, the brain pretectal region, the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus (including the habenula and epiphysis). UBERON:0001894 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000013 diencephalon A division of the forebrain situated between the telencephalon and midbrain. In the developing brain it is the more posterior and ventral of two forebrain neuromeres, the other being the telencephalon; major derivatives are the eye vesicle, the brain pretectal region, the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus (including the habenula and epiphysis). Xenbase:Staff Middle part of the brain composed of the optic tectum and penducular region. UBERON:0001891 xenopus_anatomy mesencephalon XAO:0000014 midbrain Middle part of the brain composed of the optic tectum and penducular region. AAO:0010149 The part of the brain that is the posterior of its three primary divisions. UBERON:0002028 xenopus_anatomy rhombencephalon XAO:0000015 hindbrain The part of the brain that is the posterior of its three primary divisions. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/hindbrain The part of the brain that is the morphological boundary between the midbrain and hindbrain and that is the location of an organizing center which patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate. UBERON:0003052 MHB xenopus_anatomy isthmic organizer territory isthmus XAO:0000016 midbrain-hindbrain boundary The part of the brain that is the morphological boundary between the midbrain and hindbrain and that is the location of an organizing center which patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate. UBERON:0003052 An endocrine gland, located ventral to the diencephalon, that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands. XAO:0000161 UBERON:0000007 Hyp xenopus_anatomy pituitary pituitary gland XAO:0000017 hypophysis An endocrine gland, located ventral to the diencephalon, that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands. UBERON:0000007 Portion of tissue that is the precursor to the gonads. UBERON:0005294 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000018 genital ridge Portion of tissue that is the precursor to the gonads. Wikipedia:Gonadal_ridge Long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue that extends from the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column, and from which the spinal nerves emerge. UBERON:0002240 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000020 spinal cord Long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue that extends from the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column, and from which the spinal nerves emerge. Wikipedia:Spinal_cord Proliferative region that is part of the ventricular system of the brain. UBERON:0003053 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000021 ventricular zone Proliferative region that is part of the ventricular system of the brain. VHOG:0001224 Organizing center located at the dorsal midline of the neural tube that influences the development of the nervous system, controlling the specification and differentiation of dorsal neuronal cell types. UBERON:0005724 roofplate xenopus_anatomy spinal cord roof XAO:0000022 roof plate Organizing center located at the dorsal midline of the neural tube that influences the development of the nervous system, controlling the specification and differentiation of dorsal neuronal cell types. PMID:15378040 The organ covering the body that consists of the dermis and epidermis. UBERON:0002097 xenopus_anatomy integument XAO:0000023 skin The organ covering the body that consists of the dermis and epidermis. UBERON:0002097 The most anterior of the migrating cranial neural crest streams, running along the posterior edge of the eye primordium, and in later stages, below the eye and to the border of the cement gland. The mandibular stream is the first to initiate CNC cell migration. UBERON:0007098 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000024 mandibular crest The most anterior of the migrating cranial neural crest streams, running along the posterior edge of the eye primordium, and in later stages, below the eye and to the border of the cement gland. The mandibular stream is the first to initiate CNC cell migration. PMID:21490068 The second most anterior of the migrating cranial neural crests streams, it lays between the mandibular and anterior branchial crest streams. UBERON:0007099 hyoid neural crest xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000025 hyoid crest The second most anterior of the migrating cranial neural crests streams, it lays between the mandibular and anterior branchial crest streams. PMID:21490068 The most posterior segments of the population of migratory cells of the cranial neural crest, contributing to the branchial arches 3 and 4. Branchial crest cells migrate in two distinct streams referred to as the anterior and posterior branchial crest. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000026 branchial crest The most posterior segments of the population of migratory cells of the cranial neural crest, contributing to the branchial arches 3 and 4. Branchial crest cells migrate in two distinct streams referred to as the anterior and posterior branchial crest. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 Ganglion that is located in the head. UBERON:0001714 xenopus_anatomy cranial ganglia XAO:0000027 cranial ganglion Ganglion that is located in the head. ZFA:0000013 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 cranial ganglia The outer epithelial layer of the external integument of the body that is derived from the primative or embryonic ectoderm. skin UBERON:0001003 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000028 epidermis The outer epithelial layer of the external integument of the body that is derived from the primative or embryonic ectoderm. AAO:0000143 The outermost layer of the epidermis, the multilayered epithelium derived from the ectoderm. UBERON:0003055 xenopus_anatomy epidermis epithelial layer periderm XAO:0000029 epidermis outer layer The outermost layer of the epidermis, the multilayered epithelium derived from the ectoderm. Xenbase:Staff The membrane enveloping the egg or oocyte, lying immediately outside the plasmalemma. It is formed while the oocyte is in the ovary and it separates from the egg to form the fertilization membrane. UBERON:0003125 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000030 vitelline membrane The membrane enveloping the egg or oocyte, lying immediately outside the plasmalemma. It is formed while the oocyte is in the ovary and it separates from the egg to form the fertilization membrane. AAO:0010332 Xenbase:Staff Cell type that has motile cilia and populates the skin of the embryo, arranged in the surface layer of the non-neural ectoderm in an ordered distribution. ciliated cell CL:0007018 epidermal ciliary cell xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000031 ciliated epidermal cell Cell type that has motile cilia and populates the skin of the embryo, arranged in the surface layer of the non-neural ectoderm in an ordered distribution. PMID:10518489 An anterior thickening of the sensorial layer of ectoderm, just above the cement gland. The hypophyseal layer separates from the stomodeal layer at NF stage 29 and 30, and when contacted by a protrusion of the foregut, the stomodeal layer will rupture to form the mouth opening at NF stage 39 and 40. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000032 stomodeal-hypophyseal primordium An anterior thickening of the sensorial layer of ectoderm, just above the cement gland. The hypophyseal layer separates from the stomodeal layer at NF stage 29 and 30, and when contacted by a protrusion of the foregut, the stomodeal layer will rupture to form the mouth opening at NF stage 39 and 40. Xenbase:Staff A simple mucus-secreting structure that is positioned at the front of the embryo, attaches the newly hatched embryo to a support before the hatchling can swim well or feed, and marks the anterior-most dorsal ectoderm. UBERON:0005093 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000033 cement gland A simple mucus-secreting structure that is positioned at the front of the embryo, attaches the newly hatched embryo to a support before the hatchling can swim well or feed, and marks the anterior-most dorsal ectoderm. PMID:8787748 A Y-shaped array of unicelluar glands on the top of the head, the open end of which faces anteriorly, that secrete an enzyme that dissolves or weakens the egg jelly and facilitates hatching. Presumptive cells of the hatching gland are present by the end of gastrualtion (NF stage 12.5) and differentiated cells start to form after neurulation is complete (NF stage 21). UBERON:0002538 xenopus_anatomy frontal gland XAO:0000034 hatching gland A Y-shaped array of unicelluar glands on the top of the head, the open end of which faces anteriorly, that secrete an enzyme that dissolves or weakens the egg jelly and facilitates hatching. Presumptive cells of the hatching gland are present by the end of gastrualtion (NF stage 12.5) and differentiated cells start to form after neurulation is complete (NF stage 21). Xenbase:Staff Cell formed by a fertilization event between male and female gametes. CL:0000365 fertilized egg xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000035 zygote Cell formed by a fertilization event between male and female gametes. Wikipedia:Zygote Ectodermal roof of the blastocoel. xenopus_anatomy animal ectoderm XAO:0000036 animal cap Ectodermal roof of the blastocoel. Xenbase:Staff Sensorial layer of blastocoel roof ectoderm. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000037 animal cap inner layer Sensorial layer of blastocoel roof ectoderm. Xenbase:Staff Superficial layer of blastocoel roof ectoderm. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000038 animal cap outer layer Superficial layer of blastocoel roof ectoderm. Xenbase:Staff XAO:0003186 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000039 obsolete anatomical site true The anterior-most third of the embryo, formed from the development of the head outgrowth at NF stage 21. UBERON:0001444 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000040 head region The anterior-most third of the embryo, formed from the development of the head outgrowth at NF stage 21. Xenbase:Staff A distinct layer of the epidermal cells beneath the outermost layer of epidermis, the multilayered epithelium derived from the ectoderm. UBERON:0002025 xenopus_anatomy epidermis sensorial layer stratum germinativum XAO:0000041 epidermis inner layer A distinct layer of the epidermal cells beneath the outermost layer of epidermis, the multilayered epithelium derived from the ectoderm. Xenbase:Staff Embryonic ectoderm that gives rise to nervous tissue. UBERON:0002346 neurectoderm xenopus_anatomy neural ectoderm presumptive central nervous system XAO:0000042 neuroectoderm Embryonic ectoderm that gives rise to nervous tissue. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/neuroectoderm Superficial neuroectoderm layer consisting of horizontally flattened, pigmented cells. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000043 neuroectoderm outer layer Superficial neuroectoderm layer consisting of horizontally flattened, pigmented cells. PMID:2642003 Deep neuroectoderm layer consisting of densely packed, cylindrical, unpigmented cells. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000044 neuroectoderm inner layer Deep neuroectoderm layer consisting of densely packed, cylindrical, unpigmented cells. PMID:2642003 The portion of neural plate anterior to the mid-hindbrain junction. UBERON:0003056 xenopus_anatomy anterior neural plate XAO:0000045 pre-chordal neural plate The portion of neural plate anterior to the mid-hindbrain junction. Xenbase:Staff The portion of neural plate posterior to the mid-hindbrain junction. UBERON:0003057 xenopus_anatomy posterior neural plate XAO:0000046 chordal neural plate The portion of neural plate posterior to the mid-hindbrain junction. Xenbase:Staff Region of the neural plate overlying the notochord. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000047 notoplate Region of the neural plate overlying the notochord. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A group of ectoderm cells that delaminate from the area between the neuroectoderm/non-neural ectoderm domains. They undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal tranformation (EMT) and migrate to give several different lineages of adult cells. Originating from different positions along the anterior-posterior axis, they develop into various tissues. These regions of neural crest can be divided into five main functional domains, which include the cranial, trunk, vagal and sacral neural crest, and cardiac neural crest. Neural crest cells are considered multipotent, and as they have the limited capacity for self renewal, they are regarded as stem cell-like. UBERON:0002342 NC xenopus_anatomy neural crest material XAO:0000048 neural crest A group of ectoderm cells that delaminate from the area between the neuroectoderm/non-neural ectoderm domains. They undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal tranformation (EMT) and migrate to give several different lineages of adult cells. Originating from different positions along the anterior-posterior axis, they develop into various tissues. These regions of neural crest can be divided into five main functional domains, which include the cranial, trunk, vagal and sacral neural crest, and cardiac neural crest. Neural crest cells are considered multipotent, and as they have the limited capacity for self renewal, they are regarded as stem cell-like. AAO:0010578 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 The thickening of the epithelial layer of the ectoderm, with corresponding dark pigmentation, on the anterior dorso-ventral surface of the embryo. cement gland adhesive organ primordium cement gland anlage xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000049 cement gland primordium The thickening of the epithelial layer of the ectoderm, with corresponding dark pigmentation, on the anterior dorso-ventral surface of the embryo. ISBN:0070179778 Primary germ layer that is the middle of the embryo's germ layers, between the endoderm and ectoderm. UBERON:0000926 xenopus_anatomy mesodermal mantle XAO:0000050 mesoderm Primary germ layer that is the middle of the embryo's germ layers, between the endoderm and ectoderm. UBERON:0000926 Principal unpaired, median artery of the trunk, extending into the tail as the caudal artery. UBERON:0005805 aorta dorsalis xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000051 dorsal aorta Principal unpaired, median artery of the trunk, extending into the tail as the caudal artery. ISBN:0226557634 The paired main vein, departing from the sinus venous, the fused heart primordium, it runs posteriorly down length of the embryo. UBERON:0004344 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000052 cardinal vein The paired main vein, departing from the sinus venous, the fused heart primordium, it runs posteriorly down length of the embryo. Xenbase:Staff The mesoderm of the head. UBERON:0006904 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000053 head mesoderm The mesoderm of the head. Xenbase:Staff The anatomical region of the body posterior to the head and anterior to the tail. UBERON:0002100 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000054 trunk region The anatomical region of the body posterior to the head and anterior to the tail. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A longitudinal flexible rod of cells that in the embryo forms the supporting axis of the body. It degenerates, beginning anteriorly, at NF stage 46. Its posterior portion is greatly reduced by NF stage 55 and the entire structure is gone by NF stage 65. UBERON:0002328 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000055 notochord A longitudinal flexible rod of cells that in the embryo forms the supporting axis of the body. It degenerates, beginning anteriorly, at NF stage 46. Its posterior portion is greatly reduced by NF stage 55 and the entire structure is gone by NF stage 65. ISBN:0815318960 http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/notochord Transient structure that lies immediately ventral to the notochord in the embryo, likely required for the formation of the dorsal aorta. A slight depression marks the future hypochord at NF stage 20 and its segregation from the dorsal endoderm begins at NF stage 24. It progresses from anterior to posterior and is complete by NF stage 28. At NF stage 32 it is present as a dorso-laterally flattened ribbon of yolk-laden cells. It degenerates by apoptosis and by NF stage 43 is no longer detectable as a distinct structure in the trunk region of the tadpole. The most posterior hypochord persists and begins to ossify, fusing with the coccyx to form the urostyle in the pelvic girdle around NF stage 63. UBERON:0003058 ipochord xenopus_anatomy subnotochordal rod XAO:0000056 hypochord Transient structure that lies immediately ventral to the notochord in the embryo, likely required for the formation of the dorsal aorta. A slight depression marks the future hypochord at NF stage 20 and its segregation from the dorsal endoderm begins at NF stage 24. It progresses from anterior to posterior and is complete by NF stage 28. At NF stage 32 it is present as a dorso-laterally flattened ribbon of yolk-laden cells. It degenerates by apoptosis and by NF stage 43 is no longer detectable as a distinct structure in the trunk region of the tadpole. The most posterior hypochord persists and begins to ossify, fusing with the coccyx to form the urostyle in the pelvic girdle around NF stage 63. ISBN:0815318960 PMID:10648245 subnotochordal rod PMID:10648245 Unsegmented field of paraxial mesoderm present posterior to the most recently formed somite pair, from which somites will form. UBERON:0003059 xenopus_anatomy somitogenic mesoderm XAO:0000057 presomitic mesoderm Unsegmented field of paraxial mesoderm present posterior to the most recently formed somite pair, from which somites will form. UBERON:0003059 Any of the approximately 45 bilaterally paired blocks of mesoderm cells, lying on either side of the notochord and neural tube, and forming sequentially starting at the head during development of the embryo. Together they give rise to the axial skeleton (from the sclerotome), associated musculature (from the myotome), and dermis (from the dermatome). UBERON:0002329 xenopus_anatomy somites somitic mesoderm XAO:0000058 somite Any of the approximately 45 bilaterally paired blocks of mesoderm cells, lying on either side of the notochord and neural tube, and forming sequentially starting at the head during development of the embryo. Together they give rise to the axial skeleton (from the sclerotome), associated musculature (from the myotome), and dermis (from the dermatome). Xenbase:Staff https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 somites XAO:0002000 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000059 obsolete pronephros true XAO:0000318 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000061 obsolete pronephric capsule true Any of the ciliated tubules that collect the glomeral filtrate, passing it through to the pronephric tubules. UBERON:0005308 nephrostome xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000062 pronephric nephrostome Any of the ciliated tubules that collect the glomeral filtrate, passing it through to the pronephric tubules. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 Duct that drains urine from the pronephros and connects it to the cloaca. It is thought that the pronephric duct may play a key role in the induction of the mesonephric (adult) kidney. The most anterior part of the pronephric duct shows distinct gene expression patterns and is sometimes referred to as DT2. UBERON:0003060 DT2 Wolffian duct distal tubule segment 2 nephric duct xenopus_anatomy common tubule connecting tubule XAO:0000063 pronephric duct Duct that drains urine from the pronephros and connects it to the cloaca. It is thought that the pronephric duct may play a key role in the induction of the mesonephric (adult) kidney. The most anterior part of the pronephric duct shows distinct gene expression patterns and is sometimes referred to as DT2. PMID:8365571 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 A myogenic muscular organ found in the cardiovascular system. It is responsible for pumping blood throughout the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. It is composed of cardiac muscle, which is an involuntary striated muscle tissue found only in this organ, and connective tissue. It is ultimately composed of three chambers (two atria and one ventricle), occupying a ventral position within the chest of the mature tadpole/frog. UBERON:0000948 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000064 heart A myogenic muscular organ found in the cardiovascular system. It is responsible for pumping blood throughout the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. It is composed of cardiac muscle, which is an involuntary striated muscle tissue found only in this organ, and connective tissue. It is ultimately composed of three chambers (two atria and one ventricle), occupying a ventral position within the chest of the mature tadpole/frog. PMID:17194606 UBERON:0000948 Cardiac muscle constituting the middle layer of the heart. UBERON:0002349 xenopus_anatomy cardiac muscle XAO:0000065 myocardium Cardiac muscle constituting the middle layer of the heart. AAO:0010410 Part of the heart composed of thin serous membrane and endothelial tissue, that lines the interior of the heart. UBERON:0002165 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000066 endocardium Part of the heart composed of thin serous membrane and endothelial tissue, that lines the interior of the heart. AAO:0010408 Region located on the ventral surface of the developing embryo that is a site of hematopoiesis and that is analogous to the yolk sac blood islands of higher vertebrates. blood island ventral lateral plate mesoderm UBERON:0003061 VBI xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000067 ventral blood island Region located on the ventral surface of the developing embryo that is a site of hematopoiesis and that is analogous to the yolk sac blood islands of higher vertebrates. PMID:9618755 Region of intermediate pigmentation between the pigmented animal hemisphere and the unpigmented vegetal hemisphere of the egg. UBERON:0004879 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000068 marginal zone Region of intermediate pigmentation between the pigmented animal hemisphere and the unpigmented vegetal hemisphere of the egg. http://worms.zoology.wisc.edu/frogs/glossary.html Embryonic tissue region that will make the ventral mesoderm. VMZ xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000069 ventral marginal zone Embryonic tissue region that will make the ventral mesoderm. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Region of the marginal zone extending from the ventral to lateral surface. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000070 ventro-lateral marginal zone Region of the marginal zone extending from the ventral to lateral surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Region of the marginal zone extending from the dorsal to lateral surface. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000071 dorso-lateral marginal zone Region of the marginal zone extending from the dorsal to lateral surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Marginal zone that is a key embryonic tissue region of the early gastrula stage embryo and that houses the Spemann-Mangold organizer. UBERON:0003062 DMZ xenopus_anatomy Spemann organizer organizer XAO:0000072 dorsal marginal zone Marginal zone that is a key embryonic tissue region of the early gastrula stage embryo and that houses the Spemann-Mangold organizer. PMID:17368611 DMZ PMID:17368611 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000073 obsolete deep (mesenchymal) layer true Portion of the marginal zone of the embryo that turns inside the embryo during involution. IMZ xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000074 involuting marginal zone Portion of the marginal zone of the embryo that turns inside the embryo during involution. http://worms.zoology.wisc.edu/frogs/glossary.html Deep layers of the IMZ consisting of prospective migrating mesodermal cells (which will migrate into the interior and form the leading edge of the mesodermal mantle) and prospective converging and extending mesoderm. xenopus_anatomy deep involuting marginal zone XAO:0000075 involuting marginal zone mesenchymal layer Deep layers of the IMZ consisting of prospective migrating mesodermal cells (which will migrate into the interior and form the leading edge of the mesodermal mantle) and prospective converging and extending mesoderm. ISBN:0123646200 Layer of prospective mesoderm in the IMZ that will form the roof of the archenteron. xenopus_anatomy SM involuting superfical mesdoderm superficial involuting marginal zone superficial mesoderm XAO:0000076 involuting marginal zone epithelial layer Layer of prospective mesoderm in the IMZ that will form the roof of the archenteron. Xenbase:Staff Early embryonic cell with a bottle or flask shape that is first to migrate inwards at the blastopore during gastrulation. CL:0007020 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000077 bottle cell Early embryonic cell with a bottle or flask shape that is first to migrate inwards at the blastopore during gastrulation. CL:0007020 The edge of the blastopore. Local invagination is caused by narrowing of bottle cells at the exterior edge of the blastula. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000078 blastopore lip The edge of the blastopore. Local invagination is caused by narrowing of bottle cells at the exterior edge of the blastula. ISBN:0387537406 Mesodermal structure that lies anterior to the notochord and gives rise to head mesoderm. UBERON:0003063 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000079 prechordal plate Mesodermal structure that lies anterior to the notochord and gives rise to head mesoderm. VHOG:0000086 The region from which the forelimb develops, first recognizable at NF stage 48, and distinct by NF stage 49. fore limb region xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000080 forelimb region The region from which the forelimb develops, first recognizable at NF stage 48, and distinct by NF stage 49. Xenbase:Staff The region from which the hindlimb develops, first recognizable as a slight concentration of mesenchymal cells dorsal and lateral to the anal tube at NF stage 43. The epidermal layers thicken dramatically through to NF stage 48, and become vascularised by NF stage 49. hind limb region xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000081 hindlimb region The region from which the hindlimb develops, first recognizable as a slight concentration of mesenchymal cells dorsal and lateral to the anal tube at NF stage 43. The epidermal layers thicken dramatically through to NF stage 48, and become vascularised by NF stage 49. Xenbase:Staff Embryonic structure that develops around the closed blastopore. xenopus_anatomy circumblastoporal region XAO:0000082 circumblastoporal collar Embryonic structure that develops around the closed blastopore. PMID:22138030 Dorsal mesoderm that has grown and curled inward during gastrulation. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000083 involuted dorsal mesoderm Dorsal mesoderm that has grown and curled inward during gastrulation. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/involution Ventral mesoderm that has grown and curled inward during gastrulation. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000084 involuted ventral mesoderm Ventral mesoderm that has grown and curled inward during gastrulation. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/involution Mesoderm layer between somite and lateral plate. All components of the pronephric kidney arise from this. UBERON:0003064 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000085 intermediate mesoderm Mesoderm layer between somite and lateral plate. All components of the pronephric kidney arise from this. AAO:0010575 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 The region at the periphery of the retina where retinal stem cells are located. It is spatially ordered with respect to cellular development and differentiation, with the youngest and least-determined stem cells closest to the periphery, the proliferative retinoblasts in the middle, and postmitotic cells at the central edge. UBERON:0003065 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000086 ciliary marginal zone The region at the periphery of the retina where retinal stem cells are located. It is spatially ordered with respect to cellular development and differentiation, with the youngest and least-determined stem cells closest to the periphery, the proliferative retinoblasts in the middle, and postmitotic cells at the central edge. PMID:15844194 The anatomical region of the body posterior to the tail. UBERON:0006071 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000087 tail region The anatomical region of the body posterior to the tail. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Dorsal part of the blastopore lip, which forms as a result of the contraction of bottle cells. Spemann organizer organizer xenopus_anatomy dorsal blastopore lip XAO:0000088 upper blastopore lip Dorsal part of the blastopore lip, which forms as a result of the contraction of bottle cells. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Ventral part of the blastopore lip, which forms as a result of the contraction of bottle cells. xenopus_anatomy ventral blastopore groove ventral blastopore lip XAO:0000089 lower blastopore lip Ventral part of the blastopore lip, which forms as a result of the contraction of bottle cells. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Primary germ layer that lies remote from the surface of the embryo and gives rise to internal tissues such as gut. UBERON:0000925 xenopus_anatomy entoderm XAO:0000090 endoderm Primary germ layer that lies remote from the surface of the embryo and gives rise to internal tissues such as gut. UBERON:0000925 The endoderm of the head. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000091 head endoderm The endoderm of the head. Xenbase:Staff The cavity of the gastrula forming a primitive gut. At NF stage 20-21 its wide canal becomes dorso-ventrally compressed and narrowed in the future trunk region so that a subdivision into a foregut, a midgut and a hindgut with protruding endodermal mass becomes manifest. UBERON:0004735 xenopus_anatomy gastrocoel XAO:0000092 archenteron The cavity of the gastrula forming a primitive gut. At NF stage 20-21 its wide canal becomes dorso-ventrally compressed and narrowed in the future trunk region so that a subdivision into a foregut, a midgut and a hindgut with protruding endodermal mass becomes manifest. ISBN:0815318960 http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/archenteron The layer of cells forming the ventral surface of the archenteron space of the embryo. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000093 archenteron floor The layer of cells forming the ventral surface of the archenteron space of the embryo. PMID:17540356 A transient ciliated epithelium that arises from the involuting superficial mesoderm, forming the dorsal surface of the archenteron space of the embryo. GRP archenteron roof archenteron roof plate gastrocoel roof xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000094 gastrocoel roof plate A transient ciliated epithelium that arises from the involuting superficial mesoderm, forming the dorsal surface of the archenteron space of the embryo. PMID:17540356 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Sensory system that has as it parts the sense organs that detect vibrations carried through water, develops during late tailbud stage, and persists in the adult bearing elaborate dorsal and ventral components. It develops from a specialized series of dorsolateral ectodermal placodes named lateral line placodes. UBERON:0002540 xenopus_anatomy lateral line stitches lateral-line organs XAO:0000095 lateral line system Sensory system that has as it parts the sense organs that detect vibrations carried through water, develops during late tailbud stage, and persists in the adult bearing elaborate dorsal and ventral components. It develops from a specialized series of dorsolateral ectodermal placodes named lateral line placodes. AAO:0000975 ISBN:0471209627 ISBN:0815318960 One of a series of bony or cartilaginous arches that develop in the walls of the mouth cavity and pharynx of the embryo. UBERON:0002539 xenopus_anatomy pharyngeal arches visceral arch XAO:0000096 pharyngeal arch One of a series of bony or cartilaginous arches that develop in the walls of the mouth cavity and pharynx of the embryo. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/branchial+arch pharyngeal arches The first of the series of bony or cartilaginous arches that develop in the walls of the mouth cavity and pharynx of the embryo. UBERON:0004362 xenopus_anatomy first visceral arch XAO:0000097 mandibular arch The first of the series of bony or cartilaginous arches that develop in the walls of the mouth cavity and pharynx of the embryo. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The second of the series of bony or cartilaginous arches that develop in the walls of the mouth cavity and pharynx of the embryo. UBERON:0003066 xenopus_anatomy second visceral arch XAO:0000098 hyoid arch The second of the series of bony or cartilaginous arches that develop in the walls of the mouth cavity and pharynx of the embryo. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Structures that develop from the pharyngeal arches. Pharyngeal arches are anlage for a multitude of structures. Each pharyngeal arch has a cartilaginous stick, a muscle component which differentiates from the cartilaginous tissue, an artery, and a cranial nerve. Each of these is surrounded by mesenchyme. Arches do not develop simultaneously, but instead possess a staggered development. UBERON:0008896 xenopus_anatomy branchial arches XAO:0000099 branchial arch Structures that develop from the pharyngeal arches. Pharyngeal arches are anlage for a multitude of structures. Each pharyngeal arch has a cartilaginous stick, a muscle component which differentiates from the cartilaginous tissue, an artery, and a cranial nerve. Each of these is surrounded by mesenchyme. Arches do not develop simultaneously, but instead possess a staggered development. ISBN:0023771100 branchial arches Anatomical system that has as its parts the heart and blood vessels. UBERON:0004535 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000100 cardiovascular system Anatomical system that has as its parts the heart and blood vessels. BTO:0000088 An out-pocket of thickened ventral foregut epithelium adjacent to the developing heart. Its anterior portion gives rise to the liver and intrahepatic biliary tree, while the posterior portion forms the gall bladder, hepato-pancreatic duct, hepato-pancreatic progenitor cells and the bile duct. UBERON:0008835 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000101 liver diverticulum An out-pocket of thickened ventral foregut epithelium adjacent to the developing heart. Its anterior portion gives rise to the liver and intrahepatic biliary tree, while the posterior portion forms the gall bladder, hepato-pancreatic duct, hepato-pancreatic progenitor cells and the bile duct. UBERON:0008835 First of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches from which the Eustachian tube is derived; pouches 2-4 open as gill slits. UBERON:0007122 first visceral pouch xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000102 visceral pouch 1 First of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches from which the Eustachian tube is derived; pouches 2-4 open as gill slits. ISBN:0226557634 Middle subdivision of the digestive tract. The midgut is the portion of the embryo from which most of the intestines develop. After it bends around the superior mesenteric artery, it is often referred to as the "midgut loop". It comprises the portion of the alimentary canal from the end of the foregut at the opening of the bile duct to the hindgut, about two-thirds of the way through the transverse colon. UBERON:0001045 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000103 midgut Middle subdivision of the digestive tract. The midgut is the portion of the embryo from which most of the intestines develop. After it bends around the superior mesenteric artery, it is often referred to as the "midgut loop". It comprises the portion of the alimentary canal from the end of the foregut at the opening of the bile duct to the hindgut, about two-thirds of the way through the transverse colon. UBERON:0001045 Xenbase:Staff Posterior subdivision of the digestive tract. The posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the large intestine and cloaca. UBERON:0001046 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000104 hindgut Posterior subdivision of the digestive tract. The posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the large intestine and cloaca. UBERON:0001046 Xenbase:Staff The space enclosed by the walls of the pharynx. UBERON:0001731 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000105 pharyngeal cavity The space enclosed by the walls of the pharynx. BTO:0002097 Tissue that is a temporary extension of the embryonic gut caudal to the cloaca. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000106 post-anal gut Tissue that is a temporary extension of the embryonic gut caudal to the cloaca. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/gut Rapidly proliferating mass of cells at the caudal extremity of the embryo. Its formation is reflected in a caudal carving of the posterior portion of the archenteric canal at NF stage 22. With its further outgrowth, the postanal gut primordium becomes stretched. Its lumen is in broad communication with the hindgut at NF stage 25. UBERON:0002533 tailbud xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000107 tail bud Rapidly proliferating mass of cells at the caudal extremity of the embryo. Its formation is reflected in a caudal carving of the posterior portion of the archenteric canal at NF stage 22. With its further outgrowth, the postanal gut primordium becomes stretched. Its lumen is in broad communication with the hindgut at NF stage 25. ISBN:0815318960 UBERON:0002533 The anterior limit of the neurenteric canal, which connects the post-anal gut with the central canal of the spinal chord. It is formed from a population of cells derived from the dorsal lip of the late gastrula, and has been shown to be important in tail development. UBERON:0007097 CNH chordo neural hinge xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000108 chordoneural hinge The anterior limit of the neurenteric canal, which connects the post-anal gut with the central canal of the spinal chord. It is formed from a population of cells derived from the dorsal lip of the late gastrula, and has been shown to be important in tail development. ISBN:0762302852 PMID:11404094 PMID:7916680 Structure formed by the ventral movement of the proctodeum anlage, which results in the shifting of the circumblastoral collar lateral walls to the posterior end of the embryo. posterior wall of NEC xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000109 posterior wall of neurenteric canal Structure formed by the ventral movement of the proctodeum anlage, which results in the shifting of the circumblastoral collar lateral walls to the posterior end of the embryo. PMID:7916680 Portion of tissue that consists of the precursors of the pronephric glomus or glomerulus; derived from the medial portion of the pronephric intermediate mesoderm. UBERON:0007128 xenopus_anatomy corpuscle glomerulus XAO:0000110 glomeral mesenchyme Portion of tissue that consists of the precursors of the pronephric glomus or glomerulus; derived from the medial portion of the pronephric intermediate mesoderm. ISBN:0815318960 A cell that is within the developmental lineage of gametes and is able to pass along its genetic material to offspring. CL:0000586 germ cells xenopus_anatomy germ line cell germ line cells XAO:0000111 germ cell A cell that is within the developmental lineage of gametes and is able to pass along its genetic material to offspring. Xenbase:Staff germ cells germ line cells Anatomical entity that comprises the animal in the early stages of growth and differentiation that are characterized by cleavage, the laying down of fundamental tissues, and the formation of primitive organs and organ systems. UBERON:0000922 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000113 embryo Anatomical entity that comprises the animal in the early stages of growth and differentiation that are characterized by cleavage, the laying down of fundamental tissues, and the formation of primitive organs and organ systems. BTO:0000379 Any of the tubular branching vessels that carry blood from the heart through the body. UBERON:0001637 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000114 artery Any of the tubular branching vessels that carry blood from the heart through the body. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/artery Any of the tubular branching vessels that carry blood from the capillaries toward the heart. UBERON:0001638 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000115 vein Any of the tubular branching vessels that carry blood from the capillaries toward the heart. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/vein Any of the smallest blood vessels connecting arterioles with venules. UBERON:0001982 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000116 capillary Any of the smallest blood vessels connecting arterioles with venules. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/capillary Functional system which consists of structures involved in respiration (breathing). UBERON:0001004 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000117 respiratory system Functional system which consists of structures involved in respiration (breathing). UBERON:0001004 An elongated tube that carries air to and from the lungs. UBERON:0003126 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000118 trachea An elongated tube that carries air to and from the lungs. AAO:0010140 Either of two organs that allow gas exchange absorbing oxygen from inhaled air and releasing carbon dioxide with exhaled air. UBERON:0002048 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000119 lung Either of two organs that allow gas exchange absorbing oxygen from inhaled air and releasing carbon dioxide with exhaled air. AAO:0010567 The primary respiration organ in some species of tadpoles, whose function is the extraction of oxygen from water and the excretion of carbon dioxide. The microscopic structure of a gill is such that it presents a very large surface area to the external environment. Gills usually consist of thin filaments of tissue, branches, or slender tufted processes which have a highly folded surface to increase surface area. A high surface area is crucial for effective gas exchange. gill UBERON:0008891 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000120 external gill The primary respiration organ in some species of tadpoles, whose function is the extraction of oxygen from water and the excretion of carbon dioxide. The microscopic structure of a gill is such that it presents a very large surface area to the external environment. Gills usually consist of thin filaments of tissue, branches, or slender tufted processes which have a highly folded surface to increase surface area. A high surface area is crucial for effective gas exchange. Xenbase:Staff A passage of airway in the respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs. UBERON:0002185 bronchial tube xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000121 bronchus A passage of airway in the respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs. Xenbase:Staff Anatomical system that consists of the blood and blood forming tissues. UBERON:0002390 haematological system haematopoietic system xenopus_anatomy hematopoietic system XAO:0000122 hematological system Anatomical system that consists of the blood and blood forming tissues. DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-809880-6.00013-8 Flexible tissue that is found in the hollow interior of bones and appears to comprise precursor cells committed to myeloid lineages, such as macrophage- and granulocyte-progenitor cells. In adults, marrow in large bones produces new blood cells. UBERON:0002371 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000123 bone marrow Flexible tissue that is found in the hollow interior of bones and appears to comprise precursor cells committed to myeloid lineages, such as macrophage- and granulocyte-progenitor cells. In adults, marrow in large bones produces new blood cells. UBERON:0002371 PMID:30151774 The fluid that circulates in the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins carrying nourishment and oxygen to and bringing away waste products from all parts of the animal. UBERON:0000178 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000124 blood The fluid that circulates in the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins carrying nourishment and oxygen to and bringing away waste products from all parts of the animal. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/blood Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs devoted to the ingestion, digestion, and assimilation of food and the discharge of residual wastes. UBERON:0001007 xenopus_anatomy digestive system gut XAO:0000125 alimentary system Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs devoted to the ingestion, digestion, and assimilation of food and the discharge of residual wastes. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/alimentary+system The cavity of the mouth, bounded by the jaw bones and associated structures. UBERON:0000167 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000126 oral cavity The cavity of the mouth, bounded by the jaw bones and associated structures. VHOG:0000188 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. At NF stage 57 it is a straight tube, round in cross section, and starting from the pharynx runs backward along the dorsal side of the abdominal cavity. Its lining consists of a columnar glandular epithelium with mucus secreting cells. It is thrown into longitudinal folds. UBERON:0001043 oesophagus xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000127 esophagus Tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. At NF stage 57 it is a straight tube, round in cross section, and starting from the pharynx runs backward along the dorsal side of the abdominal cavity. Its lining consists of a columnar glandular epithelium with mucus secreting cells. It is thrown into longitudinal folds. ISBN:0815318960 UBERON:0001043 An expanded region of the alimentary tract that is situated between the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum and produces gastric juices involved in the breakdown of food. UBERON:0000945 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000128 stomach An expanded region of the alimentary tract that is situated between the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum and produces gastric juices involved in the breakdown of food. Wikipedia:Stomach https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Portion of the alimentary canal bounded anteriorly by the pyloric sphincter and posteriorly by the cloacal sphincter. UBERON:0000160 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000129 intestine Portion of the alimentary canal bounded anteriorly by the pyloric sphincter and posteriorly by the cloacal sphincter. AAO:0000246 A part of the alimentary system and principal organ of digestion, comprising the duodenum and ileum and characterized by longitudinal folds. In the tadpole it is a long simple tube with a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells. UBERON:0002108 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000130 small intestine A part of the alimentary system and principal organ of digestion, comprising the duodenum and ileum and characterized by longitudinal folds. In the tadpole it is a long simple tube with a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells. PMID:15738398 A short, wide tube that is part of the alimentary system and comprises the colon and rectum and empties into the cloaca. It lacks longitudinal folds characteristic of the small intestine. It absorbs water and salts from the gut lumen. UBERON:0000059 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000131 large intestine A short, wide tube that is part of the alimentary system and comprises the colon and rectum and empties into the cloaca. It lacks longitudinal folds characteristic of the small intestine. It absorbs water and salts from the gut lumen. PMID:21471667 Anatomical system comprising the liver, gall bladder, and associated ducts. UBERON:0002423 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000132 liver and biliary system Anatomical system comprising the liver, gall bladder, and associated ducts. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Organ that secretes bile and participates in formation of certain blood proteins. The liver is the largest internal organ, primarily consisting of hepatocytes, and has a wider variety of functions than any other organs in the body. The hepatocyte is a polarized epithelial cell that exhibits both endocrine and exocrine properties. The biliary epithelial cells (cholangiocytes), sinusoidal endothelial cells, hepatic stellate cells (Ito cells), Kupffer cells, and pit cells (liver-specific natural killer cells) represent the majority of non-hepatocyte cell types in the liver. During embryogenesis, the liver is generated in the ventral foregut endoderm. UBERON:0002107 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000133 liver Organ that secretes bile and participates in formation of certain blood proteins. The liver is the largest internal organ, primarily consisting of hepatocytes, and has a wider variety of functions than any other organs in the body. The hepatocyte is a polarized epithelial cell that exhibits both endocrine and exocrine properties. The biliary epithelial cells (cholangiocytes), sinusoidal endothelial cells, hepatic stellate cells (Ito cells), Kupffer cells, and pit cells (liver-specific natural killer cells) represent the majority of non-hepatocyte cell types in the liver. During embryogenesis, the liver is generated in the ventral foregut endoderm. AAO:0010111 PMID:17474120 Duct that carries bile from the liver to the small intestine. UBERON:0002394 xenopus_anatomy hepatic duct XAO:0000134 bile duct Duct that carries bile from the liver to the small intestine. ZFA:0001100 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A small organ of the alimentary system that aids mainly in fat digestion, and concentrates bile that is produced by the liver. UBERON:0002110 gallbladder xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000135 gall bladder A small organ of the alimentary system that aids mainly in fat digestion, and concentrates bile that is produced by the liver. ZFA:0000208 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Internal gland organ with distinct tissues with different endocrine and exocrine functions. Its rudiment has three parts, one dorsal and two ventral primordia. The ventral can be first detected at NF stage 37/38. The dorsal is clearly segregated from the duodenal wall by NF stage 39. At NF stage 40 the right and left primordia have fused just above the gastro-duodenal vein. At NF stage 42 blood vessels penetrate into the crevices between the pancreatic acini making them more conspicuous. UBERON:0001264 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000136 pancreas Internal gland organ with distinct tissues with different endocrine and exocrine functions. Its rudiment has three parts, one dorsal and two ventral primordia. The ventral can be first detected at NF stage 37/38. The dorsal is clearly segregated from the duodenal wall by NF stage 39. At NF stage 40 the right and left primordia have fused just above the gastro-duodenal vein. At NF stage 42 blood vessels penetrate into the crevices between the pancreatic acini making them more conspicuous. ISBN:0815318960 ISBN:0881679860 Pancreatic tissue composed of acinar epithelial cells and ductal epithelium that manufacture the proteolytic enzymes and bicarbonate required for digestion. UBERON:0000017 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000137 exocrine pancreas Pancreatic tissue composed of acinar epithelial cells and ductal epithelium that manufacture the proteolytic enzymes and bicarbonate required for digestion. ZFA:0001249 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A double layer of tissue composed of peritoneum that attaches the visceral organs to the body wall. UBERON:0007826 xenopus_anatomy mesenterium XAO:0000138 mesentery A double layer of tissue composed of peritoneum that attaches the visceral organs to the body wall. ZFA:0005129 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity or the coelom. It covers most of the intra-abdominal organs, supports the abdominal organs, and serves as a conduit for their blood and lymph vessels and nerves. It is composed of a layer of mesothelium. UBERON:0002358 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000139 peritoneum Serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity or the coelom. It covers most of the intra-abdominal organs, supports the abdominal organs, and serves as a conduit for their blood and lymph vessels and nerves. It is composed of a layer of mesothelium. AAO:0010814 Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with the production and excretion of urine and those concerned with reproduction. UBERON:0004122 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000140 urogenital system Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with the production and excretion of urine and those concerned with reproduction. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/genitourinary+tract A visceral organ which provides osmoregulation and waste excretion for tadpoles through adult stages in Xenopus. The mesonephros starts to develop at NF stage 39, then during feeding stage tadpoles through metamorphosis replaces the embryonic pronephros as it degenerates. UBERON:0000080 xenopus_anatomy Wolffian body adult kidney mesonephros opisthonephros urniere XAO:0000141 mesonephric kidney A visceral organ which provides osmoregulation and waste excretion for tadpoles through adult stages in Xenopus. The mesonephros starts to develop at NF stage 39, then during feeding stage tadpoles through metamorphosis replaces the embryonic pronephros as it degenerates. Xenbase:Staff Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with reproduction. UBERON:0000990 xenopus_anatomy reproductive system XAO:0000142 genital system Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with reproduction. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/genitourinary+tract Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with the production and excretion of urine. UBERON:0001008 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000143 urinary system Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with the production and excretion of urine. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/genitourinary+tract Anatomical structure consisting of a long narrow duct that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. UBERON:0000056 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000144 ureter Anatomical structure consisting of a long narrow duct that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. AAO:0010254 A tuft of capillaries found in a Bowman's capsule in which waste products are filtered from the blood and urine formation is initiated. UBERON:0005325 xenopus_anatomy renal corpuscle XAO:0000146 glomerulus A tuft of capillaries found in a Bowman's capsule in which waste products are filtered from the blood and urine formation is initiated. AAO:0010388 Xenbase:Staff xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000147 obsolete glomerus true Any of the excretory units of the mesonephros, which connect to the mesonephric collecting duct. UBERON:0000083 xenopus_anatomy renal tubule XAO:0000148 mesonephric tubule Any of the excretory units of the mesonephros, which connect to the mesonephric collecting duct. http://www.bionalogy.com/urinary_system.htm XAO:0000331 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000149 obsolete renal proximal convoluted tubule true xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000150 obsolete loop of Henle true Duct that connects to the mesonephric nephrons and collects filtrate. UBERON:0005319 xenopus_anatomy collecting duct XAO:0000151 mesonephric collecting duct Duct that connects to the mesonephric nephrons and collects filtrate. Wikipedia:Collecting_duct_system XAO:0000334 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000152 obsolete renal distal convoluted tubule true Anatomical structure consisting of a tube carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. UBERON:0000057 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000153 urethra Anatomical structure consisting of a tube carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The organ that collects urine excreted by the kidneys before disposal by urination. UBERON:0001255 urinary bladder xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000154 bladder The organ that collects urine excreted by the kidneys before disposal by urination. Xenbase:Staff Anatomical system comprising the organs of the male reproductive system. UBERON:0000079 xenopus_anatomy male genitals XAO:0000155 male genitalia Anatomical system comprising the organs of the male reproductive system. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/genitalia male genitals Anatomical system comprising the organs of the female reproductive system. UBERON:0000474 xenopus_anatomy female genitals XAO:0000156 female genitalia Anatomical system comprising the organs of the female reproductive system. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/genitalia female genitals Reproductive organ that produces and releases sperm. UBERON:0000473 xenopus_anatomy testes XAO:0000157 testis Reproductive organ that produces and releases sperm. Xenbase:Staff testes Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce endocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. UBERON:0000949 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000158 endocrine system Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce endocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/endocrine+system Structure that is made up of islet cells that produce insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. UBERON:0000006 xenopus_anatomy endocrine pancreas XAO:0000159 islets of Langerhans Structure that is made up of islet cells that produce insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. UBERON:0000016 An unpaired glandular organ subdivision attached on the midline near the posterior and habenular commissures of the epithalamus. UBERON:0001905 xenopus_anatomy epiphysis pineal organ XAO:0000160 pineal gland An unpaired glandular organ subdivision attached on the midline near the posterior and habenular commissures of the epithalamus. UBERON:0001905 A two-lobed endocrine gland, located next to the trachea, and producing various hormones, such as triiodothyronine and calcitonin. UBERON:0002046 thyroid gland xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000162 thyroid A two-lobed endocrine gland, located next to the trachea, and producing various hormones, such as triiodothyronine and calcitonin. UBERON:0002046 Anatomical structure of largely lymphoid tissue that arises from the third pharyngeal pouch, and that functions in cell-mediated immunity by being the site where T cells develop. UBERON:0002370 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000163 thymus Anatomical structure of largely lymphoid tissue that arises from the third pharyngeal pouch, and that functions in cell-mediated immunity by being the site where T cells develop. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/thymus PMID:37305914 Either of a pair of complex endocrine organs near the anterior medial border of the kidney consisting of a mesodermal cortex that produces glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and androgenic hormones and an ectodermal medulla that produces epinephrine and norepinephrine. UBERON:0002369 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000164 adrenal gland Either of a pair of complex endocrine organs near the anterior medial border of the kidney consisting of a mesodermal cortex that produces glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and androgenic hormones and an ectodermal medulla that produces epinephrine and norepinephrine. UBERON:0002369 Situated along the perimeter of the adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex mediates the stress response through the production of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids, including aldosterone and cortisol respectively. It is also a secondary site of androgen synthesis. The perimeter region of the adrenal gland, the site of steroid synthesis. UBERON:0001235 xenopus_anatomy interrenal tissue XAO:0000165 adrenal cortex Situated along the perimeter of the adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex mediates the stress response through the production of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids, including aldosterone and cortisol respectively. It is also a secondary site of androgen synthesis. The perimeter region of the adrenal gland, the site of steroid synthesis. PMID:14061885 UBERON:0001235 Part of the adrenal gland, located at the center of the gland and surrounded by the adrenal cortex. It is the innermost part of the adrenal gland, consisting of cells that secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine, and a small amount of dopamine in response to stimulation by sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Composed mainly of hormone-producing chromaffin cells, it is the principal site of the conversion of the amino acid tyrosine into the catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline (norepinephrine), and dopamine. UBERON:0001236 xenopus_anatomy chromaffin cells XAO:0000166 adrenal medulla Part of the adrenal gland, located at the center of the gland and surrounded by the adrenal cortex. It is the innermost part of the adrenal gland, consisting of cells that secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine, and a small amount of dopamine in response to stimulation by sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Composed mainly of hormone-producing chromaffin cells, it is the principal site of the conversion of the amino acid tyrosine into the catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline (norepinephrine), and dopamine. UBERON:0001236 An organ specialized for secretion of parathyroid hormone. It controls the amount of calcium in the blood and within the bones. XAO:0000450 UBERON:0001132 parathyroid gland xenopus_anatomy epithelial body XAO:0000167 parathyroid An organ specialized for secretion of parathyroid hormone. It controls the amount of calcium in the blood and within the bones. UBERON:0001132 Anatomical system that provides locomotion and physical support to the organism. UBERON:0002204 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000168 musculoskeletal system Anatomical system that provides locomotion and physical support to the organism. Xenbase:Staff The hard form of connective tissue that constitutes the majority of the skeleton. UBERON:0002481 xenopus_anatomy bone XAO:0000169 bone tissue The hard form of connective tissue that constitutes the majority of the skeleton. BTO:0000140 A type of dense connective tissue that is composed of specialized cells, chondrocytes, that produce a large amount of extracellular matrix. UBERON:0002418 xenopus_anatomy cartilage XAO:0000170 cartilage tissue A type of dense connective tissue that is composed of specialized cells, chondrocytes, that produce a large amount of extracellular matrix. Wikipedia:Cartilage Anatomical cluster that consists of two or more adjacent bones or cartilages, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue. UBERON:0000982 articulation xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000171 joint Anatomical cluster that consists of two or more adjacent bones or cartilages, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue. ZFA:0001596 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A body tissue consisting of long cells that contract when stimulated and produce motion. UBERON:0001630 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000172 muscle A body tissue consisting of long cells that contract when stimulated and produce motion. BTO:0000887 A fibrous, strong, connective tissue that connects muscle to bone. XAO:0000400 UBERON:0000043 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000173 tendon A fibrous, strong, connective tissue that connects muscle to bone. Wikipedia:Tendon A type of muscle used to create movement, by applying force to bones and joints. Usually attached to bones by tendons. UBERON:0001134 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000174 skeletal muscle A type of muscle used to create movement, by applying force to bones and joints. Usually attached to bones by tendons. Wikipedia:Skeletal_muscle Involuntary muscle tissue consisting of uninucleate spindle-shaped fibers. Found within the walls of blood vessels, the alimentary tract, bladder, and reproductive tract. UBERON:0001135 xenopus_anatomy visceral muscle XAO:0000175 smooth muscle Involuntary muscle tissue consisting of uninucleate spindle-shaped fibers. Found within the walls of blood vessels, the alimentary tract, bladder, and reproductive tract. AAO:0010244 Xenbase:Staff The set of organs forming the outermost layer of the body, comprising the skin and its appendages. UBERON:0002416 xenopus_anatomy integumental system XAO:0000176 dermal system The set of organs forming the outermost layer of the body, comprising the skin and its appendages. Wikipedia:Integumentary_system Anatomical system that has as its parts the brain and spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and parts of the receptor organs and that receives and interprets stimuli and transmits impulses to the effector organs. UBERON:0001016 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000177 nervous system Anatomical system that has as its parts the brain and spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and parts of the receptor organs and that receives and interprets stimuli and transmits impulses to the effector organs. AAO:0000324 One of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Its nerves connect the central nervous system with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands. UBERON:0000010 PNS xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000178 peripheral nervous system One of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Its nerves connect the central nervous system with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands. UBERON:0000010 The organ of sight (visual apparatus), almost spherical in shape. At the end of development (NF stage 66) the eyes bulge out of their orbital capsules near the lateral edge of the dorsal side of the head. UBERON:0000019 xenopus_anatomy eyes XAO:0000179 eye The organ of sight (visual apparatus), almost spherical in shape. At the end of development (NF stage 66) the eyes bulge out of their orbital capsules near the lateral edge of the dorsal side of the head. ISBN:0815318960 Xenbase:Staff eyes The transparent front part of the eye that, together with the lens, refracts light. UBERON:0000964 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000180 cornea The transparent front part of the eye that, together with the lens, refracts light. Wikipedia:Cornea A general term for the whole eye, or eye ball, of an organism. eye ball xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000181 globe A general term for the whole eye, or eye ball, of an organism. AAO:0010346 A clear mucous membrane consisting of cells and underlying basement membrane that covers the sclera and lines the inside of the eyelids. It is made of epithelial tissue. UBERON:0001811 conjunctivae conjunctivas xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000182 conjunctiva A clear mucous membrane consisting of cells and underlying basement membrane that covers the sclera and lines the inside of the eyelids. It is made of epithelial tissue. UBERON:0001811 conjunctivae conjunctivas The opaque, fibrous, protective, outer layer of the eye containing collagen and elastic fiber. UBERON:0001773 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000183 sclera The opaque, fibrous, protective, outer layer of the eye containing collagen and elastic fiber. UBERON:0001773 A membrane in the eye, responsible for controlling the amount of light reaching the retina. UBERON:0001769 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000185 iris A membrane in the eye, responsible for controlling the amount of light reaching the retina. UBERON:0001769 Circumferential tissue inside the eye composed of the ciliary muscle and ciliary processes. UBERON:0001775 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000186 ciliary body Circumferential tissue inside the eye composed of the ciliary muscle and ciliary processes. UBERON:0001775 Lateral neurogenic placode region positioned dorsally to the epibranchial placodes, and that includes the lateral line placodes, the otic placode and the trigeminal placode. UBERON:0003067 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000187 dorsolateral placode region Lateral neurogenic placode region positioned dorsally to the epibranchial placodes, and that includes the lateral line placodes, the otic placode and the trigeminal placode. ISBN:0878933840 ZFA:0001310 Cranial nerve that is continuous with the layer of nerve cells on the inner surface of the eye. It exits the neurocranium via the large optic foramen and is covered by a fibrous connective tissue sheath. It transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. UBERON:0000941 ON cranial nerve II opticus xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000188 optic nerve Cranial nerve that is continuous with the layer of nerve cells on the inner surface of the eye. It exits the neurocranium via the large optic foramen and is covered by a fibrous connective tissue sheath. It transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. ISBN:080184780X UBERON:0000941 The combination of structures that form the ear and function to transmit vibrations and permit hearing. ear UBERON:0001690 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000189 auditory apparatus The combination of structures that form the ear and function to transmit vibrations and permit hearing. ISBN:0070179778 A flattened, roughly circular cartilage derived from the extrastapes. This thin membrane or integument is stretched over the cartilaginous tympanic annulus in a drum-like manner, and forms the outer ear, receiving airborne vibrations and functioning in hearing. XAO:0000212 UBERON:0001691 tympanic disc xenopus_anatomy external ear tympanic membrane tympanum XAO:0000190 tympanic disk A flattened, roughly circular cartilage derived from the extrastapes. This thin membrane or integument is stretched over the cartilaginous tympanic annulus in a drum-like manner, and forms the outer ear, receiving airborne vibrations and functioning in hearing. ISBN:0070179778 PMID:20953303 The air-filled cavity within the skull that lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. UBERON:0001756 tympanic cavity xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000191 middle ear The air-filled cavity within the skull that lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. UBERON:0001756 Labyrinthine anatomical cluster that comprises sensory endorgans specialized for vestibular, auditory, and acoustico-vestibular sensation. XAO:0000194 UBERON:0001846 membranous labyrinth xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000192 inner ear Labyrinthine anatomical cluster that comprises sensory endorgans specialized for vestibular, auditory, and acoustico-vestibular sensation. PMID:16217737 Structure consisting of the vestibule, lagena, and semicircular canal, cavities that are hollowed out of the substance of the bone, and lined by periosteum. They contain a clear fluid, the perilymph, in which the membranous labyrinth is situated. UBERON:0001839 xenopus_anatomy bony labyrinth XAO:0000193 osseous labyrinth Structure consisting of the vestibule, lagena, and semicircular canal, cavities that are hollowed out of the substance of the bone, and lined by periosteum. They contain a clear fluid, the perilymph, in which the membranous labyrinth is situated. Wikipedia:Bony_labyrinth Inner ear structure into which the semicircular ducts find their outlet. Along with the saccule, it is part of the balancing apparatus (membranous labyrinth) located within the vestibule of the osseous labyrinth. UBERON:0001853 xenopus_anatomy utricular otolith XAO:0000195 utricle Inner ear structure into which the semicircular ducts find their outlet. Along with the saccule, it is part of the balancing apparatus (membranous labyrinth) located within the vestibule of the osseous labyrinth. Wikipedia:Utricle_(ear) A major structure of the inner ear, ventral to the utriculus. Two small pouches extend from it: the papilla basilaris, and the papilla amphibiorum. The sacculus functions in the detection of sound. UBERON:0001854 xenopus_anatomy saccule XAO:0000196 sacculus A major structure of the inner ear, ventral to the utriculus. Two small pouches extend from it: the papilla basilaris, and the papilla amphibiorum. The sacculus functions in the detection of sound. ISBN:0070179778 A vestibular structure of the inner ear consisting of a ventral diverticulum off of the sacculus. UBERON:0001844 xenopus_anatomy cochlea XAO:0000197 lagena A vestibular structure of the inner ear consisting of a ventral diverticulum off of the sacculus. ISBN:1402073755 Any of the three fluid-filled ducts that loop from the utriculus in the inner ear, and help detect movement and maintain balance. UBERON:0001840 xenopus_anatomy semicircular canals semicircular ducts XAO:0000198 semicircular canal Any of the three fluid-filled ducts that loop from the utriculus in the inner ear, and help detect movement and maintain balance. ISBN:0070179778 semicircular canals semicircular ducts The small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. UBERON:0005236 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000199 vestibule The small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. UBERON:0005236 Pigmented, smaller blastomere of the animal (upper) hemisphere of the cleaving embryo. animal hemisphere blastomere xenopus_anatomy micromere XAO:0000200 animal blastomere Pigmented, smaller blastomere of the animal (upper) hemisphere of the cleaving embryo. ISBN:0471209627 XAO:0000273 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000201 obsolete olfactory apparatus true Anatomical region that is pigmented (dark brown) and tends to have the uppermost orientation, as it contains the blastocoel and cells that contain only small amounts of yolk. The Xenopus egg is divided into two roughly equal halves: the animal and vegetal hemispheres. UBERON:0012284 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000202 animal hemisphere Anatomical region that is pigmented (dark brown) and tends to have the uppermost orientation, as it contains the blastocoel and cells that contain only small amounts of yolk. The Xenopus egg is divided into two roughly equal halves: the animal and vegetal hemispheres. XAO:curator xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000203 obsolete archencephalic region true Any nerve outside the brain or spinal cord that connects with peripheral receptors or effectors. UBERON:0002003 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000204 peripheral nerve Any nerve outside the brain or spinal cord that connects with peripheral receptors or effectors. NCIt:Peripheral_Nerve A type of mesoderm that lies along the central axis, under the neural tube, and gives rise to the notochord. UBERON:0003068 xenopus_anatomy chordamesoderm chordomesoderm XAO:0000205 axial mesoderm A type of mesoderm that lies along the central axis, under the neural tube, and gives rise to the notochord. Xenbase:Staff The first appearance of the anatomical space that will become the blastocoel. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000206 blastocoel anlage The first appearance of the anatomical space that will become the blastocoel. Xenbase:Staff The dorsal surface of the blastocoel, the cavity of the blastula. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000207 blastocoel roof The dorsal surface of the blastocoel, the cavity of the blastula. Xenbase:Staff The opening of the archenteron to the exterior, marking the point of origin of the archenteron and the caudal end of the embryo. UBERON:0000100 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000208 blastopore The opening of the archenteron to the exterior, marking the point of origin of the archenteron and the caudal end of the embryo. ISBN:0023771100 A cluster of nervous tissue principally composed of neuronal cell bodies external to the central nervous system (CNS). UBERON:0000045 xenopus_anatomy ganglia XAO:0000209 ganglion A cluster of nervous tissue principally composed of neuronal cell bodies external to the central nervous system (CNS). UBERON:0000045 ganglia Type of ganglion that is a condensation of sensory neurons on the dorsal root of each spinal nerve. There is one pair of spinal ganglia per myotome, with the spinal ganglia of the trunk region larger and more distinct from each other than those of the tail region. UBERON:0000044 xenopus_anatomy dorsal root ganglion spinal ganglia XAO:0000210 spinal ganglion Type of ganglion that is a condensation of sensory neurons on the dorsal root of each spinal nerve. There is one pair of spinal ganglia per myotome, with the spinal ganglia of the trunk region larger and more distinct from each other than those of the tail region. PMID:17521450 Xenbase:Staff spinal ganglia Either of the pair of ganglionated longitudinal cords of the sympathetic nervous system of which one is situated on each side of the spinal column. UBERON:0000407 sympathetic trunk xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000211 sympathetic chain Either of the pair of ganglionated longitudinal cords of the sympathetic nervous system of which one is situated on each side of the spinal column. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/sympathetic+chain The narrow tube connecting the middle ear with the pharynx, through which air flows to equalize pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane. UBERON:0002393 eustachian tube pharyngotympanic tube xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000213 auditory tube The narrow tube connecting the middle ear with the pharynx, through which air flows to equalize pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane. ISBN:0070179778 Any of the three tiny bones of the inner ear (columella or stapes, the sacculus and the utriculus) suspended in the otic capsule. UBERON:0001686 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000214 auditory ossicle Any of the three tiny bones of the inner ear (columella or stapes, the sacculus and the utriculus) suspended in the otic capsule. ISBN:0070179778 The part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord, to which sensory impulses are transmitted and from which motor impulses pass out, and that supervises and coordinates the activity of the entire nervous system. UBERON:0001017 CNS xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000215 central nervous system The part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord, to which sensory impulses are transmitted and from which motor impulses pass out, and that supervises and coordinates the activity of the entire nervous system. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/central+nervous+system XAO:0004467 XAO:0004468 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000216 obsolete cortex true A layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the skin) and subcutaneous tissues, composed of two layers, the papillary and reticular dermis. UBERON:0002067 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000217 dermis A layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the skin) and subcutaneous tissues, composed of two layers, the papillary and reticular dermis. UBERON:0002067 An internal or external body part or prolongation that projects from, and is attached to, an organ or the main body of an organism. UBERON:0000026 xenopus_anatomy appendages XAO:0000218 appendage An internal or external body part or prolongation that projects from, and is attached to, an organ or the main body of an organism. Xenbase:Staff appendages xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000219 obsolete superficial (epithelial) layer true Somitic compartment that is a precursor of dermis, the cells of which become arranged in a single layer that blankets the myotome, possibly continuously (unsegmented) across somites. UBERON:0004016 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000220 dermatome Somitic compartment that is a precursor of dermis, the cells of which become arranged in a single layer that blankets the myotome, possibly continuously (unsegmented) across somites. PMID:17313522 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000221 obsolete deuterencephalic region true XAO:0000223 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000222 obsolete ear placode true Invagination of thickened epithelium near the hindbrain that gives rise to a spherically shaped ear vesicle, including precursors of the sensory epithelia of the inner ear and neurons of cranial nerve VIII. ear UBERON:0003069 xenopus_anatomy auditory placode XAO:0000223 otic placode Invagination of thickened epithelium near the hindbrain that gives rise to a spherically shaped ear vesicle, including precursors of the sensory epithelia of the inner ear and neurons of cranial nerve VIII. PMID:16217737 Vegetal portion of the marginal zone of the embryo that turns inside the embryo during involution. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000224 vegetal part, early involuting Vegetal portion of the marginal zone of the embryo that turns inside the embryo during involution. http://worms.zoology.wisc.edu/frogs/glossary.html The ectodermal precursor of the trigeminal ganglion. The profundal and the trigeminal ganglia are separate distally but fused at their proximal end as they condense around NF stage 24. The trigeminal placode gives rise to the sensory neurons of the ophthalmic and maxillomandibular lobes of cranial nerve V. UBERON:0003070 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000225 trigeminal placode The ectodermal precursor of the trigeminal ganglion. The profundal and the trigeminal ganglia are separate distally but fused at their proximal end as they condense around NF stage 24. The trigeminal placode gives rise to the sensory neurons of the ophthalmic and maxillomandibular lobes of cranial nerve V. PMID:21452441 UBERON:0003070 Equatorial zone of the zygote with which the plane of first cleavage aligns. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000226 equatorial belt Equatorial zone of the zygote with which the plane of first cleavage aligns. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 First trace of the future visual apparatus. The eye primordia forming antero-lateral evaginations of the closing neural tube are originally massive formations into which only a slit-shaped extension of the neural groove penetrates at NF stage 18. At NF stage 19 they clearly segregate from the anterior portion of the neural tube. eye UBERON:0003071 xenopus_anatomy eye anlage XAO:0000227 eye primordium First trace of the future visual apparatus. The eye primordia forming antero-lateral evaginations of the closing neural tube are originally massive formations into which only a slit-shaped extension of the neural groove penetrates at NF stage 18. At NF stage 19 they clearly segregate from the anterior portion of the neural tube. ISBN:0815318960 The evagination of neurectoderm, which has pinched off from the anterior neural keel, that precedes formation of the optic cup. eye UBERON:0004128 xenopus_anatomy eye vesicle optic cup XAO:0000228 optic vesicle The evagination of neurectoderm, which has pinched off from the anterior neural keel, that precedes formation of the optic cup. Xenbase:Staff Randomly dispersed fibrils organized into criss-crossing fascicles or bundles in the coelomic envelope of oocytes. coelomic envelope xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000229 fasciculated network of fibrils Randomly dispersed fibrils organized into criss-crossing fascicles or bundles in the coelomic envelope of oocytes. PMID:2909400 Cell type that forms a layer within an ovarian follicle that surrounds the oocyte. CL:0000477 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000230 follicle cell Cell type that forms a layer within an ovarian follicle that surrounds the oocyte. Wikipedia:Ovarian_follicle A monolayer of follicle cells surrounding the developing oocyte and forming adhesive contacts with the surrounding follicular epithelium. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000231 follicle layer A monolayer of follicle cells surrounding the developing oocyte and forming adhesive contacts with the surrounding follicular epithelium. PMID:619165 The anterior part of the alimentary system, from the mouth and esophagus to the duodenum at the entrance of the bile duct. Structures of the foregut are: esophagus, stomach, duodenum, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas. The spleen is located in the foregut region, but is not a gut organ. UBERON:0001041 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000232 foregut The anterior part of the alimentary system, from the mouth and esophagus to the duodenum at the entrance of the bile duct. Structures of the foregut are: esophagus, stomach, duodenum, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas. The spleen is located in the foregut region, but is not a gut organ. UBERON:0001041 Xenbase:Staff A zone found in the cytoplasm of the egg cells that contains determinants that will give rise to the primordial germ cells. As the zygote undergoes mitotic divisions the germ plasm is ultimately restricted to a few cells of the embryo. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000233 germ plasm A zone found in the cytoplasm of the egg cells that contains determinants that will give rise to the primordial germ cells. As the zygote undergoes mitotic divisions the germ plasm is ultimately restricted to a few cells of the embryo. Xenbase:Staff The nucleus of the oocyte, it is enclosed in a nuclear envelope and contains neucleoplasm, in which the chromosomes and extranucleoli are embedded. It breaks down as the oocyte matures, being no longer visible by the first meiotic metaphase. GV xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000234 germinal vesicle The nucleus of the oocyte, it is enclosed in a nuclear envelope and contains neucleoplasm, in which the chromosomes and extranucleoli are embedded. It breaks down as the oocyte matures, being no longer visible by the first meiotic metaphase. Xenbase:Staff Two migratory heart primordia that move ventrally during the course of neurulation, and whose fusion begins at the ventral midline at NF stage 16. heart UBERON:0007005 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000235 cardiac mesoderm Two migratory heart primordia that move ventrally during the course of neurulation, and whose fusion begins at the ventral midline at NF stage 16. Xenbase:Staff The first part of the small intestine. At the junction of the stomach and the duodenum the alimentary canal is inflected. The duodenum first goes anteriorly for a short distance, turns dorsally, and eventually caudally, thus it is a U-shaped structure with two horizontal sections (a ventral and a dorsal one). UBERON:0002114 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000236 duodenum The first part of the small intestine. At the junction of the stomach and the duodenum the alimentary canal is inflected. The duodenum first goes anteriorly for a short distance, turns dorsally, and eventually caudally, thus it is a U-shaped structure with two horizontal sections (a ventral and a dorsal one). ISBN:0815318960 The final section of the small intestine. UBERON:0002116 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000237 ileum The final section of the small intestine. UBERON:0002116 The terminal portion of the large intestine. UBERON:0001052 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000238 rectum The terminal portion of the large intestine. VHOG:0001751 The pancreatic duct and common bile duct together, which enter the descending duodenum. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000239 hepato-pancreatic duct The pancreatic duct and common bile duct together, which enter the descending duodenum. Xenbase:Staff A thickened portion of ectoderm that serves as the precursor to the lens. UBERON:0003073 xenopus_anatomy lens primordium XAO:0000240 lens placode A thickened portion of ectoderm that serves as the precursor to the lens. UBERON:0003073 Vein that returns blood from the trunk and drains into the duct of Cuvier via the pronephric sinus. UBERON:0002065 PCV xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000241 posterior cardinal vein Vein that returns blood from the trunk and drains into the duct of Cuvier via the pronephric sinus. PMID:12606281 Duct that drains the mesonephros and connects it to the ureter. UBERON:0003074 xenopus_anatomy Wolffian duct XAO:0000242 mesonephric duct Duct that drains the mesonephros and connects it to the ureter. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The last portion of the digestive system, it extracts water and salt from solid wastes before they are eliminated from the body. hindgut UBERON:0001155 xenopus_anatomy posterior intestine XAO:0000243 colon The last portion of the digestive system, it extracts water and salt from solid wastes before they are eliminated from the body. UBERON:0001155 The posterior opening that serves as the common opening for the intestinal, reproductive, and urinary tracts, closed by the cloacal sphincter. UBERON:0000162 xenopus_anatomy cloacal chamber vent XAO:0000244 cloaca The posterior opening that serves as the common opening for the intestinal, reproductive, and urinary tracts, closed by the cloacal sphincter. Xenbase:Staff A prominent mass in the cytoplasm of previtellogenic oocytes. The cloud contains both mitochondria and electron-dense granulofibrillar material (GFM) and is the source of germinal granule material. GO:0032019 Balbiani body mitochondrial aggregate xenopus_anatomy MC XAO:0000245 mitochondrial cloud A prominent mass in the cytoplasm of previtellogenic oocytes. The cloud contains both mitochondria and electron-dense granulofibrillar material (GFM) and is the source of germinal granule material. GO:0032019 Space that separates the thicker inner sheet of splanchnic mesoderm from the thinner outer somatic mesoderm. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000246 myocoelic slit Space that separates the thicker inner sheet of splanchnic mesoderm from the thinner outer somatic mesoderm. PMID:5449482 Second of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches from which the Eustachian tube is derived; pouches 2-4 open as gill slits. UBERON:0007123 second visceral pouch xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000247 visceral pouch 2 Second of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches from which the Eustachian tube is derived; pouches 2-4 open as gill slits. ISBN:0226557634 The median dorsal longitudinal groove in the neural plate, directly above the notochord, which appears after neural fold formation. UBERON:0005061 xenopus_anatomy median groove neural midline XAO:0000248 neural groove The median dorsal longitudinal groove in the neural plate, directly above the notochord, which appears after neural fold formation. Xenbase:Staff http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/neural+groove A region of embryonic ectodermal cells that lie directly above the notochord. During neurulation, they change shape and produce an infolding of the neural plate (the neural fold) that then seals to form the neural tube. At NF stage 11.5 is the first indication of neural plate within the sensorial layer of ectoderm. It extends to near the animal pole by NF stage 12.5 and the entire plate is faintly delimited by NF stage 13. UBERON:0003075 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000249 neural plate A region of embryonic ectodermal cells that lie directly above the notochord. During neurulation, they change shape and produce an infolding of the neural plate (the neural fold) that then seals to form the neural tube. At NF stage 11.5 is the first indication of neural plate within the sensorial layer of ectoderm. It extends to near the animal pole by NF stage 12.5 and the entire plate is faintly delimited by NF stage 13. ISBN:0815318960 Wikipedia:Neural_plate Posterior segment of the neural tube, which develops into the hindbrain and spinal cord. UBERON:0003076 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000250 posterior neural tube Posterior segment of the neural tube, which develops into the hindbrain and spinal cord. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Third of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches from which the Eustachian tube is derived; pouches 2-4 open as gill slits. UBERON:0007124 third visceral pouch xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000251 visceral pouch 3 Third of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches from which the Eustachian tube is derived; pouches 2-4 open as gill slits. ISBN:0226557634 An anatomical space that is surrounded by a neural tube. UBERON:0003842 neural tube lumen xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000252 neurocoel An anatomical space that is surrounded by a neural tube. UBERON:0003842 Animal portion of the marginal zone of the embryo that spreads in front of the animal cap but does not involute during gastrulation. NIMZ xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000253 non-involuting marginal zone Animal portion of the marginal zone of the embryo that spreads in front of the animal cap but does not involute during gastrulation. http://worms.zoology.wisc.edu/frogs/glossary.html Fourth of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches from which the Eustachian tube is derived; pouches 2-4 open as gill slits. UBERON:0007125 fourth visceral pouch xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000254 visceral pouch 4 Fourth of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches from which the Eustachian tube is derived; pouches 2-4 open as gill slits. ISBN:0226557634 Fifth of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches. UBERON:0007126 fifth visceral pouch xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000255 visceral pouch 5 Fifth of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches. ISBN:0226557634 The developing female gamete, the differentiation of which is classified into six stages: I (pre-vitellogenic), II (early vitellogenic), III (mid-vitellogenic, formation of pigment), IV (polarization along animal-vegetal axis), V (late vitellogenic), and VI (post-vitellogenic, appearance of equatorial band). CL:0000023 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000256 oocyte The developing female gamete, the differentiation of which is classified into six stages: I (pre-vitellogenic), II (early vitellogenic), III (mid-vitellogenic, formation of pigment), IV (polarization along animal-vegetal axis), V (late vitellogenic), and VI (post-vitellogenic, appearance of equatorial band). PMID:4109871 An outpocketing of the foregut ventral to the infundibulum and the hypophysis. The walls surrounding this cavity are composed of endoderm. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000257 oral evagination An outpocketing of the foregut ventral to the infundibulum and the hypophysis. The walls surrounding this cavity are composed of endoderm. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Either of paired female reproductive organs involved in production of ova and female sex hormones. UBERON:0000992 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000258 ovary Either of paired female reproductive organs involved in production of ova and female sex hormones. AAO:0000371 Area of mesoderm at either side of the midline embryonic notochord that, on segmentation, forms the paired somites. UBERON:0003077 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000259 paraxial mesoderm Area of mesoderm at either side of the midline embryonic notochord that, on segmentation, forms the paired somites. https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Paraxial+mesoderm The space between the zona pellucida and the cell membrane of an oocyte or fertilized ovum. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000260 perivitelline space The space between the zona pellucida and the cell membrane of an oocyte or fertilized ovum. Wikipedia:Perivitelline_space Outer layer of the developing optic vesicle, which contains pigmented epithelium. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000261 pigment layer Outer layer of the developing optic vesicle, which contains pigmented epithelium. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A small cell formed by the meiotic division of an oocyte. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000262 polar body A small cell formed by the meiotic division of an oocyte. CL:0002090 A germ cell that is a primordial oocyte in a female and that develops into secondary oogonia by mitotic division. xenopus_anatomy primary oogonia XAO:0000263 primary oogonium A germ cell that is a primordial oocyte in a female and that develops into secondary oogonia by mitotic division. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 primary oogonia Portion of tissue that consists of the mesenchymal precursor to the pronephric kidney and that begins to separate from the intermediate mesoderm at NF stage 21 and epithelializes by NF stage 30. UBERON:0005721 xenopus_anatomy pronephric anlage pronephric bulge pronephric primordium XAO:0000264 pronephric mesenchyme Portion of tissue that consists of the mesenchymal precursor to the pronephric kidney and that begins to separate from the intermediate mesoderm at NF stage 21 and epithelializes by NF stage 30. Xenbase:Staff Sixth of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches. UBERON:0007127 sixth visceral pouch xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000265 visceral pouch 6 Sixth of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches. ISBN:0226557634 Inner layer of the developing optic vesicle, which contains retinal nerve cells. UBERON:0001781 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000266 retinal layer Inner layer of the developing optic vesicle, which contains retinal nerve cells. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The hypophyseal layer that separates from the stomodeal layer of the stomodeal-hypophyseal primordium at NF stage 29 and 30. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000267 hypophyseal primordium The hypophyseal layer that separates from the stomodeal layer of the stomodeal-hypophyseal primordium at NF stage 29 and 30. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A type of germ cell that results from the mitotic division of a primary oogonium. xenopus_anatomy secondary oogonia XAO:0000268 secondary oogonium A type of germ cell that results from the mitotic division of a primary oogonium. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 secondary oogonia Anterior part of the embryonic alimentary canal that is formed as an invagination of the ectoderm and is the future mouth. mouth stomodeal-hypophyseal primordium UBERON:0000930 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000269 mouth primordium Anterior part of the embryonic alimentary canal that is formed as an invagination of the ectoderm and is the future mouth. UBERON:0000930 Deep layer of the neural ectoderm, which undergoes early neuronal differentiation. xenopus_anatomy deep layer of neurectoderm XAO:0000270 sensorial layer of neurectoderm Deep layer of the neural ectoderm, which undergoes early neuronal differentiation. PMID:11832243 Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the future body wall; it underlies the ectoderm. UBERON:0004871 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000271 somatic layer of lateral plate mesoderm Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the future body wall; it underlies the ectoderm. UBERON:0004871 An auxiliary olfactory sense organ involved in the detection of pheromones. UBERON:0002255 VNO organon vomeronasale vomeronasal organ xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000272 Jacobson's organ An auxiliary olfactory sense organ involved in the detection of pheromones. Wikipedia:Vomeronasal_organ Organ comprising the specialized structures subserving the function of the sense of smell. UBERON:0002268 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000273 olfactory organ Organ comprising the specialized structures subserving the function of the sense of smell. BTO:0001772 The point on the surface of the egg at which the sperm enters the egg. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000274 sperm entry point The point on the surface of the egg at which the sperm enters the egg. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A depression on the head of the embryo that becomes converted into a nasal passage. XAO:0004073 UBERON:0005870 nasal pit xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000275 olfactory pit A depression on the head of the embryo that becomes converted into a nasal passage. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/olfactory+pit Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the circulatory system and future gut wall; it overlies endoderm. XAO:0004273 UBERON:0004872 xenopus_anatomy splanchnic mesoderm visceral mesoderm XAO:0000276 splanchnic layer of lateral plate mesoderm Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the circulatory system and future gut wall; it overlies endoderm. UBERON:0004872 The internal nasal passages, aperture or cavity in the roof of the buccopharynx. UBERON:0004771 posterior nasal apperture xenopus_anatomy choanae internal nares XAO:0000277 choana The internal nasal passages, aperture or cavity in the roof of the buccopharynx. ISBN:0226557634 choanae When the marginal zone mesoderm undergoes involution, where the marginal zone contacts the vegetal base. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000278 animal part, late involuting When the marginal zone mesoderm undergoes involution, where the marginal zone contacts the vegetal base. Xenbase:Staff Unpigmented, larger blastomere of the vegetal (lower) hemisphere of the cleaving embryo. vegetal hemisphere blastomere xenopus_anatomy macromere XAO:0000279 vegetal blastomere Unpigmented, larger blastomere of the vegetal (lower) hemisphere of the cleaving embryo. ISBN:0471209627 Anatomical region that is the lower, light-colored hemisphere of the egg, as its cells contain large amounts of dense yolk proteins. The Xenopus egg is divided into two roughly equal halves: the animal and vegetal hemispheres. UBERON:0012285 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000280 vegetal hemisphere Anatomical region that is the lower, light-colored hemisphere of the egg, as its cells contain large amounts of dense yolk proteins. The Xenopus egg is divided into two roughly equal halves: the animal and vegetal hemispheres. XAO:curator Cell mass in the vegetal region of the embryo that will contribute to endoderm. vegetal cell mass xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000281 vegetal yolk mass Cell mass in the vegetal region of the embryo that will contribute to endoderm. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches from which the Eustachian tube is derived; pouches 2-4 open as gill slits. UBERON:0004117 xenopus_anatomy visceral pouches XAO:0000282 visceral pouch Pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches from which the Eustachian tube is derived; pouches 2-4 open as gill slits. ISBN:0226557634 visceral pouches A hole located in the center of the iris of the eye that allows light to enter the retina. UBERON:0001771 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000283 pupil A hole located in the center of the iris of the eye that allows light to enter the retina. Wikipedia:Pupil The three distinct placodal areas which develop from the posterior placodal area and lie ventral to the otic placode and dorsocaudal to the pharyngeal clefts, and contribute to the sensory ganglia for the distal portion of cranial nerves VII IX and X. The proximal neurons are derived from the neural crest. UBERON:0003078 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000284 epibranchial placode The three distinct placodal areas which develop from the posterior placodal area and lie ventral to the otic placode and dorsocaudal to the pharyngeal clefts, and contribute to the sensory ganglia for the distal portion of cranial nerves VII IX and X. The proximal neurons are derived from the neural crest. ISBN:0878933840 The structure that is the basic functional unit of the pronephros. UBERON:0005309 xenopus_anatomy pronephric tubule XAO:0000285 pronephric nephron The structure that is the basic functional unit of the pronephros. UBERON:0005309 Portion of the pronephric tubule that is immediately posterior to the early proximal tubule and anterior to the early distal tubule. PT3 late proximal segment proximal tubule 3 proximal tubule segment 3 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000286 late proximal tubule Portion of the pronephric tubule that is immediately posterior to the early proximal tubule and anterior to the early distal tubule. PMID:15223337 Portion of the pronephric tubule that is immediately posterior to the late proximal tubule and anterior to the late distal segment. UBERON:0006337 IT1 distal early tubule intermediate tubule intermediate tubule segment 1 pronephric distal early tubule pronephric early distal tubule xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000287 early distal tubule Portion of the pronephric tubule that is immediately posterior to the late proximal tubule and anterior to the late distal segment. PMID:15223337 Portion of the pronephric tubule that is immediately anterior to the late proximal tubule. PT2 proximal tubule 2 proximal tubule segment 2 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000288 early proximal tubule Portion of the pronephric tubule that is immediately anterior to the late proximal tubule. PMID:15223337 Pronephric segment immediately posterior to the early distal tubule and anterior to the pronephric duct. DT1 distal tubule segment 1 late distal segment xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000289 late distal tubule Pronephric segment immediately posterior to the early distal tubule and anterior to the pronephric duct. PMID:15223337 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000290 obsolete pronephric nephron segment S1 true The tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the mesonephros. UBERON:0005323 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000291 mesonephric mesenchyme The tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the mesonephros. UBERON:0005323 The structure that is the basic functional unit of the adult or mesonephric kidney, consisting of the vascular loop of the glomerulus, the capsule, the nephrocoel, the nephric duct, the nephrostome and the nephric tubule. XAO:0000145 UBERON:0005322 xenopus_anatomy nephron XAO:0000292 mesonephric nephron The structure that is the basic functional unit of the adult or mesonephric kidney, consisting of the vascular loop of the glomerulus, the capsule, the nephrocoel, the nephric duct, the nephrostome and the nephric tubule. ISBN:0521301521 XAO:0004087 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000293 obsolete neural fold true The cavity of the blastula, a closed space that is invaded by early mesenchyme and later obliterated by the enlarging archenteron. It forms during embryogenesis when a zygote (a fertilized ovum) divides into many cells through mitosis. UBERON:0000090 blastocele xenopus_anatomy blastocyst cavity cleavage cavity segmentation cavity XAO:0000294 blastocoel The cavity of the blastula, a closed space that is invaded by early mesenchyme and later obliterated by the enlarging archenteron. It forms during embryogenesis when a zygote (a fertilized ovum) divides into many cells through mitosis. ISBN:0023771100 ISBN:0815318960 The portion of endoderm between dorsal and ventral blastopore lips, and extending towards to the blastocoel. xenopus_anatomy endodermal yolk mass vegetal endodermal core XAO:0000295 central endoderm The portion of endoderm between dorsal and ventral blastopore lips, and extending towards to the blastocoel. Xenbase:Staff Anatomical direction relating to the vegetal pole or hemisphere. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000296 vegetal Anatomical direction relating to the vegetal pole or hemisphere. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Anatomical direction relating to the animal pole or hemisphere. xenopus_anatomy animal hemisphere XAO:0000297 animal Anatomical direction relating to the animal pole or hemisphere. Xenbase:Staff Spatial concept denoting the back or upper surface of the body. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000298 dorsal Spatial concept denoting the back or upper surface of the body. NCIt:Dorsal Spatial concept denoting the underside or lower surface of the body. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000299 ventral Spatial concept denoting the underside or lower surface of the body. NCIt:Ventral Spatial concept denoting only the surface of the body. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000300 superficial Spatial concept denoting only the surface of the body. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Spatial concept denoting extension relatively far inward. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000301 deep Spatial concept denoting extension relatively far inward. NCIt:Deep Spatial concept pertaining to the back of the body and to the side. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000302 dorso-lateral Spatial concept pertaining to the back of the body and to the side. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/dorsolateral Spatial concept pertaining to the part of the body opposite the back and away from the midline. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000303 ventro-lateral Spatial concept pertaining to the part of the body opposite the back and away from the midline. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ventrolateral Spatial concept pertaining to being situated at or extending to the side. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000304 lateral Spatial concept pertaining to being situated at or extending to the side. NCIt:Lateral A localized ectodermal thickening that develops by apicobasal elongation of cuboidal cells in the inner layer of the ectoderm in the head of the embryos, and is involved in formation of sense organs. UBERON:0002546 xenopus_anatomy cranial placodes XAO:0000305 cranial placode A localized ectodermal thickening that develops by apicobasal elongation of cuboidal cells in the inner layer of the ectoderm in the head of the embryos, and is involved in formation of sense organs. UBERON:0002546 cranial placodes Organizing center consisting of a small group of cells located at the ventral midline of the neural tube that influences the development of the nervous system, governing the specification of neuronal cell types and directing axonal trajectories. floorplate xenopus_anatomy spinal cord floor XAO:0000306 floor plate Organizing center consisting of a small group of cells located at the ventral midline of the neural tube that influences the development of the nervous system, governing the specification of neuronal cell types and directing axonal trajectories. PMID:15738958 Anterior segment of the neural tube, which develops into the forebrain and midbrain. UBERON:0003080 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000307 anterior neural tube Anterior segment of the neural tube, which develops into the forebrain and midbrain. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Region of the neural tube that will become the white matter of the nervous system. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000309 marginal zone (sensu neural) Region of the neural tube that will become the white matter of the nervous system. ISBN:0393974308 The anterior U-shaped portion of the neural folds, the two longitudinal dorsal ridges, caused by a folding up of the ectoderm, that make their appearance on either side of the middle line of the early neural embryo. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000310 anterior neural fold The anterior U-shaped portion of the neural folds, the two longitudinal dorsal ridges, caused by a folding up of the ectoderm, that make their appearance on either side of the middle line of the early neural embryo. Xenbase:Staff Portion of the middle of the three primary germ layers of the embryo that resides on the periphery of the embryo, splits into two layers enclosing the intra-embryonic coelom, and gives rise to body wall structures. UBERON:0003081 LPM xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000311 lateral plate mesoderm Portion of the middle of the three primary germ layers of the embryo that resides on the periphery of the embryo, splits into two layers enclosing the intra-embryonic coelom, and gives rise to body wall structures. UBERON:0003081 Any of the transient, degenerating somites that form in the occipital region of the animal. UBERON:0005594 xenopus_anatomy cranial somite occipital somite XAO:0000313 head somite Any of the transient, degenerating somites that form in the occipital region of the animal. Xenbase:Staff Any of the somites that are posterior to the head and anterior to the tail. UBERON:0005598 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000314 trunk somite Any of the somites that are posterior to the head and anterior to the tail. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Somitic compartment that is a precursor of muscle. UBERON:0003082 xenopus_anatomy myotomes XAO:0000315 myotome Somitic compartment that is a precursor of muscle. PMID:17313522 myotomes The inner layer of the pericardium that is in contact with the surface of the heart. During cardiac development, it is the source of multipotent mesenchymal cells, which give rise to endothelial and smooth muscle cells in coronary vessels and also, possibly, to cardiomyocytes. UBERON:0002348 heart epicardium xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000316 epicardium The inner layer of the pericardium that is in contact with the surface of the heart. During cardiac development, it is the source of multipotent mesenchymal cells, which give rise to endothelial and smooth muscle cells in coronary vessels and also, possibly, to cardiomyocytes. AAO:0010409 Xenbase:Staff Multi-tissue structure that is the filtration unit of the pronephric kidney. A glomus is a glomerulus that spans more than one body segment. It is the vascularized filter of the pronephric kidney. Blood is filtered through the glomus and the filtrate deposited into the coelom early in development, or the nephrocoel later in development. The glomus contains podocytes with well developed foot processes that are anatomically indistinguishable from the podocytes of adult glomeruli. The two glomera are linked via a narrow bridge called the glomeral nexus. UBERON:0004739 xenopus_anatomy corpuscle glomera glomerulus renal corpuscle XAO:0000318 Properly called a glomus as it extends over multiple body segments. glomus Multi-tissue structure that is the filtration unit of the pronephric kidney. A glomus is a glomerulus that spans more than one body segment. It is the vascularized filter of the pronephric kidney. Blood is filtered through the glomus and the filtrate deposited into the coelom early in development, or the nephrocoel later in development. The glomus contains podocytes with well developed foot processes that are anatomically indistinguishable from the podocytes of adult glomeruli. The two glomera are linked via a narrow bridge called the glomeral nexus. PMID:9268568 Xenbase:Staff glomera Neural crest cells that migrate along two major pathways: through the somites, to populate the skin where they give rise to pigment cells; cells migrating along the lateral pathway generate sensory and sympathetic ganglia and adrenal chromaffin cells, among others. UBERON:0003083 TNC xenopus_anatomy trunk crest XAO:0000319 trunk neural crest Neural crest cells that migrate along two major pathways: through the somites, to populate the skin where they give rise to pigment cells; cells migrating along the lateral pathway generate sensory and sympathetic ganglia and adrenal chromaffin cells, among others. ISBN:0878933840 The inner layer of ectoderm. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000320 sensorial layer The inner layer of ectoderm. Xenbase:Staff Type of ganglion that is separate distally from the trigeminal ganglia; they become fused at their proximal end as they condense. xenopus_anatomy cranial ganglion profundus ganglia XAO:0000323 profundus ganglion Type of ganglion that is separate distally from the trigeminal ganglia; they become fused at their proximal end as they condense. PMID:21452441 profundus ganglia A unique type of neurogenic placode, located ventral and caudal to the 2nd and 3rd pharyngeal pouches, which gives rise to small hypobranchial ganglia of yet unknown function. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000324 hypobranchial placode A unique type of neurogenic placode, located ventral and caudal to the 2nd and 3rd pharyngeal pouches, which gives rise to small hypobranchial ganglia of yet unknown function. PMID:12712315 Primordium of the spleen, which goes on to form the spleen proper, while the right splenic promordium degenerates. spleen UBERON:0006293 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000326 left spleen primordium Primordium of the spleen, which goes on to form the spleen proper, while the right splenic promordium degenerates. Xenbase:Staff Transient splenic primordia that degenerates by NF stage 40. spleen xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000327 right spleen primordium Transient splenic primordia that degenerates by NF stage 40. Xenbase:Staff Internal lymphoid organ the primary function of which is to filter blood. UBERON:0002106 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000328 spleen Internal lymphoid organ the primary function of which is to filter blood. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The epithelial lining of the coelom. UBERON:0005891 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000329 coelomic epithelium The epithelial lining of the coelom. Xenbase:Staff Transient developmental organ that gives rise to oviducts in females (and is documented to persist in some male frogs). UBERON:0003890 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000330 Mullerian duct Transient developmental organ that gives rise to oviducts in females (and is documented to persist in some male frogs). AAO:0010141 Structure that is equivalent to the convoluted proximal tubule of metanephric nephrons. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000331 mesonephric early proximal tubule Structure that is equivalent to the convoluted proximal tubule of metanephric nephrons. Xenbase:Staff Structure that is the mesonephros nephron's equivalent to the straight proximal segment of a metanephric nephron. xenopus_anatomy opisthonephros proximal straight segment XAO:0000332 mesonephric late proximal tubule Structure that is the mesonephros nephron's equivalent to the straight proximal segment of a metanephric nephron. Xenbase:Staff The mesonephric equivalent of the ascending limb, or straight distal segment, of metanephric nephrons. UBERON:0005892 xenopus_anatomy ascending limb straight distal segment XAO:0000333 mesonephric early distal tubule The mesonephric equivalent of the ascending limb, or straight distal segment, of metanephric nephrons. Xenbase:Staff The site of bicarbonate resorption in the adult kidney. It is equivalent to the convoluted distal segment of metanephric nephrons. mesonephric late distal segment xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000334 mesonephric late distal tubule The site of bicarbonate resorption in the adult kidney. It is equivalent to the convoluted distal segment of metanephric nephrons. Xenbase:Staff The fused aspects of ventral mesoderm, which have migrated from either side of the prechordal plate, and fused ventrally, just behind the cement gland. They give rise to the endocardium at NF stage 27/28. heart UBERON:0003084 xenopus_anatomy fused heart primordium XAO:0000336 heart primordium The fused aspects of ventral mesoderm, which have migrated from either side of the prechordal plate, and fused ventrally, just behind the cement gland. They give rise to the endocardium at NF stage 27/28. Xenbase:Staff Region in the embryo that consists of precursor cells for the development of the embryonic heart. UBERON:0004141 xenopus_anatomy heart tube XAO:0000337 endocardial tube Region in the embryo that consists of precursor cells for the development of the embryonic heart. Wikipedia:Endocardial_heart_tubes The outlet of the embryonic heart; lies in the floor of the pharynx and conducts blood from the bulbus arteriosis to the aortic arches (1-6). UBERON:0003085 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000338 ventral aorta The outlet of the embryonic heart; lies in the floor of the pharynx and conducts blood from the bulbus arteriosis to the aortic arches (1-6). ISBN:0023771100 Of the paired ventral aortas in the tadpole, the one that branches into the left aortic arches. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000339 left channel of ventral aorta Of the paired ventral aortas in the tadpole, the one that branches into the left aortic arches. PMID:8928932 Of the paired ventral aortas in the tadpole, the one that branches into the right aortic arches. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000340 right channel of ventral aorta Of the paired ventral aortas in the tadpole, the one that branches into the right aortic arches. PMID:8928932 One of a series of six paired embryological vascular structures that give rise to several major arteries. UBERON:0004363 xenopus_anatomy aortic arches XAO:0000341 aortic arch One of a series of six paired embryological vascular structures that give rise to several major arteries. UBERON:0004363 aortic arches The anterior member of a series of six paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae. Aortic arch that is part of mandibular arch. UBERON:0003118 first aortic arch xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000342 aortic arch 1 The anterior member of a series of six paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae. Aortic arch that is part of mandibular arch. Xenbase:Staff The second in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae. Aortic arch that is part of hyoid arch. UBERON:0003119 second aortic arch xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000343 aortic arch 2 The second in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae. Aortic arch that is part of hyoid arch. ISBN:0023771100 The third in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae. Aortic arch 3 lies within the 3rd branchial arch and branches directly from the ventral aorta to the lateral dorsal aorta, and are retained as the branchial arteries providing circulation through the gills in the adult. UBERON:0003120 third aortic arch xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000344 aortic arch 3 The third in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae. Aortic arch 3 lies within the 3rd branchial arch and branches directly from the ventral aorta to the lateral dorsal aorta, and are retained as the branchial arteries providing circulation through the gills in the adult. ISBN:0023771100 Artery that arises from the ventral aorta and delivers blood to the filter apparatus. It is visible as a bilateral pair of vessels on the ventral surface of the head, running between the heart and the tip of the jaw. UBERON:0001070 ECA xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000345 external carotid artery Artery that arises from the ventral aorta and delivers blood to the filter apparatus. It is visible as a bilateral pair of vessels on the ventral surface of the head, running between the heart and the tip of the jaw. ISBN:0073524239 PMID:12606281 The aorta of a postembryonic, hatched or immature tadpole, prior to metamorphosis. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000349 larval aorta The aorta of a postembryonic, hatched or immature tadpole, prior to metamorphosis. Xenbase:Staff xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000351 obsolete secondary vessel true The fifth in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae. Aortic arch 5 artery is paired and has a common trunk with aortic arch 6 from the ventral aorta, and drains via a separate branch of the lateral dorsal aorta. Aortic arches 5 and 6 supply the trunk and tail with oxygenated blood. UBERON:0003122 fifth aortic arch xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000352 aortic arch 5 The fifth in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae. Aortic arch 5 artery is paired and has a common trunk with aortic arch 6 from the ventral aorta, and drains via a separate branch of the lateral dorsal aorta. Aortic arches 5 and 6 supply the trunk and tail with oxygenated blood. ISBN:0023771100 The sixth in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae. Aortic arch 6 artery is paired and has a common trunk with aortic arch 5 from the ventral aorta, and drains via a separate branch of the lateral dorsal aorta. It forms part of the pulmonary arteries, and in the later embryo, the ductus arteriosis. Aortic arches 5 and 6 together supply the trunk and tail with oxygenated blood. UBERON:0003123 sixth aortic arch xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000353 aortic arch 6 The sixth in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae. Aortic arch 6 artery is paired and has a common trunk with aortic arch 5 from the ventral aorta, and drains via a separate branch of the lateral dorsal aorta. It forms part of the pulmonary arteries, and in the later embryo, the ductus arteriosis. Aortic arches 5 and 6 together supply the trunk and tail with oxygenated blood. ISBN:0023771100 One of three branches of the internal carotid artery, the palatine artery supplies the mouth region. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000354 posterior palatine artery One of three branches of the internal carotid artery, the palatine artery supplies the mouth region. PMID:12606281 The fourth in a series of paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae, it lies within the 4th branchial arch. The paired aortic arch 4 arteries branch directly from the ventral aorta to the lateral dorsal aorta, and are retained as the branchial arteries providing circulation through the gills in the adult. UBERON:0003121 fourth aortic arch xenopus_anatomy systemic arch XAO:0000355 aortic arch 4 The fourth in a series of paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae, it lies within the 4th branchial arch. The paired aortic arch 4 arteries branch directly from the ventral aorta to the lateral dorsal aorta, and are retained as the branchial arteries providing circulation through the gills in the adult. ISBN:0023771100 Simple squamous epithelium that lines blood and lymphatic vessels and the heart. UBERON:0004852 xenopus_anatomy vascular endothelia XAO:0000356 vascular endothelium Simple squamous epithelium that lines blood and lymphatic vessels and the heart. ZFA:0001639 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 vascular endothelia The thin layer of cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. UBERON:0001917 xenopus_anatomy endothelium of artery XAO:0000357 arterial endothelium The thin layer of cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. Xenbase:Staff Simple squamous epithelium that lines the veins. UBERON:0001919 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000358 venous endothelium Simple squamous epithelium that lines the veins. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The blood vessel that bifurcates from the aorta, and supplies the abdominal and pelvic regions. UBERON:0005609 common iliac artery xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000361 arteria iliaca communis The blood vessel that bifurcates from the aorta, and supplies the abdominal and pelvic regions. ISBN:0070179778 Artery consisting of many branches which supply blood to various organs in the viscus. One of the major blood vessels, branching off the dorsal aorta and supplying the embryonic foregut organs: liver, stomach, intestine, spleen and pancreas. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000362 coeliaco-mesenteric artery Artery consisting of many branches which supply blood to various organs in the viscus. One of the major blood vessels, branching off the dorsal aorta and supplying the embryonic foregut organs: liver, stomach, intestine, spleen and pancreas. AAO:0010499 ISBN:0070179778 One of paired arteries that extends dorsally from the systemic arch to supply the muscles of the jaw and back. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000363 occipitovertebral artery One of paired arteries that extends dorsally from the systemic arch to supply the muscles of the jaw and back. ISBN:0801836018 The posterior extension of the dorsal aorta to the tail region, which degenerates at metamorphosis. UBERON:0003086 CA xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000364 caudal artery The posterior extension of the dorsal aorta to the tail region, which degenerates at metamorphosis. ISBN:0226557634 Artery that branches from either side of the dorsal aorta and delivers blood to the musculature of the shoulder region. UBERON:0001533 subclavian artery xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000365 arteria subclavia Artery that branches from either side of the dorsal aorta and delivers blood to the musculature of the shoulder region. ISBN:0070179778 One of the major arteries of the head, it is the cranial continuation of the aortic arches and the dorsal aorta. It curves ventrally before resuming a dorsal course as it enters the head proper, and it lies ventral to the internal jugular vein. The internal carotid artery gives off palatine, ophthalmic, and cerebral branches by NF stage 41. UBERON:0001532 ICA xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000366 internal carotid artery One of the major arteries of the head, it is the cranial continuation of the aortic arches and the dorsal aorta. It curves ventrally before resuming a dorsal course as it enters the head proper, and it lies ventral to the internal jugular vein. The internal carotid artery gives off palatine, ophthalmic, and cerebral branches by NF stage 41. PMID:12606281 The anterior continuation of the internal carotid artery, which gives off the nasociliary artery anterior to the eye. UBERON:0004449 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000367 cerebral artery The anterior continuation of the internal carotid artery, which gives off the nasociliary artery anterior to the eye. PMID:12606281 A branch of the internal carotid artery that delivers blood to the eye. Together with the opthalmic vein, it forms a double ring encircling the eye and retina. It enters the eye obliquely by crossing over the ophthalmic vein and the internal jugular vein. UBERON:0001619 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000368 ophthalmic artery A branch of the internal carotid artery that delivers blood to the eye. Together with the opthalmic vein, it forms a double ring encircling the eye and retina. It enters the eye obliquely by crossing over the ophthalmic vein and the internal jugular vein. PMID:12606281 One of three branches of the internal carotid artery, it supplies the mouth region. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000369 anterior palatine artery One of three branches of the internal carotid artery, it supplies the mouth region. PMID:12606281 The artery that supplies the network of blood vessels (the mesentry) to the large intestine. UBERON:0005616 posterior mesenteric artery xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000370 arteria mesenterica posterior The artery that supplies the network of blood vessels (the mesentry) to the large intestine. ISBN:0070179778 The rightmost of the two bilaterally symmetrical lymph hearts that can be seen adjacent to somites 3 and 4 by NF stage 40, and can be seen beating by NF stage 43. Lymph hearts are pulsatile organs, present in lower vertebrates, that function to propel lymph into the venous system. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000371 right lymph heart The rightmost of the two bilaterally symmetrical lymph hearts that can be seen adjacent to somites 3 and 4 by NF stage 40, and can be seen beating by NF stage 43. Lymph hearts are pulsatile organs, present in lower vertebrates, that function to propel lymph into the venous system. PMID:12606281 PMID:20067786 The leftmost of the two lymph hearts, pulsatile organs that are present in lower vertebrates and function to propel lymph into the venous system. Two bilaterally symmetrical lymph hearts can be seen adjacent to the somites 3 and 4 by NF stage 40, and can be seen beating by NF stage 43. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000372 left lymph heart The leftmost of the two lymph hearts, pulsatile organs that are present in lower vertebrates and function to propel lymph into the venous system. Two bilaterally symmetrical lymph hearts can be seen adjacent to the somites 3 and 4 by NF stage 40, and can be seen beating by NF stage 43. PMID:12606281 PMID:20067786 Bilaterally paired longitudinal vein; the anterior cardinal returns blood from the head, and the posterior cardinal returns it from the trunk; these two vessels join together on each side as the common cardinal vein, also known as the duct of Cuvier that leads to the heart's sinus venosus. UBERON:0002064 xenopus_anatomy common cardinal vein XAO:0000373 duct of Cuvier Bilaterally paired longitudinal vein; the anterior cardinal returns blood from the head, and the posterior cardinal returns it from the trunk; these two vessels join together on each side as the common cardinal vein, also known as the duct of Cuvier that leads to the heart's sinus venosus. ZFA:0000186 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Large subdermal lymph-containing space located dorsally near the last vertebrae. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000374 dorsal lymph space Large subdermal lymph-containing space located dorsally near the last vertebrae. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A vessel that contains or conveys lymph. UBERON:0001473 xenopus_anatomy lymphatic vessel XAO:0000375 lymph vessel A vessel that contains or conveys lymph. AAO:0011005 Any of the veins in the embryo that return blood from the yolk sac to the heart or later to the portal vein. UBERON:0005487 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000376 omphalomesenteric vein Any of the veins in the embryo that return blood from the yolk sac to the heart or later to the portal vein. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/omphalomesenteric+vein The smallest of the blood vessels, parts of the microcirculation, of the liver. liver capillary xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000377 capillary system of liver The smallest of the blood vessels, parts of the microcirculation, of the liver. Xenbase:Staff Ventrolateral component of the external jugular vein. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000378 musculoabdominal vein Ventrolateral component of the external jugular vein. PMID:12606281 One of the bilateral pairs of vessels clearly seen on the ventral surface of the head, running between the heart and the tip of the jaw, and draining the filter apparatus. This vein is more developed by NF stage 45, when it crosses the head dorsolaterally to drain into the Duct of Cuvier and pronephric sinus. UBERON:0001101 external jugular xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000379 external jugular vein One of the bilateral pairs of vessels clearly seen on the ventral surface of the head, running between the heart and the tip of the jaw, and draining the filter apparatus. This vein is more developed by NF stage 45, when it crosses the head dorsolaterally to drain into the Duct of Cuvier and pronephric sinus. PMID:12606281 Vein that first appears as disconnected portions lateral to the Wolffian ducts at NF stage 44, gradually becoming continuous. They come into communication with the medial postcardinals at the kidney sinus. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000380 lateral postcardinal vein Vein that first appears as disconnected portions lateral to the Wolffian ducts at NF stage 44, gradually becoming continuous. They come into communication with the medial postcardinals at the kidney sinus. ISBN:0815318960 Sinus that surrounds the mesonephric tubules and puts lateral and medial postcardinal veins into communication with each other. UBERON:0006196 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000381 mesonephric sinus Sinus that surrounds the mesonephric tubules and puts lateral and medial postcardinal veins into communication with each other. ISBN:0815318960 The main dorsal head vein, it drains into the Duct of Cuvier, and collects blood from the dorsal jaw region, cerebral veins, the ophthalmic vein and the short pharyngeal vein. It forms loop around the olfactory bulb by NF stage 43. UBERON:0001586 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000382 internal jugular vein The main dorsal head vein, it drains into the Duct of Cuvier, and collects blood from the dorsal jaw region, cerebral veins, the ophthalmic vein and the short pharyngeal vein. It forms loop around the olfactory bulb by NF stage 43. PMID:12606281 Vein that returns blood from the dorsal head and drains into the duct of Cuvier via the pronephric sinus. UBERON:0003087 ACV xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000383 anterior cardinal vein Vein that returns blood from the dorsal head and drains into the duct of Cuvier via the pronephric sinus. PMID:12606281 Vein that gives rise to the interrenal vein and pronephric sinus. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000384 medial cardinal vein Vein that gives rise to the interrenal vein and pronephric sinus. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A system of vessels that initially swell from where the anterior and posterior cardinal veins meet before draining into the heart via the duct of Cuvier at NF stage 33 and 34, and then continue to narrow and fold into a characteristic S-shape by NF stage 37 and 38. It continues to loop on itself, at first a loose, then a dense knot of many vessels by NF stage 45. UBERON:0006174 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000385 pronephric sinus A system of vessels that initially swell from where the anterior and posterior cardinal veins meet before draining into the heart via the duct of Cuvier at NF stage 33 and 34, and then continue to narrow and fold into a characteristic S-shape by NF stage 37 and 38. It continues to loop on itself, at first a loose, then a dense knot of many vessels by NF stage 45. PMID:12606281 Vein formed from fusion of the posterior cardinal veins and that extends caudally. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000386 interrenal vein Vein formed from fusion of the posterior cardinal veins and that extends caudally. ISBN:0226557626 Vein that carries blood away from the liver. UBERON:0001143 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000387 hepatic vein Vein that carries blood away from the liver. ZFA:0000670 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Vein that carries de-oxygenated blood from the posterior part of the body to the sinus venosus. UBERON:0001072 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000388 posterior vena cava Vein that carries de-oxygenated blood from the posterior part of the body to the sinus venosus. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 One of the veins of the alimentary system. The subintestinal vein is on the right side of the gut and drains the gastric vein on its right side by NF stage 43. The gastric veins carry blood low in oxygen from the surface of the stomach, draining into the left omphalomesenteric vein. UBERON:0004450 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000389 gastric vein One of the veins of the alimentary system. The subintestinal vein is on the right side of the gut and drains the gastric vein on its right side by NF stage 43. The gastric veins carry blood low in oxygen from the surface of the stomach, draining into the left omphalomesenteric vein. ISBN:0226557634 PMID:12606281 Vein in the tail returning blood from the trunk and tail to the heart, leading directly into the posterior cardinal vein in the posterior trunk. UBERON:0003088 CV xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000390 caudal vein Vein in the tail returning blood from the trunk and tail to the heart, leading directly into the posterior cardinal vein in the posterior trunk. Xenbase:Staff Vein that carries away fluid in the interstitial spaces. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000391 subinterstitial vein Vein that carries away fluid in the interstitial spaces. Xenbase:Staff Vein that starts in capillaries of the alimentary canal and ends in capillaries of the liver. UBERON:0002017 xenopus_anatomy portal vein XAO:0000392 hepatic portal vein Vein that starts in capillaries of the alimentary canal and ends in capillaries of the liver. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Vein in the tail returning blood from the tail to the heart. UBERON:0003481 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000393 tail vein Vein in the tail returning blood from the tail to the heart. ZFA:0000180 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Any of the veins that collect blood from the lungs and some small vesicles received from the esophagus. UBERON:0002016 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000394 pulmonary vein Any of the veins that collect blood from the lungs and some small vesicles received from the esophagus. AAO:0010521 Vein in the posterior region that drains the ventral abdominal wall. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000395 medial abdominal vein Vein in the posterior region that drains the ventral abdominal wall. ISBN:0815318960 Transient occipital somite that exists from NF stages 17 to 26 only. somite W xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000396 head somite 1 Transient occipital somite that exists from NF stages 17 to 26 only. Xenbase:Staff somite W PMID:2769206 Somitic compartment that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. UBERON:0003089 xenopus_anatomy sclerotomes XAO:0000397 sclerotome Somitic compartment that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. Xenbase:Staff sclerotomes An elongated fibroblast type cell, the cytoplasm of which is stretched between the collagen fibres of the tendon. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000399 tendon fibroblast An elongated fibroblast type cell, the cytoplasm of which is stretched between the collagen fibres of the tendon. Wikipedia:Tendon_cell Sclerotome cells of the cartilage fate. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000401 sclerotomal cartilage Sclerotome cells of the cartilage fate. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Transient occipital somite that exists from NF stages 18 to 29 only. somite X xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000403 head somite 2 Transient occipital somite that exists from NF stages 18 to 29 only. Xenbase:Staff somite X PMID:2769206 Transient occipital somite that exists from NF stages 18 to 29/30 only. somite Y xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000404 head somite 3 Transient occipital somite that exists from NF stages 18 to 29/30 only. Xenbase:Staff somite Y PMID:2769206 Transient occipital somite that exists from NF stages 19 to late 30's. somite Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000405 head somite 4 Transient occipital somite that exists from NF stages 19 to late 30's. Xenbase:Staff somite Z PMID:2769206 Trunk somite that is initially the fifth somite, first forming around NF stage 19 and becoming more anteriorly positioned as the head somites degenerate. It is the most anterior somite by NF stage 45 and is adjacent to the otic vesicle. somite 1 xenopus_anatomy fifth somite XAO:0000406 trunk somite 1 Trunk somite that is initially the fifth somite, first forming around NF stage 19 and becoming more anteriorly positioned as the head somites degenerate. It is the most anterior somite by NF stage 45 and is adjacent to the otic vesicle. ISBN:0815318960 Trunk somite that is initially the sixth somite and later becomes the secondmost anterior somite. somite 2 xenopus_anatomy sixth somite XAO:0000407 trunk somite 2 Trunk somite that is initially the sixth somite and later becomes the secondmost anterior somite. ISBN:0815318960 The 1st somite located posterior to the head. somite 3 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000408 trunk somite 3 The 1st somite located posterior to the head. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The 2nd somite located posterior to the head. somite 4 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000409 trunk somite 4 The 2nd somite located posterior to the head. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The 3rd somite located posterior to the head. somite 5 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000410 trunk somite 5 The 3rd somite located posterior to the head. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The 4th somite located posterior to the head. somite 6 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000411 trunk somite 6 The 4th somite located posterior to the head. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The 5th somite located posterior to the head. somite 7 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000412 trunk somite 7 The 5th somite located posterior to the head. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Mesenchymal cells that break from the sclerotome. Such cells migrate from the somite to surround the notochord. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000414 sclerotomal mesenchyme Mesenchymal cells that break from the sclerotome. Such cells migrate from the somite to surround the notochord. ISBN:0123190606 Mesenchymal covering surrounding the notochord, derived from sclerotomal mesenchyme. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000415 notochordal sheath Mesenchymal covering surrounding the notochord, derived from sclerotomal mesenchyme. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The 6th somite located posterior to the head. somite 8 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000416 trunk somite 8 The 6th somite located posterior to the head. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The 7th somite located posterior to the head. somite 9 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000417 trunk somite 9 The 7th somite located posterior to the head. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The 8th somite located posterior to the head. somite 10 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000418 trunk somite 10 The 8th somite located posterior to the head. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The 9th somite located posterior to the head. somite 11 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000419 trunk somite 11 The 9th somite located posterior to the head. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The 10th somite located posterior to the head. somite 12 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000420 trunk somite 12 The 10th somite located posterior to the head. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The 11th somite located posterior to the head. somite 13 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000421 trunk somite 13 The 11th somite located posterior to the head. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The 12th somite located posterior to the head. This somite is resorbed at metamorphosis. somite 14 trunk somite 14 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000422 tail somite 14 The 12th somite located posterior to the head. This somite is resorbed at metamorphosis. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The 13th somite located posterior to the head. This somite is resorbed at metamorphosis. somite 15 trunk somite 15 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000423 tail somite 15 The 13th somite located posterior to the head. This somite is resorbed at metamorphosis. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The 14th somite located posterior to the head. This somite forms at NF stage 28, by which time head somite 1 has degenerated, and it is resorbed at metamorphosis. somite 16 trunk somite 16 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000424 tail somite 16 The 14th somite located posterior to the head. This somite forms at NF stage 28, by which time head somite 1 has degenerated, and it is resorbed at metamorphosis. Xenbase:Staff The 15th somite located posterior to the head. This somite is resorbed at metamorphosis. somite 17 trunk somite 17 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000425 tail somite 17 The 15th somite located posterior to the head. This somite is resorbed at metamorphosis. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Cranial nerve that supplies the nasal organ. It leaves the olfactory lobe, passes through the fenestra olfactoria into the nasal capsule, and there divides into the ramus profundus and ramus dorsalis. UBERON:0001579 cranial nerve I xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000426 olfactory nerve Cranial nerve that supplies the nasal organ. It leaves the olfactory lobe, passes through the fenestra olfactoria into the nasal capsule, and there divides into the ramus profundus and ramus dorsalis. ISBN:0471209627 ISBN:080184780X Sensory ganglion of the trigeminal nerve. UBERON:0001675 xenopus_anatomy gasserian ganglia XAO:0000427 gasserian ganglion Sensory ganglion of the trigeminal nerve. Wikipedia:Trigeminal_ganglion gasserian ganglia A prominent collection of touch-sensory neurons of the trigeminal or fifth cranial nerve, positioned beside the brain between the eye and the ear. UBERON:0001675 xenopus_anatomy trigeminal ganglia trigeminus ganglion XAO:0000428 trigeminal ganglion A prominent collection of touch-sensory neurons of the trigeminal or fifth cranial nerve, positioned beside the brain between the eye and the ear. UBERON:0001675 trigeminal ganglia Any of the major paired nerves of the head or cephalic region. Twelve pairs of cranial nerves exit/enter the cranium through openings in the skull. The nerves contain efferent axons with motor and glandular functions, as well as afferent axons from cranial ganglia with sensory functions. They are numbered in a rostral to caudal sequence, with the exception of the lateral line nerves. XAO:0003089 UBERON:0001785 xenopus_anatomy cephalic nerve cranial nerves XAO:0000429 cranial nerve Any of the major paired nerves of the head or cephalic region. Twelve pairs of cranial nerves exit/enter the cranium through openings in the skull. The nerves contain efferent axons with motor and glandular functions, as well as afferent axons from cranial ganglia with sensory functions. They are numbered in a rostral to caudal sequence, with the exception of the lateral line nerves. Xenbase:Staff A depression in the roof of the developing mouth in front of the buccopharyngeal membrane. It gives rise to the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis), a part of the endocrine system. UBERON:0005356 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000430 Rathke's pouch A depression in the roof of the developing mouth in front of the buccopharyngeal membrane. It gives rise to the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis), a part of the endocrine system. UBERON:0005356 Each of a set of hard, bony enamel-coated structures in the jaws, used for biting. dentition UBERON:0001091 xenopus_anatomy teeth XAO:0000431 tooth Each of a set of hard, bony enamel-coated structures in the jaws, used for biting. AEO:0000220 teeth Xenopus developmental stage that corresponds to the end of the animal's life. UBERON:0000071 xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:0000437 death Xenopus developmental stage that corresponds to the end of the animal's life. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The structure that enables tadpoles, which are suspension feeders, to trap food particles. The palatoquadrate, ceratohyal and the connecting muscles are responsible for the irrigation and ventilation of the filter apparatus. filter apparatus peribranchial chamber xenopus_anatomy coelom coelomic filter chamber XAO:0000439 filter chamber The structure that enables tadpoles, which are suspension feeders, to trap food particles. The palatoquadrate, ceratohyal and the connecting muscles are responsible for the irrigation and ventilation of the filter apparatus. Xenbase:Staff Thickened placodal areas located anterior and posterior to the otic vesicle. There are 5 distinct lateral line placodes, each giving rise to a single lateral line nerve that will innervate lateral line hair cells and convey information on motion to the adjacent hindbrain. lateral line UBERON:0009128 xenopus_anatomy lateral line placodes XAO:0000440 lateral line placode Thickened placodal areas located anterior and posterior to the otic vesicle. There are 5 distinct lateral line placodes, each giving rise to a single lateral line nerve that will innervate lateral line hair cells and convey information on motion to the adjacent hindbrain. ISBN:0878933840 lateral line placodes Lateral line primordium that migrates ventrad along the posterior and ventral margin of the eye. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000441 infraorbital lateral line primordium Lateral line primordium that migrates ventrad along the posterior and ventral margin of the eye. PMID:2652193 Lateral line situated along the dorsal margin of the eye. UBERON:0003090 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000442 supraorbital lateral line Lateral line situated along the dorsal margin of the eye. PMID:2652193 A lateral line that is present on the trunk of the organism. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000443 trunk lateral line A lateral line that is present on the trunk of the organism. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The initial thyroid precursor, which arises from the ventral aspect of the second pharyngeal pouch. thyroid UBERON:0003091 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000444 thyroid primordium The initial thyroid precursor, which arises from the ventral aspect of the second pharyngeal pouch. UBERON:0003091 The organ used for chemoreception. UBERON:0001727 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000445 taste bud The organ used for chemoreception. AAO:0010573 The movable, muscular organ on the floor of the mouth. UBERON:0001723 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000446 tongue The movable, muscular organ on the floor of the mouth. UBERON:0001723 The most anterior, or first, pharygeal/branchial arch, composed of the mandibular process, forming the posterior border of the stomodeum, and the maxillary process anterior to the stomodeum, containing the first aortic arch. UBERON:0003114 first branchial arch xenopus_anatomy third visceral arch XAO:0000447 branchial arch 1 The most anterior, or first, pharygeal/branchial arch, composed of the mandibular process, forming the posterior border of the stomodeum, and the maxillary process anterior to the stomodeum, containing the first aortic arch. ISBN:0023771100 A swelling from the 3rd visceral arch at NF stage 35 and 36, which co-occurs with a depression between the 3rd and 6th, forming the external gills by NF stage 39. gill UBERON:0008894 xenopus_anatomy external gill anlage XAO:0000448 gill primordium A swelling from the 3rd visceral arch at NF stage 35 and 36, which co-occurs with a depression between the 3rd and 6th, forming the external gills by NF stage 39. Xenbase:Staff The second pharyngeal/branchial arch; it arises as a thickening of the pharygeal wall between the first and second branchial clefts; contains the second aortic arch; forms part of the hyoid bone, tongue and facial musculature. UBERON:0003115 second branchial arch xenopus_anatomy fourth visceral arch XAO:0000449 branchial arch 2 The second pharyngeal/branchial arch; it arises as a thickening of the pharygeal wall between the first and second branchial clefts; contains the second aortic arch; forms part of the hyoid bone, tongue and facial musculature. ISBN:0023771100 The third in a series of paired bars in the wall of the pharynx, within which are formed the third aortic arch and the cartilage bar of the visceral skeleton, and forms and supports the gills. UBERON:0003116 third branchial arch xenopus_anatomy fifth visceral arch XAO:0000451 branchial arch 3 The third in a series of paired bars in the wall of the pharynx, within which are formed the third aortic arch and the cartilage bar of the visceral skeleton, and forms and supports the gills. ISBN:0023771100 Anatomical structure that includes small, calcitonin producing glands originating as epithelial growths from the sixth pharyngeal pouch. UBERON:0003092 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000452 ultimobranchial body Anatomical structure that includes small, calcitonin producing glands originating as epithelial growths from the sixth pharyngeal pouch. AAO:0010547 The fourth in a series of paired bars in the wall of the pharynx, within which are formed the fourth aortic arch and the cartilage bar of the visceral skeleton; forms and supports the gills. UBERON:0003117 fourth branchial arch xenopus_anatomy sixth visceral arch XAO:0000453 branchial arch 4 The fourth in a series of paired bars in the wall of the pharynx, within which are formed the fourth aortic arch and the cartilage bar of the visceral skeleton; forms and supports the gills. ISBN:0023771100 The functional units of the liver including the lobules. UBERON:0001280 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000454 liver parenchyme The functional units of the liver including the lobules. UBERON:0001280 Hollow tree organ, the organ parts of which consist of the bile ducts. UBERON:0001173 xenopus_anatomy biliary tract XAO:0000455 biliary tree Hollow tree organ, the organ parts of which consist of the bile ducts. UBERON:0001173 Sphincter muscle that is part of the pyloric region of the stomach. UBERON:0001202 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000457 pyloric sphincter Sphincter muscle that is part of the pyloric region of the stomach. UBERON:0001202 A short lateral line that extends from the ear in a posterior-dorsal direction. UBERON:0003093 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000458 occipital lateral line A short lateral line that extends from the ear in a posterior-dorsal direction. PMID:2652193 Lateral line situated along the posterior and ventral margin of the eye. UBERON:0003094 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000459 infraorbital lateral line Lateral line situated along the posterior and ventral margin of the eye. PMID:2652193 Lateral line complex that radiates on the ventral side of the head from a point between the eye and the base of the larval tentacle. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000460 hyomandibular lateral line Lateral line complex that radiates on the ventral side of the head from a point between the eye and the base of the larval tentacle. PMID:2652193 Thickened plate of ectoderm that contributes to the formation of the dorsal, middle, or ventral lateral line. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000461 trunk placode Thickened plate of ectoderm that contributes to the formation of the dorsal, middle, or ventral lateral line. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The dorsal-most part of the sensory system on the surface of the tadpole consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the tadpole through the water, as well as facilitating schooling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. UBERON:0003095 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000462 dorsal lateral line The dorsal-most part of the sensory system on the surface of the tadpole consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the tadpole through the water, as well as facilitating schooling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. Xenbase:Staff A lateral line that extends from the ear in a posterior direction between the upper and lower lateral lines. UBERON:0003096 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000463 middle lateral line A lateral line that extends from the ear in a posterior direction between the upper and lower lateral lines. PMID:2652193 Ventrally located lateral line that runs over the abdomen. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000464 ventral lateral line Ventrally located lateral line that runs over the abdomen. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Cranial nerve of the caudal lateral line that enters the brain between cranial nerves VIII and IX; contains afferents and sensory efferents to the posterior lateral line ganglion and middle ganglion. Fibers from the posterior lateral line ganglion innervate the occipital dorsal lateral line and trunk lateral lines. UBERON:0006334 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000465 caudal lateral line Cranial nerve of the caudal lateral line that enters the brain between cranial nerves VIII and IX; contains afferents and sensory efferents to the posterior lateral line ganglion and middle ganglion. Fibers from the posterior lateral line ganglion innervate the occipital dorsal lateral line and trunk lateral lines. Xenbase:Staff The pancreatic bud that gives rise to the accessory pancreatic duct. pancreas UBERON:0003923 primary pancreatic bud xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000467 dorsal pancreatic bud The pancreatic bud that gives rise to the accessory pancreatic duct. Xenbase:Staff The dorsal part of the tail fin. UBERON:0003097 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000469 dorsal tail fin The dorsal part of the tail fin. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Any of the large number of glands of the larval skin, particularly common in the fins and adjacent skin of the trunk; also formed in the former frontal gland area on the upper jaw. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000470 unicellular gland Any of the large number of glands of the larval skin, particularly common in the fins and adjacent skin of the trunk; also formed in the former frontal gland area on the upper jaw. ISBN:0815318960 A cell type that is derived from the neural crest and gives pigmentation to skin cells. Their predominantly red-yellow hue depends on the pattern of fat-soluble carotenoids (obtained from the diet) and pteridines (synthesized from the cell). They are rarely found in pre-metamorphic larvae. CL:0000430 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000471 xanthophore A cell type that is derived from the neural crest and gives pigmentation to skin cells. Their predominantly red-yellow hue depends on the pattern of fat-soluble carotenoids (obtained from the diet) and pteridines (synthesized from the cell). They are rarely found in pre-metamorphic larvae. Xenbase:Staff A pigment cell that is derived from the neural crest and gives silver, gold, or iridescent color to skin cells, classified based on their iridescent hue which arises from purine-containing reflecting platelets called iridisomes. CL:0000431 xenopus_anatomy guanophore XAO:0000472 iridophore A pigment cell that is derived from the neural crest and gives silver, gold, or iridescent color to skin cells, classified based on their iridescent hue which arises from purine-containing reflecting platelets called iridisomes. Xenbase:Staff Part of the eye that forms during the transition from optic vesicle to optic cup as a groove at the lateroventral edge of the optic vesicle, which expands medially. The ventral edges of the optic vesicle then wrap around the fissure and fuse with one another, ultimately leading to a channel through which blood vessels and optic nerve fibres pass. UBERON:0005412 xenopus_anatomy optic fissure ventral choroidal fissure XAO:0000474 choroid fissure Part of the eye that forms during the transition from optic vesicle to optic cup as a groove at the lateroventral edge of the optic vesicle, which expands medially. The ventral edges of the optic vesicle then wrap around the fissure and fuse with one another, ultimately leading to a channel through which blood vessels and optic nerve fibres pass. PMID:24478172 Neural tissue comprising the proximal part of either of the optic vesicles as they project towards the sides of the head; it remains narrow and constitutes the optic stalk (the peripheral part of each expands to form a hollow bulb). UBERON:0003098 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000475 optic stalk Neural tissue comprising the proximal part of either of the optic vesicles as they project towards the sides of the head; it remains narrow and constitutes the optic stalk (the peripheral part of each expands to form a hollow bulb). UBERON:0003098 Xenbase:Staff The most anterior of 5 distinct and partially overlapping functional domains of the premigratory neural crest, which are intially part of the neural epithelium. CNC cells migrate through the extracelluar matrix in 4 highly conserved streams: the mandibular crest, hyoid crest, anterior branchial crest and the posterior branchial crest. UBERON:0003099 CNC xenopus_anatomy cephalic neural crest head crest XAO:0001001 cranial neural crest The most anterior of 5 distinct and partially overlapping functional domains of the premigratory neural crest, which are intially part of the neural epithelium. CNC cells migrate through the extracelluar matrix in 4 highly conserved streams: the mandibular crest, hyoid crest, anterior branchial crest and the posterior branchial crest. Xenbase:Staff Anterior endoderm that develops into the lung buds, and in turn, the lungs. A pair of lateral diverticula just over the liver rudiment is formed by the floor of the foregut just anterior to the liver diverticulum. lung UBERON:0005597 xenopus_anatomy lateral diverticula XAO:0001002 lung primordium Anterior endoderm that develops into the lung buds, and in turn, the lungs. A pair of lateral diverticula just over the liver rudiment is formed by the floor of the foregut just anterior to the liver diverticulum. ISBN:0815318960 Xenbase:Staff Anatomical system that has as its parts the blood and lymph vessels. UBERON:0004535 vascular system xenopus_anatomy XAO:0001010 circulatory system Anatomical system that has as its parts the blood and lymph vessels. Xenbase:Staff Any of the vessels through which blood circulates in the body. UBERON:0001981 xenopus_anatomy blood vessels vasculature XAO:0001011 blood vessel Any of the vessels through which blood circulates in the body. BTO:0001102 blood vessels Structure that is part of the pineal system, is located in the skin on the dorsal surface of the head, and is exposed continuously to ambient illumination. xenopus_anatomy frontal organ XAO:0001012 Stirnorgan Structure that is part of the pineal system, is located in the skin on the dorsal surface of the head, and is exposed continuously to ambient illumination. DOI:10.1007/BF00663609 Muscle tissue forming the facial muscles, a group of striated muscles innervated by the facial nerves. UBERON:0001577 facial muscle facial muscles xenopus_anatomy XAO:0001013 musculature of face Muscle tissue forming the facial muscles, a group of striated muscles innervated by the facial nerves. Xenbase:Staff facial muscles A pigment cell that is derived from the neural crest, contains melanin (a brownish-black pigment), and is patchily distributed in the epidermis of the tadpole. CL:0000148 xenopus_anatomy melanocyte XAO:0001014 General convention refers to "melanophores" in lower vertebrates and "melonocytes" in amniotes but there is little if any difference between cell types. melanophore A pigment cell that is derived from the neural crest, contains melanin (a brownish-black pigment), and is patchily distributed in the epidermis of the tadpole. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 Paired outgrowths of the cloaca that link the pronephric ducts to the exterior of the organism. UBERON:0006172 xenopus_anatomy rectal diverticula XAO:0001015 rectal diverticulum Paired outgrowths of the cloaca that link the pronephric ducts to the exterior of the organism. UBERON:0006172 Xenbase:Staff rectal diverticula The myoblast that forms the muscles of the anterior abdominal walls. xenopus_anatomy abdominal musculature XAO:0001016 abdominal myoblast The myoblast that forms the muscles of the anterior abdominal walls. AAO:0010314 Portion of tissue that consists of mesodermally derived cells and intercellular matrix composed of protein fibers and carbohydrates, which supports, ensheathes and binds together other tissues. UBERON:0002384 portion of connective tissue xenopus_anatomy XAO:0001017 connective tissue Portion of tissue that consists of mesodermally derived cells and intercellular matrix composed of protein fibers and carbohydrates, which supports, ensheathes and binds together other tissues. ZFA:0001632 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The protrusion of mesenchymal tissue of the anterior cardinal vein which forms lymph sacs. xenopus_anatomy rostral lymph sac XAO:0001018 anterior lymph sac The protrusion of mesenchymal tissue of the anterior cardinal vein which forms lymph sacs. PMID:17062017 Inward fold on the surface of the embryonic ectoderm that develops into the common cloacal passage. The most posterior section of the larval alimentary system. UBERON:0000931 proctodaeum xenopus_anatomy anus anus porus vent XAO:0001019 proctodeum Inward fold on the surface of the embryonic ectoderm that develops into the common cloacal passage. The most posterior section of the larval alimentary system. Xenbase:Staff ZFA:0000066 Notochordal membrane covering derived from notochordal epithelium. Its first indication is at NF stage 24, and it is a distinct membrane by NF stage 28. UBERON:0013655 xenopus_anatomy notochordal sheath XAO:0001020 elastica externa Notochordal membrane covering derived from notochordal epithelium. Its first indication is at NF stage 24, and it is a distinct membrane by NF stage 28. ISBN:0815318960 Outer layer of cells of the differentiating notochord, which give rise to the elastica externa and interna. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0001021 notochordal epithelium Outer layer of cells of the differentiating notochord, which give rise to the elastica externa and interna. DOI:10.1242/dev.1.4.411 One of two pancreatic primordia that give rise to a ventral pancreatic bud. pancreas UBERON:0003921 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0001101 first pancreatic bud One of two pancreatic primordia that give rise to a ventral pancreatic bud. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Second of two pancreatic primordia that give rise to a ventral pancreatic bud. pancreas xenopus_anatomy XAO:0001102 second pancreatic bud Second of two pancreatic primordia that give rise to a ventral pancreatic bud. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Either of the two ventral pancreas rudiments that join and fuse with the right end of the dorsal pancreatic rudiment. pancreas UBERON:0003924 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0001103 ventral pancreatic bud Either of the two ventral pancreas rudiments that join and fuse with the right end of the dorsal pancreatic rudiment. ISBN:0815318960 Transient embryonic organ that serves as a kidney, providing osmoregulation during early developmental stages, and then degenerates during metamorphosis (starting at NF stage 53) as the mesonephric kidney develops and becomes functional. UBERON:0002120 xenopus_anatomy head kidney pronephros vorniere XAO:0002000 pronephric kidney Transient embryonic organ that serves as a kidney, providing osmoregulation during early developmental stages, and then degenerates during metamorphosis (starting at NF stage 53) as the mesonephric kidney develops and becomes functional. Xenbase:Staff Material anatomical entity that has inherent 3D shape and is generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome. CARO:0000003 UBERON:0000061 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003000 anatomical structure Material anatomical entity that has inherent 3D shape and is generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome. CARO:0000003 Anatomical structure consisting of at least two non-overlapping organs, multi-tissue aggregates or portion of tissues or cells of different types that does not constitute an organism, organ, multi-tissue aggregate, or portion of tissue. CARO:0000054 UBERON:0000480 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003001 anatomical group Anatomical structure consisting of at least two non-overlapping organs, multi-tissue aggregates or portion of tissues or cells of different types that does not constitute an organism, organ, multi-tissue aggregate, or portion of tissue. CARO:0000054 Anatomical group that has as its parts distinct anatomical structures interconnected by anatomical structures at a lower level of granularity. CARO:0000011 UBERON:0000467 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003002 anatomical system Anatomical group that has as its parts distinct anatomical structures interconnected by anatomical structures at a lower level of granularity. CARO:0000011 Unspecified Xenopus anatomical entity. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003003 unspecified Unspecified Xenopus anatomical entity. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Anatomical structure that is an individual member of Xenopus laevis. ubiquitous CARO:0000012 UBERON:0000468 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003004 whole organism Anatomical structure that is an individual member of Xenopus laevis. CARO:0000012 Gonochoristic organism that can produce female gametes. CARO:0000028 UBERON:0003100 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003005 female organism Gonochoristic organism that can produce female gametes. CARO:0000028 Gonochoristic organism that can produce male gametes. CARO:0000027 UBERON:0003101 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003006 male organism Gonochoristic organism that can produce male gametes. CARO:0000027 An experimentally manipulated tissue or portion of the developing embryo, that can be culture alone (in vitro). xenopus_anatomy_in_vitro XAO:0003007 anatomical entity in vitro An experimentally manipulated tissue or portion of the developing embryo, that can be culture alone (in vitro). Xenbase:Staff Ectoderm section that has been dissected from the embryo, and treated with activin, and maintained in vitro. xenopus_anatomy_in_vitro XAO:0003008 activin-induced ectoderm Ectoderm section that has been dissected from the embryo, and treated with activin, and maintained in vitro. PMID:14061885 NF stage 8 ectoderm of Xenopus laevis embryos that have been cut and disaggregated. The cells have been treated with activin at a concentration to induce endodermal tissue. Afterwards the reaggregated cells have been cultured until control sibling embryos reach stage 12/13. xenopus_anatomy_in_vitro XAO:0003009 disaggregated/reaggregated ectoderm treated with activin NF stage 8 ectoderm of Xenopus laevis embryos that have been cut and disaggregated. The cells have been treated with activin at a concentration to induce endodermal tissue. Afterwards the reaggregated cells have been cultured until control sibling embryos reach stage 12/13. NCBI:UniGene https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The main artery of the circulatory system which carries oxygenated blood from the heart to all the arteries of the body except those of the lungs. UBERON:0000947 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003010 aorta The main artery of the circulatory system which carries oxygenated blood from the heart to all the arteries of the body except those of the lungs. AAO:0010213 A layer of cells produced during the process of gastrulation during the early development of the embryo, which is distinct from other such layers of cells, as an early step of cell differentiation. The types of germ layers are the endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm. UBERON:0000923 xenopus_anatomy embryonic germ layer germ layer XAO:0003011 primary germ layer A layer of cells produced during the process of gastrulation during the early development of the embryo, which is distinct from other such layers of cells, as an early step of cell differentiation. The types of germ layers are the endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm. BTO:0000556 Anatomical structure that has as its parts a maximally connected cell compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane. CARO:0000013 CL:0000000 GO:0005623 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003012 cell Anatomical structure that has as its parts a maximally connected cell compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane. CARO:0000000 Anatomical structure that is a primary subdivision of the whole organism. CARO:0000032 UBERON:0000475 xenopus_anatomy body part XAO:0003013 organism subdivision Anatomical structure that is a primary subdivision of the whole organism. CARO:0000032 Cell type that contains a deposition of coloring matter, the first of which differentiate during late tailbud stage, and that by NF stage 56 has produced a fully differentiated larval pigmentation pattern. CL:0000147 xenopus_anatomy chromatophore XAO:0003014 pigment cell Cell type that contains a deposition of coloring matter, the first of which differentiate during late tailbud stage, and that by NF stage 56 has produced a fully differentiated larval pigmentation pattern. ISBN:0815318960 http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/pigment+cell Embryonic (precursor) cell of the myogenic lineage that develops from the mesoderm. CL:0000056 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003015 myoblast Embryonic (precursor) cell of the myogenic lineage that develops from the mesoderm. CL:0000056 An undifferentiated cell produced by early cleavages of the fertilized egg (zygote). XAO:0003243 CL:0000353 blastoderm cell xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003016 blastomere An undifferentiated cell produced by early cleavages of the fertilized egg (zygote). CL:0000353 A connective tissue cell that secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. CL:0000057 xenopus_anatomy keratocyte XAO:0003017 fibroblast A connective tissue cell that secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. CL:0000057 A germ cell that is a primordial spermatocyte in a male and that develops into secondary spermatogonia by mitotic division. xenopus_anatomy primary spermatogonia XAO:0003018 primary spermatogonium A germ cell that is a primordial spermatocyte in a male and that develops into secondary spermatogonia by mitotic division. ISSN:0289-0003 primary spermatogonia The developing male gamete. CL:0000017 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003019 spermatocyte The developing male gamete. Xenbase:Staff A type of germ cell that results from the mitotic division of a primary spermatogonium. xenopus_anatomy secondary spermatogonia XAO:0003020 secondary spermatogonium A type of germ cell that results from the mitotic division of a primary spermatogonium. ISSN:0289-0003 secondary spermatogonia XAO:0005018 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003021 obsolete spinal cord neuron true Type of neuron that is a primary mechanosensory cell, with peripheral neurites innervating the skin with free nerve endings. It first appears in trunk levels at NF stage 33/34, and at NF stage 35/36 has somas that are the largest in the spinal cord. It forms a nearly continuous double row of cells along the cord's medial dorsal surface and contributes ascending and descending axons to the dorsal tract. It appears well back in the tail by NF stage 39, begins to decline at NF stage 50 and is few in number, with pycnotic nuclei, at NF stage 55. CL:0000247 xenopus_anatomy Rohon Beard cell XAO:0003022 Rohon-Beard neuron Type of neuron that is a primary mechanosensory cell, with peripheral neurites innervating the skin with free nerve endings. It first appears in trunk levels at NF stage 33/34, and at NF stage 35/36 has somas that are the largest in the spinal cord. It forms a nearly continuous double row of cells along the cord's medial dorsal surface and contributes ascending and descending axons to the dorsal tract. It appears well back in the tail by NF stage 39, begins to decline at NF stage 50 and is few in number, with pycnotic nuclei, at NF stage 55. ISBN:0815318960 PMID:17506218 Cell that is the basic unit of nervous tissue, each consisting of a body, an axon, and dendrites, and the purpose of which is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. CL:0000540 xenopus_anatomy nerve cell XAO:0003023 neuron Cell that is the basic unit of nervous tissue, each consisting of a body, an axon, and dendrites, and the purpose of which is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. CL:0000540 Organism subdivision that is the part of the body consisting of the cranial and pharyngeal regions. UBERON:0000033 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003024 head Organism subdivision that is the part of the body consisting of the cranial and pharyngeal regions. AAO:0010335 Organism subdivision that is the part of the body posterior to the head and anterior to the tail. UBERON:0002100 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003025 trunk Organism subdivision that is the part of the body posterior to the head and anterior to the tail. ZFA:0001115 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Organism subdivision that is the terminal, flexible posterior appendage of the larva. It is resorbed during metamorphosis beginning with degeneration of the notochord's distal tip at NF stage 61, followed by degeneration gradually extending to its more proximal regions and reaching its proximal end by NF stage 62. By NF stage 66 it exists only as a small dorsal swelling. UBERON:0007812 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003026 tail Organism subdivision that is the terminal, flexible posterior appendage of the larva. It is resorbed during metamorphosis beginning with degeneration of the notochord's distal tip at NF stage 61, followed by degeneration gradually extending to its more proximal regions and reaching its proximal end by NF stage 62. By NF stage 66 it exists only as a small dorsal swelling. ISBN:0471209627 Wikipedia:Tail Organism subdivision that has as its parts the jointed appendages used for locomotion and manipulation. UBERON:0002101 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003027 limb Organism subdivision that has as its parts the jointed appendages used for locomotion and manipulation. Xenbase:Staff Organism subdivision that is the collection of anatomical structures on the body surface. UBERON:0003102 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003028 surface structure Organism subdivision that is the collection of anatomical structures on the body surface. ZFA:0000292 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Cavity in which food is initially ingested and generally contains teeth, tongue and glands. UBERON:0000165 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003029 mouth Cavity in which food is initially ingested and generally contains teeth, tongue and glands. AAO:0010355 One of the pair of limbs that are situated anteriorly, develop in sacs that separate them from the gill chamber, are well-defined buds by NF stage 48, are innervated by NF stage 51, and are ossified by NF stage 59. UBERON:0002102 anterior limb fore limb xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003030 forelimb One of the pair of limbs that are situated anteriorly, develop in sacs that separate them from the gill chamber, are well-defined buds by NF stage 48, are innervated by NF stage 51, and are ossified by NF stage 59. BTO:0001729 ISBN:0471209627 One of the pair of limbs that are situated posteriorly, are evident as buds laterally by NF stage 47, and are innervated by NF stage 51. UBERON:0002103 hind limb posterior limb xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003031 hindlimb One of the pair of limbs that are situated posteriorly, are evident as buds laterally by NF stage 47, and are innervated by NF stage 51. ISBN:0471209627 One of several most distal parts of a limb. UBERON:0002544 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003032 digit One of several most distal parts of a limb. UBERON:0002544 Surface structure that provides one of the small external openings of the head that give passage to air for breathing. UBERON:0005928 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003033 nostril Surface structure that provides one of the small external openings of the head that give passage to air for breathing. UBERON:0005928 An internal organ of the body; especially: one (as the heart, liver, or intestine) located in the great cavity of the trunk proper. UBERON:0002075 xenopus_anatomy viscera XAO:0003034 viscus An internal organ of the body; especially: one (as the heart, liver, or intestine) located in the great cavity of the trunk proper. BTO:0001491 viscera Any of the 5 digits that are the most distal parts of a hindlimb, each digit consisting of a single metatarsal, 2-4 phalanges, and a claw. UBERON:0001466 hind digit pedal digit toe xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003035 hindlimb digit Any of the 5 digits that are the most distal parts of a hindlimb, each digit consisting of a single metatarsal, 2-4 phalanges, and a claw. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 Any of the 4 digits that are the most distal part of a forelimb, each digit consisting of a single metatarsal and 2-3 phalanges. Xenopus forelimb digits are numbered 2-5, with no digit number 1. UBERON:0002389 fore digit manual digit xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003036 forelimb digit Any of the 4 digits that are the most distal part of a forelimb, each digit consisting of a single metatarsal and 2-3 phalanges. Xenopus forelimb digits are numbered 2-5, with no digit number 1. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more portions of tissue of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona-fide boundaries from other distinct structural units of different types. CARO:0000055 UBERON:0000481 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003037 multi-tissue structure Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more portions of tissue of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona-fide boundaries from other distinct structural units of different types. CARO:0000055 Multi-tissue structure that is not part of a compound organ. CARO:0000021 UBERON:0000472 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003038 simple organ Multi-tissue structure that is not part of a compound organ. CARO:0000021 Multi-tissue structure that is part of a compound organ. CARO:0000019 UBERON:0000471 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003039 compound organ component Multi-tissue structure that is part of a compound organ. CARO:0000019 Multicellular anatomical structure that consists of many cells of one or a few types, arranged in an extracellular matrix such that their long-range organization is at least partly a repetition of their short-range organization. CARO:0000043 UBERON:0000479 portion of tissue xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003040 tissue Multicellular anatomical structure that consists of many cells of one or a few types, arranged in an extracellular matrix such that their long-range organization is at least partly a repetition of their short-range organization. CARO:0000043 Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more multi-tissue structures of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona fide boundaries from other distinct anatomical structures of different types. CARO:0000024 UBERON:0003103 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003041 compound organ Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more multi-tissue structures of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona fide boundaries from other distinct anatomical structures of different types. CARO:0000024 An anatomical structure that exists only before the organism is fully formed. UBERON:0002050 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003042 embryonic structure An anatomical structure that exists only before the organism is fully formed. BTO:0000174 An embryonic structure that is the rudiment or commencement of a part or organ. UBERON:0001048 xenopus_anatomy primordia XAO:0003043 primordium An embryonic structure that is the rudiment or commencement of a part or organ. UBERON:0001048 primordia Primary germ layer that can give rise to both mesoderm and endoderm. UBERON:0000089 xenopus_anatomy mesendoderm XAO:0003044 endomesoderm Primary germ layer that can give rise to both mesoderm and endoderm. Xenbase:Staff Portion of tissue that consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells connected to each other by cell junctions and that is underlain by a basal lamina. CARO:0000066 UBERON:0000483 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003045 epithelium Portion of tissue that consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells connected to each other by cell junctions and that is underlain by a basal lamina. CARO:0000066 Portion of embryonic tissue consisting of loosely organized, undifferentiated mesodermal or neural crest derived cells, that have specific properties (they are migratory, have no polarity). Mesenchyme cells are incorporated into a wide variety of structures including connective tissue, blood, bone and cartilage as development continues. UBERON:0003104 xenopus_anatomy mesenchymal tissue XAO:0003046 mesenchyme Portion of embryonic tissue consisting of loosely organized, undifferentiated mesodermal or neural crest derived cells, that have specific properties (they are migratory, have no polarity). Mesenchyme cells are incorporated into a wide variety of structures including connective tissue, blood, bone and cartilage as development continues. AAO:0010427 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 Portion of tissue that consists of a fasciculated group of axons. UBERON:0001021 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003047 nerve Portion of tissue that consists of a fasciculated group of axons. Xenbase:Staff A mature female germ cell that is capable of initiating formation of a new individual by fusion with a male gamete. CL:0000025 xenopus_anatomy ovum unfertilized egg XAO:0003048 egg A mature female germ cell that is capable of initiating formation of a new individual by fusion with a male gamete. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/gamete Connective tissue in which fat is stored. UBERON:0001013 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003049 adipose tissue Connective tissue in which fat is stored. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/adipose+tissue Anatomical structure associated with the gonads that vary in form among amphibians but are primarily composed of adipose tissue and are thought to be a source of nutrients for the gonads. A body of adipose tissue, in the form of finger-like projections, usually associated with the anterior end of the testis and ovaries. Fat bodies are suspended from the body wall by dorsal mesentry which is fused with the gonadal mesentry (the mesovarium or mesorchidium). UBERON:0003428 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003050 fat body Anatomical structure associated with the gonads that vary in form among amphibians but are primarily composed of adipose tissue and are thought to be a source of nutrients for the gonads. A body of adipose tissue, in the form of finger-like projections, usually associated with the anterior end of the testis and ovaries. Fat bodies are suspended from the body wall by dorsal mesentry which is fused with the gonadal mesentry (the mesovarium or mesorchidium). AAO:0000157 ISBN:0070179778 Region located near the pronephros and pronephric ducts that is a site of hematopoiesis in the embryo. dorsal lateral plate region UBERON:0003105 ADLPR xenopus_anatomy AGM region aorta-gonads-mesonephros region XAO:0003051 anterior dorsal lateral plate region Region located near the pronephros and pronephric ducts that is a site of hematopoiesis in the embryo. PMID:9618755 A simple ciliated tube through which the ovum travels from the ovaries to the cloaca and the external environment. It is lined with mucus-secreting glands that produce the jelly that surrounds the ovum. UBERON:0000993 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003052 oviduct A simple ciliated tube through which the ovum travels from the ovaries to the cloaca and the external environment. It is lined with mucus-secreting glands that produce the jelly that surrounds the ovum. Wikipedia:Oviduct A rectangle of dorsal mesendoderm and ectoderm from an early-gastrula-stage Xenopus laevis embryo. It is approximately 60 deg to 90 deg wide, extending from the bottle cells to the animal pole. xenopus_anatomy_in_vitro XAO:0003053 Keller explant A rectangle of dorsal mesendoderm and ectoderm from an early-gastrula-stage Xenopus laevis embryo. It is approximately 60 deg to 90 deg wide, extending from the bottle cells to the animal pole. ISBN:9780879695040 A relatively undifferentiated cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. CL:0000034 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003054 stem cell A relatively undifferentiated cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. CL:0000034 A stem cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system. CL:0000037 HSC HSPC xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003055 hematopoietic stem cell A stem cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system. CL:0000037 ZFA:0009014 Spatial concept denoting the front surface of the body; often used to indicate the position of one structure relative to another. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003056 anterior Spatial concept denoting the front surface of the body; often used to indicate the position of one structure relative to another. NCIt:Anterior Spatial concept denoting the back surface of the body. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003057 posterior Spatial concept denoting the back surface of the body. NCIt:Posterior xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003058 obsolete larval structure true Anatomical cluster consisting of a cartilaginous skull that begins to form during early tadpole stage. UBERON:0004761 xenopus_anatomy cartilaginous skull XAO:0003059 chondrocranium Anatomical cluster consisting of a cartilaginous skull that begins to form during early tadpole stage. ISBN:0471209627 Anatomical system that provides physical support to the organism. UBERON:0001434 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003060 skeletal system Anatomical system that provides physical support to the organism. AAO:0000566 The collection of all skeletal elements in a free forelimb region. UBERON:0001440 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003061 forelimb skeleton The collection of all skeletal elements in a free forelimb region. UBERON:0001440 The collection of all skeletal elements in a free hindlimb region. UBERON:0001441 hind limb skeleton xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003062 hindlimb skeleton The collection of all skeletal elements in a free hindlimb region. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Arched skeletal structure that supports the forelimbs, the rudiments of which can be distinguished in mesenchyme at NF stage 51, and is complete by NF stage 60. UBERON:0007831 xenopus_anatomy shoulder girdle XAO:0003063 pectoral girdle Arched skeletal structure that supports the forelimbs, the rudiments of which can be distinguished in mesenchyme at NF stage 51, and is complete by NF stage 60. ISBN:0471209627 http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/pectoral+girdle Arched skeletal structure that supports the hindlimbs, begins to develop at NF stage 50, and is ossified by NF stage 66. UBERON:0007832 xenopus_anatomy pelic skeleton pelvis pelvis skeleton XAO:0003064 pelvic girdle Arched skeletal structure that supports the hindlimbs, begins to develop at NF stage 50, and is ossified by NF stage 66. ISBN:0471209627 http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/pelvic+girdle The anterior limb bud that develops into the fore limb; oval shaped in dorsal aspect by NF stage 50, and paddle shaped by NF stage 53; all four fingers and melanophores apparent by NF stage 54. UBERON:0005417 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003065 forelimb bud The anterior limb bud that develops into the fore limb; oval shaped in dorsal aspect by NF stage 50, and paddle shaped by NF stage 53; all four fingers and melanophores apparent by NF stage 54. Xenbase:Staff The posterior limb bud that develops into the hindlimb; a thickening of the ectoderm first noticeable at NF stage 47, innervated by NF stage 51. The hindlimb buds develop before the forelimb buds. UBERON:0005418 hind limb bud xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003066 hindlimb bud The posterior limb bud that develops into the hindlimb; a thickening of the ectoderm first noticeable at NF stage 47, innervated by NF stage 51. The hindlimb buds develop before the forelimb buds. Xenbase:Staff XAO:0004297 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003067 obsolete fore epipodium true XAO:0003207 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003068 obsolete fore mesopodium true XAO:0004296 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003069 obsolete hind propodium true XAO:0003212 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003070 obsolete hind metapodium true XAO:0004295 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003071 obsolete fore propodium true XAO:0004298 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003072 obsolete hind epipodium true Skeletal structure that has as its parts the vertebral column, located in the dorsal part of the trunk, and is formed by a series of vertebrae. It provides suspension for the appendicular skeleton and protection for the spinal nerve cord. UBERON:0002090 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003073 postcranial axial skeleton Skeletal structure that has as its parts the vertebral column, located in the dorsal part of the trunk, and is formed by a series of vertebrae. It provides suspension for the appendicular skeleton and protection for the spinal nerve cord. AAO:0000034 Anatomical cluster that consists of all the vertebrae in the body. UBERON:0001130 xenopus_anatomy spine XAO:0003074 vertebral column Anatomical cluster that consists of all the vertebrae in the body. VSAO:0000185 Skeletal system that is part of the head, including the splanchnocranium, chondrocranium, and dermatocranium. UBERON:0010323 xenopus_anatomy cranial skeleton XAO:0003075 cranium Skeletal system that is part of the head, including the splanchnocranium, chondrocranium, and dermatocranium. Xenbase:Staff The first vertebra, which arises from the trunk somites 1 and 2. UBERON:0002413 atlas vertebra first vertebra xenopus_anatomy first vertebrae XAO:0003076 cervical vertebra The first vertebra, which arises from the trunk somites 1 and 2. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 first vertebrae The vertebra anterior to the sacral vetebra. UBERON:0004451 xenopus_anatomy presacral vertebrae XAO:0003077 presacral vertebra The vertebra anterior to the sacral vetebra. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 presacral vertebrae The 9th vertebra, which arises from the trunk somites 9 and 10. It joins the illia laterally at NF stage 60 and later coalesces with the urostyle in the midline of the pelvic girdle to form a single unit in the adult frog. UBERON:0001094 ninth vertebra xenopus_anatomy ninth vertebrae sacral vertebrae XAO:0003078 sacral vertebra The 9th vertebra, which arises from the trunk somites 9 and 10. It joins the illia laterally at NF stage 60 and later coalesces with the urostyle in the midline of the pelvic girdle to form a single unit in the adult frog. PMID:15679868 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 ninth vertebrae sacral vertebrae The bones that make up the tail region of the tadpole. UBERON:0001095 xenopus_anatomy caudal vertebrae postsacral vertebra XAO:0003079 caudal vertebra The bones that make up the tail region of the tadpole. Xenbase:Staff caudal vertebrae Skeletal element in the midline of the pelvic girdle that arises from somites 10-13. It is a rodlike caudal bony structure unique to anurans that lies within a compartment formed by the elongated, anteriorly oriented pelvic girdle. It is formed by the fusion of the neural arches of the 10th-13th vertebrae, and the posterior-most remnants of the hypochord. Timing of complete ossification varies between NF stages 62 and 66. UBERON:0003106 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003080 urostyle Skeletal element in the midline of the pelvic girdle that arises from somites 10-13. It is a rodlike caudal bony structure unique to anurans that lies within a compartment formed by the elongated, anteriorly oriented pelvic girdle. It is formed by the fusion of the neural arches of the 10th-13th vertebrae, and the posterior-most remnants of the hypochord. Timing of complete ossification varies between NF stages 62 and 66. AAO:0000732 PMID:15679868 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 Anatomical structure consisting of a narrowly triangular chamber supported by a series of semicircular cartilages in which part of the sound-production system is located. UBERON:0001737 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003081 larynx Anatomical structure consisting of a narrowly triangular chamber supported by a series of semicircular cartilages in which part of the sound-production system is located. AAO:0000268 XAO:0000033 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003082 obsolete sucker true Skeleton encasing the brain and auditory apparatus. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003083 braincase and otic capsule skeleton Skeleton encasing the brain and auditory apparatus. ISBN:0070179778 Anatomical cluster consisting of the ventral portion of the first pharyngeal arch. UBERON:0003278 xenopus_anatomy ventral mandibular arch XAO:0003084 lower jaw Anatomical cluster consisting of the ventral portion of the first pharyngeal arch. TAO:0001273 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Paired cartilaginous component of the lower jaw that fuses together through a median inferior labial cartilage, resulting in a single curved bar of cartilage by metamorphic climax. During metamorphosis it is surrounded by the developing dentale and goniale. UBERON:0003107 cm xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003085 Meckel's cartilage Paired cartilaginous component of the lower jaw that fuses together through a median inferior labial cartilage, resulting in a single curved bar of cartilage by metamorphic climax. During metamorphosis it is surrounded by the developing dentale and goniale. PMID:3693112 Anatomical cluster consisting of the mandibular structures which connect the base of the lower jaw with the skull. UBERON:0003108 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003086 suspensorium Anatomical cluster consisting of the mandibular structures which connect the base of the lower jaw with the skull. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Suspensorium The dorsal portion of the first pharyngeal arch. UBERON:0003277 xenopus_anatomy palatoquadrate arch XAO:0003087 upper jaw The dorsal portion of the first pharyngeal arch. TAO:0001272 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Any of the coiled tubules located in the testes in which spermatozoa are produced. UBERON:0001343 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003088 seminiferous tubule Any of the coiled tubules located in the testes in which spermatozoa are produced. AAO:0010399 Cranial nerve that largely consists of somatic efferent fibers which innervate four eye muscles (m rectus superior, m obliquus inferior, and mm rectus inferior and anterior). UBERON:0001643 cranial nerve III oculomotorius xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003090 oculomotor nerve Cranial nerve that largely consists of somatic efferent fibers which innervate four eye muscles (m rectus superior, m obliquus inferior, and mm rectus inferior and anterior). ISBN:080184780X Somatic efferent nerve that runs to the superior oblique muscle of the eye. UBERON:0001644 cranial nerve IV pathetic nerve trochlearis xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003091 trochlear nerve Somatic efferent nerve that runs to the superior oblique muscle of the eye. ISBN:080184780X Cranial nerve that has three branches: the ophthalmic branch that supplies the skin of the nose and upper jaw, and the maxillary and mandibular branches that supply the lower jaw. UBERON:0001645 cranial nerve V trigeminus xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003092 trigeminal nerve Cranial nerve that has three branches: the ophthalmic branch that supplies the skin of the nose and upper jaw, and the maxillary and mandibular branches that supply the lower jaw. UBERON:0001645 Cranial nerve that runs to the eye muscles. UBERON:0001646 abducens abducent nerve cranial nerve VI xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003093 abducens nerve Cranial nerve that runs to the eye muscles. UBERON:0001646 Cranial nerve that branches into the supraorbital (supplying the skin of the eye region and the lateral line organs here), the palatine (to the roof of the buccal cavity), and the hyomandibular (dividing into the jugular and mental branches). UBERON:0001647 cranial nerve VII facialis xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003094 facial nerve Cranial nerve that branches into the supraorbital (supplying the skin of the eye region and the lateral line organs here), the palatine (to the roof of the buccal cavity), and the hyomandibular (dividing into the jugular and mental branches). ISBN:0471209627 Cranial nerve that runs to the ear. It has two branches, the cochlear nerve and the vestibular nerve, which receives positional information. UBERON:0001648 cranial nerve VIII stato-acoustic nerve xenopus_anatomy auditory nerve XAO:0003095 vestibulocochlear nerve Cranial nerve that runs to the ear. It has two branches, the cochlear nerve and the vestibular nerve, which receives positional information. Xenbase:Staff Cranial nerve that branches into the ramus communicans (to the skin), the pretrematic (to the walls of the pharynx and mouth, viscero-sensory fibers), and the larval post-trematic branch (lost in the adult). UBERON:0001649 cranial nerve IX xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003096 glossopharyngeal nerve Cranial nerve that branches into the ramus communicans (to the skin), the pretrematic (to the walls of the pharynx and mouth, viscero-sensory fibers), and the larval post-trematic branch (lost in the adult). ISBN:0471209627 Cranial nerve that branches into the lateral (to body sense organs) and the intestino-accessorial (to the skin, muscles of shoulder, hyoid, larynx, gut, lungs, and heart). UBERON:0001759 cranial nerve X xenopus_anatomy vagal nerve vagus afferents XAO:0003097 vagus nerve Cranial nerve that branches into the lateral (to body sense organs) and the intestino-accessorial (to the skin, muscles of shoulder, hyoid, larynx, gut, lungs, and heart). ISBN:0471209627 A dorsally projecting part of the brain concerned especially with the coordination of muscles and the maintenance of bodily equilibrium, situated between the brain stem and the back of the cerebrum. UBERON:0002037 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003098 cerebellum A dorsally projecting part of the brain concerned especially with the coordination of muscles and the maintenance of bodily equilibrium, situated between the brain stem and the back of the cerebrum. UBERON:0002037 Irregularly shaped cavity in the rhombencephalon, between the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the isthmus in front, and the cerebellum behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the cerebral aqueduct above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the subarachnoid space. UBERON:0002422 4th ventricle IVth ventricle xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003099 fourth ventricle Irregularly shaped cavity in the rhombencephalon, between the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the isthmus in front, and the cerebellum behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the cerebral aqueduct above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the subarachnoid space. UBERON:0002422 Posterior portion of the hindbrain that controls respiration, heartbeat, digestion, and swallowing as well as some locomotor responses. UBERON:0001896 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003100 medulla oblongata Posterior portion of the hindbrain that controls respiration, heartbeat, digestion, and swallowing as well as some locomotor responses. AAO:0010486 A mixed nerve that carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body. UBERON:0001780 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003101 spinal nerve A mixed nerve that carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body. Wikipedia:Spinal_nerve Any of the projections on each side of the vertebra from the point where the neural arch lamina joins the pedicel for the articulation with the head of a single-headed rib or the upper head of a double-headed rib. Also called diapophyses. They provide surfaces for the attachment of muscles. In anurans, the term transverse process is used in reference to the processes associated with the presacral and postsacral vertebrae. UBERON:0001077 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003102 transverse process Any of the projections on each side of the vertebra from the point where the neural arch lamina joins the pedicel for the articulation with the head of a single-headed rib or the upper head of a double-headed rib. Also called diapophyses. They provide surfaces for the attachment of muscles. In anurans, the term transverse process is used in reference to the processes associated with the presacral and postsacral vertebrae. AAO:0000698 Anatomical structure consisting of a small, pointed keratinized appendage at the end of each of the three inner toes of the hindlimbs. UBERON:0001705 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003103 claw Anatomical structure consisting of a small, pointed keratinized appendage at the end of each of the three inner toes of the hindlimbs. Xenbase:Staff Compartment of head somite 1 that is a precursor of muscle. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003104 myotome of head somite 1 Compartment of head somite 1 that is a precursor of muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of head somite 2 that is a precursor of muscle. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003105 myotome of head somite 2 Compartment of head somite 2 that is a precursor of muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of head somite 3 that is a precursor of muscle. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003106 myotome of head somite 3 Compartment of head somite 3 that is a precursor of muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of head somite 4 that is a precursor of muscle. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003107 myotome of head somite 4 Compartment of head somite 4 that is a precursor of muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of trunk somite 1 that is a precursor of muscle. myotome of somite 1 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003108 myotome of trunk somite 1 Compartment of trunk somite 1 that is a precursor of muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of trunk somite 2 that is a precursor of muscle. myotome of somite 2 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003109 myotome of trunk somite 2 Compartment of trunk somite 2 that is a precursor of muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of trunk somite 3 that is a precursor of muscle. myotome of somite 3 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003110 myotome of trunk somite 3 Compartment of trunk somite 3 that is a precursor of muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of trunk somite 4 that is a precursor of muscle. myotome of somite 4 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003111 myotome of trunk somite 4 Compartment of trunk somite 4 that is a precursor of muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of head somite 4 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003112 sclerotome of head somite 4 Compartment of head somite 4 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of trunk somite 1 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. sclerotome of somite 1 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003113 sclerotome of trunk somite 1 Compartment of trunk somite 1 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of trunk somite 2 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. sclerotome of somite 2 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003114 sclerotome of trunk somite 2 Compartment of trunk somite 2 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of trunk somite 3 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. sclerotome of somite 3 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003115 sclerotome of trunk somite 3 Compartment of trunk somite 3 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of trunk somite 4 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. sclerotome of somite 4 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003116 sclerotome of trunk somite 4 Compartment of trunk somite 4 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of trunk somite 5 that is a precursor of muscle. myotome of somite 5 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003117 myotome of trunk somite 5 Compartment of trunk somite 5 that is a precursor of muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of trunk somite 6 that is a precursor of muscle. myotome of somite 6 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003118 myotome of trunk somite 6 Compartment of trunk somite 6 that is a precursor of muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of trunk somite 7 that is a precursor of muscle. myotome of somite 7 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003119 myotome of trunk somite 7 Compartment of trunk somite 7 that is a precursor of muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of trunk somite 8 that is a precursor of muscle. myotome of somite 8 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003120 myotome of trunk somite 8 Compartment of trunk somite 8 that is a precursor of muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of trunk somite 5 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. sclerotome of somite 5 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003121 sclerotome of trunk somite 5 Compartment of trunk somite 5 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of trunk somite 6 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. sclerotome of somite 6 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003122 sclerotome of trunk somite 6 Compartment of trunk somite 6 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of trunk somite 7 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. sclerotome of somite 7 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003123 sclerotome of trunk somite 7 Compartment of trunk somite 7 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of trunk somite 8 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. sclerotome of somite 8 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003124 sclerotome of trunk somite 8 Compartment of trunk somite 8 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of trunk somite 9 that is a precursor of muscle. myotome of somite 9 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003125 myotome of trunk somite 9 Compartment of trunk somite 9 that is a precursor of muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of trunk somite 9 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. sclerotome of somite 9 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003126 sclerotome of trunk somite 9 Compartment of trunk somite 9 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of trunk somite 10 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. sclerotome of somite 10 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003127 sclerotome of trunk somite 10 Compartment of trunk somite 10 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of trunk somite 10 that is a precursor of muscle. myotome of somite 10 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003128 myotome of trunk somite 10 Compartment of trunk somite 10 that is a precursor of muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of trunk somite 11 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. sclerotome of somite 11 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003129 sclerotome of trunk somite 11 Compartment of trunk somite 11 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of trunk somite 11 that is a precursor of muscle. myotome of somite 11 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003130 myotome of trunk somite 11 Compartment of trunk somite 11 that is a precursor of muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of trunk somite 12 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. sclerotome of somite 12 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003131 sclerotome of trunk somite 12 Compartment of trunk somite 12 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of trunk somite 12 that is a precursor of muscle. myotome of somite 12 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003132 myotome of trunk somite 12 Compartment of trunk somite 12 that is a precursor of muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of trunk somite 13 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. sclerotome of somite 13 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003133 sclerotome of trunk somite 13 Compartment of trunk somite 13 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of trunk somite 13 that is a precursor of muscle. myotome of somite 13 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003134 myotome of trunk somite 13 Compartment of trunk somite 13 that is a precursor of muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of tail somite 14 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. sclerotome of somite 14 sclerotome of trunk somite 14 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003135 sclerotome of tail somite 14 Compartment of tail somite 14 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of tail somite 14 that is a precursor of muscle. myotome of somite 14 myotome of trunk somite 14 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003136 myotome of tail somite 14 Compartment of tail somite 14 that is a precursor of muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of tail somite 15 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. sclerotome of somite 15 sclerotome of trunk somite 15 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003137 sclerotome of tail somite 15 Compartment of tail somite 15 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of tail somite 15 that is a precursor of muscle. myotome of somite 15 myotome of trunk somite 15 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003138 myotome of tail somite 15 Compartment of tail somite 15 that is a precursor of muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of tail somite 16 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. sclerotome of somite 16 sclerotome of trunk somite 16 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003139 sclerotome of tail somite 16 Compartment of tail somite 16 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of tail somite 16 that is a precursor of muscle. myotome of somite 16 myotome of trunk somite 16 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003140 myotome of tail somite 16 Compartment of tail somite 16 that is a precursor of muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of tail somite 17 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. sclerotome of somite 17 sclerotome of trunk somite 17 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003141 sclerotome of tail somite 17 Compartment of tail somite 17 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of tail somite 17 that is a precursor of muscle. myotome of somite 17 myotome of trunk somite 17 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003142 myotome of tail somite 17 Compartment of tail somite 17 that is a precursor of muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Any of the somites that form posterior to the trunk and are resorbed at metamorphosis. UBERON:0009621 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003143 tail somite Any of the somites that form posterior to the trunk and are resorbed at metamorphosis. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The principal auditory organ of the frog, which utilizes both mechanical and electrical (hair cell-based) frequency tuning mechanisms for hearing, located near the junction of the utricle and the saccule bones of the inner ear. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003144 amphibian papilla The principal auditory organ of the frog, which utilizes both mechanical and electrical (hair cell-based) frequency tuning mechanisms for hearing, located near the junction of the utricle and the saccule bones of the inner ear. PMID:10377339 A sensory structure in the lagenar portion of an amphibian's membranous labyrinth between the oval and round windows. UBERON:0002227 papilla basilaris xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003145 basilar papilla A sensory structure in the lagenar portion of an amphibian's membranous labyrinth between the oval and round windows. Xenbase:Staff Anatomical structure that produces gametes as well as certain sex hormones controlled by the pituitary gonadotropins. Reproductive organ that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testis). UBERON:0000991 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003146 gonad Anatomical structure that produces gametes as well as certain sex hormones controlled by the pituitary gonadotropins. Reproductive organ that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testis). AAO:0000213 ZFA:0000413 A mature male germ cell that develops from a spermatid. CL:0000019 xenopus_anatomy sperm spermatozoa XAO:0003147 spermatozoon A mature male germ cell that develops from a spermatid. CL:0000019 spermatozoa XAO:0000111 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003148 obsolete germ line cell true Cell that arises from the endodermal germ plasm and can be detected by NF stage 28 in the endodermal mass. At NF stages 42-47, PGCs migrate to the two genital ridges, which are the first rudiments of the gonads. By NF stage 50, the PGCs begin to loose their yolky material. In males, starting at NF stage 52, PGCs migrate from the genital ridge cortical region into the medullary tissue, where they will form primary spermatogonia at sexual maturity. In females, the medullary tissue remains free of PGCs; they instead embed in the cortical region and multiply to form primary oogonia, which will mature into ova at sexual maturity. CL:0000670 PGC xenopus_anatomy primitive germ cell XAO:0003149 primordial germ cell Cell that arises from the endodermal germ plasm and can be detected by NF stage 28 in the endodermal mass. At NF stages 42-47, PGCs migrate to the two genital ridges, which are the first rudiments of the gonads. By NF stage 50, the PGCs begin to loose their yolky material. In males, starting at NF stage 52, PGCs migrate from the genital ridge cortical region into the medullary tissue, where they will form primary spermatogonia at sexual maturity. In females, the medullary tissue remains free of PGCs; they instead embed in the cortical region and multiply to form primary oogonia, which will mature into ova at sexual maturity. ISBN:0815318960 Xenbase:Staff A mature male or female germ cell. CL:0000300 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003150 gamete A mature male or female germ cell. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/gamete Male germ cell that is derived from spermatocytes and develops into spermatozoa. CL:0000018 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003151 spermatid Male germ cell that is derived from spermatocytes and develops into spermatozoa. NCIt:Spermatid Anatomical system that protects the body from foreign substances, cells, and tissues by producing the immune response and that includes especially the thymus, spleen, lymphoid tissue, lymphocytes including the B cells and T cells, and antibodies. UBERON:0002405 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003152 immune system Anatomical system that protects the body from foreign substances, cells, and tissues by producing the immune response and that includes especially the thymus, spleen, lymphoid tissue, lymphocytes including the B cells and T cells, and antibodies. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/immune+system The immune system of a postembryonic, hatched or immature tadpole, prior to metamorphosis. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003153 larval immune system The immune system of a postembryonic, hatched or immature tadpole, prior to metamorphosis. Xenbase:Staff The complete system of biological structures and processes within the adult organism that protects against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumor cells. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003154 adult immune system The complete system of biological structures and processes within the adult organism that protects against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumor cells. Xenbase:Staff An achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, which are found in blood or other tissues and trigger specific immune responses in adaptive immunity. immune cell CL:0000542 xenopus_anatomy leucocyte leukocyte white blood cell XAO:0003155 lymphocyte An achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, which are found in blood or other tissues and trigger specific immune responses in adaptive immunity. PMID:37305914 A lymphocyte that can spontaneously kill a variety of target cells without prior antigenic activation via germline encoded activation receptors and also regulate immune responses via cytokine release and direct contact with other cells. CL:0000623 xenopus_anatomy NK NK cell natural killer T cell XAO:0003156 natural killer cell A lymphocyte that can spontaneously kill a variety of target cells without prior antigenic activation via germline encoded activation receptors and also regulate immune responses via cytokine release and direct contact with other cells. CL:0000623 A type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T-cell receptor complex, and which develops in the thymus. CL:0000084 T cell T lymphocyte xenopus_anatomy mature T cell XAO:0003157 T-cell A type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T-cell receptor complex, and which develops in the thymus. CL:0000084 Xenbase:Staff A lymphocyte of B lineage that is capable of B-cell mediated immunity and develops in the spleen and liver (but not in the bone marrow). CL:0000236 B cell B lymphocyte xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003158 B-cell A lymphocyte of B lineage that is capable of B-cell mediated immunity and develops in the spleen and liver (but not in the bone marrow). CL:0000236 Xenbase:Staff An immature T cell located in the thymus. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003159 thymocyte An immature T cell located in the thymus. AAO:0010312 Anatomical group that has its parts adjacent to one another. CARO:0000041 UBERON:0000477 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003160 anatomical cluster Anatomical group that has its parts adjacent to one another. CARO:0000041 Structure that is an early outgrowth of a presumptive limb. UBERON:0004347 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003161 limb bud Structure that is an early outgrowth of a presumptive limb. AAO:0010375 Anatomical structure that consists of cell parts and cell substances and together does not constitute a cell or a tissue. CARO:0000040 UBERON:0000476 acellular structure xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003162 acellular anatomical structure Anatomical structure that consists of cell parts and cell substances and together does not constitute a cell or a tissue. CARO:0000040 Acellular anatomical structure that consists of a thin sheet of fibrous proteins that underlie and support the cells of an epithelium. It separates the cells of an epithelium from any underlying tissue. basement lamina CARO:0000065 UBERON:0000482 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003163 basal lamina Acellular anatomical structure that consists of a thin sheet of fibrous proteins that underlie and support the cells of an epithelium. It separates the cells of an epithelium from any underlying tissue. CARO:0000065 Compound organ that does not contain macroscopic anatomical spaces. CARO:0000074 UBERON:0000491 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003164 solid compound organ Compound organ that does not contain macroscopic anatomical spaces. CARO:0000074 Compound organ that contains one or more macroscopic anatomical spaces. CARO:0000072 UBERON:0000489 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003165 cavitated compound organ Compound organ that contains one or more macroscopic anatomical spaces. CARO:0000072 Skeletal structure that has as its parts the pectoral and pelvic girdles, which articulate with the axial skeleton, together with their associated limbs, the forelimbs and hindlimbs. UBERON:0002091 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003166 appendicular skeleton Skeletal structure that has as its parts the pectoral and pelvic girdles, which articulate with the axial skeleton, together with their associated limbs, the forelimbs and hindlimbs. AAO:0000747 XAO:0003208 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003167 obsolete fore metapodium true XAO:0003211 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003168 obsolete hind mesopodium true Subdivision of skeleton that includes all dermal bones in the cranial skeleton. UBERON:0003113 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003169 dermatocranium Subdivision of skeleton that includes all dermal bones in the cranial skeleton. UBERON:0003113 Anatomical cluster that consists of the cartilages and bones that surround the brain. UBERON:0001703 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003170 neurocranium Anatomical cluster that consists of the cartilages and bones that surround the brain. TAO:0001580 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 An anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium and structurally supports the eye. UBERON:0001697 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003171 orbital region An anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium and structurally supports the eye. AAO:0010220 Anatomical cluster that is located in the anterior region of the neurocranium and provides structural support for the olfactory organs. UBERON:0003112 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003172 olfactory region Anatomical cluster that is located in the anterior region of the neurocranium and provides structural support for the olfactory organs. AAO:0010206 An anatomical cluster that is located in the posterior region of the neurocranium and forms the margin of the foramen margin and occipital condyles. UBERON:0005902 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003173 occipital region An anatomical cluster that is located in the posterior region of the neurocranium and forms the margin of the foramen margin and occipital condyles. AAO:0010199 Anatomical cluster that forms the floor and side walls of the middle part of the cranium. UBERON:0003111 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003174 sphenoid region Anatomical cluster that forms the floor and side walls of the middle part of the cranium. UBERON:0003111 Anatomical cluster that is a posterolateral part of the neurocranium and structurally supports the vestibuloauditory system. UBERON:0003110 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003175 otic region Anatomical cluster that is a posterolateral part of the neurocranium and structurally supports the vestibuloauditory system. AAO:0010208 Regional skeletal system of the jaws, hyoid and branchial arches. UBERON:0008895 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003176 splanchnocranium Regional skeletal system of the jaws, hyoid and branchial arches. ZFA:0001216 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Skeletal subdivision comprising the skeletal elements of the hyoid arch. UBERON:0005884 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003177 hyoid arch skeleton Skeletal subdivision comprising the skeletal elements of the hyoid arch. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Skeletal subdivision comprising the dorsal skeletal elements of the hyoid arch. UBERON:0011152 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003178 dorsal hyoid arch skeleton Skeletal subdivision comprising the dorsal skeletal elements of the hyoid arch. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Skeletal subdivision comprising the ventral skeletal elements of the hyoid arch. UBERON:0011153 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003179 ventral hyoid arch skeleton Skeletal subdivision comprising the ventral skeletal elements of the hyoid arch. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Skeletal and cartilaginous elements of the branchial arches; the last five of the set of seven pharyngeal arches; generally branchial arch no. 1 is the first branchial arch, or the third pharyngeal arch, but some authors do not follow this convention. UBERON:0005886 xenopus_anatomy gill arch skeleton pharyngeal arch skeleton 3-7 visceral arch skeleton XAO:0003180 branchial arch skeleton Skeletal and cartilaginous elements of the branchial arches; the last five of the set of seven pharyngeal arches; generally branchial arch no. 1 is the first branchial arch, or the third pharyngeal arch, but some authors do not follow this convention. PMID:8589427 Skeletal and cartilaginous elements of the first branchial or pharyngeal arch. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003181 branchial arch skeleton 1 Skeletal and cartilaginous elements of the first branchial or pharyngeal arch. Xenbase:Staff Skeletal and cartilaginous elements of the second branchial or pharyngeal arch. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003182 branchial arch skeleton 2 Skeletal and cartilaginous elements of the second branchial or pharyngeal arch. Xenbase:Staff Skeletal and cartilaginous elements of the third branchial or pharyngeal arch. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003183 branchial arch skeleton 3 Skeletal and cartilaginous elements of the third branchial or pharyngeal arch. Xenbase:Staff Skeletal and cartilaginous elements of the fourth branchial or pharyngeal arch. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003184 branchial arch skeleton 4 Skeletal and cartilaginous elements of the fourth branchial or pharyngeal arch. Xenbase:Staff Any spatial descriptor that describes the orientation of the anatomical features of an embryo. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003185 anatomical direction Any spatial descriptor that describes the orientation of the anatomical features of an embryo. Xenbase:Staff A region of the whole organism that contains a recognizable set of structures or anatomical entities. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003186 anatomical region A region of the whole organism that contains a recognizable set of structures or anatomical entities. Xenbase:Staff Spatial concept pertaining to being toward the middle or inside. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003187 medial Spatial concept pertaining to being toward the middle or inside. NCIt:Medial Spatial concept denoting a part of the body that is closer to the center of the body than another part. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003188 proximal Spatial concept denoting a part of the body that is closer to the center of the body than another part. NCIt:Proximal Spatial concept denoting a part of the body that is farther away from the center of the body than another part. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003189 distal Spatial concept denoting a part of the body that is farther away from the center of the body than another part. NCIt:Distal Non-material anatomical entity of three dimensions, that is generated by morphogenetic or other physiologic processes; is surrounded by one or more anatomical structures; contains one or more organism substances or anatomical structures. CARO:0000005 UBERON:0000464 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003190 anatomical space Non-material anatomical entity of three dimensions, that is generated by morphogenetic or other physiologic processes; is surrounded by one or more anatomical structures; contains one or more organism substances or anatomical structures. CARO:0000005 The chamber of the heart that receives blood from the lungs. UBERON:0002079 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003191 left atrium The chamber of the heart that receives blood from the lungs. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The chamber of the heart that receives blood from the sinus venosus. UBERON:0002078 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003192 right atrium The chamber of the heart that receives blood from the sinus venosus. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Cardiac chamber that consists of a wall that surrounds the cavity of a ventricle. The amphibian heart has a single ventricle and an outflow tract with an incomplete spiral septum. UBERON:0002082 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003193 cardiac ventricle Cardiac chamber that consists of a wall that surrounds the cavity of a ventricle. The amphibian heart has a single ventricle and an outflow tract with an incomplete spiral septum. UBERON:0002082 Part of the nervous system responsible for processing sensory information. UBERON:0001032 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003194 sensory system Part of the nervous system responsible for processing sensory information. Wikipedia:Sensory_system The sensory system used for balance and hearing. UBERON:0002105 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003195 vestibuloauditory system The sensory system used for balance and hearing. Xenbase:Staff The sensory system used for olfaction (the sense of smell). UBERON:0005725 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003196 olfactory system The sensory system used for olfaction (the sense of smell). Wikipedia:Olfactory_system The sensory system used for the sense of taste. UBERON:0001033 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003197 gustatory system The sensory system used for the sense of taste. Wikipedia:Gustatory_system The sensory system used for sight. UBERON:0002104 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003198 visual system The sensory system used for sight. Xenbase:Staff Part of the circulatory system that consists of a series of vessels that collect blood (exclusive of erythrocytes) which seeps through capillary walls and return it to the veins. The lymphatic system of vasculature drains lymph fluid from the tissue spaces of most organs and returns it to the blood vasculature for recirculation. The lymphatic sytem functions in immune responses. Anurans generate a lot of lymphatic fluid, largely as a consequence of their very leaky vasculature and high interstitial compliance. Lymph is ultimately pumped into the venous system by paired, dorsally located lymph hearts. Hedrick et al (2007) showed that lung inflation and deflation assists lymph movement. Lymph is moved during lung deflation to the subvertebral sac from anterior and posterior lymph sacs. During lung inflation, increased lymph sac pressure moves lymph to axillary regions, where lymph hearts can return lymph to the vascular space. UBERON:0002465 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003199 lymphatic system Part of the circulatory system that consists of a series of vessels that collect blood (exclusive of erythrocytes) which seeps through capillary walls and return it to the veins. The lymphatic system of vasculature drains lymph fluid from the tissue spaces of most organs and returns it to the blood vasculature for recirculation. The lymphatic sytem functions in immune responses. Anurans generate a lot of lymphatic fluid, largely as a consequence of their very leaky vasculature and high interstitial compliance. Lymph is ultimately pumped into the venous system by paired, dorsally located lymph hearts. Hedrick et al (2007) showed that lung inflation and deflation assists lymph movement. Lymph is moved during lung deflation to the subvertebral sac from anterior and posterior lymph sacs. During lung inflation, increased lymph sac pressure moves lymph to axillary regions, where lymph hearts can return lymph to the vascular space. AAO:0010522 PMID:17981861 Xenbase:Staff The epithelium of the gut. UBERON:0003929 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003200 gut epithelium The epithelium of the gut. Xenbase:Staff Epithelium that lines the oral cavity, with many short microvilli as well as mucous cells, rodlet cells and taste buds. UBERON:0002424 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003201 oral epithelium Epithelium that lines the oral cavity, with many short microvilli as well as mucous cells, rodlet cells and taste buds. UBERON:0002424 Epithelium lining the pharynx, consisting largely of simple columnar epithelium. UBERON:0003351 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003202 pharyngeal epithelium Epithelium lining the pharynx, consisting largely of simple columnar epithelium. TAO:0001174 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Epithelium that is part of a developing tooth or dental organ. UBERON:0003843 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003203 dental epithelium Epithelium that is part of a developing tooth or dental organ. ZFA:0005134 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Hollow epithelial tube on the dorsal side of the embryo that develops into the brain and spinal cord. UBERON:0001049 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003204 neural tube Hollow epithelial tube on the dorsal side of the embryo that develops into the brain and spinal cord. AAO:0010617 Polymorphic cell type that forms cartilage. CL:0000138 xenopus_anatomy cartilage cell XAO:0003205 chondrocyte Polymorphic cell type that forms cartilage. CL:0000138 Cell type that is a component of the glomus. CL:0000653 xenopus_anatomy podocytes XAO:0003206 podocyte Cell type that is a component of the glomus. Xenbase:Staff podocytes The cluster of bones in the wrist between the radius, ulna and metacarpus, they do not belong to individual fingers, but allow the wrist to move and rotate. UBERON:0009880 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003207 carpus The cluster of bones in the wrist between the radius, ulna and metacarpus, they do not belong to individual fingers, but allow the wrist to move and rotate. ISBN:0070179778 Each of the bones forming the part of the hand between the fingers and the wrist. UBERON:0010544 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003208 metacarpus Each of the bones forming the part of the hand between the fingers and the wrist. https://www.infovisual.info/en/biology-animal/skeleton-of-a-frog Either of the paired, long bones of endochondral origin formed by the fusion of the radius and ulna. UBERON:0006715 radioulna radius-ulna xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003209 radio-ulna Either of the paired, long bones of endochondral origin formed by the fusion of the radius and ulna. AAO:0000901 Either of the paired, elongate, cylindrical forelimb bones of endochondral origin that extend from the pectoral girdle (shoulders) to the elbows. UBERON:0000976 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003210 humerus Either of the paired, elongate, cylindrical forelimb bones of endochondral origin that extend from the pectoral girdle (shoulders) to the elbows. AAO:0000679 Xenbase:Staff A bone of the wrist of the hindlimb, which remains cartilaginous until NF stage 66. UBERON:0009879 tarsalia xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003211 tarsus A bone of the wrist of the hindlimb, which remains cartilaginous until NF stage 66. ISBN:0815318960 Each of the bones forming the part of the foot between the toes and the heel. UBERON:0010545 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003212 metatarsus Each of the bones forming the part of the foot between the toes and the heel. https://www.infovisual.info/en/biology-animal/skeleton-of-a-frog Bone of the lower hind leg, which undergoes ossification from NF stage 56 to stage 66. UBERON:0006714 tibiofibula xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003213 tibia-fibula Bone of the lower hind leg, which undergoes ossification from NF stage 56 to stage 66. ISBN:0471209627 Either of the paired, elongate, cylindrical bones of endochondral origin that form the thighs, extending from the pelvic girdles to the knees. Proximal bone of the hind leg, which begins to ossify at NF stage 55. UBERON:0000981 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003214 femur Either of the paired, elongate, cylindrical bones of endochondral origin that form the thighs, extending from the pelvic girdles to the knees. Proximal bone of the hind leg, which begins to ossify at NF stage 55. ISBN:0471209627 The layer within the retina where the photoreceptor cell receptor segments reside. eriksegerdell 2009-07-15T02:26:17Z UBERON:0001787 xenopus_anatomy retinal photoreceptor layer XAO:0003215 photoreceptor layer The layer within the retina where the photoreceptor cell receptor segments reside. ZFA:0000143 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The layer of nerve cells in the retina. eriksegerdell 2009-07-15T02:02:33Z UBERON:0003902 xenopus_anatomy neural retina XAO:0003216 retinal neural layer The layer of nerve cells in the retina. Xenbase:Staff The monolayer of pigmented epithelium covering the neural retina. eriksegerdell 2009-07-15T02:05:18Z UBERON:0001782 RPE xenopus_anatomy pigmented epithelium pigmented retinal epithelium XAO:0003217 retinal pigmented epithelium The monolayer of pigmented epithelium covering the neural retina. ZFA:0000144 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The layer within the retina where the bipolar cells synapse with the photoreceptor cells. eriksegerdell 2009-07-15T02:26:28Z UBERON:0001790 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003218 retinal outer plexiform layer The layer within the retina where the bipolar cells synapse with the photoreceptor cells. UBERON:0001790 The layer within the retina where the photoreceptor cell bodies reside. eriksegerdell 2009-07-15T02:26:30Z UBERON:0001789 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003219 retinal outer nuclear layer The layer within the retina where the photoreceptor cell bodies reside. UBERON:0001789 Fiber layer adjacent the retinal ganglion cell layer that comprises its axons as they traverse to the optic nerve. eriksegerdell 2009-07-15T02:26:32Z UBERON:0001793 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003220 optic fiber layer Fiber layer adjacent the retinal ganglion cell layer that comprises its axons as they traverse to the optic nerve. ZFA:0001619 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The layer of the retina composed of the cell bodies of bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and some of the cell bodies of amacrine cells. eriksegerdell 2009-07-15T02:26:34Z UBERON:0001791 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003221 retinal inner nuclear layer The layer of the retina composed of the cell bodies of bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and some of the cell bodies of amacrine cells. UBERON:0001791 Retinal layer composed of the basal lamina of Muller cells. eriksegerdell 2009-07-15T02:26:37Z UBERON:0001794 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003222 inner limiting membrane Retinal layer composed of the basal lamina of Muller cells. NCIt:Inner_Limiting_Membrane Innermost nuclear layer of the retina, consisting of retinal ganglion cells, containing neurons that project axons through the optic nerve to the brain. eriksegerdell 2009-07-15T02:26:41Z UBERON:0001792 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003223 retinal ganglion cell layer Innermost nuclear layer of the retina, consisting of retinal ganglion cells, containing neurons that project axons through the optic nerve to the brain. UBERON:0001792 A thin fenestrated layer of the pars nervosa retinae adjacent to the outer nuclear layer and through which extend the visual rods and cones. eriksegerdell 2009-07-15T02:26:44Z UBERON:0001788 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003224 outer limiting membrane A thin fenestrated layer of the pars nervosa retinae adjacent to the outer nuclear layer and through which extend the visual rods and cones. NCIt:Outer_Limiting_Membrane The plexiform layer of the retina positioned between the inner nuclear layer and the ganglion cell layer and containing the dendrites of retinal ganglion cells and processes of bipolar and amacrine cells. eriksegerdell 2009-07-15T02:26:47Z UBERON:0001795 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003225 retinal inner plexiform layer The plexiform layer of the retina positioned between the inner nuclear layer and the ganglion cell layer and containing the dendrites of retinal ganglion cells and processes of bipolar and amacrine cells. UBERON:0001795 Structure that is the anterodorsal-most region of the midbrain and is responsible for auditory and visual reflexes. eriksegerdell 2009-07-15T03:37:08Z UBERON:0001945 OT xenopus_anatomy midbrain tectum tectum tectum opticum XAO:0003226 optic tectum Structure that is the anterodorsal-most region of the midbrain and is responsible for auditory and visual reflexes. Xenbase:Staff Anatomical cavity bounded by the derivatives of the branchial arches. eriksegerdell 2009-07-16T02:04:46Z UBERON:0001042 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003227 pharynx Anatomical cavity bounded by the derivatives of the branchial arches. AAO:0000967 Type of trunk muscle that lies ventral to the horizontal septum of the vertebrae and is innervated by the ventral ramus of the spinal nerves. The arise from migratory somitic cells along the lower margin of the trunk somites. eriksegerdell 2009-07-16T02:14:05Z UBERON:0008777 xenopus_anatomy body wall muscle XAO:0003228 hypaxial muscle Type of trunk muscle that lies ventral to the horizontal septum of the vertebrae and is innervated by the ventral ramus of the spinal nerves. The arise from migratory somitic cells along the lower margin of the trunk somites. UBERON:0008777 XAO:curator Trunk muscle that lies dorsal to the horizontal septum of the vertebrae. eriksegerdell 2009-07-16T02:17:32Z UBERON:0008778 epaxial muscles xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003229 epaxial muscle Trunk muscle that lies dorsal to the horizontal septum of the vertebrae. Xenbase:Staff epaxial muscles Muscle that is located posterior to the head and anterior to the tail and consists of epaxial and hypaxial muscle. eriksegerdell 2009-07-16T02:18:03Z UBERON:0001774 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003230 trunk musculature Muscle that is located posterior to the head and anterior to the tail and consists of epaxial and hypaxial muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A cell that takes up stuff and metabolizes it. eriksegerdell 2009-07-20T01:12:02Z CL:0000212 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003231 absorptive cell A cell that takes up stuff and metabolizes it. CL:0000212 Any of the cell types of the digestive system that secrete amino acid peptides or polypeptides. eriksegerdell 2009-07-20T01:15:23Z CL:0000161 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003232 acid secreting cell Any of the cell types of the digestive system that secrete amino acid peptides or polypeptides. CL:0000161 Exocrine functioning cells of the pancreas. eriksegerdell 2009-07-20T01:16:38Z CL:0000622 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003233 acinar cell Exocrine functioning cells of the pancreas. CL:0000622 A cell that secretes alkaline substances. eriksegerdell 2009-07-20T01:17:42Z CL:0000435 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003234 alkali secreting cell A cell that secretes alkaline substances. Xenbase:Staff A cell whose primary function is to prevent the transport of stuff across compartments. eriksegerdell 2009-07-20T01:18:52Z CL:0000215 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003235 barrier cell A cell whose primary function is to prevent the transport of stuff across compartments. CL:0000215 A surface epithelial cell of stratified squamous epithelium of cornea, tongue, oral cavity, esophagus or cloaca. eriksegerdell 2009-07-20T01:19:57Z CL:0000073 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003236 barrier epithelial cell A surface epithelial cell of stratified squamous epithelium of cornea, tongue, oral cavity, esophagus or cloaca. Xenbase:Staff A cell of ectomesenchymal origin concerned with the formation of the layer of cementum on the roots of teeth. eriksegerdell 2009-07-20T01:23:10Z CL:0000061 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003237 cementoblast A cell of ectomesenchymal origin concerned with the formation of the layer of cementum on the roots of teeth. ISBN:0781733901 A cell that originates from a mesenchymal stem cell and forms chondrocytes (cartilage cells). Chondroblasts that become embedded in the matrix are called chondrocytes. eriksegerdell 2009-07-20T01:24:55Z CL:0000058 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003238 chondroblast A cell that originates from a mesenchymal stem cell and forms chondrocytes (cartilage cells). Chondroblasts that become embedded in the matrix are called chondrocytes. Xenbase:Staff A cell that moves among different tissues of the body, via blood, lymph, or other medium. eriksegerdell 2009-07-20T01:26:48Z CL:0000080 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003239 circulating cell A cell that moves among different tissues of the body, via blood, lymph, or other medium. CL:0000080 A type of cell, found in the digestive tract, that secrete enzymes that break down polymeric macromolecules into their smaller building blocks, in order to facilitate their absorption by the body. eriksegerdell 2009-07-20T01:30:09Z CL:0000470 digestive enzyme secreting cells xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003240 digestive enzyme secreting cell A type of cell, found in the digestive tract, that secrete enzymes that break down polymeric macromolecules into their smaller building blocks, in order to facilitate their absorption by the body. Wikipedia:Digestive_enzyme digestive enzyme secreting cells A cell found in the embryo before the formation of all the germ layers is complete. eriksegerdell 2009-07-20T01:31:42Z CL:0000007 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003241 early embryonic cell A cell found in the embryo before the formation of all the germ layers is complete. CL:0000007 A cell of the early embryo at the developmental stage in which the blastomeres, resulting from repeated mitotic divisions of the fertilized ovum (zygote), form a compact cell mass. eriksegerdell 2009-07-20T01:32:43Z CL:0000360 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003242 morula cell A cell of the early embryo at the developmental stage in which the blastomeres, resulting from repeated mitotic divisions of the fertilized ovum (zygote), form a compact cell mass. CL:0000360 A cell of the embryo in the early stage following the blastula, characterized by morphogenetic cell movements, cell differentiation, and the formation of the three germ layers. eriksegerdell 2009-07-20T01:32:48Z CL:0000361 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003244 gastrula cell A cell of the embryo in the early stage following the blastula, characterized by morphogenetic cell movements, cell differentiation, and the formation of the three germ layers. CL:0000361 A cell of the outer of the three germ layers of the embryo. eriksegerdell 2009-07-20T01:35:11Z CL:0000221 ectoderm cell xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003245 ectodermal cell A cell of the outer of the three germ layers of the embryo. CL:0000221 A cell whose function is determined by the generation or the reception of an electric signal. eriksegerdell 2009-07-20T01:37:18Z CL:0000211 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003246 electrically active cell A cell whose function is determined by the generation or the reception of an electric signal. CL:0000211 A cell of an endocrine gland, ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. eriksegerdell 2009-07-20T01:38:59Z CL:0000163 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003247 endocrine cell A cell of an endocrine gland, ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. CL:0000163 A cell of the inner of the three germ layers of the embryo. eriksegerdell 2009-07-20T01:40:37Z CL:0000223 endoderm cell xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003248 endodermal cell A cell of the inner of the three germ layers of the embryo. CL:0000223 A cell that is usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. eriksegerdell 2009-07-20T01:42:50Z CL:0000066 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003249 epithelial cell A cell that is usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. CL:0000066 A cell of an exocrine gland, i.e. a gland that discharges its secretion via a duct. eriksegerdell 2009-07-20T01:44:46Z CL:0000152 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003250 exocrine cell A cell of an exocrine gland, i.e. a gland that discharges its secretion via a duct. CL:0000152 Individual secretory cells of the hatching gland that secrete an enzyme that dissolves or weakens the egg jelly and facilitates hatching. eriksegerdell 2009-07-20T01:48:20Z CL:0000249 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003251 hatching gland cell Individual secretory cells of the hatching gland that secrete an enzyme that dissolves or weakens the egg jelly and facilitates hatching. Xenbase:Staff A cell that is specialized to accumulate keratins, a family of fibrous structural proteins. eriksegerdell 2009-07-20T01:52:10Z CL:0000311 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003252 keratin accumulating cell A cell that is specialized to accumulate keratins, a family of fibrous structural proteins. Wikipedia:Keratin Type of cell that is capable of generating and maintaining the fibrous connective tissue of the ligament. eriksegerdell 2009-07-20T01:52:51Z CL:0000384 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003253 ligament cell Type of cell that is capable of generating and maintaining the fibrous connective tissue of the ligament. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A modified epidermal cell located in the stratum basale. They are found mostly in areas where sensory perception is acute. eriksegerdell 2009-07-20T01:56:02Z CL:0000242 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003254 Merkel cell A modified epidermal cell located in the stratum basale. They are found mostly in areas where sensory perception is acute. CL:0000242 A cell of the middle germ layer of the embryo. eriksegerdell 2009-07-20T02:00:17Z CL:0000222 mesoderm cell xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003255 mesodermal cell A cell of the middle germ layer of the embryo. CL:0000222 A type of epithelial cell, found in the epidermis and digestive system, whose function is to secrete mucin, which dissolves in water to form protective mucus. eriksegerdell 2009-07-20T02:06:11Z CL:0000319 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003256 mucus secreting cell A type of epithelial cell, found in the epidermis and digestive system, whose function is to secrete mucin, which dissolves in water to form protective mucus. Wikipedia:Mucus A cell that is specialized to accumulate myelin. eriksegerdell 2009-07-20T02:06:51Z CL:0000328 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003257 myelin accumulating cell A cell that is specialized to accumulate myelin. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A non-sensory cell type surrounding the neuromast support cells and neuromast hair cells, separating the neuromast from the epidermis, and secreting cupula in which the ciliary bundles of all the hair cells are embedded. eriksegerdell 2009-07-20T02:07:36Z CL:0000851 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003258 neuromast mantle cell A non-sensory cell type surrounding the neuromast support cells and neuromast hair cells, separating the neuromast from the epidermis, and secreting cupula in which the ciliary bundles of all the hair cells are embedded. CL:0000851 A non-sensory cell of the neuromast that extends between the sensory hair cells from the basement membrane to the apical surface; neuromast support cells are surrounded by neuromast mantle cells. eriksegerdell 2009-07-20T02:09:08Z CL:0000852 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003259 neuromast support cell A non-sensory cell of the neuromast that extends between the sensory hair cells from the basement membrane to the apical surface; neuromast support cells are surrounded by neuromast mantle cells. CL:0000852 An erythrocyte (red blood cell) which has a nucleus. eriksegerdell 2009-07-20T02:10:45Z CL:0000562 xenopus_anatomy RBC red blood cell XAO:0003260 nucleate erythrocyte An erythrocyte (red blood cell) which has a nucleus. CL:0000562 A non-ciliated columnar cell that extends from the epithelial free margin to the basement membrane of the olfactory epithelium. eriksegerdell 2009-07-20T02:14:47Z CL:0000853 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003261 olfactory epithelial support cell A non-ciliated columnar cell that extends from the epithelial free margin to the basement membrane of the olfactory epithelium. CL:0000853 A cell that is specialized to accumulate oxygen. eriksegerdell 2009-07-20T02:16:28Z CL:0000329 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003262 oxygen accumulating cell A cell that is specialized to accumulate oxygen. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A secretory cell that secretes an agonist into intercellular spaces in which it diffuses to a target cell other than that which produced it. eriksegerdell 2009-07-20T02:17:10Z CL:0000512 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003263 paracrine cell A secretory cell that secretes an agonist into intercellular spaces in which it diffuses to a target cell other than that which produced it. CL:0000512 A slender, contractile, mesenchymal-like cell found in close association with capillary walls. They are relatively undifferentiated and may become fibroblasts, macrophages, or smooth muscle cells. eriksegerdell 2009-07-20T02:21:51Z CL:0000669 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003264 pericyte A slender, contractile, mesenchymal-like cell found in close association with capillary walls. They are relatively undifferentiated and may become fibroblasts, macrophages, or smooth muscle cells. CL:0000669 A stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line. eriksegerdell 2009-07-20T02:25:31Z CL:0000723 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003265 somatic stem cell A stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line. CL:0000723 Embryonic primordium consisting of an endodermal thickening that develops into the liver. eriksegerdell 2009-07-20T04:05:12Z liver UBERON:0003894 xenopus_anatomy liver bud XAO:0003266 liver primordium Embryonic primordium consisting of an endodermal thickening that develops into the liver. ZFA:0000124 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Either of the pair of structures lying on either side of the dorsal aorta in which fluid balance is regulated and waste is excreted out in the form of urine. Amphibians (and fish) have a early kidney, the pronephros/pronephric kidney, which consitsts of a single nephron attached to a pronephric duct, which in turn is linked to the cloaca. The pronephros functions as primary filtration system for the embryo while the mesonephric kidney develops. The pronephros starts to degenerate at NF stage 53. The mesonephros starts to form at NF stage 39 and contuinues to grow into the adult kidney. eriksegerdell 2009-08-25T11:34:29Z UBERON:0002113 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003267 kidney Either of the pair of structures lying on either side of the dorsal aorta in which fluid balance is regulated and waste is excreted out in the form of urine. Amphibians (and fish) have a early kidney, the pronephros/pronephric kidney, which consitsts of a single nephron attached to a pronephric duct, which in turn is linked to the cloaca. The pronephros functions as primary filtration system for the embryo while the mesonephric kidney develops. The pronephros starts to degenerate at NF stage 53. The mesonephros starts to form at NF stage 39 and contuinues to grow into the adult kidney. AAO:0000250 Xenbase:Staff Type of presumptive precardiac cell that lie as paired primordia 30 to 45 degrees on either side of the dorsal midline of the embryo. As gastrulation proceeds, these migrate laterally, eventually fusing at the anterior ventral midline, where they differentiate into cardiac tissue. They give rise to the linear heart tube of the fused heart primordium and derive from the cardiac crescent. eriksegerdell 2009-12-01T04:42:20Z CPC xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003268 cardiac progenitor cell Type of presumptive precardiac cell that lie as paired primordia 30 to 45 degrees on either side of the dorsal midline of the embryo. As gastrulation proceeds, these migrate laterally, eventually fusing at the anterior ventral midline, where they differentiate into cardiac tissue. They give rise to the linear heart tube of the fused heart primordium and derive from the cardiac crescent. PMID:17194606 PMID:2340810 Type of muscle that arises in the zygomatic arch and closes the jaw. eriksegerdell 2009-12-01T04:45:17Z UBERON:0011648 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0003269 jaw muscle Type of muscle that arises in the zygomatic arch and closes the jaw. UBERON:0003681 A tube shaped portion of tissue lined with epithelial cells that collects secretions and routes them to their destination. lab 2011-06-16T10:41:29Z UBERON:0000058 xenopus_anatomy ducts XAO:0004000 duct A tube shaped portion of tissue lined with epithelial cells that collects secretions and routes them to their destination. UBERON:0000058 ducts Material anatomical entity in a gaseous, liquid, semisolid or solid state; produced by anatomical structures or derived from inhaled and ingested substances that have been modified by anatomical structures as they pass through the body. lab 2011-06-16T10:56:39Z UBERON:0000463 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004001 portion of organism substance Material anatomical entity in a gaseous, liquid, semisolid or solid state; produced by anatomical structures or derived from inhaled and ingested substances that have been modified by anatomical structures as they pass through the body. CARO:0000004 Any of the sense organs that detect vibrations carried through water. They develop from a specialized series of dorsolateral ectodermal placodes named lateral line placodes. lab 2011-06-16T11:03:34Z UBERON:0010202 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004002 lateral line Any of the sense organs that detect vibrations carried through water. They develop from a specialized series of dorsolateral ectodermal placodes named lateral line placodes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Non-material anatomical entity of one dimension, which forms a boundary of an anatomical surface or is a modulation of an anatomical surface. lab 2011-06-16T11:18:59Z CARO:0000008 UBERON:0006800 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004003 anatomical line Non-material anatomical entity of one dimension, which forms a boundary of an anatomical surface or is a modulation of an anatomical surface. CARO:0000008 Epithelium that consists of epithelial cells not arranged in one ore more layers. lab 2011-06-20T10:55:41Z CARO:0000071 UBERON:0000488 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004004 atypical epithelium Epithelium that consists of epithelial cells not arranged in one ore more layers. AAO:0010057 Anatomical structure that is contiguous with the embryo and comprises portions of tissue or cells that will not contribute to the embryo. lab 2011-06-20T11:00:46Z CARO:0000042 UBERON:0000478 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004005 extraembryonic structure Anatomical structure that is contiguous with the embryo and comprises portions of tissue or cells that will not contribute to the embryo. ZFA:0000020 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Epithelium that consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells. lab 2011-06-20T11:10:18Z CARO:0000069 UBERON:0000486 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004006 multilaminar epithelium Epithelium that consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells. CARO:0000069 Epithelium that consists of a single layer of epithelial cells. lab 2011-06-20T11:18:11Z CARO:0000073 UBERON:0000490 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004007 unilaminar epithelium Epithelium that consists of a single layer of epithelial cells. CARO:MAH Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of columnar cells. lab 2011-06-20T11:19:24Z CARO:0000068 UBERON:0000485 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004008 simple columnar epithelium Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of columnar cells. CARO:MAH Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells. lab 2011-06-20T11:22:50Z CARO:0000067 UBERON:0000484 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004009 simple cuboidal epithelium Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells. CARO:MAH Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of squamous cells. lab 2011-06-20T11:25:42Z CARO:0000070 UBERON:0000487 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004010 simple squamous epithelium Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of squamous cells. CARO:MAH Anatomical cluster of the central body axis including the cranium, vertebrae, notochord, ribs, and sternum. xenbase3 2011-08-22T02:37:32Z UBERON:0005944 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004011 axial skeleton Anatomical cluster of the central body axis including the cranium, vertebrae, notochord, ribs, and sternum. VSAO:0000056 Organ entity that is typically involved in mechanical support and may have different skeletal tissue compositions at different stages. xenbase3 2011-08-22T03:11:53Z UBERON:0004765 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004012 skeletal element Organ entity that is typically involved in mechanical support and may have different skeletal tissue compositions at different stages. VSAO:0000128 Skeletal element that is composed of cartilage tissue and may be permanent or transient. xenbase3 2011-08-22T03:25:09Z UBERON:0007844 cartilaginous element chondrogenic element xenopus_anatomy cartilage XAO:0004013 cartilage element Skeletal element that is composed of cartilage tissue and may be permanent or transient. UBERON:0007844 Bone element that arises as a result of intramembranous ossification. xenbase3 2011-08-22T03:36:02Z UBERON:0007842 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004014 membrane bone Bone element that arises as a result of intramembranous ossification. UBERON:0007842 Skeletal element that forms superficially in the organism, usually in association with the ectoderm. xenbase3 2011-08-22T03:36:25Z UBERON:0008907 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004015 dermal bone Skeletal element that forms superficially in the organism, usually in association with the ectoderm. UBERON:0008907 Skeletal element that forms as a replacement or substitution of another element or tissue. xenbase3 2011-08-22T03:37:56Z UBERON:0010522 xenopus_anatomy replacement element XAO:0004016 regenerating skeletal element Skeletal element that forms as a replacement or substitution of another element or tissue. UBERON:0010522 A skeletal element that has the potential to participate in endochondral ossification, and may participate in intramembranous ossification. xenbase3 2011-08-22T03:38:45Z UBERON:0010363 endochondral replacement element xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004017 endochondral element A skeletal element that has the potential to participate in endochondral ossification, and may participate in intramembranous ossification. UBERON:0010363 Replacement bone that forms within cartilage. xenbase3 2011-08-22T03:39:53Z UBERON:0002513 ossified chondrogenic bone xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004018 endochondral bone Replacement bone that forms within cartilage. UBERON:0002513 Main component of the vertebral column. It consists of two essential parts, a dorsal neural arch and a ventral centrum. xenbase3 2011-08-22T03:44:24Z UBERON:0002412 xenopus_anatomy vertebrae XAO:0004019 vertebra Main component of the vertebral column. It consists of two essential parts, a dorsal neural arch and a ventral centrum. AAO:0000691 vertebrae Anatomical structure that is a natural outgrowth, projection, or appendage. A process can be part of a bone, cartilage, tissue, or fin. xenbase3 2011-08-22T03:58:55Z UBERON:0004529 flange lamellae laminae projection ridge shelf xenopus_anatomy bony projection XAO:0004020 process Anatomical structure that is a natural outgrowth, projection, or appendage. A process can be part of a bone, cartilage, tissue, or fin. VSAO:0000180 Anatomical structure that is an aggregation of similar cells from which cartilages and bones form, and from which chondrogenesis and osteogenesis are initiated during repair and/or regeneration. xenbase3 2011-08-22T04:26:10Z UBERON:0011585 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004021 cell condensation Anatomical structure that is an aggregation of similar cells from which cartilages and bones form, and from which chondrogenesis and osteogenesis are initiated during repair and/or regeneration. PMID:8901191 UBERON:0011585 Cell condensation that is an aggregation of mesenchymal cells that are committed to differentiate into chondroblasts and chondrocytes. xenbase3 2011-08-22T04:27:08Z UBERON:0005863 cartilage condensation chondrogenic condensation xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004022 cartilaginous condensation Cell condensation that is an aggregation of mesenchymal cells that are committed to differentiate into chondroblasts and chondrocytes. UBERON:0005863 Cranial skeleton derived from neural crest cells. xenbase3 2011-08-22T04:39:54Z cranio-facial skeleton xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004023 craniofacial skeleton Cranial skeleton derived from neural crest cells. VSAO:00000082 Anatomical cluster that encompasses the cranium and facial structures. xenbase3 2011-08-22T04:42:44Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004024 craniofacial region Anatomical cluster that encompasses the cranium and facial structures. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Skeletal subdivision that undergoes direct development and includes elements that either develop in association with the basement membrane of the ectoderm or are homologous with such elements; includes dermatocranium, components of the appendicular skeleton, teeth and tooth-like elements of the oropharynx, and integumentary elements. xenbase3 2011-08-22T04:47:40Z UBERON:0010364 xenopus_anatomy dermal skeletal system dermoskeleton desmoskeleton exoskeleton XAO:0004025 dermal skeleton Skeletal subdivision that undergoes direct development and includes elements that either develop in association with the basement membrane of the ectoderm or are homologous with such elements; includes dermatocranium, components of the appendicular skeleton, teeth and tooth-like elements of the oropharynx, and integumentary elements. UBERON:0010364 Skeletal system that undergoes indirect development and includes elements that develop as a replacement or substitution of other elements or tissues. xenbase3 2011-08-22T04:49:15Z UBERON:0010362 replacement skeleton xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004026 endoskeleton Skeletal system that undergoes indirect development and includes elements that develop as a replacement or substitution of other elements or tissues. UBERON:0010362 Anatomical structure composed of a combination of protein fibers, ground substance and tissue fluid; typically has embedded cells. xenbase3 2011-08-22T04:52:15Z ECM xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004027 extracellular matrix Anatomical structure composed of a combination of protein fibers, ground substance and tissue fluid; typically has embedded cells. VSAO:0000022 Cartilage tissue intermediate between hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue; contains of abundant collagen fibers; chondrocytes often arranged in columns. xenbase3 2011-08-22T04:54:35Z UBERON:0001995 fibrocartilage tissue xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004028 fibrocartilage Cartilage tissue intermediate between hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue; contains of abundant collagen fibers; chondrocytes often arranged in columns. UBERON:0001995 Cartilage tissue primarily composed of type II collagen (thin fibrils) and a glassy appearance. xenbase3 2011-08-22T04:56:37Z UBERON:0001994 hyaline cartilage xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004029 hyaline cartilage tissue Cartilage tissue primarily composed of type II collagen (thin fibrils) and a glassy appearance. UBERON:0001994 Connective tissue that is dominated by collagen fibers organized into a definitive pattern (e.g., parallel to one another), with comparatively fewer cells (mostly fibroblasts). xenbase3 2011-08-22T05:06:10Z UBERON:0007846 dense fibrous connective tissue dense regular collagenous connective tissue dense regular collagenous tissue regular dense connective tissue xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004030 dense regular connective tissue Connective tissue that is dominated by collagen fibers organized into a definitive pattern (e.g., parallel to one another), with comparatively fewer cells (mostly fibroblasts). UBERON:0007846 Dense regular connective tissue connecting two or more adjacent skeletal elements or supporting an organ. xenbase3 2011-08-22T05:06:59Z UBERON:0000211 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004031 ligament Dense regular connective tissue connecting two or more adjacent skeletal elements or supporting an organ. UBERON:0000211 A layer consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that forms a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells. The proteins are secreted by cells in the vicinity. xenbase3 2011-08-22T05:12:13Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004032 proteinaceous extracellular matrix A layer consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that forms a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells. The proteins are secreted by cells in the vicinity. VSAO:0000021 Proteinaceous extracellular matrix that is avascular and consists primarily of glycosaminoglycans. xenbase3 2011-08-22T05:14:07Z avascular glycosaminoglycan-rich matrix cartilage matrix cartilage-like matrix xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004033 avascular GAG-rich matrix Proteinaceous extracellular matrix that is avascular and consists primarily of glycosaminoglycans. VSAO:0000059 Extracellular matrix that is mineralized. xenbase3 2011-08-22T05:16:11Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004034 mineralized extracellular matrix Extracellular matrix that is mineralized. VSAO:0000020 Bone tissue that is an unmineralized bone matrix deposited by osteoblasts prior to the mineralization of bone tissue. xenbase3 2011-08-22T05:17:00Z UBERON:0008883 osteoid tissue pre-bone prebone prebone tissue xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004035 osteoid Bone tissue that is an unmineralized bone matrix deposited by osteoblasts prior to the mineralization of bone tissue. UBERON:0008883 Avascular GAG-rich matrix that is mineralized. xenbase3 2011-08-22T05:18:20Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004036 mineralized avascular GAG-rich matrix Avascular GAG-rich matrix that is mineralized. VSAO:0000120 Avascular GAG-rich matrix that is not mineralized. xenbase3 2011-08-22T05:18:57Z non-mineralized cartilage xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004037 non-mineralized avascular GAG-rich matrix Avascular GAG-rich matrix that is not mineralized. VSAO:0000119 A specialized form of connective tissue in which the extracellular matrix is firm, providing the tissue with resilience, and/or mineralized and that functions in mechanical and structural support. xenbase3 2011-08-22T05:21:47Z UBERON:0004755 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004038 skeletal tissue A specialized form of connective tissue in which the extracellular matrix is firm, providing the tissue with resilience, and/or mineralized and that functions in mechanical and structural support. UBERON:0004755 Skeletal tissue that is mineralized. xenbase3 2011-08-22T05:22:34Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004039 mineralized tissue Skeletal tissue that is mineralized. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Bone tissue mineralized with hydroxyapatite. xenbase3 2011-08-22T05:23:02Z UBERON:4000115 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004040 mineralized bone tissue Bone tissue mineralized with hydroxyapatite. UBERON:4000115 Hyaline cartilage tissue that is mineralized. xenbase3 2011-08-22T05:25:19Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004041 mineralized hyaline cartilage tissue Hyaline cartilage tissue that is mineralized. VSAO:0000109 Anatomical system comprising the sum of all muscles in the body. xenbase3 2011-08-22T05:28:16Z UBERON:0000383 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004042 muscular system Anatomical system comprising the sum of all muscles in the body. UBERON:0000383 Cartilage tissue that is not mineralized. xenbase3 2011-08-22T05:30:58Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004043 non-mineralized cartilage tissue Cartilage tissue that is not mineralized. VSAO:0000089 Hyaline cartilage tissue that is not mineralized. xenbase3 2011-08-22T05:32:35Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004044 non-mineralized hyaline cartilage tissue Hyaline cartilage tissue that is not mineralized. VSAO:0000108 Cell condensation that is a well-defined population of densely organized mesenchymal cells that aggregates adjacent to an epithelium. xenbase3 2011-08-23T08:43:35Z UBERON:0001763 odontogenic condensation xenopus_anatomy dental papilla XAO:0004045 odontogenic papilla Cell condensation that is a well-defined population of densely organized mesenchymal cells that aggregates adjacent to an epithelium. VSAO:0000025 Skeletal tissue that is part of the exoskeleton and derived from an odontogenic papilla. xenbase3 2011-08-23T08:45:58Z UBERON:0010365 odontogenic tissue xenopus_anatomy dental tissue XAO:0004046 odontoid tissue Skeletal tissue that is part of the exoskeleton and derived from an odontogenic papilla. UBERON:0010365 Odontogenic papilla located along the jaws or pharyngeal skeleton. xenbase3 2011-08-23T08:47:31Z oropharyngeal dental papilla xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004047 oropharyngeal papilla Odontogenic papilla located along the jaws or pharyngeal skeleton. VSAO:0000030 Anatomical cluster that comprises the oral part of the pharynx. xenbase3 2011-08-23T08:50:17Z UBERON:0001729 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004048 oropharynx Anatomical cluster that comprises the oral part of the pharynx. UBERON:0001729 A layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage of developing bone, consisting of two separate layers: an outer fibrous layer and inner chondrogenic layer. The fibrous layer contains fibroblasts, which produce collagenous fibers. The chondrogenic layer remains undifferentiated and can form chondroblasts or chondrocytes. Perichondrium is a type of connective tissue, and also functions in the growth and repair of cartilage. Once vascularized, the perichondrium becomes the periosteum. xenbase3 2011-08-23T08:52:43Z UBERON:0002222 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004049 perichondrium A layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage of developing bone, consisting of two separate layers: an outer fibrous layer and inner chondrogenic layer. The fibrous layer contains fibroblasts, which produce collagenous fibers. The chondrogenic layer remains undifferentiated and can form chondroblasts or chondrocytes. Perichondrium is a type of connective tissue, and also functions in the growth and repair of cartilage. Once vascularized, the perichondrium becomes the periosteum. Wikipedia:Perichondrium Fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the notochord; includes a layer of elastin. xenbase3 2011-08-23T08:53:53Z UBERON:0007862 perichordal connective tissue perichordal sheath perichordal sheath tissue xenopus_anatomy notochord XAO:0004050 perichordal tissue Fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the notochord; includes a layer of elastin. UBERON:0007862 Collagen-rich odontogenic tissue characteristic of teeth and tooth-like skeletal elements (e.g., odontodes); mature dentine is mineralized and develops from predentine tissue; often (but not always) tubular and acellular. xenbase3 2011-08-23T08:56:47Z UBERON:0001751 xenopus_anatomy dental tissue XAO:0004051 dentine Collagen-rich odontogenic tissue characteristic of teeth and tooth-like skeletal elements (e.g., odontodes); mature dentine is mineralized and develops from predentine tissue; often (but not always) tubular and acellular. UBERON:0001751 Odontogenic tissue that is collagen-rich and characteristic of vertebrate teeth and tooth-like structures (e.g., odontodes) deposited by preodontoblasts and odontoblasts that are typically excluded from the matrix. xenbase3 2011-08-23T08:58:05Z UBERON:0011587 pre-dentine tissue predentine tissue xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004052 pre-dentine Odontogenic tissue that is collagen-rich and characteristic of vertebrate teeth and tooth-like structures (e.g., odontodes) deposited by preodontoblasts and odontoblasts that are typically excluded from the matrix. UBERON:0011587 Anatomical cluster that consists of all the skeletal elements (eg, bone, cartilage, and teeth) of the body. xenbase3 2011-08-23T09:00:02Z UBERON:0004288 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004053 skeleton Anatomical cluster that consists of all the skeletal elements (eg, bone, cartilage, and teeth) of the body. UBERON:0004288 Connective tissue that is matrix-poor with large number of vacuolated cells. xenbase3 2011-08-23T09:02:51Z notochord proper xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004054 vacuolated notochordal tissue Connective tissue that is matrix-poor with large number of vacuolated cells. VSAO:0000053 Cartilage tissue that is mineralized. xenbase3 2011-08-23T09:31:53Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004055 mineralized cartilage tissue Cartilage tissue that is mineralized. VSAO:0000088 Mesenchyme cells that proliferate in the progress zone of developing limb buds. xenbase3 2011-08-24T10:22:39Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004056 distal mesenchyme Mesenchyme cells that proliferate in the progress zone of developing limb buds. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Portion of tissue comprising the posterior end of the tail fin. xenbase3 2011-08-24T10:30:32Z UBERON:0010162 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004057 tail tip Portion of tissue comprising the posterior end of the tail fin. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Nerve that is a branch of cranial nerve VIII and innervates the cristae ampullaris. xenbase3 2011-08-24T10:33:59Z neural ampulla xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004058 ampullary nerve Nerve that is a branch of cranial nerve VIII and innervates the cristae ampullaris. ZFA:0005144 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A portion of tissue that is re-growing after damage or amputation. xenbase3 2011-08-24T10:40:19Z UBERON:0007567 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004059 regenerating tissue A portion of tissue that is re-growing after damage or amputation. ZFA:0005147 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A regenerating tissue composed of a proliferative mass of undifferentiated progenitor cells from which new differentiated structures arise. xenbase3 2011-08-24T10:42:35Z UBERON:0005306 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004060 blastema A regenerating tissue composed of a proliferative mass of undifferentiated progenitor cells from which new differentiated structures arise. ZFA:0001270 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Fin margin which is part of the dorsal fin. xenbase3 2011-08-24T10:45:04Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004061 dorsal fin margin Fin margin which is part of the dorsal fin. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The fin at the posterior part of the body of the tadpole. xenbase3 2011-08-24T10:47:44Z xenopus_anatomy caudal fin XAO:0004062 tail fin The fin at the posterior part of the body of the tadpole. BTO:0001827 The unsupported flaps of epidermis-covered, loose connective tissue extending the length of the dorsal tail muscle, originating at or near the tail-body junction, and extending posteriorly to slightly beyond the tip of the notochord and tail musculature. xenbase3 2011-08-24T10:57:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004063 dorsal fin The unsupported flaps of epidermis-covered, loose connective tissue extending the length of the dorsal tail muscle, originating at or near the tail-body junction, and extending posteriorly to slightly beyond the tip of the notochord and tail musculature. ISBN:0226557634 The ventral part of the tail fin. xenbase3 2011-08-24T11:06:36Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004064 ventral tail fin The ventral part of the tail fin. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Fin margin which is part of the ventral fin. xenbase3 2011-08-24T11:08:17Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004065 ventral fin margin Fin margin which is part of the ventral fin. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Portion of the cleavage-stage embryo below the equator and consisting of prospective endodermal cells. xenbase3 2011-08-24T11:12:31Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004066 vegetal endoderm Portion of the cleavage-stage embryo below the equator and consisting of prospective endodermal cells. ISBN:0123646200 During gastrulation, the ring of endodermal cells that overlie the larger sub-blastoral endoderm cells. xenbase3 2011-08-24T11:14:55Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004067 suprablastoporal endoderm During gastrulation, the ring of endodermal cells that overlie the larger sub-blastoral endoderm cells. ISBN:0123646200 During gastrulation, the vegetal endodermal cells that lie just below the ring of smaller suprablastoral endoderm cells. xenbase3 2011-08-24T11:15:44Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004068 sub-blastoporal endoderm During gastrulation, the vegetal endodermal cells that lie just below the ring of smaller suprablastoral endoderm cells. ISBN:0123646200 Neural crest that lose their connections to other neuroepithelial cells during the delamination process and begin to migrate. This involves either partial or complete epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Numerous molecules have been demonstrated to guide a neural crest cell's migration to its target tissue. xenbase3 2011-08-24T11:22:55Z CL:0000333 xenopus_anatomy NCMC migratory neural crest migratory neural crest cells neural crest migrating cells XAO:0004069 migratory neural crest cell Neural crest that lose their connections to other neuroepithelial cells during the delamination process and begin to migrate. This involves either partial or complete epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Numerous molecules have been demonstrated to guide a neural crest cell's migration to its target tissue. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 migratory neural crest cells neural crest migrating cells Multi-tissue structure that is part of the diencephalon ventral to the thalamus consisting of connecting fibers and is a center for control of the autonomous nervous system. xenbase3 2011-08-24T11:29:04Z UBERON:0001898 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004070 hypothalamus Multi-tissue structure that is part of the diencephalon ventral to the thalamus consisting of connecting fibers and is a center for control of the autonomous nervous system. AAO:0010484 Decussation of cranial nerve II axons whereby some cross the midline and some remain ipsilateral. xenbase3 2011-08-24T11:35:57Z UBERON:0000959 OC optic chiasma xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004071 optic chiasm Decussation of cranial nerve II axons whereby some cross the midline and some remain ipsilateral. ZFA:0000556 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The ventral region of the alar hypothalamus. It is a diencephalic nucleus that is part of the preoptic area and is ventrolateral to the caudal parvocellular preoptic nucleus. xenbase3 2011-08-24T11:41:40Z UBERON:0002034 SCN xenopus_anatomy SC suprachiasmatic region XAO:0004072 suprachiasmatic nucleus The ventral region of the alar hypothalamus. It is a diencephalic nucleus that is part of the preoptic area and is ventrolateral to the caudal parvocellular preoptic nucleus. PMID:24122702 ZFA:0000441 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Anatomical region between somites. xenbase3 2011-08-24T12:21:44Z intersomitic junction xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004074 intersomitic region Anatomical region between somites. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Primary blood vessel sprouts that originate from the aorta and grow dorsally between the somites. xenbase3 2011-08-24T12:25:46Z intersomitic blood vessel xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004075 intersomitic vessel Primary blood vessel sprouts that originate from the aorta and grow dorsally between the somites. PMID:17119151 A tendon located in the intersomitic region. xenbase3 2011-08-24T12:28:10Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004076 intersomitic tendon A tendon located in the intersomitic region. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Epithelium located in the intersomitic region. xenbase3 2011-08-24T12:31:19Z intersomitic membrane xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004077 intersomitic epithelium Epithelium located in the intersomitic region. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Neuron located in the intersomitic region. xenbase3 2011-08-24T12:34:45Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004078 intersomitic neuron Neuron located in the intersomitic region. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Any of the transient sequential subdivisions of the developing hindbrain, all posterior to the midbrain-hindbrain boundary. xenbase3 2011-08-24T01:19:56Z UBERON:0001892 xenopus_anatomy rhombomeres XAO:0004079 rhombomere Any of the transient sequential subdivisions of the developing hindbrain, all posterior to the midbrain-hindbrain boundary. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 rhombomeres The 2nd most anterior segment of the developing hindbrain, which along with r3 is dorsal to brancial arch 1. xenbase3 2011-08-24T02:00:45Z UBERON:0005569 r2 rhombomere 2 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004080 rhombomere R2 The 2nd most anterior segment of the developing hindbrain, which along with r3 is dorsal to brancial arch 1. Xenbase:Staff The 3rd segment of the developing hindbrain, between rhombomeres r2 and r4, which along with r2 is dorsal to branchial arch 1. xenbase3 2011-08-24T02:04:40Z UBERON:0005507 r3 rhombomere 3 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004081 rhombomere R3 The 3rd segment of the developing hindbrain, between rhombomeres r2 and r4, which along with r2 is dorsal to branchial arch 1. Xenbase:Staff The 4th segment of the developing hindbrain, between rhombomeres r3 and r5 and dorsal to branchial arch 2. xenbase3 2011-08-24T02:06:25Z UBERON:0005511 r4 rhombomere 4 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004082 rhombomere R4 The 4th segment of the developing hindbrain, between rhombomeres r3 and r5 and dorsal to branchial arch 2. Xenbase:Staff The 5th segment of the developing hindbrain, between rhombomeres r4 and r6, and dorsal to branchial arch 3. xenbase3 2011-08-24T02:08:06Z UBERON:0005515 r5 rhombomere 5 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004083 rhombomere R5 The 5th segment of the developing hindbrain, between rhombomeres r4 and r6, and dorsal to branchial arch 3. Xenbase:Staff The 6th segment of the developing hindbrain, directly bordering the midbrain-hindbrain boundary, and dorsal to branchial arch 4. xenbase3 2011-08-24T02:09:39Z UBERON:0005519 r6 rhombomere 6 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004084 rhombomere R6 The 6th segment of the developing hindbrain, directly bordering the midbrain-hindbrain boundary, and dorsal to branchial arch 4. Xenbase:Staff Specialized epithelial cells involved in the maintenance of osmotic homeostasis. They are characterized by abundant mitochondria and ion transporters. In Xenopus there are two distinct types of ionocytes, described as alpha- and beta- subtypes. xenbase3 2011-08-24T02:12:18Z clear cell intercalated cell mitochondria-rich cell narrow cell CL:0005006 IC xenopus_anatomy FORE cell PSC proton-secreting cell XAO:0004085 ionocyte Specialized epithelial cells involved in the maintenance of osmotic homeostasis. They are characterized by abundant mitochondria and ion transporters. In Xenopus there are two distinct types of ionocytes, described as alpha- and beta- subtypes. CL:0005006 Part of the neural ectoderm that will become the embryonic midbrain-hindbrain boundary. xenbase3 2011-08-24T02:24:16Z UBERON:0007281 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004086 presumptive midbrain-hindbrain boundary Part of the neural ectoderm that will become the embryonic midbrain-hindbrain boundary. UBERON:0007281 One of the two edges of the neural groove. xenbase3 2011-08-24T02:42:38Z UBERON:0005062 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004087 neural fold One of the two edges of the neural groove. UBERON:0005062 The apical region of the animal hemisphere. xenbase3 2011-08-24T03:18:10Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004088 animal pole The apical region of the animal hemisphere. XAO:curator Anatomical region that surrounds the eye but is within the orbit. xenbase3 2011-08-24T03:20:21Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004089 periocular region Anatomical region that surrounds the eye but is within the orbit. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/periocular Portion of tissue that is part of the anterior neural plate and will form the optic vesicle. xenbase3 2011-08-24T03:24:00Z UBERON:0003071 xenopus_anatomy eye primordium optic primordium XAO:0004090 optic field Portion of tissue that is part of the anterior neural plate and will form the optic vesicle. ZFA:0000570 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The portion of the embryonic ectoderm, including the preplacodal ectoderm, that does not give rise to nervous tissue. xenbase3 2011-08-24T03:28:19Z UBERON:0005497 NNE xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004091 non-neural ectoderm The portion of the embryonic ectoderm, including the preplacodal ectoderm, that does not give rise to nervous tissue. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A thick, U-shaped primordium positioned at the border of the future epidermis and the neural plate/neural crest forming regions, in the neural stage embryo. This field of naive ectoderm is subdivided into 3 domains, each with distinct gene expression profiles: the anterior PPE (bottom of the U), the lateral PPE (the curves of the U), and the posterior PPE (arms of the U and adjacent to the neural crest/neural plate border). The PPE differentiates into the sensory placodes, which in turn form the adenohypophysis/anterior pituitary gland and sensory organs (such as the olfactory epithelium, lens, trigeminal nerves, epibranchial nerves, otic vesicles and lateral lines). xenbase3 2011-08-24T03:30:53Z PPE pre-placodal ectoderm xenopus_anatomy placodal area XAO:0004092 preplacodal ectoderm A thick, U-shaped primordium positioned at the border of the future epidermis and the neural plate/neural crest forming regions, in the neural stage embryo. This field of naive ectoderm is subdivided into 3 domains, each with distinct gene expression profiles: the anterior PPE (bottom of the U), the lateral PPE (the curves of the U), and the posterior PPE (arms of the U and adjacent to the neural crest/neural plate border). The PPE differentiates into the sensory placodes, which in turn form the adenohypophysis/anterior pituitary gland and sensory organs (such as the olfactory epithelium, lens, trigeminal nerves, epibranchial nerves, otic vesicles and lateral lines). PMID:30291163 An embryonic structure positioned halfway between the prospective eye and ear, adjacent to the future midbrain-hindbrain boundary. The profundal and the trigeminal ganglia are separate distally but fused at their proximal end as they condense around NF stage 24. xenbase3 2011-08-24T03:36:24Z profundus placode xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004093 profundal placode An embryonic structure positioned halfway between the prospective eye and ear, adjacent to the future midbrain-hindbrain boundary. The profundal and the trigeminal ganglia are separate distally but fused at their proximal end as they condense around NF stage 24. PMID:21452441 Epithelium that borders the anterior and equitorial region of the lens. Lens growth occurs via the differentiation of additional fibre cells from lens epithelial cells. xenbase3 2011-08-24T03:40:12Z UBERON:0001803 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004094 lens epithelium Epithelium that borders the anterior and equitorial region of the lens. Lens growth occurs via the differentiation of additional fibre cells from lens epithelial cells. ZFA:0001326 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The region of the lens of the eye where cells from the anterior epithelial capsule become transformed into the fibers that compose the lens substance. xenbase3 2011-08-24T03:43:21Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004095 lens transitional zone The region of the lens of the eye where cells from the anterior epithelial capsule become transformed into the fibers that compose the lens substance. https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/transitional+zone Portion of tissue comprising fibers that form the bulk of the lens. They are long, thin, transparent cells. xenbase3 2011-08-24T03:45:09Z UBERON:0002444 xenopus_anatomy lens fiber lens fiber cells XAO:0004096 lens fiber cell mass Portion of tissue comprising fibers that form the bulk of the lens. They are long, thin, transparent cells. UBERON:0002444 A neuron that laterally connects other neurons in the inner nuclear layer of the retina. xenbase3 2011-08-24T03:58:01Z CL:0000745 xenopus_anatomy horizontal neuron XAO:0004097 horizontal cell A neuron that laterally connects other neurons in the inner nuclear layer of the retina. CL:0000745 A type of interneuron that has two neurites, usually an axon and a dendrite, extending from opposite poles of an ovoid cell body. xenbase3 2011-08-24T04:01:16Z CL:0000103 xenopus_anatomy retinal bipolar cell XAO:0004098 bipolar neuron A type of interneuron that has two neurites, usually an axon and a dendrite, extending from opposite poles of an ovoid cell body. CL:0000103 Interneuron of the retina. They integrate, modulate, and interpose a temporal domain in the visual message presented to the retinal ganglion cells, with which they synapse in the inner plexiform layer. They lack large axons. xenbase3 2011-08-24T04:06:40Z CL:0000561 amacrine neuron xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004099 amacrine cell Interneuron of the retina. They integrate, modulate, and interpose a temporal domain in the visual message presented to the retinal ganglion cells, with which they synapse in the inner plexiform layer. They lack large axons. CL:0000561 Type of neuron that receives neural inputs via bipolar, horizontal and amacrine cells. The axons of these cells make up the optic nerve. xenbase3 2011-08-24T04:08:45Z CL:0000740 RGC xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004100 retinal ganglion cell Type of neuron that receives neural inputs via bipolar, horizontal and amacrine cells. The axons of these cells make up the optic nerve. CL:0000740 Diencephalic white matter (tract) that is composed of retinal ganglion cell axons after which they have passed through the optic chiasm. xenbase3 2011-08-25T09:25:47Z UBERON:0001908 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004101 optic tract Diencephalic white matter (tract) that is composed of retinal ganglion cell axons after which they have passed through the optic chiasm. UBERON:0001908 The portion of the neural plate border that is anterior to the mid-hindbrain junction. xenbase3 2011-08-25T09:47:05Z xenopus_anatomy anterior neural plate border XAO:0004102 pre-chordal neural plate border The portion of the neural plate border that is anterior to the mid-hindbrain junction. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The portion of the neural plate border that is posterior to the mid-hindbrain junction, and from which neural crest cells arise. xenbase3 2011-08-25T09:47:56Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004103 chordal neural plate border The portion of the neural plate border that is posterior to the mid-hindbrain junction, and from which neural crest cells arise. Xenbase:Staff The boundary between non-neural ectoderm and the neural plate of neurula stage embryos, giving rise to the neural crest and cranial placodes. xenbase3 2011-08-25T09:49:21Z NPB xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004104 neural plate border The boundary between non-neural ectoderm and the neural plate of neurula stage embryos, giving rise to the neural crest and cranial placodes. ISBN:0878933840 Any of bilaterally paired tubes that perform the resorptive and excretory functions of the pronephros, and which connect the pronephric glomeruli to the pronephric ducts. xenbase3 2011-08-25T09:56:54Z UBERON:0005310 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004105 pronephric tubule Any of bilaterally paired tubes that perform the resorptive and excretory functions of the pronephros, and which connect the pronephric glomeruli to the pronephric ducts. ISBN:0127224416 ZFA:0001558 A portion of forelimb tissue that is re-growing after damage or amputation. xenbase3 2011-08-25T10:02:27Z forelimb xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004106 regenerating forelimb A portion of forelimb tissue that is re-growing after damage or amputation. Xenbase:Staff A portion of hind limb tissue that is re-growing after damage or amputation. xenbase3 2011-08-25T10:02:56Z hind limb hindlimb regenerating hind limb xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004107 regenerating hindlimb A portion of hind limb tissue that is re-growing after damage or amputation. Xenbase:Staff A portion of tail tissue that is re-growing after damage or amputation. xenbase3 2011-08-25T10:03:11Z tail xenopus_anatomy tail blastema XAO:0004108 regenerating tail A portion of tail tissue that is re-growing after damage or amputation. Xenbase:Staff A portion of eye tissue that is re-growing after damage or amputation. xenbase3 2011-08-25T10:03:22Z eye xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004109 regenerating eye A portion of eye tissue that is re-growing after damage or amputation. Xenbase:Staff A cell found in the retina of the eye that is specialized to detect and transduce light. xenbase3 2011-08-25T10:17:43Z CL:0000287 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004110 eye photoreceptor cell A cell found in the retina of the eye that is specialized to detect and transduce light. CL:0000210 One of the two photoreceptor cell types in the retina. In cones the photopigment is in invaginations of the cell membrane of the outer segment. Cones are less sensitive to light than rods, but they provide vision with higher spatial and temporal acuity, and the combination of signals from cones with different pigments allows color vision. xenbase3 2011-08-25T10:19:21Z CL:0000573 cone photoreceptor cell eye photoreceptor cell (cone) xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004111 retinal cone cell One of the two photoreceptor cell types in the retina. In cones the photopigment is in invaginations of the cell membrane of the outer segment. Cones are less sensitive to light than rods, but they provide vision with higher spatial and temporal acuity, and the combination of signals from cones with different pigments allows color vision. CL:0000573 One of the two photoreceptor cell types of the retina. In rods the photopigment is in stacks of membranous disks separate from the outer cell membrane. Rods are more sensitive to light than cones, but rod mediated vision has less spatial and temporal resolution than cone vision. xenbase3 2011-08-25T10:22:13Z CL:0000604 eye photoreceptor cell (rod) rod photoreceptor cell xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004112 retinal rod cell One of the two photoreceptor cell types of the retina. In rods the photopigment is in stacks of membranous disks separate from the outer cell membrane. Rods are more sensitive to light than cones, but rod mediated vision has less spatial and temporal resolution than cone vision. CL:0000604 The apical region of the vegetal hemisphere. xenbase3 2011-08-25T10:25:07Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004113 vegetal pole The apical region of the vegetal hemisphere. XAO:curator A developing female gamete that is at the pre-vitellogenic stage. xenbase3 2011-08-25T10:27:57Z pre-vitellogenic oocyte xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004114 stage I oocyte A developing female gamete that is at the pre-vitellogenic stage. Xenbase:Staff A developing female gamete that is at the early vitellogenic stage. xenbase3 2011-08-25T10:28:59Z early vitellogenic oocyte xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004115 stage II oocyte A developing female gamete that is at the early vitellogenic stage. Xenbase:Staff A developing female gamete that is at the mid-vitellogenic stage. xenbase3 2011-08-25T10:30:01Z mid-vitellogenic oocyte xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004116 stage III oocyte A developing female gamete that is at the mid-vitellogenic stage. Xenbase:Staff A developing female gamete that is at the stage in which polarization along the animal-vegetal axis is established. xenbase3 2011-08-25T10:30:48Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004117 stage IV oocyte A developing female gamete that is at the stage in which polarization along the animal-vegetal axis is established. Xenbase:Staff A developing female gamete that is at the late vitellogenic stage. xenbase3 2011-08-25T10:31:45Z late vitellogenic oocyte xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004118 stage V oocyte A developing female gamete that is at the late vitellogenic stage. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A female gamete that is at the fully grown stage. xenbase3 2011-08-25T10:32:29Z post-vitellogenic oocyte xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004119 stage VI oocyte A female gamete that is at the fully grown stage. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A sheet of extracellular matrix that separates the outer myocardial cell layer from the inner endocardial tube in the early embryonic heart. As the heart is going through the looping stages, this extracellular matrix/cardiac jelly starts to thicken in two regions, the atrioventricular canal region and the ventricular outflow tract region. These two discrete swellings of cardiac jelly are known as cardiac cushions. The cardiac jelly plays a central role in the septation of the heart and comprises most of the thickness of the heart wall at early stages, but disappears as the heart differentiates. xenbase3 2011-08-25T10:49:57Z UBERON:0003906 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004120 cardiac jelly A sheet of extracellular matrix that separates the outer myocardial cell layer from the inner endocardial tube in the early embryonic heart. As the heart is going through the looping stages, this extracellular matrix/cardiac jelly starts to thicken in two regions, the atrioventricular canal region and the ventricular outflow tract region. These two discrete swellings of cardiac jelly are known as cardiac cushions. The cardiac jelly plays a central role in the septation of the heart and comprises most of the thickness of the heart wall at early stages, but disappears as the heart differentiates. PMID:19890915 A thickened layer of ectodermal cells at the distal tip of a developing limb bud. Along with the zone of polarizing activity, it is a crucial organizing region during limb development. xenbase3 2011-08-25T10:53:20Z UBERON:0004356 AER apical epidermal ridge epidermal ridge xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004121 apical ectodermal ridge A thickened layer of ectodermal cells at the distal tip of a developing limb bud. Along with the zone of polarizing activity, it is a crucial organizing region during limb development. Wikipedia:Apical_ectodermal_ridge Anatomical cluster that consists of rapidly dividing cells. xenbase3 2011-08-25T10:57:21Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004122 proliferative region Anatomical cluster that consists of rapidly dividing cells. ZFA:0000098 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The part of the heart connecting the atrium to the cardiac ventricle. xenbase3 2011-08-25T11:16:48Z UBERON:0002087 AV canal xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004123 atrioventricular canal The part of the heart connecting the atrium to the cardiac ventricle. PMID:10644411 ZFA:0001315 Endocardium that is part of the atrioventricular canal. xenbase3 2011-08-25T11:19:42Z UBERON:0003930 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004124 atrioventricular canal endocardium Endocardium that is part of the atrioventricular canal. PMID:10644411 ZFA:0001616 A portion of tissue forming a cusp guarding the opening of the atrioventricular valve. xenbase3 2011-08-25T11:20:57Z xenopus_anatomy atrioventricular valve leaflets XAO:0004125 atrioventricular valve leaflet A portion of tissue forming a cusp guarding the opening of the atrioventricular valve. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 atrioventricular valve leaflets Portion of tissue that prevents regurgitation of blood from the ventricles to the atria or from the pulmonary arteries or aorta to the ventricles. xenbase3 2011-08-25T11:22:41Z UBERON:0000946 xenopus_anatomy heart valve XAO:0004126 cardiac valve Portion of tissue that prevents regurgitation of blood from the ventricles to the atria or from the pulmonary arteries or aorta to the ventricles. UBERON:0000946 Muscle that pulls the hyoid apparatus forward and depresses the lower jaw. xenbase3 2011-08-25T11:33:42Z XAO:0004347 UBERON:0011151 geniohyoideus mgh xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004127 m. geniohyoideus Muscle that pulls the hyoid apparatus forward and depresses the lower jaw. Xenbase:Staff Muscle of the abdomen that continues anteriorly as the m. rectus cervicis. xenbase3 2011-08-25T11:34:32Z UBERON:0002382 rectus abdominis xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004128 m. rectus abdominis Muscle of the abdomen that continues anteriorly as the m. rectus cervicis. ISBN:080184780X Xenbase:Staff Muscle that retracts the hyoid and, therefore, the tongue. xenbase3 2011-08-25T11:34:53Z XAO:0004348 mrc rectus cervicis xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004129 m. rectus cervicus Muscle that retracts the hyoid and, therefore, the tongue. Xenbase:Staff A mechanoreceptor cell located in the inner ear that is sensitive to auditory stimuli. The accessory sensory structures are arranged so that appropriate stimuli cause movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system. xenbase3 2011-08-25T11:41:17Z CL:0000202 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004130 auditory hair cell A mechanoreceptor cell located in the inner ear that is sensitive to auditory stimuli. The accessory sensory structures are arranged so that appropriate stimuli cause movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system. CL:0000202 Horizontal (lateral) patch of cristae/sensory epithelia cells of the inner ear. xenbase3 2011-08-25T11:44:54Z horizontal crista xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004131 lateral crista Horizontal (lateral) patch of cristae/sensory epithelia cells of the inner ear. PMID:20201105 Presumptive structure at the animal pole of the blastula that will develop into ectoderm. xenbase3 2011-08-26T08:59:00Z UBERON:0006601 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004132 presumptive ectoderm Presumptive structure at the animal pole of the blastula that will develop into ectoderm. UBERON:0006601 Posterior patch of cristae/sensory epithelia cells of the inner ear. xenbase3 2011-08-26T09:03:42Z UBERON:0007275 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004133 posterior crista Posterior patch of cristae/sensory epithelia cells of the inner ear. PMID:20201105 Presumptive structure that will develop into paraxial mesoderm. xenbase3 2011-08-26T09:08:28Z UBERON:0007285 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004134 presumptive paraxial mesoderm Presumptive structure that will develop into paraxial mesoderm. Xenbase:Staff The interface between the dorsal neuroepithelium and the roof plate of the fourth ventricle. The source of a number of migratory neuron populations of the hindbrain. xenbase3 2011-08-26T09:25:54Z UBERON:0006215 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004135 rhombic lip The interface between the dorsal neuroepithelium and the roof plate of the fourth ventricle. The source of a number of migratory neuron populations of the hindbrain. UBERON:0006215 Portion of tissue that is a patch of thickened, pseudostratified epithelium in the inner ear, consisting of regular arrays of sensory hair cells interspersed with supporting cells. The macula saccule senses linear acceleration and gravity. xenbase3 2011-08-26T09:31:03Z UBERON:0002212 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004136 saccular macula Portion of tissue that is a patch of thickened, pseudostratified epithelium in the inner ear, consisting of regular arrays of sensory hair cells interspersed with supporting cells. The macula saccule senses linear acceleration and gravity. PMID:20201105 Anterior patch of cristae/sensory epithelia cells of the inner ear. xenbase3 2011-08-26T09:42:59Z UBERON:0007274 xenopus_anatomy anterior cristae XAO:0004137 anterior crista Anterior patch of cristae/sensory epithelia cells of the inner ear. PMID:20201105 anterior cristae A specialized epithelial cell involved in sensory perception. Restricted to special sense organs of the olfactory, gustatory, and vestibuloauditory systems; they contain sensory cells surrounded by supportive, non-receptive cells. xenbase3 2011-08-26T09:52:26Z CL:0000098 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004138 sensory epithelial cell A specialized epithelial cell involved in sensory perception. Restricted to special sense organs of the olfactory, gustatory, and vestibuloauditory systems; they contain sensory cells surrounded by supportive, non-receptive cells. CL:0000098 The portion of the heart through which blood flows into the pulmocutaneous and systemic arteries. It is derived from cardiac precusor cells of the secondary heart field, and septation is incomplete. xenbase3 2011-08-26T10:12:24Z UBERON:0004145 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004139 outflow tract The portion of the heart through which blood flows into the pulmocutaneous and systemic arteries. It is derived from cardiac precusor cells of the secondary heart field, and septation is incomplete. PMID:10644411 PMID:20671188 UBERON:0004145 A portion of either the left ventricle or right ventricle of the heart through which blood passes in order to enter the great arteries. The right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) is an infundibular extension of the ventricular cavity which connects to the pulmonary artery. The left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), which connects to the aorta, is nearly indistinguishable from the rest of the ventricle. xenbase3 2011-08-26T10:17:59Z UBERON:0005337 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004140 ventricular outflow tract A portion of either the left ventricle or right ventricle of the heart through which blood passes in order to enter the great arteries. The right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) is an infundibular extension of the ventricular cavity which connects to the pulmonary artery. The left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), which connects to the aorta, is nearly indistinguishable from the rest of the ventricle. PMID:10644411 UBERON:0005337 The thin, spiral-shaped membranous structure within the ventricular outflow tract of the heart. xenbase3 2011-08-26T10:22:27Z UBERON:0002099 xenopus_anatomy spiral septa XAO:0004141 spiral septum The thin, spiral-shaped membranous structure within the ventricular outflow tract of the heart. PMID:10644411 spiral septa Ganglion that provides afferent innervation for hair cells associated with both the auditory and vestibular components of the inner ear. As the otic placode invaginates into a cup neuroblasts delaminate from the anterior ventral aspect of the otic epithelium to give rise to neurons of the vestibulocochlear (statoacoustic) ganglion of cranial nerve VIII. xenbase3 2011-08-26T10:41:25Z UBERON:0002827 statoacoustic (VIII) ganglion statoacoustic ganglion vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion xenopus_anatomy vestibulocochlear ganglia XAO:0004142 vestibulocochlear ganglion Ganglion that provides afferent innervation for hair cells associated with both the auditory and vestibular components of the inner ear. As the otic placode invaginates into a cup neuroblasts delaminate from the anterior ventral aspect of the otic epithelium to give rise to neurons of the vestibulocochlear (statoacoustic) ganglion of cranial nerve VIII. PMID:21452441 vestibulocochlear ganglia Any network of intercommunicating blood vessels. xenbase3 2011-08-26T10:59:34Z UBERON:0005629 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004143 vascular plexus Any network of intercommunicating blood vessels. Xenbase:Staff Region that is overlapping, anterior, and dorsal to the main body of the ventral blood island. xenbase3 2011-08-26T11:20:29Z blood island aVBI xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004144 anterior ventral blood island Region that is overlapping, anterior, and dorsal to the main body of the ventral blood island. PMID:21069823 A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. xenbase3 2011-08-26T11:46:49Z UBERON:0001862 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004145 vestibular apparatus A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. UBERON:0005236 A pluripotent cell in the ventral blood island that can give rise to mesenchymal cells including erythrocytes and endothelial cells. lab 2011-08-30T10:27:52Z CL:0002418 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004146 hemangioblast A pluripotent cell in the ventral blood island that can give rise to mesenchymal cells including erythrocytes and endothelial cells. PMID:11495698 One of two veins that run upward at first in front, and subsequently on either side of the intestinal canal. They unite on the ventral aspect of the canal, and beyond this are connected to one another by two anastomotic branches, one on the dorsal, and the other on the ventral aspect of the duodenal portion of the intestine, which is thus encircled by two venous rings; into the middle or dorsal anastomosis the superior mesenteric vein opens. The portions of the veins above the upper ring become interrupted by the developing liver and broken up by it into a plexus of small capillary-like vessels termed sinusoids. lab 2011-08-30T10:36:35Z UBERON:0005487 vascular vitelline network xenopus_anatomy vitelline veins XAO:0004147 vitelline vein One of two veins that run upward at first in front, and subsequently on either side of the intestinal canal. They unite on the ventral aspect of the canal, and beyond this are connected to one another by two anastomotic branches, one on the dorsal, and the other on the ventral aspect of the duodenal portion of the intestine, which is thus encircled by two venous rings; into the middle or dorsal anastomosis the superior mesenteric vein opens. The portions of the veins above the upper ring become interrupted by the developing liver and broken up by it into a plexus of small capillary-like vessels termed sinusoids. UBERON:0005487 vitelline veins A cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, mast cell, megakaryocyte, or erythroid lineage. lab 2011-08-30T10:44:28Z CL:0000763 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004148 myeloid cell A cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, mast cell, megakaryocyte, or erythroid lineage. CL:0000763 Cell that comprises the outermost layer or lining of anatomical structures and can be squamous or cuboidal. lab 2011-08-30T10:48:16Z CL:0000115 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004149 endothelial cell Cell that comprises the outermost layer or lining of anatomical structures and can be squamous or cuboidal. CL:0000115 An immature or mature cell in the lineage leading to and including erythrocytes. lab 2011-08-30T10:53:48Z CL:0000764 xenopus_anatomy erythroid cell XAO:0004150 erythroid lineage cell An immature or mature cell in the lineage leading to and including erythrocytes. CL:0000764 Posterior vascular precursor cells of the tail region. lab 2011-08-30T11:01:48Z UBERON:0010204 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004151 tail vasculature Posterior vascular precursor cells of the tail region. PMID:21069823 The blood vessels of the head region. lab 2011-08-30T11:05:38Z UBERON:0002200 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004152 head vasculature The blood vessels of the head region. PMID:21069823 Blood vessels of the retina. May be visible in periocular stainings. lab 2011-08-30T11:39:54Z UBERON:0004864 xenopus_anatomy retinal blood vessels XAO:0004153 retinal blood vessel Blood vessels of the retina. May be visible in periocular stainings. Xenbase:Staff retinal blood vessels Vessels that are associated with the posterior region of the lens. lab 2011-08-30T11:43:24Z UBERON:0005492 hyaloid blood vessels hyaloid vessel hyaloid vessels xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004154 hyaloid blood vessel Vessels that are associated with the posterior region of the lens. ZFA:0005046 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 hyaloid blood vessels hyaloid vessels The hyaloid artery is a branch of the ophthalmic artery, which is itself a branch of the internal carotid artery. It is contained within the optic stalk of the eye and extends from the optic disc through the vitreous humor to the lens. Its purpose is to supply nutrient to the developing lens. lab 2011-08-30T11:47:17Z UBERON:0002270 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004155 hyaloid artery The hyaloid artery is a branch of the ophthalmic artery, which is itself a branch of the internal carotid artery. It is contained within the optic stalk of the eye and extends from the optic disc through the vitreous humor to the lens. Its purpose is to supply nutrient to the developing lens. UBERON:0002270 Vein internal to the eye. lab 2011-08-30T11:51:28Z UBERON:0006011 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004156 hyaloid vein Vein internal to the eye. UBERON:006011 Network of intersecting blood vessels associated with the posterior region of the lens. lab 2011-08-30T11:53:20Z UBERON:0005607 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004157 hyaloid vascular plexus Network of intersecting blood vessels associated with the posterior region of the lens. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Vein that crosses the head dorsally at NF stage 37/38 and drains into the vena capitis medialis. lab 2011-08-30T12:00:30Z UBERON:0001672 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004158 anterior cerebral vein Vein that crosses the head dorsally at NF stage 37/38 and drains into the vena capitis medialis. PMID:12606281 Vein that drains the dorsal longitudinal vessel and the caudal portions of the venous capillary network of the medulla oblongata. The cerebral veins cross the head dorsally at NF stage 37-38. It drains into the vena capitis lateralis. lab 2011-08-30T12:13:01Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004159 posterior cerebral vein Vein that drains the dorsal longitudinal vessel and the caudal portions of the venous capillary network of the medulla oblongata. The cerebral veins cross the head dorsally at NF stage 37-38. It drains into the vena capitis lateralis. PMID:12606281 ZFA:0005027 The cerebral veins are divisible into external and internal groups according to the outer surfaces or the inner parts of the hemispheres they drain into. The veins are the anterior cerebral veins, posterior cerebral veins, and middle cerebral vein which cross dorsally between the bilateral vena capitis lateralis. lab 2011-08-30T12:16:59Z UBERON:0001663 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004160 cerebral vein The cerebral veins are divisible into external and internal groups according to the outer surfaces or the inner parts of the hemispheres they drain into. The veins are the anterior cerebral veins, posterior cerebral veins, and middle cerebral vein which cross dorsally between the bilateral vena capitis lateralis. UBERON:001663 Type of vein that crosses the head dorsally at NF stage 37/38 and drains into the vena capitis lateralis. lab 2011-08-30T12:23:07Z mid cerebral vein mid-cerebral vein xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004161 middle cerebral vein Type of vein that crosses the head dorsally at NF stage 37/38 and drains into the vena capitis lateralis. PMID:12606281 Type of artery that carries blood from the heart to the lungs. They are the only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood. Develops from aortic arch 6. lab 2011-08-30T01:59:48Z UBERON:0002012 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004162 pulmonary artery Type of artery that carries blood from the heart to the lungs. They are the only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood. Develops from aortic arch 6. UBERON:0002012 A precursor cell of the vascular endothelium which organizes into the primitive blood vessels during embryogenesis. lab 2011-08-30T02:11:31Z CL:0000566 angioblasts xenopus_anatomy angioblastic mesenchymal cell XAO:0004163 angioblast A precursor cell of the vascular endothelium which organizes into the primitive blood vessels during embryogenesis. PMID:9729498 angioblasts Type of vein that sprouts from the posterior cardinal vein, growing dorsally between the somites, and then joining, and draining the dorsal longitudinal anastomosing vessel. lab 2011-08-30T02:26:59Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004164 intersomitic vein Type of vein that sprouts from the posterior cardinal vein, growing dorsally between the somites, and then joining, and draining the dorsal longitudinal anastomosing vessel. PMID:12606281 The small branching sprouts of the dorsal aorta that grow across the medial surface of the somite, turn right angles to grow over that surface and then fuse with other sprouts and form the vertebral arteries adjacent to the neural tube; the intersomitic arteries supply the body wall and persist in the adult as the posterior intercostal, subcostal and the lumbar arteries. lab 2011-08-30T02:29:23Z UBERON:0006001 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004165 intersomitic artery The small branching sprouts of the dorsal aorta that grow across the medial surface of the somite, turn right angles to grow over that surface and then fuse with other sprouts and form the vertebral arteries adjacent to the neural tube; the intersomitic arteries supply the body wall and persist in the adult as the posterior intercostal, subcostal and the lumbar arteries. PMID:12606281 In the trunk region, one of the veins into which the subintestinal vein drains, and which breaks up to merge with the vitelline network at NF stage 40. lab 2011-08-31T10:32:04Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004166 left omphalomesenteric vein In the trunk region, one of the veins into which the subintestinal vein drains, and which breaks up to merge with the vitelline network at NF stage 40. PMID:12606281 The artery that crosses the brain dorsally, and meets the metencephalic vein. lab 2011-08-31T10:38:54Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004167 metencephalic artery The artery that crosses the brain dorsally, and meets the metencephalic vein. PMID:12606281 The vein that crosses the brain dorsally, parallel with the mid-cerebral vein, and meets the metencephalic artery. lab 2011-08-31T10:43:06Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004168 metencephalic vein The vein that crosses the brain dorsally, parallel with the mid-cerebral vein, and meets the metencephalic artery. PMID:12606281 The dorsal branch/remnant of the vena capitis medialis, that drains blood from the eye. Together with the opthalmic artery, form a double ring encircling the eye and retina. lab 2011-08-31T11:03:57Z UBERON:0011191 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004169 ophthalmic vein The dorsal branch/remnant of the vena capitis medialis, that drains blood from the eye. Together with the opthalmic artery, form a double ring encircling the eye and retina. PMID:12606281 One of the major dorsal head veins that drains into the anterior cardinal vein, the other being the vena capitis lateralis. lab 2011-08-31T11:14:19Z VCM xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004170 vena capitis medialis One of the major dorsal head veins that drains into the anterior cardinal vein, the other being the vena capitis lateralis. PMID:12606281 One of the major dorsal head veins that drains into the anterior cardinal vein, the other being the vena capitis medialis. lab 2011-08-31T11:22:11Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004171 vena capitis lateralis One of the major dorsal head veins that drains into the anterior cardinal vein, the other being the vena capitis medialis. PMID:12606281 Vein that is formed from and drains into the left omphalomesentric vein, and by NF stage 40, it is on the left side of the gut. It moves to the most ventral aspect of the gut during stage 41, and is on the right side of the gut by stage 43. lab 2011-08-31T11:24:56Z UBERON:0011944 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004172 subintestinal vein Vein that is formed from and drains into the left omphalomesentric vein, and by NF stage 40, it is on the left side of the gut. It moves to the most ventral aspect of the gut during stage 41, and is on the right side of the gut by stage 43. PMID:12606281 The major artery of the midbrain, which crosses the midbrain medially to meet its partner the mesencephalic vein. lab 2011-08-31T12:02:13Z UBERON:0001634 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004173 mesencephalic artery The major artery of the midbrain, which crosses the midbrain medially to meet its partner the mesencephalic vein. PMID:12606281 The major vein of the midbrain, which crosses the midbrain medially to meet its partner the mesencephalic artery. lab 2011-08-31T12:04:02Z UBERON:0010205 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004174 mesencephalic vein The major vein of the midbrain, which crosses the midbrain medially to meet its partner the mesencephalic artery. PMID:12606281 The main artery of the olfactory region which arises from the cerebral artery at NF stage 41. lab 2011-08-31T12:13:11Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004175 nasociliary artery The main artery of the olfactory region which arises from the cerebral artery at NF stage 41. PMID:12606281 A plexus of capillaries that is located anteromedial to the eye. It is a capillary layer in the choroid. It is in contact with the basal surface of the retinal pigmented epithelium and supplies the photoreceptors with oxygen and nutrients. The fused basement membrane of this capillary layer and the pigmented epithelium is called Bruch's membrane. lab 2011-08-31T12:26:08Z UBERON:0010078 capillary lamina of choroid choriocapillaris choroidal vascular plexus xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004176 optic choroid vascular plexus A plexus of capillaries that is located anteromedial to the eye. It is a capillary layer in the choroid. It is in contact with the basal surface of the retinal pigmented epithelium and supplies the photoreceptors with oxygen and nutrients. The fused basement membrane of this capillary layer and the pigmented epithelium is called Bruch's membrane. ISBN:1402073755 Vessel into which intersomitic vessels enter in a regular pattern at each intersomitic junction. Posterior to the gut, the DLAV drains into the fused posterior cardinal vein by a minor right branch and a major left branch. By NF stage 36 the DLAV extends fully to the tip of the tail. lab 2011-08-31T01:27:30Z DLAV xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004177 dorsal longitudinal anastomosing vessel Vessel into which intersomitic vessels enter in a regular pattern at each intersomitic junction. Posterior to the gut, the DLAV drains into the fused posterior cardinal vein by a minor right branch and a major left branch. By NF stage 36 the DLAV extends fully to the tip of the tail. PMID:12606281 The major (left) branch of the dorsal longitudinal anastomosing vessel (dlav); it remains as the sole branch after the right branch breaks up at NF stage 44. lab 2011-08-31T01:33:06Z xenopus_anatomy DLAV - left branch XAO:0004178 dorsal longitudinal anastomosing vessel - left branch The major (left) branch of the dorsal longitudinal anastomosing vessel (dlav); it remains as the sole branch after the right branch breaks up at NF stage 44. PMID:12606281 The minor (right) branch of the dorsal longitudinal anastomosing vessel (dlav); the right branch disappears during NF stage 44. lab 2011-08-31T01:38:24Z DLAV - right branch xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004179 dorsal longitudinal anastomosing vessel - right branch The minor (right) branch of the dorsal longitudinal anastomosing vessel (dlav); the right branch disappears during NF stage 44. PMID:12606281 Part of the telencephalon, comprising paired anterior outgrowths of either of the cerebral hemispheres in which the olfactory nerve exits. The olfactory bulbs begin to fuse at NF stage 50, and fusion is complete around NF stage 58. The cerebral vein loops around the olfactory bulb by NF stage 43. lab 2011-08-31T02:08:00Z UBERON:0002264 OB bulbus olfactorius xenopus_anatomy olfactory lobe XAO:0004180 olfactory bulb Part of the telencephalon, comprising paired anterior outgrowths of either of the cerebral hemispheres in which the olfactory nerve exits. The olfactory bulbs begin to fuse at NF stage 50, and fusion is complete around NF stage 58. The cerebral vein loops around the olfactory bulb by NF stage 43. AAO:0010165 ISBN:0815318960 Type of myocyte that is responsible for heart contraction. lab 2011-09-02T09:18:06Z CL:0000746 xenopus_anatomy cardiac muscle cell cardiac muscle cells cardiac myocytes cardiomyocyte cardiomyocytes XAO:0004181 cardiac myocyte Type of myocyte that is responsible for heart contraction. CL:0000746 cardiac muscle cells cardiac myocytes cardiomyocytes The outer membrane/wall of the developing heart, surrounding the myocardium. Peritoneum that surrounds the heart. lab 2011-09-02T09:40:58Z UBERON:0002407 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004182 pericardium The outer membrane/wall of the developing heart, surrounding the myocardium. Peritoneum that surrounds the heart. AAO:0010817 Muscle that is paired and runs anterio-posteriorly along the heart and is covered with epicardium. lab 2011-09-02T09:46:21Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004183 pericardial muscle Muscle that is paired and runs anterio-posteriorly along the heart and is covered with epicardium. ZFA:0001653 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The dorsal region of the pericardium. lab 2011-09-02T10:01:41Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004184 pericardial roof The dorsal region of the pericardium. PMID:18598690 The field of cardiac progenitor cells that form the heart tube in the embryonic heart. lab 2011-09-02T10:49:26Z UBERON:0004140 first heart field xenopus_anatomy FHF PHF XAO:0004185 primary heart field The field of cardiac progenitor cells that form the heart tube in the embryonic heart. PMID:18598690 PMID:20671188 The population of cells located in the splanchnic mesoderm that contribute to the formation of the spiral septum of the outflow tract of the embryonic heart; it is located anterior to the primary heart field. lab 2011-09-02T10:56:21Z UBERON:0009889 second heart field xenopus_anatomy SHF XAO:0004186 secondary heart field The population of cells located in the splanchnic mesoderm that contribute to the formation of the spiral septum of the outflow tract of the embryonic heart; it is located anterior to the primary heart field. PMID:18598690 PMID:20671188 Branchial crest that is the 3rd neural crest stream and lays between hyoid crest and posterior branchial crest. lab 2011-09-02T11:14:48Z ABC xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004187 anterior branchial crest Branchial crest that is the 3rd neural crest stream and lays between hyoid crest and posterior branchial crest. PMID:21490068 Branchial crest that is the most posterior of the five neural crest streams. lab 2011-09-02T11:18:11Z PBC xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004188 posterior branchial crest Branchial crest that is the most posterior of the five neural crest streams. PMID:21490068 The discrete swellings of cardiac jelly in the outflow tract and ventricular walls of the developing embryonic heart. lab 2011-09-02T02:17:35Z UBERON:0002062 xenopus_anatomy cardiac cushion XAO:0004189 endocardial cushion The discrete swellings of cardiac jelly in the outflow tract and ventricular walls of the developing embryonic heart. PMID:21490068 Neural crest that develops from the dorsal neural tube. It overlaps the vagal neural crest and migrates to contribute to the pharyngeal arches 3, 4 and 6 (producing structures in the head) and to the heart where it contributes to connective tissue (septa) that separates the vessels of the heart. Cardiac neural crest develops into melanocytes, cartilage, connective tissue and neurons of some pharyngeal arches. lab 2011-09-02T02:35:20Z UBERON:0000095 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004190 cardiac neural crest Neural crest that develops from the dorsal neural tube. It overlaps the vagal neural crest and migrates to contribute to the pharyngeal arches 3, 4 and 6 (producing structures in the head) and to the heart where it contributes to connective tissue (septa) that separates the vessels of the heart. Cardiac neural crest develops into melanocytes, cartilage, connective tissue and neurons of some pharyngeal arches. Wikipedia:Cardiac_neural_crest_complex One of the 5 distinct and partially overlapping functional domains of the premigratory neural crest. Together with the sacral neural crest cells, they develop into the ganglia of the enteric nervous system, also known as the parasympathetic ganglia. These cells, between the head and trunk, contribute post-cranially to the heart and gut, the chromatophores (pigment cells) of the epidermis, and the majority of the neurons and glial cells of the enteric nervous system. Both vagal and sacral neural crest cells contribute to the enteric nervous system in the hindgut. lab 2011-09-02T02:50:42Z UBERON:0005428 VNC xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004191 vagal neural crest One of the 5 distinct and partially overlapping functional domains of the premigratory neural crest. Together with the sacral neural crest cells, they develop into the ganglia of the enteric nervous system, also known as the parasympathetic ganglia. These cells, between the head and trunk, contribute post-cranially to the heart and gut, the chromatophores (pigment cells) of the epidermis, and the majority of the neurons and glial cells of the enteric nervous system. Both vagal and sacral neural crest cells contribute to the enteric nervous system in the hindgut. PMID:9753687 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 One of the 5 distinct and partially overlapping functional domains of the premigratory neural crest. Together with the vagal neural crest cells, they develop into the ganglia of the enteric nervous system, also known as the parasympathetic ganglia. Sacral crest cells are associated with extrinsic nerve fibers of the hindgut and colon. lab 2011-09-02T02:53:34Z UBERON:0010075 SNC xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004192 sacral neural crest One of the 5 distinct and partially overlapping functional domains of the premigratory neural crest. Together with the vagal neural crest cells, they develop into the ganglia of the enteric nervous system, also known as the parasympathetic ganglia. Sacral crest cells are associated with extrinsic nerve fibers of the hindgut and colon. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 Skeletal element that is often isolated, small, and variable in composition. lab 2011-09-13T09:36:09Z UBERON:0010911 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004193 ossicle Skeletal element that is often isolated, small, and variable in composition. UBERON:0010911 Ossicle that is part of the appendicular skeleton. lab 2011-09-13T09:38:19Z UBERON:0011141 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004194 appendicular ossicle Ossicle that is part of the appendicular skeleton. UBERON:0011141 Mineralized bone tissue that always includes non-terminally differentiated osteoblasts and osteocytes. lab 2011-09-13T09:43:56Z UBERON:4000118 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004195 cellular bone tissue Mineralized bone tissue that always includes non-terminally differentiated osteoblasts and osteocytes. UBERON:4000118 Odontoid tissue that is deposited by cementoblasts onto dentine tissue and functions to attach teeth, odontodes and other odontogenic derivatives to bone tissue and the integument. lab 2011-09-13T09:46:43Z UBERON:0001753 xenopus_anatomy bone of attachment XAO:0004196 cementum Odontoid tissue that is deposited by cementoblasts onto dentine tissue and functions to attach teeth, odontodes and other odontogenic derivatives to bone tissue and the integument. UBERON:0001753 Cartilage tissue that is flexible and contains abundant elastic fibers. lab 2011-09-13T09:48:42Z UBERON:0001996 elastic cartilage xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004197 elastic cartilage tissue Cartilage tissue that is flexible and contains abundant elastic fibers. UBERON:0001996 Skeletal tissue that consists of an avascular, noncollagenous, hypermineralized matrix that is deposited by ameloblasts that are excluded from the matrix. It develops from organic pre-enamel tissue that is replaced by a largely inorganic matrix. lab 2011-09-13T09:51:23Z UBERON:0001752 enamel tissue tooth enamel xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004198 enamel Skeletal tissue that consists of an avascular, noncollagenous, hypermineralized matrix that is deposited by ameloblasts that are excluded from the matrix. It develops from organic pre-enamel tissue that is replaced by a largely inorganic matrix. VSAO:0000065 Skeletal tissue that is hypermineralized and aprismatic and deposited by a combination of ameloblasts and odontoblasts that are excluded from the matrix. It develops from pre-enameloid tissue. lab 2011-09-13T09:56:25Z UBERON:0011692 bitypic enamel durodentine enameloid tissue vitrodentine xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004199 enameloid Skeletal tissue that is hypermineralized and aprismatic and deposited by a combination of ameloblasts and odontoblasts that are excluded from the matrix. It develops from pre-enameloid tissue. UBERON:0011692 Chondroid tissue that is not mineralized. lab 2011-09-13T09:59:02Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004200 non-mineralized chondroid tissue Chondroid tissue that is not mineralized. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Skeletal tissue that is avascular tubular mineralized matrix, primarily made of dentine that is deposited by odontoblasts that are excluded from the matrix; develops from pre-dentine tissue. lab 2011-09-13T10:00:35Z xenopus_anatomy dental tissue XAO:0004201 odontode tissue Skeletal tissue that is avascular tubular mineralized matrix, primarily made of dentine that is deposited by odontoblasts that are excluded from the matrix; develops from pre-dentine tissue. VSAO:0000123 Odontogenic tissue that is avascular non-mineralized matrix that is deposited by preameloblast and ameloblasts that are excluded from the matrix. lab 2011-09-13T10:08:54Z UBERON:0011588 pre-enamel tissue preenamel tissue xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004202 pre-enamel Odontogenic tissue that is avascular non-mineralized matrix that is deposited by preameloblast and ameloblasts that are excluded from the matrix. UBERON:0011588 Odontoid tissue that is avascular non-mineralized matrix that is deposited by odontoblasts and ameloblasts that are excluded from the matrix. lab 2011-09-13T10:15:16Z UBERON:0011688 non-mineralized enameloid tissue xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004203 pre-enameloid Odontoid tissue that is avascular non-mineralized matrix that is deposited by odontoblasts and ameloblasts that are excluded from the matrix. UBERON:0011688 Replacement element; an ossicle; often an endochondral replacement element that has cartilage and bone states that develops in dense regular connective tissue (e.g., tendons and ligaments). lab 2011-09-13T10:23:39Z UBERON:0013631 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004204 sesamoid Replacement element; an ossicle; often an endochondral replacement element that has cartilage and bone states that develops in dense regular connective tissue (e.g., tendons and ligaments). VSAO:0000137 A sac-like cavity ventral to the liver, lying in the sub-mesodermal space and closed by a thin sheet of ectodermal cells, from which the future gall bladder develops. lab 2011-09-13T01:15:58Z UBERON:0006242 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004205 gall bladder primordium A sac-like cavity ventral to the liver, lying in the sub-mesodermal space and closed by a thin sheet of ectodermal cells, from which the future gall bladder develops. ISBN:0815318960 One of the 3 domains of the U-shaped preplacodal ectoderm (PPE), which lies abutting and anterior to the neural plate. lab 2011-09-13T01:29:48Z APA xenopus_anatomy APPE anterior preplacodal ectoderm XAO:0004206 anterior placodal area One of the 3 domains of the U-shaped preplacodal ectoderm (PPE), which lies abutting and anterior to the neural plate. ISBN:0878933840 One of the 3 domains of the U-shaped preplacodal ectoderm (PPE), which lies abutting and lateral to the chordal neural plate border and neural crest. lab 2011-09-13T01:40:58Z PPA xenopus_anatomy PPPE posterior preplacodal ectoderm XAO:0004207 posterior placodal area One of the 3 domains of the U-shaped preplacodal ectoderm (PPE), which lies abutting and lateral to the chordal neural plate border and neural crest. ISBN:0878933840 The small pre-placodal ectoderm area that develops at the midline of the anterior neural ridge, abutting the anterior neural plate, and invaginates to form Rathke's pouch, which in turn forms the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and gives rise to the endocrine secretory cells of the pituitary. lab 2011-09-13T01:47:17Z UBERON:0009122 pituitary placode xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004208 adenohypophyseal placode The small pre-placodal ectoderm area that develops at the midline of the anterior neural ridge, abutting the anterior neural plate, and invaginates to form Rathke's pouch, which in turn forms the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and gives rise to the endocrine secretory cells of the pituitary. ISBN:0878933840 The region that delineates the rostral boundary of the neural plate in the neural stage embryo, and is devoid of neural crest cells. It gives rise to the pre-placodal region, some elements of the forebrain, and the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. lab 2011-09-13T02:26:18Z ANR xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004209 anterior neural ridge The region that delineates the rostral boundary of the neural plate in the neural stage embryo, and is devoid of neural crest cells. It gives rise to the pre-placodal region, some elements of the forebrain, and the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. ISBN:0878933840 The region of the diencephalon above Rathke's pouch, and forms the posterior lobe of the pituitary. lab 2011-09-13T02:33:45Z UBERON:0002434 hypophysial stalk infundibulum of hypothalamus pituitary stalk xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004210 infundibulum The region of the diencephalon above Rathke's pouch, and forms the posterior lobe of the pituitary. Xenbase:Staff The most anterior of the epibranchial placodes, associated with the 1st pharyngeal cleft and contributing to the distal ganglia of cranial nerve VII (facial nerve). lab 2011-09-14T09:21:23Z UBERON:0009124 epVII geniculate placode xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004211 facial epibranchial placode The most anterior of the epibranchial placodes, associated with the 1st pharyngeal cleft and contributing to the distal ganglia of cranial nerve VII (facial nerve). ISBN:0878933840 The central of the three epibranchial placodes, associated with the 2nd pharyngeal cleft and contributing to the distal ganglia of cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal nerve). lab 2011-09-14T09:25:28Z UBERON:0009125 epIX petrosal placode xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004212 glossopharyngeal epibranchial placode The central of the three epibranchial placodes, associated with the 2nd pharyngeal cleft and contributing to the distal ganglia of cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal nerve). ISBN:0878933840 The most posterior of the epibranchial placodes, in 3 distinct zones, associated with the 3rd to 6th pharyngeal clefts, and contributing to the facial, lateral line and glossopharyngeal ganglion. lab 2011-09-14T09:36:07Z UBERON:0009126 nodose placode nodose placodes vagal epibranchial placodes xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004213 vagal epibranchial placode The most posterior of the epibranchial placodes, in 3 distinct zones, associated with the 3rd to 6th pharyngeal clefts, and contributing to the facial, lateral line and glossopharyngeal ganglion. ISBN:0878933840 nodose placodes vagal epibranchial placodes Small motor nerve that emerges from the lateral wall of the medulla with the roots of the vagus nerve, and innervates a single pectoral suspensory muscle, the m. cucullaris. lab 2011-09-14T10:03:25Z UBERON:0002019 accessorius cranial nerve XI xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004214 accessory nerve Small motor nerve that emerges from the lateral wall of the medulla with the roots of the vagus nerve, and innervates a single pectoral suspensory muscle, the m. cucullaris. ISBN:080184780X Nerve that leads to the muscles of the tongue (mm geniohyoideus, genioglossus, hyoglossus, and rectus cervicis) and has both sensory and motor functions. lab 2011-09-14T10:07:12Z UBERON:0001650 cranial nerve XII hypoglossus xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004215 Duellman and Trueb (pg. 395) note that although the primordia of this nerve are in the 1st and 2nd spinal nerves, this nerve contains fibers representing the hypoglossal nerve in amniotes and is thus considered one of the cranial nerves. hypoglossal nerve Nerve that leads to the muscles of the tongue (mm geniohyoideus, genioglossus, hyoglossus, and rectus cervicis) and has both sensory and motor functions. ISBN:080184780X The narrow bridge that links the two glomera of the pronephric kidney. lab 2011-09-14T10:38:02Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004216 glomeral nexus The narrow bridge that links the two glomera of the pronephric kidney. Xenbase:Staff An efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement. eriksegerdell 2012-01-27T09:25:00Z CL:0000100 motoneuron xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004217 motor neuron An efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement. CL:0000100 The dorsal component of the mandibular arch, the ventral one being Meckel's cartilage. Together with the ceratohyal and connecting musculature, it is responsible for the ventilation and irrigation of the filter apparatus. eriksegerdell xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004218 palatoquadrate The dorsal component of the mandibular arch, the ventral one being Meckel's cartilage. Together with the ceratohyal and connecting musculature, it is responsible for the ventilation and irrigation of the filter apparatus. Xenbase:Staff Cartilaginous element that, together with the palatoquadrate and connecting musculature, is responsible for the ventilation and irrigation of the of the filter apparatus. eriksegerdell ch xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004219 ceratohyal Cartilaginous element that, together with the palatoquadrate and connecting musculature, is responsible for the ventilation and irrigation of the of the filter apparatus. Xenbase:Staff Lateral line placode that gives rise to the anteroventral lateral line nerve. eriksegerdell 2012-01-27T09:32:47Z anterior ventral lateral line placode pAV xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004220 anteroventral lateral line placode Lateral line placode that gives rise to the anteroventral lateral line nerve. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Lateral line placode that gives rise to the anterior lateral line nerve. eriksegerdell xenopus_anatomy pre-auditory lateral line placode XAO:0004221 anterior lateral line placode Lateral line placode that gives rise to the anterior lateral line nerve. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Lateral line placode that gives rise to the middle lateral line nerve. eriksegerdell xenopus_anatomy intermediate lateral line placode XAO:0004222 middle lateral line placode Lateral line placode that gives rise to the middle lateral line nerve. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Lateral line placode that gives rise to the posterior lateral line nerve. eriksegerdell pP xenopus_anatomy vagus lateral line placode XAO:0004223 posterior lateral line placode Lateral line placode that gives rise to the posterior lateral line nerve. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Type of epithelium that facilitates the transcellular transport of solutes. This transport can either be absorption, transport from lumen (apical membrane surface) to blood; or secretion, transport from blood (basolateral membrane surface) to lumen. eriksegerdell xenopus_anatomy transporting epithelia XAO:0004224 transporting epithelium Type of epithelium that facilitates the transcellular transport of solutes. This transport can either be absorption, transport from lumen (apical membrane surface) to blood; or secretion, transport from blood (basolateral membrane surface) to lumen. Wikipedia:Transcellular_transport transporting epithelia Type of cell of the epidermis lacking cilia, which separate and space the ciliated epidermal cells. eriksegerdell xenopus_anatomy intercalating non-ciliated cell non-ciliated epithelial cells XAO:0004225 non-ciliated epithelial cell Type of cell of the epidermis lacking cilia, which separate and space the ciliated epidermal cells. PMID:16728476 non-ciliated epithelial cells Region of the mesencephalon that arises from a small area of the neural plate, spanning the midline immediately adjacent, and being slightly posterior to the dorsal tegmentum area. eriksegerdell tegmentum ventrale xenopus_anatomy ventral brain stem ventral tegmental area XAO:0004226 ventral tegmentum Region of the mesencephalon that arises from a small area of the neural plate, spanning the midline immediately adjacent, and being slightly posterior to the dorsal tegmentum area. PMID:2351962 Region of the mesencephalon that arises from a small area of the neural plate immediately adjacent and slightly anterior to the ventral tegmentum area. eriksegerdell xenopus_anatomy dorsal brain stem tegmentum dorsale XAO:0004227 dorsal tegmentum Region of the mesencephalon that arises from a small area of the neural plate immediately adjacent and slightly anterior to the ventral tegmentum area. PMID:2351962 Laterally located vein that drains the ventral abdominal wall. eriksegerdell 2012-01-27T09:37:16Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004228 lateral abdominal vein Laterally located vein that drains the ventral abdominal wall. ISBN:0815318960 The thin epidermis extension of the inner fin visible in the mid trunk region of the inner fin at NF stage 27, and extending posteriorly and then ventrally, ending just before the proctodeum. The fin is more homogeneous in NF stage 46 tadpoles, and the inner fin and fin crest are no longer discrete. eriksegerdell xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004229 fin crest The thin epidermis extension of the inner fin visible in the mid trunk region of the inner fin at NF stage 27, and extending posteriorly and then ventrally, ending just before the proctodeum. The fin is more homogeneous in NF stage 46 tadpoles, and the inner fin and fin crest are no longer discrete. Xenbase:Staff Anterior part of the hypothalamus, given rise by the midanterior neural ridge along with the chiasmatic ridge during forebrain morphogenesis. eriksegerdell 2012-01-27T09:51:09Z alar hypothalamus xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004230 anterior hypothalamus Anterior part of the hypothalamus, given rise by the midanterior neural ridge along with the chiasmatic ridge during forebrain morphogenesis. PMID:8537821 A single long structure at each corner of the mouth that has muscle fibers attached to an internal cartilaginous support and that is mobile. eriksegerdell xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004231 barbel A single long structure at each corner of the mouth that has muscle fibers attached to an internal cartilaginous support and that is mobile. ISBN:0226557626 The exit for respiratory water in the tadpole. eriksegerdell xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004232 spiracle The exit for respiratory water in the tadpole. ISBN:0226557626 A cranial continuation of the bulbis cordis that contains two lateral branches and divides into the carotid arch, systemic arch, and pulmocutaneous arch. eriksegerdell xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004233 truncus arteriosus A cranial continuation of the bulbis cordis that contains two lateral branches and divides into the carotid arch, systemic arch, and pulmocutaneous arch. ISBN:0801836018 Multi-tissue structure through which the blood exits the heart. It is a chamber that functions as a capacitor, maintaining continuous blood flow into the gill arches. eriksegerdell xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004234 bulbous arteriosis Multi-tissue structure through which the blood exits the heart. It is a chamber that functions as a capacitor, maintaining continuous blood flow into the gill arches. ZFA:0000173 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The larval stomach. eriksegerdell xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004235 manicotto glandulare The larval stomach. ISBN:0226893340 Posterior part of the hypothalamus, given rise by the midanterior neural plate during forebrain morphogenesis. eriksegerdell 2012-01-27T09:51:49Z basal hypothalamus xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004236 posterior hypothalamus Posterior part of the hypothalamus, given rise by the midanterior neural plate during forebrain morphogenesis. PMID:8537821 A distinct elevation of a transient proliferating cell mass of the subventricular zone; this mass contributes most of its cells to the striatum; however, neocortex, thalamus, septum and olfactory bulb neurons are also partly derived from the LGE. eriksegerdell 2012-01-27T09:59:19Z UBERON:0004025 xenopus_anatomy LGE XAO:0004237 lateral ganglionic eminence A distinct elevation of a transient proliferating cell mass of the subventricular zone; this mass contributes most of its cells to the striatum; however, neocortex, thalamus, septum and olfactory bulb neurons are also partly derived from the LGE. UBERON:0004025 A cartilaginous element that is the primordium or commencement of a femur. eriksegerdell xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004238 femur rudiment A cartilaginous element that is the primordium or commencement of a femur. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The most posterior of the hind digits, consisting of a single metatarsal, 2 phalanges, and a claw. eriksegerdell hind digit 1 pedal digit 1 toe 1 toe I xenopus_anatomy hallux XAO:0004239 hindlimb digit 1 The most posterior of the hind digits, consisting of a single metatarsal, 2 phalanges, and a claw. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 Type of vein that drains the gill region and which passes backwards lateral to the gill chambers and opens into the pronephric sinus. eriksegerdell xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004240 branchial vein Type of vein that drains the gill region and which passes backwards lateral to the gill chambers and opens into the pronephric sinus. ISBN:0815318960 A vein of the hind limb, first visible in the developing hind limb bud at c. NF stage 50 when it enters the ventral commissural vessel. eriksegerdell xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004241 ischiadic vein A vein of the hind limb, first visible in the developing hind limb bud at c. NF stage 50 when it enters the ventral commissural vessel. ISBN:0815318960 The accompanying artery of the ischiadic nerve. eriksegerdell xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004242 ischiadic artery The accompanying artery of the ischiadic nerve. Wikipedia:Accompanying_artery_of_ischiadic_nerve Either of the primary veins in the hindlimbs that collect blood from the hindlimb region. eriksegerdell xenopus_anatomy vena femoralis XAO:0004243 femoral vein Either of the primary veins in the hindlimbs that collect blood from the hindlimb region. AAO:0010237 Part of the lateral pretrosal artery that supplies blood to the roof of the mouth. eriksegerdell xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004244 mandibular artery Part of the lateral pretrosal artery that supplies blood to the roof of the mouth. AAO:0010496 A type of artery that supplies the deep structures of the facial region. It branches from the external carotid artery. eriksegerdell xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004245 maxillary artery A type of artery that supplies the deep structures of the facial region. It branches from the external carotid artery. Wikipedia:Maxillary_artery The 7th segment of the developing hindbrain. eriksegerdell 2012-01-27T10:01:06Z r7 rhombomere 7 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004246 rhombomere R7 The 7th segment of the developing hindbrain. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A major artery of the neck that branches from the subclavian arteries and merge to form the single midline basilar artery. eriksegerdell xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004247 vertebral artery A major artery of the neck that branches from the subclavian arteries and merge to form the single midline basilar artery. Wikipedia:Vertebral_artery Artery that supplies the anterior wall of the abdomen. eriksegerdell xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004248 epigastric artery Artery that supplies the anterior wall of the abdomen. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/epigastric+artery Artery that supplies blood via branches to the gonads, oviducts, and kidneys. eriksegerdell xenopus_anatomy interrenal artery XAO:0004249 renal artery Artery that supplies blood via branches to the gonads, oviducts, and kidneys. AAO:0010223 Vein that collects blood from muscles of the head and drains into the external jugular vein. eriksegerdell xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004250 facial vein Vein that collects blood from muscles of the head and drains into the external jugular vein. AAO:0010513 Vein that comes from the skin of the trunk. eriksegerdell xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004251 cutaneous magnus Vein that comes from the skin of the trunk. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Vein that comes from the subcutaneous tissue of the hindlimb stylopod. eriksegerdell xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004252 cutaneous femoral vein Vein that comes from the subcutaneous tissue of the hindlimb stylopod. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 One of three major veins that enter the sinus venosus. eriksegerdell xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004253 postcaval vein One of three major veins that enter the sinus venosus. AAO:0010506 Vein that collects blood from the forelimb via the branchial veins and from the muscles and skin of the trunk via the anterior epigastric and lateral veins. eriksegerdell 2012-01-28T05:08:21Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004254 subclavian vein Vein that collects blood from the forelimb via the branchial veins and from the muscles and skin of the trunk via the anterior epigastric and lateral veins. AAO:0010510 Either of the veins that collect blood from the trunk and skin and drain into the subclavian vein. eriksegerdell xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004255 lateral vein Either of the veins that collect blood from the trunk and skin and drain into the subclavian vein. AAO:0010515 A vein formed by the combination of veins in the pelvic region that collects blood from the liver, stomach, intestines, and gall bladder. eriksegerdell xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004256 ventral abdominal vein A vein formed by the combination of veins in the pelvic region that collects blood from the liver, stomach, intestines, and gall bladder. AAO:0010517 Vein that drains Jacobson's organ. eriksegerdell xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004257 Jacobson's vein Vein that drains Jacobson's organ. Xenbase:Staff Structure that comprises the base region of the telencephalon. eriksegerdell xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004258 subpallium Structure that comprises the base region of the telencephalon. UBERON:0000204 A distinct elevation of a transient proliferating cell mass of the subventricular zone; this mass contributes most of its cells to the neocortex; however, hippocampal neurons, thalamus, septum and olfactory bulb neurons are also partly derived from the MGE. eriksegerdell UBERON:0004024 MGE xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004259 medial ganglionic eminence A distinct elevation of a transient proliferating cell mass of the subventricular zone; this mass contributes most of its cells to the neocortex; however, hippocampal neurons, thalamus, septum and olfactory bulb neurons are also partly derived from the MGE. UBERON:0004024 Any of the outpocketings of pharyngeal endoderm that interdigitate with the neural crest derived pharyngeal arches. The pouches later fuse with the surface ectoderm to form the gill slits. eriksegerdell UBERON:0004117 xenopus_anatomy pharyngeal pouches XAO:0004260 pharyngeal pouch Any of the outpocketings of pharyngeal endoderm that interdigitate with the neural crest derived pharyngeal arches. The pouches later fuse with the surface ectoderm to form the gill slits. TAO:0001106 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 pharyngeal pouches Region encompassing the oral end of the alimentary canal. eriksegerdell xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004261 pharyngeal region Region encompassing the oral end of the alimentary canal. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Lymphatic vessel located in the posterior ventral region of the trunk, ventral to the posterior cardinal vein. eriksegerdell VCLV xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004262 ventral caudal lymphatic vessel Lymphatic vessel located in the posterior ventral region of the trunk, ventral to the posterior cardinal vein. PMID:9048122465 Limb segment that is the proximal part of the limb (i.e. the humerus of the forelimb, and the femur of the hindlimb, and surrounding tissues). eriksegerdell UBERON:0002472 mesopodium stylopodium xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004263 stylopod Limb segment that is the proximal part of the limb (i.e. the humerus of the forelimb, and the femur of the hindlimb, and surrounding tissues). UBERON:0002472 Limb segment that is the middle part of the limb (i.e. the radio-ulna of the forelimb, and the tarsus and tibia-fibula of the hindlimb, and surrounding tissues). eriksegerdell UBERON:0002471 metapodium zeugopodium xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004264 zeugopod Limb segment that is the middle part of the limb (i.e. the radio-ulna of the forelimb, and the tarsus and tibia-fibula of the hindlimb, and surrounding tissues). UBERON:0002471 Limb segment that is the terminal part of the limb (i.e. the metacarpels and phalanges of the forelimb, and the metatarsals and phalanges of the hindlimb, and surrounding tissues). eriksegerdell acropodium autopodium xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004265 autopod Limb segment that is the terminal part of the limb (i.e. the metacarpels and phalanges of the forelimb, and the metatarsals and phalanges of the hindlimb, and surrounding tissues). Xenbase:Staff The 8th and most posterior segment of the developing hindbrain. eriksegerdell 2012-01-27T10:01:21Z r8 rhombomere 8 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004266 rhombomere R8 The 8th and most posterior segment of the developing hindbrain. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A multipolar neuron that connects afferent neurons and efferent neurons in neural pathways. They are found within the central nervous system and enteric nervous system. eriksegerdell 2012-01-27T10:24:56Z CL:0000099 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004267 interneuron A multipolar neuron that connects afferent neurons and efferent neurons in neural pathways. They are found within the central nervous system and enteric nervous system. Wikipedia:Interneuron A lateral line that extends from the ear in a posterior-ventral direction. eriksegerdell xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004268 posterior lateral line A lateral line that extends from the ear in a posterior-ventral direction. PMID:2652193 Lateral line placode that gives rise to the anterodorsal lateral line nerve. eriksegerdell anterior dorsal lateral line placode antero-dorsal lateral line placode pAD xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004269 anterodorsal lateral line placode Lateral line placode that gives rise to the anterodorsal lateral line nerve. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Any of a field of cells in the posterior section of the foregut that will give rise to the liver bud and dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds. eriksegerdell xenopus_anatomy hepato-pancreatic progenitor cells XAO:0004270 hepato-pancreatic progenitor cell Any of a field of cells in the posterior section of the foregut that will give rise to the liver bud and dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds. Xenbase:Staff hepato-pancreatic progenitor cells Multi-tissue structure that is the ventral part of the midbrain. eriksegerdell 2012-01-28T06:06:15Z UBERON:0001943 Tegm tegmentum mesencephali xenopus_anatomy tegmentum ventral midbrain XAO:0004271 midbrain tegmentum Multi-tissue structure that is the ventral part of the midbrain. UBERON:0001943 Any of the neuronal precursor cells that are isolated and scattered throughout the anterior ventro-lateral region of the embryo, generally in a punctate pattern, immediately below the ectoderm. eriksegerdell 2012-02-08T12:22:41Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004272 migrating neuroblast Any of the neuronal precursor cells that are isolated and scattered throughout the anterior ventro-lateral region of the embryo, generally in a punctate pattern, immediately below the ectoderm. PMID:17554687 Xenbase:Staff Anatomical system that consists of all the joints of the body. UBERON:0004770 joint system xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004274 articular system Anatomical system that consists of all the joints of the body. UBERON:0004770 Ossicle that is part of the axial skeleton. UBERON:0011142 xenopus_anatomy vertebral ossicle XAO:0004275 axial ossicle Ossicle that is part of the axial skeleton. UBERON:0011142 Skeletal element that is composed of bone tissue. UBERON:0001474 bone organ xenopus_anatomy bone XAO:0004276 bone element Skeletal element that is composed of bone tissue. UBERON:0001474 Median fin skeleton supporting the caudal fin. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004277 caudal fin skeleton Median fin skeleton supporting the caudal fin. VSAO:0000167 Paired bone that is part of the shoulder assembly, joining the scapula to the front end of the sternum. UBERON:0004743 xenopus_anatomy coracoid XAO:0004278 coracoid bone Paired bone that is part of the shoulder assembly, joining the scapula to the front end of the sternum. Wikipedia:Coracoid Skeletal subdivision of the head that includes the skull (cranium plus mandible), pharyngeal and/or hyoid apparatus. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004279 cranial skeleton Skeletal subdivision of the head that includes the skull (cranium plus mandible), pharyngeal and/or hyoid apparatus. VSAO:0000049 Median fin skeleton located on the dorsal surface of the organism. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004280 dorsal fin skeleton Median fin skeleton located on the dorsal surface of the organism. VSAO:0000168 Fin that is an unpaired fin located in the sagittal plane of the organism. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004281 median fin Fin that is an unpaired fin located in the sagittal plane of the organism. VSAO:0000162 Postcranial axial skeleton that is unpaired and located on the sagittal plane of the organism. axial fin skeleton unpaired fin skeleton xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004282 median fin skeleton Postcranial axial skeleton that is unpaired and located on the sagittal plane of the organism. VSAO:0000170 Appendage that is one of the anterior or posterior paired appendages (i.e. the forelimbs and hindlimbs). xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004283 paired appendage Appendage that is one of the anterior or posterior paired appendages (i.e. the forelimbs and hindlimbs). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Appendage that is one of the anterior paired appendages (i.e. the forelimbs). anterior paired appendage xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004284 pectoral appendage Appendage that is one of the anterior paired appendages (i.e. the forelimbs). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Appendage that is one of the posterior paired appendages (i.e. the hindlimbs). posterior paired appendage xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004285 pelvic appendage Appendage that is one of the posterior paired appendages (i.e. the hindlimbs). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Bone that forms the posterior part of the pectoral (shoulder) girdle. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004286 scapula Bone that forms the posterior part of the pectoral (shoulder) girdle. Wikipedia:Scapula Skeletal element that surrounds the notochord. xenopus_anatomy centrum XAO:0004287 vertebral centrum Skeletal element that surrounds the notochord. VSAO:0000183 Skeletal element that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column. UBERON:0010913 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004288 vertebral element Skeletal element that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column. UBERON:0010913 Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements that are part of the skeleton. UBERON:0010912 subdivision of skeleton xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004289 skeletal subdivision Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements that are part of the skeleton. VSAO:0000042 Anatomical structure that is part of a cell and that has a granularity level equal to that of a protein complex or higher. eriksegerdell 2012-02-23T11:17:28Z CARO:0000014 GO:0044464 cell component xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004290 cell part Anatomical structure that is part of a cell and that has a granularity level equal to that of a protein complex or higher. CARO:0000014 A solution obtained by rupturing cells (especially unfertilized oocytes) and removing all particulate matter. eriksegerdell 2012-03-10T01:20:30Z xenopus_anatomy_in_vitro cell-free extracts XAO:0004291 cell-free extract A solution obtained by rupturing cells (especially unfertilized oocytes) and removing all particulate matter. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cell-free+extract cell-free extracts Region of the oocyte vegetal cortex that contains a subdomain of ER organized on top of the mitochondrial cloud and where localization of Vg1 mRNA takes place. eriksegerdell 2012-03-10T01:46:15Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004292 wedge region Region of the oocyte vegetal cortex that contains a subdomain of ER organized on top of the mitochondrial cloud and where localization of Vg1 mRNA takes place. PMID:15654016 Contractile ring formed at the division plane of the oocyte during first cleavage. eriksegerdell 2012-03-10T01:47:35Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004293 ring structure Contractile ring formed at the division plane of the oocyte during first cleavage. PMID:11942608 A major subdivision of a limb. eriksegerdell 2012-03-10T02:08:16Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004294 limb segment A major subdivision of a limb. UBERON:0002529 Stylopod (the limb segment closest to the body) that is part of a forelimb. eriksegerdell 2012-03-10T02:21:56Z upper arm xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004295 forelimb stylopod Stylopod (the limb segment closest to the body) that is part of a forelimb. UBERON:0003822 Stylopod (the limb segment closet to the body) that is part of a hindlimb. eriksegerdell 2012-03-10T02:22:26Z upper leg xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004296 hindlimb stylopod Stylopod (the limb segment closet to the body) that is part of a hindlimb. Xenbase:Staff Limb segment that is the middle part of the forelimb (i.e. the radio-ulna and surrounding tissues). eriksegerdell 2012-03-10T02:29:57Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004297 forelimb zeugopod Limb segment that is the middle part of the forelimb (i.e. the radio-ulna and surrounding tissues). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 Limb segment that is the middle part of the hindlimb (i.e. the tarsus and tibia-fibula and surrounding tissues). eriksegerdell 2012-03-10T02:30:08Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004298 hindlimb zeugopod Limb segment that is the middle part of the hindlimb (i.e. the tarsus and tibia-fibula and surrounding tissues). UBERON:0003823 Terminal portion of a forelimb. eriksegerdell 2012-03-10T02:45:33Z front foot xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004299 hand Terminal portion of a forelimb. UBERON:0002398 Terminal portion of a hindlimb that bears weight and allows locomotion. eriksegerdell 2012-03-10T02:45:35Z hind foot xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004300 foot Terminal portion of a hindlimb that bears weight and allows locomotion. UBERON:0002387 Part of the diencephalon that is located between the prethalamus, hypothalamus, and the telencephalon. eriksegerdell 2012-03-10T03:15:31Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004301 eminentia thalami Part of the diencephalon that is located between the prethalamus, hypothalamus, and the telencephalon. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Structure that comprises the roof region of the telencephalon. eriksegerdell 2012-03-10T03:21:58Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004302 pallium Structure that comprises the roof region of the telencephalon. UBERON:0000203 Multi-tissue structure that is the dorsal part of the diencephalon and the major sensory input to which is visual. eriksegerdell 2012-03-10T03:28:09Z PT xenopus_anatomy P1 prosomere 1 XAO:0004303 pretectum Multi-tissue structure that is the dorsal part of the diencephalon and the major sensory input to which is visual. ZFA:0000418 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Multi-tissue structure forming the anterior part of the diencephalon and lying between the thalamus, hypothalamus, and eminentia thalami. eriksegerdell 2012-03-10T03:34:32Z PTh xenopus_anatomy P3 prosomere 3 subthalamus ventral thalamus XAO:0004304 prethalamus Multi-tissue structure forming the anterior part of the diencephalon and lying between the thalamus, hypothalamus, and eminentia thalami. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A narrow stripe of cells that lies between the prospective dorsal and ventral thalami. This boundary contains signals that pattern the prethalamic and thalamic territories of the future mid-diencephalon. eriksegerdell 2012-03-10T03:39:28Z Zli xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004305 zona limitans intrathalamica A narrow stripe of cells that lies between the prospective dorsal and ventral thalami. This boundary contains signals that pattern the prethalamic and thalamic territories of the future mid-diencephalon. UBERON:0009848 A midline paired symmetrical structure within the brain; the main product of the embryonic diencephalon. eriksegerdell 2012-03-10T03:44:52Z Th xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004306 thalamus A midline paired symmetrical structure within the brain; the main product of the embryonic diencephalon. UBERON:0001897 Mesoderm that will give rise, along with cranial neural crest cells, to connective tissue, bone and musculature in the head. eriksegerdell 2012-03-10T04:21:21Z xenopus_anatomy cephalic mesenchyme XAO:0004307 head mesenchyme Mesoderm that will give rise, along with cranial neural crest cells, to connective tissue, bone and musculature in the head. ZFA:0000113 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Any of the non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons in the brain, and for neurons in other parts of the nervous system such as in the autonomic nervous system. Neural crest derived. eriksegerdell 2012-03-10T09:44:35Z CL:0000125 xenopus_anatomy glia glial cells neuroglia neuroglial cells XAO:0004308 glial cell Any of the non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons in the brain, and for neurons in other parts of the nervous system such as in the autonomic nervous system. Neural crest derived. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 glia glial cells neuroglia neuroglial cells Any of the cells that are of neural crest origin, now in place in their postmigratory target tissues, such as the sciatic nerve, dorsal root ganglia, gut or skin. They can be visualised or detected by specific molecular markers. eriksegerdell 2012-03-10T09:50:34Z xenopus_anatomy postmigratory neural crest cells XAO:0004309 postmigratory neural crest cell Any of the cells that are of neural crest origin, now in place in their postmigratory target tissues, such as the sciatic nerve, dorsal root ganglia, gut or skin. They can be visualised or detected by specific molecular markers. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 postmigratory neural crest cells Bone of the ear that is connected to the tympanic membrane via the extrastapes. This structure is the amphibian ear ossicle, also known as the columella. It extends between extrastapes cartilage and the oval window. The extrastapes forms a cartilaginous tympanic disk. eriksegerdell 2012-03-10T10:07:32Z xenopus_anatomy columella XAO:0004310 stapes Bone of the ear that is connected to the tympanic membrane via the extrastapes. This structure is the amphibian ear ossicle, also known as the columella. It extends between extrastapes cartilage and the oval window. The extrastapes forms a cartilaginous tympanic disk. ISBN:0520252780 Xenbase:Staff A portion of limb tissue that is re-growing after damage or amputation. eriksegerdell 2012-03-10T10:08:56Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004311 regenerating limb A portion of limb tissue that is re-growing after damage or amputation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A portion of fin tissue that is re-growing after damage or amputation. eriksegerdell 2012-03-10T10:10:26Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004312 regenerating fin A portion of fin tissue that is re-growing after damage or amputation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Anatomical region at which two or more bones make contact and that includes some of the surrounding tissues of various types. eriksegerdell 2012-03-10T10:13:09Z xenopus_anatomy joint XAO:0004313 joint region Anatomical region at which two or more bones make contact and that includes some of the surrounding tissues of various types. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 A joint region within a digit, one of several most distal parts of a limb. eriksegerdell 2012-03-10T10:14:19Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004314 digit-joint region A joint region within a digit, one of several most distal parts of a limb. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A cell of the perichondrium, the fibrous membrane of connective tissue covering the surface of cartilage. eriksegerdell 2012-03-10T10:15:02Z xenopus_anatomy perichondrial cells XAO:0004315 perichondrial cell A cell of the perichondrium, the fibrous membrane of connective tissue covering the surface of cartilage. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Perichondrial perichondrial cells Anatomical region between digits, the most distal parts of a limb. eriksegerdell 2012-03-10T10:16:20Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004316 interdigital region Anatomical region between digits, the most distal parts of a limb. Xenbase:Staff A portion of tissue that has been removed from the body. eriksegerdell 2012-03-10T10:19:48Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004317 amputated tissue A portion of tissue that has been removed from the body. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A portion of fin tissue that has been removed from the body. eriksegerdell 2012-03-10T10:22:32Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004318 amputated fin A portion of fin tissue that has been removed from the body. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A portion of limb tissue that has been removed from the body. eriksegerdell 2012-03-10T10:23:05Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004319 amputated limb A portion of limb tissue that has been removed from the body. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Multipotent stromal cell that can differentiate into a variety of cell types, including: osteoblasts/osteocytes (bone cells), chondroblasts/chondrocytes (cartilage cells), and adipoblasts/adipocytes (fat cells). eriksegerdell 2012-03-10T11:14:06Z xenopus_anatomy mesenchymal cell mesenchymal pluripotent stem cell mesenchymal stem cells XAO:0004320 mesenchymal stem cell Multipotent stromal cell that can differentiate into a variety of cell types, including: osteoblasts/osteocytes (bone cells), chondroblasts/chondrocytes (cartilage cells), and adipoblasts/adipocytes (fat cells). PMID:37305914 Xenbase:Staff mesenchymal stem cells Lymphatic vessel located in the posterior dorsal region of the trunk. eriksegerdell 2012-03-25T03:48:38Z DCLV xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004321 dorsal caudal lymphatic vessel Lymphatic vessel located in the posterior dorsal region of the trunk. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Any of the muscles that are part of the head. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z xenopus_anatomy head muscle XAO:0004322 cranial muscle Any of the muscles that are part of the head. Xenbase:Staff Any of the paired mandibular arch muscles. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004323 mandibular head muscle Any of the paired mandibular arch muscles. PMID:21050205 Any of the bilateral hyoid arch muscles innervated by cranial nerve VII. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004324 hyoid head muscle Any of the bilateral hyoid arch muscles innervated by cranial nerve VII. PMID:21050205 Any of the muscles that support the filigreed structure of the gill basket necessary for filter feeding, through the stabilisation, extension and compression of the gill basket. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004325 branchial head muscle Any of the muscles that support the filigreed structure of the gill basket necessary for filter feeding, through the stabilisation, extension and compression of the gill basket. PMID:21050205 Straplike muscle that arises from elements of the pectoral girdle and passes to the hyoid bone and laryngeal cartilages. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004326 hypobranchial head muscle Straplike muscle that arises from elements of the pectoral girdle and passes to the hyoid bone and laryngeal cartilages. https://www.britannica.com/science/muscle/Tetrapod-musculature A muscle that is part of the eye region and controls the movement of the eye. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004327 eye muscle A muscle that is part of the eye region and controls the movement of the eye. UBERON:0004277 Muscle that is part a complex that arises from the skull roof and acts to elevate or close the lower jaw. It separates medially from levator mandibulae longus supeficialis, with which it shares a common origin. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z mlmli xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004328 m. levator mandibulae longus internus Muscle that is part a complex that arises from the skull roof and acts to elevate or close the lower jaw. It separates medially from levator mandibulae longus supeficialis, with which it shares a common origin. PMID:17624928 Muscle that is part a complex that arises from the skull roof and acts to elevate or close the lower jaw. After separating from levator mandibulae longus superficialis, it parallels it and inserts in the connective tissue. Only at later stages, its rostral third is slightly curved laterally and inserts in the region of the anlage of the tentacular cartilage. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z mlmlp xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004329 m. levator mandibulae longus profundus Muscle that is part a complex that arises from the skull roof and acts to elevate or close the lower jaw. After separating from levator mandibulae longus superficialis, it parallels it and inserts in the connective tissue. Only at later stages, its rostral third is slightly curved laterally and inserts in the region of the anlage of the tentacular cartilage. PMID:17624928 Muscle that is part a complex that arises from the skull roof and acts to elevate or close the lower jaw. The first mandibular arch muscle to appear, it originates ventral to the center of the eye, and extends rostroventrally to end lateral to the buccal cavity. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z mlmls superior long mandibular levator muscle xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004330 m. levator mandibulae longus superficialis Muscle that is part a complex that arises from the skull roof and acts to elevate or close the lower jaw. The first mandibular arch muscle to appear, it originates ventral to the center of the eye, and extends rostroventrally to end lateral to the buccal cavity. PMID:17624928 Muscle that is part a complex that arises from the skull roof and acts to elevate or close the lower jaw. It originates from the ventral bend of the anlage of processus muscularis palatoquadrati. It runs ventrally near the levator mandibulae longus supeficialis and inserts anterior of it at Meckel's cartilage. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z articularis mandibular levator muscle mlma xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004331 m. levator mandibulae articularis Muscle that is part a complex that arises from the skull roof and acts to elevate or close the lower jaw. It originates from the ventral bend of the anlage of processus muscularis palatoquadrati. It runs ventrally near the levator mandibulae longus supeficialis and inserts anterior of it at Meckel's cartilage. PMID:17624928 Muscle that is part a complex that arises from the skull roof and acts to elevate or close the lower jaw. The last jaw levator to develop, it originates rostral to the palatoquadrate. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z external mandibular levator muscle mlme xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004332 m. levator mandibulae externus Muscle that is part a complex that arises from the skull roof and acts to elevate or close the lower jaw. The last jaw levator to develop, it originates rostral to the palatoquadrate. PMID:17624928 Ventral muscle of the larval head that is a broad transverse sheet lying between the Meckel's cartilages and joining its opposite mid-ventrally in an median raphe. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z intermandibular muscle mim xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004333 m. intermandibularis Ventral muscle of the larval head that is a broad transverse sheet lying between the Meckel's cartilages and joining its opposite mid-ventrally in an median raphe. DOI:10.1242/jcs.s2-81.322.161 Hyoid arch muscle that connects Meckel's cartilage with the palatoquadrate and supports the opening of the mouth by depressing Meckel's cartilage. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z mqh quadrato-hyoangularis muscle xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004334 m. quadrato-hyoangularis Hyoid arch muscle that connects Meckel's cartilage with the palatoquadrate and supports the opening of the mouth by depressing Meckel's cartilage. PMID:21050205 Large, tapering muscle that originates on the muscular process and inserts on the ceratohyal. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z moh orbitohyoidal muscle xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004335 m. orbitohyoideus Large, tapering muscle that originates on the muscular process and inserts on the ceratohyal. ISBN:0226557626 A thin curved muscle located between the ceratohyal cartilages. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z interhyoidal muscle mih xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004336 m. interhyoideus A thin curved muscle located between the ceratohyal cartilages. PMID:21050205 Deep, visceral muscle associated with tongue movement. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z msr xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004337 m. subarcualis rectus I Deep, visceral muscle associated with tongue movement. AAO:0010659 Muscle situated between the planum hypobranchiale and the basihyobranchial, presumably to stabilize the connection between these elements. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z mta xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004338 m. transversus anterior Muscle situated between the planum hypobranchiale and the basihyobranchial, presumably to stabilize the connection between these elements. PMID:17624928 Muscle that springs from the second branchial arch, meeting its opposite in a mid-ventral raphe. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z mtvII xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004339 m. transversus ventralis II Muscle that springs from the second branchial arch, meeting its opposite in a mid-ventral raphe. DOI:10.1242/jcs.s2-81.322.161 The 1st branchial levator muscle, which contributes to raising the branchial apparatus. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z mlabI xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004340 mm. levator arcuum branchialium I The 1st branchial levator muscle, which contributes to raising the branchial apparatus. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The 2nd branchial levator muscle, which contributes to raising the branchial apparatus. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z mlabII xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004341 mm. levator arcuum branchialium II The 2nd branchial levator muscle, which contributes to raising the branchial apparatus. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The 3rd branchial levator muscle, which contributes to raising the branchial apparatus. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z mlabIII xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004342 mm. levator arcuum branchialium III The 3rd branchial levator muscle, which contributes to raising the branchial apparatus. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The 4th branchial levator muscle, which contributes to raising the branchial apparatus. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z mlabIV xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004343 mm. levator arcuum branchialium IV The 4th branchial levator muscle, which contributes to raising the branchial apparatus. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Muscle that arises on part of the chondrocranium and passes to the ventro-lateral region of the cerato-branchialia. It originates on the ventrolateral process of the palatoquadrate. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z mcbII xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004344 mm. constrictores branchiales II Muscle that arises on part of the chondrocranium and passes to the ventro-lateral region of the cerato-branchialia. It originates on the ventrolateral process of the palatoquadrate. DOI:10.1242/jcs.s2-81.322.161 Muscle that arises on part of the chondrocranium and passes to the ventro-lateral region of the cerato-branchialia. It is located on the crista parotica and commissura branchio-cranialis. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z mcbIII xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004345 mm. constrictores branchiales III Muscle that arises on part of the chondrocranium and passes to the ventro-lateral region of the cerato-branchialia. It is located on the crista parotica and commissura branchio-cranialis. DOI:10.1242/jcs.s2-81.322.161 Muscle that arises on part of the chondrocranium and passes to the ventro-lateral region of the cerato-branchialia. It is a small muscle situated at the posterior end of the branchial skeleton. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z mcbIV xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004346 mm. constrictores branchiales IV Muscle that arises on part of the chondrocranium and passes to the ventro-lateral region of the cerato-branchialia. It is a small muscle situated at the posterior end of the branchial skeleton. DOI:10.1242/jcs.s2-81.322.161 Muscle that consists of dorsal and ventral parts that arise from medial raphe and insert on the arytenoid cartilages. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004349 m. constrictor laryngis Muscle that consists of dorsal and ventral parts that arise from medial raphe and insert on the arytenoid cartilages. ISBN:0226557626 Muscle that arises from the edge of levator arcus branchialis IV and inserts on the arytenoid cartilage and the cricoid ring. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004350 m. dilatator laryngis Muscle that arises from the edge of levator arcus branchialis IV and inserts on the arytenoid cartilage and the cricoid ring. ISBN:0226557626 Type of muscle that attaches to the larynx. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z LM xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004351 laryngeal muscle Type of muscle that attaches to the larynx. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Muscle in the orbit that inserts on the anterior side of the eye and the function of which is adduction of the eyeball. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004352 m. rectus anterior Muscle in the orbit that inserts on the anterior side of the eye and the function of which is adduction of the eyeball. Xenbase:Staff Muscle in the orbit that inserts on the posterior side of the eye and the function of which is adduction of the eyeball. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004353 m. rectus posterior Muscle in the orbit that inserts on the posterior side of the eye and the function of which is adduction of the eyeball. Xenbase:Staff Muscle in the orbit that depresses, adducts, and helps extort (rotate laterally) the eye. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004354 m. rectus inferior Muscle in the orbit that depresses, adducts, and helps extort (rotate laterally) the eye. UBERON:0006322 Muscle in the orbit, the primary function is of which is elevation. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004355 m. rectus superior Muscle in the orbit, the primary function is of which is elevation. UBERON:0006323 Thin, narrow muscle placed near the anterior margin of the floor of the orbit. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004356 m. obliquus inferior Thin, narrow muscle placed near the anterior margin of the floor of the orbit. UBERON:0006320 Muscle in the upper, medial side of the orbit whose primary action is downward, lateral rotation of the eye. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004357 m. obliquus superior Muscle in the upper, medial side of the orbit whose primary action is downward, lateral rotation of the eye. UBERON:0006321 Cartilaginous element that is median and is the anterior-most cartilage of the ventral hyoid arch. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z XAO:0004382 basihyobranchial bhb xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004358 basihyal Cartilaginous element that is median and is the anterior-most cartilage of the ventral hyoid arch. UBERON:0011615 The cartilaginous element below the epibranchial in branchial arch 1. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z cbl-I xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004359 ceratobranchial I The cartilaginous element below the epibranchial in branchial arch 1. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Ceratobranchial The cartilaginous element below the epibranchial in branchial arch 2. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z cbl-II xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004360 ceratobranchial II The cartilaginous element below the epibranchial in branchial arch 2. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Ceratobranchial The cartilaginous element below the epibranchial in branchial arch 3. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z cbl-III xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004361 ceratobranchial III The cartilaginous element below the epibranchial in branchial arch 3. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Ceratobranchial The cartilaginous element below the epibranchial in branchial arch 4. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z cbl-IV xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004362 ceratobranchial IV The cartilaginous element below the epibranchial in branchial arch 4. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Ceratobranchial Cartilaginous element comprising the rostral connection of the palatoquadrate cartilage to the neurocranium. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z cqca xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004363 commisura quadratocranialis anterior Cartilaginous element comprising the rostral connection of the palatoquadrate cartilage to the neurocranium. PMID:21050205 Cartilaginous element that supports the anterior end of the nasal organ. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z ct xenopus_anatomy cornua trabeculae XAO:0004364 cornua trabecula Cartilaginous element that supports the anterior end of the nasal organ. ISBN:1276806469 cornua trabeculae The space where the trabeculae of the tadpole chondrocranium have not yet fused. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z fbc xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004365 fenestra basicranialis The space where the trabeculae of the tadpole chondrocranium have not yet fused. ISBN:0226557626 One of the cartilaginous surfaces of the tadpole jaw. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z fhpq xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004366 facies hyoidis of the palatoquadrate One of the cartilaginous surfaces of the tadpole jaw. Xenbase:Staff The wide gap that separates the palatoquadrate from the neurocranium. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z fso xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004367 fenestra subocularis The wide gap that separates the palatoquadrate from the neurocranium. ISBN:0226557626 Cartilaginous element comprising cartilages that articulate with Meckel's cartilage in the lower jaw and are fused medially. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z io xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004368 infrarostral Cartilaginous element comprising cartilages that articulate with Meckel's cartilage in the lower jaw and are fused medially. PMID:21050205 Cartilaginous element comprising the anterior process of ceratohyal cartilage derived from the hyoid neural crest stream. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z pach xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004369 processus anterior hyalis Cartilaginous element comprising the anterior process of ceratohyal cartilage derived from the hyoid neural crest stream. PMID:21050205 Cartilaginous element comprising the articular process that forms the jaw joint with the posterior end of Meckel's cartilage. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z parpq xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004370 processus articularis palatoquadrati Cartilaginous element comprising the articular process that forms the jaw joint with the posterior end of Meckel's cartilage. ISBN:0226557626 Cartilaginous element comprising the ascending process that helps anchor the larval palatoquadrate to the neurocranium. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z paspq xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004371 processus ascendens palatoquadrate Cartilaginous element comprising the ascending process that helps anchor the larval palatoquadrate to the neurocranium. ISBN:0226557626 Rod-shaped paired cartilages located on either side of the notochord and involved in the formation of the base of the chondrochranium. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z UBERON:0009635 pk xenopus_anatomy parachordal cartilage XAO:0004372 parachordal Rod-shaped paired cartilages located on either side of the notochord and involved in the formation of the base of the chondrochranium. TAO:0001423 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Cartilaginous element comprising the lateral process of ceratohyal cartilage derived from the hyoid neural crest stream. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z plch xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004373 processus lateralis hyalis Cartilaginous element comprising the lateral process of ceratohyal cartilage derived from the hyoid neural crest stream. PMID:21050205 One of the cartilaginous elements that meet and articulate in the median plane posterior to the basibranchial. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z XAO:0004383 plhb xenopus_anatomy plana hypobranchiale XAO:0004374 planum hypobranchiale One of the cartilaginous elements that meet and articulate in the median plane posterior to the basibranchial. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 plana hypobranchiale Cartilaginous element that is posterior to the cornua trabeculae. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z plta xenopus_anatomy ethmoid plate planum ethmoidale trabecular plate XAO:0004375 planum trabeculare anticum Cartilaginous element that is posterior to the cornua trabeculae. Xenbase:Staff Cartilaginous element comprising the muscular process, a flattened triangular process that is the site of attachment for the orbitohyoideus and suspensoriohyoideus muscles. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z pmpq xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004376 processus muscularis palatoquadrati Cartilaginous element comprising the muscular process, a flattened triangular process that is the site of attachment for the orbitohyoideus and suspensoriohyoideus muscles. ISBN:0226557626 Cartilaginous element comprising the posterior process of ceratohyal cartilage derived from the hyoid neural crest stream. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z ppch xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004377 processus posterior hyalis Cartilaginous element comprising the posterior process of ceratohyal cartilage derived from the hyoid neural crest stream. PMID:21050205 Cartilaginous element comprising the dorsal component of the mandibular arch. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z palatoquadrate cartilage pq xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004378 palatoquadrati Cartilaginous element comprising the dorsal component of the mandibular arch. UBERON:0004752 Cartilaginous element that forms at the posteroventral tip of Meckel's cartilage. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z prmc xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004379 processus retroarticularis of Meckel's cartilage Cartilaginous element that forms at the posteroventral tip of Meckel's cartilage. ZFA:0000422 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Cartilaginous element that comprises a crescent-shaped plate that supports the tentacular cartilage in the upper jaw. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z sp xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004380 suprarostral plate Cartilaginous element that comprises a crescent-shaped plate that supports the tentacular cartilage in the upper jaw. PMID:21050205 Cartilaginous element comprising paired, rod-shaped cartilages, which develop in the head of the embryo. They are the primordia of the anterior part of the cranial base, and are derived from the cranial neural crest cells. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z tc trabecular cartilage xenopus_anatomy trabeculae cranii XAO:0004381 trabecula cranii Cartilaginous element comprising paired, rod-shaped cartilages, which develop in the head of the embryo. They are the primordia of the anterior part of the cranial base, and are derived from the cranial neural crest cells. Wikipedia:Trabecular_cartilage trabeculae cranii Peripherally located part of the vegetal cell mass of prospective endoderm. eriksegerdell 2012-05-31T02:56:10Z peripheral vegetal cell mass xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004384 peripheral vegetal yolk mass Peripherally located part of the vegetal cell mass of prospective endoderm. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Cartilaginous element that comprises the network-like cartilaginous skeleton of the gill region. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z XAO:0004386 gill basket xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004385 branchial basket Cartilaginous element that comprises the network-like cartilaginous skeleton of the gill region. UBERON:0009119 Region of the ciliary marginal zone, at the edge (most distal region) where retinal stem cells are located. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z CMZ stem cell region RSCR ciliary marginal zone stem cell region xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004387 retinal stem cell region Region of the ciliary marginal zone, at the edge (most distal region) where retinal stem cells are located. PMID:7695895 Region of the ciliary marginal zone where retinal progenitor cells are located. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z CMZ progenitor cell region RPCR ciliary marginal zone progenitor cell region xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004388 retinal progenitor cell region Region of the ciliary marginal zone where retinal progenitor cells are located. PMID:7695895 Ganglion in the midbrain that gives rise to the fibers of the oculomotor nerve. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z UBERON:0001715 OM xenopus_anatomy oculomotor nucleus XAO:0004389 oculomotor motornucleus Ganglion in the midbrain that gives rise to the fibers of the oculomotor nerve. Xenbase:KAB Multi-tissue structure that is the dorsal part of the thalamus and emerges ventral to the caudal portion of the ventral habenular nucleus. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z DT xenopus_anatomy P2 epithalamus prosomere 2 XAO:0004390 dorsal thalamus Multi-tissue structure that is the dorsal part of the thalamus and emerges ventral to the caudal portion of the ventral habenular nucleus. ZFA:0000653 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The nucleus of the trochlear nerve (cranial nerve IV). eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z TM xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004391 trochlear motornucleus The nucleus of the trochlear nerve (cranial nerve IV). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A type of mucus surface cell in the tadpole. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z xenopus_anatomy goblet cells XAO:0004392 goblet cell A type of mucus surface cell in the tadpole. ISBN:080184780X goblet cells Type of epithelium in the embryonic epidermis that is mucus-secreting and ciliated. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004393 mucociliary epithelium Type of epithelium in the embryonic epidermis that is mucus-secreting and ciliated. Xenbase:Staff The presumptive cells of the hatching gland, present by the end of gastrulation. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004394 hatching gland primordium The presumptive cells of the hatching gland, present by the end of gastrulation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Centrally located part of the vegetal cell mass of prospective endoderm. eriksegerdell 2012-05-31T02:57:12Z central vegetal cell mass xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004395 central vegetal yolk mass Centrally located part of the vegetal cell mass of prospective endoderm. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Regenerating tissue consisting of mesenchyme cells at the tip of the regenerating limb. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004396 apical mesenchyme Regenerating tissue consisting of mesenchyme cells at the tip of the regenerating limb. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A layer of epidermal cells that initially covers the surface of an amputation site. Fibroblasts from the surrounding connective tissue migrate across the amputation surface to meet at the center of the wound. These fibroblasts multiply to form a blastema, which are the progenitors for the new limb. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z xenopus_anatomy apical wound epidermis XAO:0004397 wound epidermis A layer of epidermal cells that initially covers the surface of an amputation site. Fibroblasts from the surrounding connective tissue migrate across the amputation surface to meet at the center of the wound. These fibroblasts multiply to form a blastema, which are the progenitors for the new limb. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 Regenerating tissue that forms the inner or basal layer of wound epidermis. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004398 wound epidermis inner layer Regenerating tissue that forms the inner or basal layer of wound epidermis. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Regenerating tissue that forms the outer layer of wound epidermis. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004399 wound epidermis outer layer Regenerating tissue that forms the outer layer of wound epidermis. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Tissue consisting of a cartilaginous rod or rods of a regenerating zeugopod segment of a limb. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004400 regenerating zeugopod skeleton Tissue consisting of a cartilaginous rod or rods of a regenerating zeugopod segment of a limb. Xenbase:Staff A layer of signaling cells at the apex of a regenerating blastema, which has a vital role in regeneration. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z AEC xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004401 apical epithelial cap A layer of signaling cells at the apex of a regenerating blastema, which has a vital role in regeneration. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 Following amputation in late prometamorphosis or in young froglets, tissue comprising fibroblast-like cells in a limb stump that aggregate beneath the wound epithelia. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004402 pseudoblastema Following amputation in late prometamorphosis or in young froglets, tissue comprising fibroblast-like cells in a limb stump that aggregate beneath the wound epithelia. ISBN:3540228713 Regenerative tissue that develops and covers cut bone in the tadpole. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004403 fibrocellular pad Regenerative tissue that develops and covers cut bone in the tadpole. PMID:10906786 The predominant cell type in the epidermis, the primary function of which is the formation of a barrier against environmental damage. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z xenopus_anatomy keratinocytes XAO:0004404 keratinocyte The predominant cell type in the epidermis, the primary function of which is the formation of a barrier against environmental damage. Wikipedia:Keratinocyte keratinocytes A type of special epithelial cell that secretes mucus into the subsurface extracellular compartments of the epidermis. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z xenopus_anatomy Leydig cells Leydig gland cell XAO:0004405 Leydig cell A type of special epithelial cell that secretes mucus into the subsurface extracellular compartments of the epidermis. ISBN:080184780X Leydig cells Presumptive structure that will develop into axial mesoderm. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004406 presumptive axial mesoderm Presumptive structure that will develop into axial mesoderm. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Mesenchyme that occupies the proximal region of a limb bud. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004407 proximal mesenchyme Mesenchyme that occupies the proximal region of a limb bud. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Mesenchyme that occupies the anterior proximal region of a limb bud. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004408 anterior-proximal mesenchyme Mesenchyme that occupies the anterior proximal region of a limb bud. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Mesenchyme that occupies the posterior proximal region of a limb bud. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004409 posterior-proximal mesenchyme Mesenchyme that occupies the posterior proximal region of a limb bud. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Mesenchyme that occupies the interdigital region of a limb bud. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004410 interdigital mesenchyme Mesenchyme that occupies the interdigital region of a limb bud. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Portion of tissue that migrates and deposits immature neuromasts and interneuromasts. eriksegerdell 2012-05-31T08:03:05Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004411 lateral line primordium Portion of tissue that migrates and deposits immature neuromasts and interneuromasts. ZFA:0000228 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The 2nd most posterior of the hind digits, consisting of a single metatarsal, 2 phalanges, and a claw. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z hind digit 2 pedal digit 2 toe 2 toe II xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004412 hindlimb digit 2 The 2nd most posterior of the hind digits, consisting of a single metatarsal, 2 phalanges, and a claw. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 The 3rd most posterior, or middle, of the hind digits, consisting of a single metatarsal, 3 phalanges, and a claw. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z hind digit 3 pedal digit 3 toe 3 toe III xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004413 hindlimb digit 3 The 3rd most posterior, or middle, of the hind digits, consisting of a single metatarsal, 3 phalanges, and a claw. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 The 2nd most anterior of the hind digits, consisting of a single metatarsal, 3 phalanges, and a claw. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z hind digit 4 pedal digit 4 toe 4 toe IV xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004414 hindlimb digit 4 The 2nd most anterior of the hind digits, consisting of a single metatarsal, 3 phalanges, and a claw. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 The most anterior and longest of the hind digits, consisting of a single metatarsal, 3 phalanges, and a claw. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z hind digit 5 pedal digit 5 toe 5 toe V xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004415 hindlimb digit 5 The most anterior and longest of the hind digits, consisting of a single metatarsal, 3 phalanges, and a claw. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 Portion of tissue consisting of unkeratinized cells at the most distal end of a developing digit and which will become a claw. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004416 claw primordium Portion of tissue consisting of unkeratinized cells at the most distal end of a developing digit and which will become a claw. Xenbase:Staff Claw located at the end of the 1st hindlimb digit. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z claw of hind digit 1 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004417 claw of hindlimb digit 1 Claw located at the end of the 1st hindlimb digit. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Claw located at the end of the 2nd hindlimb digit. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z claw of hind digit 2 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004418 claw of hindlimb digit 2 Claw located at the end of the 2nd hindlimb digit. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Claw located at the end of the 3rd hindlimb digit. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z claw of hind digit 3 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004419 claw of hindlimb digit 3 Claw located at the end of the 3rd hindlimb digit. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Claw located at the end of the 4th hindlimb digit. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z claw of hind digit 4 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004420 claw of hindlimb digit 4 Claw located at the end of the 4th hindlimb digit. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Claw located at the end of the 5th hindlimb digit. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z claw of hind digit 5 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004421 claw of hindlimb digit 5 Claw located at the end of the 5th hindlimb digit. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Ganglion that develops from a cranial ectodermal placode and contains sensory neurons that innervate the posterior lateral line system. eriksegerdell 2012-05-05T05:15:00Z xenopus_anatomy posterior lateral line ganglia XAO:0004422 posterior lateral line ganglion Ganglion that develops from a cranial ectodermal placode and contains sensory neurons that innervate the posterior lateral line system. ZFA:0001314 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 posterior lateral line ganglia The blood vessels of the trunk region. eriksegerdell 2012-05-26T05:47:10Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004423 trunk vasculature The blood vessels of the trunk region. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Anatomical region comprising the central part of the retina. eriksegerdell 2012-07-01T02:33:21Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004424 central retina Anatomical region comprising the central part of the retina. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The presumptive cells of the levator mandibulae longus internus muscle. eriksegerdell 2012-05-30T09:49:00Z xenopus_anatomy mlmli XAO:0004425 m. levator mandibulae longus internus primordium The presumptive cells of the levator mandibulae longus internus muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The presumptive cells of the levator mandibulae longus profundus muscle. eriksegerdell 2012-05-30T09:49:00Z xenopus_anatomy mlmlp XAO:0004426 m. levator mandibulae longus profundus primordium The presumptive cells of the levator mandibulae longus profundus muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The presumptive cells of the levator mandibulae longus superior muscle. eriksegerdell 2012-05-30T09:49:00Z xenopus_anatomy mlmls XAO:0004427 m. levator mandibulae longus superior primordium The presumptive cells of the levator mandibulae longus superior muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The presumptive cells of the levator mandibulae articularis muscle. eriksegerdell 2012-05-30T09:49:00Z xenopus_anatomy mlma XAO:0004428 m. levator mandibulae articularis primordium The presumptive cells of the levator mandibulae articularis muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The presumptive cells of the levator mandibulae externus muscle. eriksegerdell 2012-05-30T09:49:00Z xenopus_anatomy mlme XAO:0004429 m. levator mandibulae externus primordium The presumptive cells of the levator mandibulae externus muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The presumptive cells of the intermandibularis muscle. eriksegerdell 2012-05-30T09:49:00Z xenopus_anatomy mim XAO:0004430 m. intermandibularis primordium The presumptive cells of the intermandibularis muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The presumptive cells of the quadrato-hyoangularis muscle. eriksegerdell 2012-05-30T09:49:00Z xenopus_anatomy mqh XAO:0004431 m. quadrato-hyoangularis primordium The presumptive cells of the quadrato-hyoangularis muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The presumptive cells of the orbitohyoideus muscle. eriksegerdell 2012-05-30T09:49:00Z xenopus_anatomy moh XAO:0004432 m. orbitohyoideus primordium The presumptive cells of the orbitohyoideus muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The presumptive cells of the interhyoideus muscle. eriksegerdell 2012-05-30T09:49:00Z xenopus_anatomy mih XAO:0004433 m. interhyoideus primordium The presumptive cells of the interhyoideus muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The presumptive cells of the subarcualis rectus I muscle. eriksegerdell 2012-05-30T09:49:00Z xenopus_anatomy msr XAO:0004434 m. subarcualis rectus I primordium The presumptive cells of the subarcualis rectus I muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The presumptive cells of the transversus anterior muscle. eriksegerdell 2012-05-30T09:49:00Z xenopus_anatomy mta XAO:0004435 m. transversus anterior primordium The presumptive cells of the transversus anterior muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The presumptive cells of the transversus ventralis II muscle. eriksegerdell 2012-05-30T09:49:00Z xenopus_anatomy mtvII XAO:0004436 m. transversus ventralis II primordium The presumptive cells of the transversus ventralis II muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The presumptive cells of the levator arcuum branchialium I muscles. eriksegerdell 2012-05-30T09:49:00Z xenopus_anatomy mlabI XAO:0004437 mm. levator arcuum branchialium I primordium The presumptive cells of the levator arcuum branchialium I muscles. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The presumptive cells of the levator arcuum branchialium II muscles. eriksegerdell 2012-05-30T09:49:00Z xenopus_anatomy mlabII XAO:0004438 mm. levator arcuum branchialium II primordium The presumptive cells of the levator arcuum branchialium II muscles. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The presumptive cells of the levator arcuum branchialium III muscles. eriksegerdell 2012-05-30T09:49:00Z xenopus_anatomy mlabIII XAO:0004439 mm. levator arcuum branchialium III primordium The presumptive cells of the levator arcuum branchialium III muscles. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The presumptive cells of the levator arcuum branchialium IV muscles. eriksegerdell 2012-05-30T09:49:00Z xenopus_anatomy mlabIV XAO:0004440 mm. levator arcuum branchialium IV primordium The presumptive cells of the levator arcuum branchialium IV muscles. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The presumptive cells of the constrictores branchiales II muscles. eriksegerdell 2012-05-30T09:49:00Z xenopus_anatomy mcbII XAO:0004441 mm. constrictores branchiales II primordium The presumptive cells of the constrictores branchiales II muscles. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The presumptive cells of the constrictores branchiales III muscles. eriksegerdell 2012-05-30T09:49:00Z xenopus_anatomy mcbIII XAO:0004442 mm. constrictores branchiales III primordium The presumptive cells of the constrictores branchiales III muscles. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The presumptive cells of the constrictores branchiales IV muscles. eriksegerdell 2012-05-30T09:49:00Z xenopus_anatomy mcbIV XAO:0004443 mm. constrictores branchiales IV primordium The presumptive cells of the constrictores branchiales IV muscles. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The presumptive cells of the geniohyoideus muscle. eriksegerdell 2012-05-30T09:49:00Z xenopus_anatomy mgh XAO:0004444 m. geniohyoideus primordium The presumptive cells of the geniohyoideus muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The presumptive cells of the rectus cervicis muscle. eriksegerdell 2012-05-30T09:49:00Z xenopus_anatomy mrc XAO:0004445 m. rectus cervicis primordium The presumptive cells of the rectus cervicis muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The presumptive cells of the constrictor laryngis muscle. eriksegerdell 2012-05-30T09:49:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004446 m. constrictor laryngis primordium The presumptive cells of the constrictor laryngis muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The presumptive cells of the dilatator laryngis muscle. eriksegerdell 2012-05-30T09:49:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004447 m. dilatator laryngis primordium The presumptive cells of the dilatator laryngis muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The presumptive cells of laryngeal muscle. eriksegerdell 2012-05-30T09:49:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004448 laryngeal muscle primordium The presumptive cells of laryngeal muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The presumptive cells of the rectus anterior muscle. eriksegerdell 2012-05-30T09:49:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004449 m. rectus anterior primordium The presumptive cells of the rectus anterior muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The presumptive cells of the rectus posterior muscle. eriksegerdell 2012-05-30T09:49:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004450 m. rectus posterior primordium The presumptive cells of the rectus posterior muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The presumptive cells of the rectus inferior muscle. eriksegerdell 2012-05-30T09:49:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004451 m. rectus inferior primordium The presumptive cells of the rectus inferior muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The presumptive cells of the rectus superior muscle. eriksegerdell 2012-05-30T09:49:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004452 m. rectus superior primordium The presumptive cells of the rectus superior muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The presumptive cells of the obliquus inferior muscle. eriksegerdell 2012-05-30T09:49:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004453 m. obliquus inferior primordium The presumptive cells of the obliquus inferior muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The presumptive cells of the obliquus superior muscle. eriksegerdell 2012-05-30T09:49:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004454 m. obliquus superior primordium The presumptive cells of the obliquus superior muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The presumptive cells of any of the cranial muscles. eriksegerdell 2012-05-30T10:00:01Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004455 cranial muscle primordium The presumptive cells of any of the cranial muscles. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A sharp boundary, running parallel to the outside of the embryo, between involuted mesoderm and external ectoderm. It runs from the blastopore to the upper limit of the involuted mesoderm. eriksegerdell 2012-05-31T11:43:41Z Brachy's cleft xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004456 Brachet's cleft A sharp boundary, running parallel to the outside of the embryo, between involuted mesoderm and external ectoderm. It runs from the blastopore to the upper limit of the involuted mesoderm. PMID:21464931 Ganglion that develops from a cranial ectodermal placode and contains sensory neurons that innervate a lateral line. eriksegerdell 2012-05-31T08:16:22Z xenopus_anatomy lateral line ganglia XAO:0004457 lateral line ganglion Ganglion that develops from a cranial ectodermal placode and contains sensory neurons that innervate a lateral line. ZFA:0000120 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 lateral line ganglia Anatomical region comprising the peripheral part of the retina. eriksegerdell 2012-07-01T02:33:47Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004458 peripheral retina Anatomical region comprising the peripheral part of the retina. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Cartilaginous element that is below the trabecula and parachordal. eriksegerdell 2012-09-09T03:24:03Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004459 subocular cartilage Cartilaginous element that is below the trabecula and parachordal. Xenbase:Staff Portion of tissue comprising the vascular layer of the eye, containing connective tissue and lying between the retina and the sclera. It provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer layers of the retina. Along with the ciliary body and iris, it forms the uveal tract. eriksegerdell 2012-09-09T03:31:52Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004460 choroid Portion of tissue comprising the vascular layer of the eye, containing connective tissue and lying between the retina and the sclera. It provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer layers of the retina. Along with the ciliary body and iris, it forms the uveal tract. Wikipedia:Choroid Xenbase:Staff Site above the branchial arch complex where vagal neural crest cells temporarily arrest their migration before entering the pharyngeal arches and heart. eriksegerdell 2012-09-09T03:40:23Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004461 circumpharyngeal ridge Site above the branchial arch complex where vagal neural crest cells temporarily arrest their migration before entering the pharyngeal arches and heart. Xenbase:Staff Single cell layer of involuted endoderm lying beneath the prechordal plate. eriksegerdell 2012-09-09T03:50:45Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004462 dorsal endoderm Single cell layer of involuted endoderm lying beneath the prechordal plate. Xenbase:Staff Embryonic endoderm that evaginates to form the paired pharyngeal pouches. eriksegerdell 2012-09-09T04:08:58Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004463 pharyngeal endoderm Embryonic endoderm that evaginates to form the paired pharyngeal pouches. Xenbase:Staff The most anterior segment of the developing hindbrain. eriksegerdell 2012-09-09T04:24:23Z r1 xenopus_anatomy rhombomere 1 XAO:0004464 rhombomere R1 The most anterior segment of the developing hindbrain. Xenbase:Staff Canal that connects the membranous labyrinth of the ear with the endolymphatic sac. eriksegerdell 2012-09-09T04:31:49Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004465 endolymphatic duct Canal that connects the membranous labyrinth of the ear with the endolymphatic sac. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/endolymphatic+duct Multi-tissue structure that comprises a secretory epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer. eriksegerdell 2012-09-18T03:32:10Z xenopus_anatomy serosa XAO:0004466 serous membrane Multi-tissue structure that comprises a secretory epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer. Wikipedia:Serous_membrane Cell component comprising the outer layers of the zygote. eriksegerdell 2012-09-18T03:50:25Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004467 zygote cortex Cell component comprising the outer layers of the zygote. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Multi-tissue structure that is the outermost layer of an organ. eriksegerdell 2012-09-18T03:51:06Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004468 organ cortex Multi-tissue structure that is the outermost layer of an organ. UBERON:0001851 A small tissue element in the form of a beam, strut, or rod that generally has a mechanical function and is usually composed of dense cartilaginous tissue. xenopus_anatomy trabeculae XAO:0004469 trabecula A small tissue element in the form of a beam, strut, or rod that generally has a mechanical function and is usually composed of dense cartilaginous tissue. Wikipedia:Trabecula trabeculae A type of trabecula that consists of a rounded or irregular column that projects from the inner surface of the ventricle of the heart. xenopus_anatomy trabeculae carneae XAO:0004470 trabecula carnea A type of trabecula that consists of a rounded or irregular column that projects from the inner surface of the ventricle of the heart. Wikipedia:Trabeculae_carneae trabeculae carneae Cardiac septum that separates the right atrium from the left atrium. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004471 atrial septum Cardiac septum that separates the right atrium from the left atrium. UBERON:0002085 A large quadrangular cavity that precedes the atrium on the venous side of the heart. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004472 sinus venosus A large quadrangular cavity that precedes the atrium on the venous side of the heart. Wikipedia:Sinus_venosus Embryonic structure that is induced by the organizer to become lateral mesoderm. eriksegerdell 2013-03-15T20:23:49Z UBERON:2000083 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004473 ventral mesoderm Embryonic structure that is induced by the organizer to become lateral mesoderm. Wikipedia:Regional_specification Anatomical region that surrounds the otic vesicle. eriksegerdell 2013-03-17T11:59:34Z xenopus_anatomy periotic mesenchyme XAO:0004474 periotic region Anatomical region that surrounds the otic vesicle. Xenbase:Staff A mature contractile cell, which has as part of its cytoplasm myofibrils organized in various patterns. Found in muscle tissue, myocytes are long, tubular cells that arise developmentally from myoblasts to form muscle. There are specialized forms: cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle myocytes, with various properties. eriksegerdell 2013-03-17T12:20:58Z CL:0000187 xenopus_anatomy muscle cell muscle cells muscle fiber myocytes XAO:0004475 myocyte A mature contractile cell, which has as part of its cytoplasm myofibrils organized in various patterns. Found in muscle tissue, myocytes are long, tubular cells that arise developmentally from myoblasts to form muscle. There are specialized forms: cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle myocytes, with various properties. CL:0000187 Xenbase:Staff muscle cells myocytes A myocyte of the skeletal muscle. eriksegerdell 2013-03-17T12:44:10Z CL:0000188 xenopus_anatomy skeletal muscle cell skeletal muscle cells skeletal myocytes XAO:0004476 skeletal myocyte A myocyte of the skeletal muscle. Xenbase:Staff skeletal muscle cells skeletal myocytes A myocyte of the smooth muscle. eriksegerdell 2013-03-17T12:44:35Z CL:0000192 xenopus_anatomy smooth muscle cell smooth muscle cells smooth muscle myocytes XAO:0004477 smooth muscle myocyte A myocyte of the smooth muscle. Xenbase:Staff smooth muscle cells smooth muscle myocytes The most posterior digit of a forelimb, consisting of a single metatarsal, 3 phalanges, and a claw. eriksegerdell 2013-03-17T13:50:37Z fore digit 2 manual digit 2 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004478 forelimb digit 2 The most posterior digit of a forelimb, consisting of a single metatarsal, 3 phalanges, and a claw. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 The second most posterior digit of a forelimb, consisting of a single metatarsal, 3 phalanges, and a claw. eriksegerdell 2013-03-17T13:50:40Z fore digit 3 manual digit 3 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004479 forelimb digit 3 The second most posterior digit of a forelimb, consisting of a single metatarsal, 3 phalanges, and a claw. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 The second most anterior digit of a forelimb, consisting of a single metatarsal, 3 phalanges, and a claw. eriksegerdell 2013-03-17T13:50:49Z fore digit 4 manual digit 4 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004480 forelimb digit 4 The second most anterior digit of a forelimb, consisting of a single metatarsal, 3 phalanges, and a claw. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 The most anterior digit of a forelimb, consisting of a single metatarsal, 2 phalanges, and a claw. eriksegerdell 2013-03-17T13:50:51Z fore digit 5 manual digit 5 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004481 forelimb digit 5 The most anterior digit of a forelimb, consisting of a single metatarsal, 2 phalanges, and a claw. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 Neural crest-derived cell type that gives rise to the epicardium. eriksegerdell 2013-04-10T12:31:30Z xenopus_anatomy epicardial precursor cells pro-epicardial organ XAO:0004482 epicardial precursor cell Neural crest-derived cell type that gives rise to the epicardium. Xenbase:Staff epicardial precursor cells Cell that is present in the stem cell region of the retinal ciliary marginal zone. eriksegerdell 2013-04-10T12:52:47Z xenopus_anatomy retinal stem cells XAO:0004483 retinal stem cell Cell that is present in the stem cell region of the retinal ciliary marginal zone. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 retinal stem cells Cell that is present in the progenitor cell region of the retinal ciliary marginal zone. eriksegerdell 2013-04-10T12:57:10Z xenopus_anatomy retinal progenitor cells XAO:0004484 retinal progenitor cell Cell that is present in the progenitor cell region of the retinal ciliary marginal zone. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 retinal progenitor cells An endocrine cell that has the specialized function to produce and secrete hormones in response to neuronal signals. eriksegerdell 2013-04-10T13:03:39Z CL:0000165 xenopus_anatomy neuroendocrine cells XAO:0004485 neuroendocrine cell An endocrine cell that has the specialized function to produce and secrete hormones in response to neuronal signals. CL:0000165 neuroendocrine cells Anatomical structure that has as its direct parts two or more types of tissue and is continuous with one or more anatomical structures likewise constituted by two or more portions of tissues distinct from those of their complement. eriksegerdell 2013-04-10T13:51:44Z UBERON:0000064 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004486 organ part Anatomical structure that has as its direct parts two or more types of tissue and is continuous with one or more anatomical structures likewise constituted by two or more portions of tissues distinct from those of their complement. UBERON:0000064 Organ part consisting of the rounded end of a long bone (at its joint with adjacent bone), which in Xenopus are the tibia-fibula and femur of the hindlimb, and the radio-ulna and humerus of the forelimb. eriksegerdell 2013-04-10T13:54:10Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004487 epiphysis Organ part consisting of the rounded end of a long bone (at its joint with adjacent bone), which in Xenopus are the tibia-fibula and femur of the hindlimb, and the radio-ulna and humerus of the forelimb. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 Organ part consisting of the main section or midsection of a long bone, which in Xenopus are the tibia-fibula and femur of the hindlimb, and the radio-ulna and humerus of the forelimb. eriksegerdell 2013-04-10T14:00:23Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004488 diaphysis Organ part consisting of the main section or midsection of a long bone, which in Xenopus are the tibia-fibula and femur of the hindlimb, and the radio-ulna and humerus of the forelimb. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 A cone-shaped hypomorphic structure consisting of a single continuous cartilage, typical of a regenerated forelimb or hindlimb when amputated after a specific developmental stage. eriksegerdell 2013-04-10T14:06:57Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004489 spike A cone-shaped hypomorphic structure consisting of a single continuous cartilage, typical of a regenerated forelimb or hindlimb when amputated after a specific developmental stage. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 The apical region of a developing forelimb bud which will form the autopod segment of the forelimb. eriksegerdell 2013-04-10T15:11:00Z xenopus_anatomy presumptive forelimb autopodium XAO:0004490 forelimb bud tip The apical region of a developing forelimb bud which will form the autopod segment of the forelimb. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 The apical region of a developing hindlimb bud which will form the autopod segment of the hindlimb. eriksegerdell 2013-04-10T15:23:29Z xenopus_anatomy presumptive hindlimb autopodium XAO:0004491 hindlimb bud tip The apical region of a developing hindlimb bud which will form the autopod segment of the hindlimb. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 The physical groove that forms between cells at the first cell division. One-celled oocytes (NF stage 1) undergo cytoplasmic reorganization driven by sperm entry in the animal pole, where the cleavage furrow initiates, and it moves circumferentially along a line of longitude as well as progressing inwards through the cytoplasm, ultimately dividing the fertilized oocyte into two cells of equal size, defining NF stage 2. eriksegerdell 2013-04-10T15:39:26Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004492 cleavage furrow The physical groove that forms between cells at the first cell division. One-celled oocytes (NF stage 1) undergo cytoplasmic reorganization driven by sperm entry in the animal pole, where the cleavage furrow initiates, and it moves circumferentially along a line of longitude as well as progressing inwards through the cytoplasm, ultimately dividing the fertilized oocyte into two cells of equal size, defining NF stage 2. PMID:11891298 PMID:16371595 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 The presumptive cells of the pelvic girdle. eriksegerdell 2013-04-10T18:41:04Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004493 pelvic girdle primordium The presumptive cells of the pelvic girdle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A prominent, slender, rod-like projection of the iliac bone located close to the acetabiulum and directed posteriorly. eriksegerdell 2013-04-10T18:45:25Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004494 iliac process A prominent, slender, rod-like projection of the iliac bone located close to the acetabiulum and directed posteriorly. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 The presumptive cells of the iliac process. eriksegerdell 2013-04-10T18:49:21Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004495 iliac process primordium The presumptive cells of the iliac process. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Either of the paired bones that are the dorsal-most and largest bones of the pelvic girdle. They begin to connect to the sacral vertebra (9th vertebra) at NF stage 59. eriksegerdell 2013-04-10T18:56:57Z iliac bone xenopus_anatomy ilia XAO:0004496 ilium Either of the paired bones that are the dorsal-most and largest bones of the pelvic girdle. They begin to connect to the sacral vertebra (9th vertebra) at NF stage 59. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 ilia Any of the posterior and smaller bones of the pelvic girdle. The ischia appear at NF stage 53, grow toward each other at NF stage 55, fusing and beginning to ossify by NF stage 58/59. eriksegerdell 2013-04-10T19:03:50Z xenopus_anatomy ischia XAO:0004497 ischium Any of the posterior and smaller bones of the pelvic girdle. The ischia appear at NF stage 53, grow toward each other at NF stage 55, fusing and beginning to ossify by NF stage 58/59. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 ischia The ventral and anterior of the three principal bones composing the pelvic girdle. The pubes fuse with the ilia at NF stage 53, and touch each other at NF stage 62. Full contact of the medial surfaces occurs at NF stage 63 when ossification also begins. Ossification continues through metamorphosis. eriksegerdell 2013-04-10T19:18:02Z xenopus_anatomy pubes XAO:0004498 pubis The ventral and anterior of the three principal bones composing the pelvic girdle. The pubes fuse with the ilia at NF stage 53, and touch each other at NF stage 62. Full contact of the medial surfaces occurs at NF stage 63 when ossification also begins. Ossification continues through metamorphosis. PMID:15679868 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 pubes Vertebra posterior to the sacral vertebra. The 4 postsacral vertebrae fuse and ossify (NF stage 66) to form the urostyle. eriksegerdell 2013-04-10T19:27:34Z xenopus_anatomy postsacral vertebrae XAO:0004499 postsacral vertebra Vertebra posterior to the sacral vertebra. The 4 postsacral vertebrae fuse and ossify (NF stage 66) to form the urostyle. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 postsacral vertebrae Any of the bony lateral projections from the presacral veterebrae of the anterior trunk region, enabling the lungs to expand and thus facilitate breathing by expanding the chest cavity. They serve to protect the lungs, heart, and other internal organs of the thorax. eriksegerdell 2013-04-10T19:32:29Z vertebral rib xenopus_anatomy ribs XAO:0004500 rib Any of the bony lateral projections from the presacral veterebrae of the anterior trunk region, enabling the lungs to expand and thus facilitate breathing by expanding the chest cavity. They serve to protect the lungs, heart, and other internal organs of the thorax. Wikipedia:Rib ribs A cell that is in the process of programmed cell death. The process is characterized by morphological changes (e.g. blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, and chromosomal DNA fragmentation) ending in cell death. eriksegerdell 2013-04-10T19:46:34Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004501 apoptotic cell A cell that is in the process of programmed cell death. The process is characterized by morphological changes (e.g. blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, and chromosomal DNA fragmentation) ending in cell death. Wikipedia:Apoptosis A cell that is in the process of replication, and is idenitifable by chromosomal replication. eriksegerdell 2013-04-10T19:50:41Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004502 mitotic cell A cell that is in the process of replication, and is idenitifable by chromosomal replication. Xenbase:Staff A membrane that lines the outer surface of all bones, except at the joints of long bones. It consists of dense irregular connective tissue, and is divided into an outer fibrous layer and inner osteogenic layer. The fibrous layer contains fibroblasts, while the osteogenic layer contains progenitor cells that develop into osteoblasts, which are essential to the healing process. eriksegerdell 2013-04-10T19:57:52Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004503 periosteum A membrane that lines the outer surface of all bones, except at the joints of long bones. It consists of dense irregular connective tissue, and is divided into an outer fibrous layer and inner osteogenic layer. The fibrous layer contains fibroblasts, while the osteogenic layer contains progenitor cells that develop into osteoblasts, which are essential to the healing process. Wikipedia:Periosteum The outer layer of the periosteum, containing acellular connective tissue and fibroblasts. eriksegerdell 2013-04-10T20:03:11Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004504 periosteum (sensu fibrous layer) The outer layer of the periosteum, containing acellular connective tissue and fibroblasts. Wikipedia:Periosteum The inner layer of the periosteum, containing osteoblasts. eriksegerdell 2013-04-10T20:03:49Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004505 periosteum (sensu osteogenic layer) The inner layer of the periosteum, containing osteoblasts. Wikipedia:Periosteum The tissue or tissues between the digits of the forelimb and the hindlimb. eriksegerdell 2013-04-10T20:14:47Z xenopus_anatomy webbing XAO:0004506 interdigital webbing The tissue or tissues between the digits of the forelimb and the hindlimb. Xenbase:Staff Skeletogenic cell that secretes osteoid, is capable of producing mineralized matrix, is located adjacent to or within osteoid tissue, and arises from the transformation of a preosteoblast cell. eriksegerdell 2013-04-10T20:18:46Z CL:0000062 xenopus_anatomy bone cell XAO:0004507 osteoblast Skeletogenic cell that secretes osteoid, is capable of producing mineralized matrix, is located adjacent to or within osteoid tissue, and arises from the transformation of a preosteoblast cell. CL:0000062 Mesenchyme that is part of a mandibular component. eriksegerdell 2013-04-10T22:47:54Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004508 mandibular mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a mandibular component. UBERON:0009584 Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the body wall lining and dermis. eriksegerdell 2013-04-10T23:01:12Z DLPM xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004509 dorsal lateral plate mesoderm Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the body wall lining and dermis. Wikipedia:Lateral_plate_mesoderm Type of precursor cell from which melanophores develop. eriksegerdell 2013-04-10T23:08:51Z CL:0000541 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004510 melanoblast Type of precursor cell from which melanophores develop. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 The endoderm cells that are fated to become the hindgut. eriksegerdell 2013-04-10T23:24:26Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004511 hindgut primordium The endoderm cells that are fated to become the hindgut. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 The endoderm cells that are fated to become the midgut. eriksegerdell 2013-04-10T23:31:07Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004512 midgut primordium The endoderm cells that are fated to become the midgut. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 The endoderm cells that are fated to become the foregut. eriksegerdell 2013-04-10T23:32:46Z xenopus_anatomy foregut primordium XAO:0004513 foregut endoderm The endoderm cells that are fated to become the foregut. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 The anterior part of the optic tectum. eriksegerdell 2013-04-10T23:41:35Z xenopus_anatomy pre-tectum XAO:0004514 anterior tectum The anterior part of the optic tectum. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The posterior part of the optic tectum. eriksegerdell 2013-04-10T23:43:45Z xenopus_anatomy pre-tectum XAO:0004515 posterior tectum The posterior part of the optic tectum. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The upper surface of the vegetal yolk mass which forms the floor for the blastocoel (cavity) of the early gastrula embryo. eriksegerdell 2013-04-10T23:45:26Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004516 blastocoel floor The upper surface of the vegetal yolk mass which forms the floor for the blastocoel (cavity) of the early gastrula embryo. Xenbase:Staff A ciliated cell that is not part of the epidermis. eriksegerdell 2013-04-11T11:36:47Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004517 ciliated non-epidermal cell A ciliated cell that is not part of the epidermis. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The proximal segment of the pronephric tubule, closest to the glomus and functioning in solute resorption and waste excretion. eriksegerdell 2013-04-26T14:20:27Z xenopus_anatomy pronephric nephron XAO:0004518 proximal tubule The proximal segment of the pronephric tubule, closest to the glomus and functioning in solute resorption and waste excretion. PMID:15223337 The distal segment of the pronephric tubule, functioning in water resorption, with urine passing through it into the pronephric duct. eriksegerdell 2013-04-26T14:34:59Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004519 distal tubule The distal segment of the pronephric tubule, functioning in water resorption, with urine passing through it into the pronephric duct. PMID:15223337 A distal stem cell region of the proximal tubule. There are 3 branches, with anteriodorsal, anterioventral, and posterior positions. These are sometimes referred to as proximal tubule segment 1 or PT1. eriksegerdell 2013-04-26T14:48:46Z xenopus_anatomy PT1 proximal tubule segment 1 XAO:0004520 proximal tubule branch A distal stem cell region of the proximal tubule. There are 3 branches, with anteriodorsal, anterioventral, and posterior positions. These are sometimes referred to as proximal tubule segment 1 or PT1. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 A fluid-filled cavity formed within the mesoderm of the embryo. eriksegerdell 2013-04-26T15:36:18Z xenopus_anatomy body cavity XAO:0004521 coelom A fluid-filled cavity formed within the mesoderm of the embryo. Wikipedia:Coelom Cell that is part of the neural crest region of the neuroepithelium, prior to migration. eriksegerdell 2013-05-27T16:31:38Z CL:0007004 xenopus_anatomy premigratory neural crest cells XAO:0004522 premigratory neural crest cell Cell that is part of the neural crest region of the neuroepithelium, prior to migration. CL:0007004 premigratory neural crest cells Any of the neurons specific to the gastrointestinal system. Enteric neurons are embedded the lining of the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines and the cloaca. eriksegerdell 2013-05-27T16:58:52Z CL:0007011 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004523 enteric neuron Any of the neurons specific to the gastrointestinal system. Enteric neurons are embedded the lining of the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines and the cloaca. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteric_nervous_system The undifferentiated, loose connective tissue of the pharyngeal region, that is derived mostly from mesoderm, and also contains ectodermally derived neural crest cells. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004524 pharyngeal mesenchyme The undifferentiated, loose connective tissue of the pharyngeal region, that is derived mostly from mesoderm, and also contains ectodermally derived neural crest cells. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 Water-filled cavity in the adult frog that is apposed to an olfactory epithelium for detection of aqueous odorants. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004525 medium cavity Water-filled cavity in the adult frog that is apposed to an olfactory epithelium for detection of aqueous odorants. Xenbase:KAB Air-filled cavity in the adult frog apposed to an olfactory epithelium for detection of airborne odorants. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004526 principal cavity Air-filled cavity in the adult frog apposed to an olfactory epithelium for detection of airborne odorants. Xenbase:KAB Sensory neuron responsible for detection of odorants. ORN OSN olfactory receptor neuron xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004527 olfactory sensory neuron Sensory neuron responsible for detection of odorants. Xenbase:KAB The 16th somite located posterior to the head. This somite is resorbed at metamorphosis. somite 18 trunk somite 18 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004528 tail somite 18 The 16th somite located posterior to the head. This somite is resorbed at metamorphosis. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Portion of tissue in an eye consisting of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. UBERON:0001768 uvea xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004529 uveal tract Portion of tissue in an eye consisting of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. UBERON:0001768 The forebrain region that coordinates sensory signaling arising from the vomeronasal organ; it is located on the dorsal-posterior portion of the main olfactory bulb, and the axons that leave the accessory olfactory bulb project to targets in the amygdala and hypothalamus. UBERON:0004069 xenopus_anatomy anterior olfactory bulb XAO:0004530 accessory olfactory bulb The forebrain region that coordinates sensory signaling arising from the vomeronasal organ; it is located on the dorsal-posterior portion of the main olfactory bulb, and the axons that leave the accessory olfactory bulb project to targets in the amygdala and hypothalamus. UBERON:0004069 An almond-shaped set of neurons in the medial temporal lobe of the brain that is involved in the linkage of environmental information with social behavior and action selection. UBERON:0001876 Amyg xenopus_anatomy corpus amygdaloideum XAO:0004531 amygdala An almond-shaped set of neurons in the medial temporal lobe of the brain that is involved in the linkage of environmental information with social behavior and action selection. GO:0021764 PMID:24005304 A nucleus comprising the anterior aspect of the amygdala, adjacent to the basal forebrain, and involved in receiving olfactory information. UBERON:0002890 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004532 anterior amygdala A nucleus comprising the anterior aspect of the amygdala, adjacent to the basal forebrain, and involved in receiving olfactory information. ISBN:0123815339 A forebrain white matter structure consisting of a large fiber bundle, connecting the two cerebral hemispheres across the middle line. UBERON:0000935 AC xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004533 anterior commissure A forebrain white matter structure consisting of a large fiber bundle, connecting the two cerebral hemispheres across the middle line. Xenbase:KAB Nucleus situated in the pallidum that provides auditory input to the torus semicircularis. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004534 anterior entopeduncular nucleus Nucleus situated in the pallidum that provides auditory input to the torus semicircularis. PMID:11536185 Region of spinal cord white matter lying on either side between the ventral median fissure and the ventral roots of the spinal nerves. UBERON:0002180 xenopus_anatomy anterior funiculus XAO:0004535 ventral funiculus Region of spinal cord white matter lying on either side between the ventral median fissure and the ventral roots of the spinal nerves. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ventral+funiculus Nucleus situated in the thalamus that is associated with the limbic system and is implicated in learning and episodic memory. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004536 anterior thalamic nucleus Nucleus situated in the thalamus that is associated with the limbic system and is implicated in learning and episodic memory. Wikipedia:Anterior_nuclei_of_thalamus Nucleus located anterodorsally in the midbrain tegmentum. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004537 anterodorsal tegmental nucleus Nucleus located anterodorsally in the midbrain tegmentum. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Nucleus located anteroventrally in the midbrain tegmentum. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004538 anteroventral tegmental nucleus Nucleus located anteroventrally in the midbrain tegmentum. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A group of structures that lie in the ventralmost parts of the forebrain and are formed by the derivatives of the subpallium. UBERON:0002743 xenopus_anatomy ventral telencephalon XAO:0004539 basal forebrain A group of structures that lie in the ventralmost parts of the forebrain and are formed by the derivatives of the subpallium. Xenbase:KAB Composite structure derived principally from the subpallium and containing numerous ganglia of the ventral telencephalon. UBERON:0010011 xenopus_anatomy basal ganglia basal ganglia nuclei basal nuclei XAO:0004540 basal ganglion Composite structure derived principally from the subpallium and containing numerous ganglia of the ventral telencephalon. Xenbase:KAB basal ganglia A brain structure in the forebrain wrapped around the stria terminalis. Its largest extent can be found around the crossing of the anterior commissure. UBERON:0001880 BST bed nucleus striae terminalis xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004541 bed nucleus of the stria terminalis A brain structure in the forebrain wrapped around the stria terminalis. Its largest extent can be found around the crossing of the anterior commissure. UBERON:0001880 A nucleus comprising the central aspect of the amygdala, identified as a target for ascending auditory information from the central thalamic nucleus and as a major afferent to the vocal pattern generator of the hindbrain. UBERON:0002883 CeA xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004542 central amygdala A nucleus comprising the central aspect of the amygdala, identified as a target for ascending auditory information from the central thalamic nucleus and as a major afferent to the vocal pattern generator of the hindbrain. PMID:24005304 Spinal cord structure that is part of the ventricular system and is filled with cerebral-spinal fluid and runs the length of the spinal cord. UBERON:0002291 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004543 central canal Spinal cord structure that is part of the ventricular system and is filled with cerebral-spinal fluid and runs the length of the spinal cord. UBERON:0002291 Nucleus that is located centrally in the thalamus. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004544 central nucleus of the thalamus Nucleus that is located centrally in the thalamus. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A nucleus that is situated in the brainstem. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004545 dorsal column nucleus A nucleus that is situated in the brainstem. Wikipedia:Dorsal_column_nuclei Cell mass in the caudal and dorsal aspect of the dorsal thalamus adjoining the pineal gland. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004546 dorsal habenular nucleus Cell mass in the caudal and dorsal aspect of the dorsal thalamus adjoining the pineal gland. Xenbase:KAB The predominant portion of the globus pallidus in the striatopallidal system, which is defined by connectivity and neurochemical staining. It is distinguished from the ventral pallidum by a boundary that is partially defined by the anterior commissure. UBERON:0006516 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004547 dorsal pallidum The predominant portion of the globus pallidus in the striatopallidal system, which is defined by connectivity and neurochemical staining. It is distinguished from the ventral pallidum by a boundary that is partially defined by the anterior commissure. UBERON:0006516 Subdivision of thepallium that is located dorsally. UBERON:0014740 xenopus_anatomy isocortex XAO:0004548 dorsal pallium Subdivision of thepallium that is located dorsally. UBERON:0014740 A set of septal nuclei comprising the dorsal aspect of the forebrain septum. Sd septum dorsalis xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004549 dorsal septum A set of septal nuclei comprising the dorsal aspect of the forebrain septum. Xenbase:KAB Cytoarchitectural part of the olfactory bulb, lying superior to the mitral cell layer and inferior to the glomerular layer. The EPL is mostly neuropil composed almost entirely of mitral and tulfted cell dendrites and granule cell dendrites and their synaptic inputs. UBERON:0005376 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004551 external plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb Cytoarchitectural part of the olfactory bulb, lying superior to the mitral cell layer and inferior to the glomerular layer. The EPL is mostly neuropil composed almost entirely of mitral and tulfted cell dendrites and granule cell dendrites and their synaptic inputs. UBERON:0005376 Superficial layer of the olfactory bulb, composed of spherical glomeruli, where input from olfactory receptor neurons is first organized and processed. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004552 glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb Superficial layer of the olfactory bulb, composed of spherical glomeruli, where input from olfactory receptor neurons is first organized and processed. PMID:16765614 Type of neuron characterized by having very small cell bodies. These cells are found within the granular layers of the cerebellum and the olfactory bulb. CL:0000120 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004553 granule cell Type of neuron characterized by having very small cell bodies. These cells are found within the granular layers of the cerebellum and the olfactory bulb. Wikipedia:Granule_cell The innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex, containing densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. UBERON:0002956 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004554 granule cell layer of the cerebellum The innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex, containing densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. UBERON:0002956 A layer of the olfactory bulb interior to the mitral cell layer, consisting of inhibitory interneurons. UBERON:0005378 xenopus_anatomy internal granular layer XAO:0004555 granule cell layer of the olfactory bulb A layer of the olfactory bulb interior to the mitral cell layer, consisting of inhibitory interneurons. Xenbase:KAB Region of the thalamus adjoining the pineal gland. UBERON:0001904 Hb xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004556 habenula Region of the thalamus adjoining the pineal gland. Xenbase:KAB Nucleus that is a prominant part of the visual system, receiving input from the ipsilateral tectum and sending output to both tecta. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004557 isthmic nucleus Nucleus that is a prominant part of the visual system, receiving input from the ipsilateral tectum and sending output to both tecta. PMID:3497362 A nucleus comprising the lateral aspect of the amygdala, implicated in fear conditioning. UBERON:0002886 LA xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004558 lateral amygdala A nucleus comprising the lateral aspect of the amygdala, implicated in fear conditioning. Wikipedia:Amygdala A fiber system that is formed by pallial and subpallial components that join in the caudal telencephalon. It proceeds caudally, piercing the optic tract, to the ventral part of the hypothalamus. UBERON:2007012 LFB xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004559 lateral forebrain bundle A fiber system that is formed by pallial and subpallial components that join in the caudal telencephalon. It proceeds caudally, piercing the optic tract, to the ventral part of the hypothalamus. ISBN:3540560130 Region of spinal cord white matter that is both ventral to the dorsal root and dorsal to the ventral root. UBERON:0002179 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004560 lateral funiculus Region of spinal cord white matter that is both ventral to the dorsal root and dorsal to the ventral root. Xenbase:KAB Diencephalic nucleus that is the lateral part of the ventral hypothalamic zone. UBERON:0001937 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004562 lateral hypothalamic nucleus Diencephalic nucleus that is the lateral part of the ventral hypothalamic zone. ZFA:0000227 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Subdivision of the pallium that is located laterally. UBERON:0014741 xenopus_anatomy olfactory cortex XAO:0004563 lateral pallium Subdivision of the pallium that is located laterally. UBERON:0014741 A set of septal nuclei comprising the lateral aspect of the forebrain septum. Sl septum lateralis xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004564 lateral septum A set of septal nuclei comprising the lateral aspect of the forebrain septum. Xenbase:KAB A nucleus situated in the brainstem, spanning the midbrain tegmentum and the pontine tegmentum. UBERON:0002267 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004565 laterodorsal tegmental nucleus A nucleus situated in the brainstem, spanning the midbrain tegmentum and the pontine tegmentum. UBERON:0002267 Nucleus within the brainstem that is the principal site for brain synthesis of norepinephrine. UBERON:0002148 locus caeruleus locus ceruleus xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004566 locus coeruleus Nucleus within the brainstem that is the principal site for brain synthesis of norepinephrine. Xenbase:KAB A nucleus situated in the preoptic area that contains large neurosecretory neurons. UBERON:2000248 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004567 magnocellular preoptic nucleus A nucleus situated in the preoptic area that contains large neurosecretory neurons. ISBN:0080877982 ISBN:3540560130 A nucleus comprising the medial aspect of the amygdala, involved in receiving olfactory information. UBERON:0002892 MeA xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004568 medial amygdala A nucleus comprising the medial aspect of the amygdala, involved in receiving olfactory information. Wikipedia:Amygdala Subdivision of the pallium that is located in the medial position. UBERON:0014738 MP xenopus_anatomy hippocampus XAO:0004570 medial pallium Subdivision of the pallium that is located in the medial position. UBERON:0014738 A set of septal nuclei comprising the medial aspect of the forebrain septum. Sm septum medialis xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004571 medial septum A set of septal nuclei comprising the medial aspect of the forebrain septum. Xenbase:KAB Large glutaminergic nerve cell whose dendrites synapse with axons of the olfactory receptor neurons in the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb, and whose axons pass centrally in the olfactory tract to the olfactory cortex. CL:1001502 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004573 mitral cell Large glutaminergic nerve cell whose dendrites synapse with axons of the olfactory receptor neurons in the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb, and whose axons pass centrally in the olfactory tract to the olfactory cortex. MP:0009954 Layer composed of pyramidal neurons whose cell bodies are located between the granule cell layer and the plexiform layer. UBERON:0004186 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004574 mitral cell layer of the olfactory bulb Layer composed of pyramidal neurons whose cell bodies are located between the granule cell layer and the plexiform layer. UBERON:0004186 A region of the brain consisting of a collection of neurons located in the forebrain ventral to the caudate and putamen. UBERON:0001882 Acc accumbens nucleus xenopus_anatomy nucleus accumbens septi XAO:0004575 nucleus accumbens A region of the brain consisting of a collection of neurons located in the forebrain ventral to the caudate and putamen. UBERON:0001882 A brain structure that is part of the septal nuclear complex and is connected with the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and amygdala. UBERON:0001879 xenopus_anatomy diagonal band diagonal band of Broca XAO:0004576 nucleus of the diagonal band A brain structure that is part of the septal nuclear complex and is connected with the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and amygdala. UBERON:0001879 Major component of the basal ganglia that is part of the telencephalon and has close functional ties with the subthalamus. UBERON:0001875 Pa globus pallidus xenopus_anatomy paleostriatum pallidal nuclei XAO:0004578 pallidum Major component of the basal ganglia that is part of the telencephalon and has close functional ties with the subthalamus. Wikipedia:Globus_pallidus Diencephalic tract that is located in the vicinity of the dorsal diencephalon and mesencephalon and connects the pretectal nuclei. UBERON:0000936 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004579 posterior commissure Diencephalic tract that is located in the vicinity of the dorsal diencephalon and mesencephalon and connects the pretectal nuclei. ZFA:0000320 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Region of spinal cord white matter that is dorsal and medial to the dorsal root. UBERON:0002258 xenopus_anatomy posterior funiculus XAO:0004580 dorsal funiculus Region of spinal cord white matter that is dorsal and medial to the dorsal root. Xenbase:KAB Nucleus located posterodorsally in the midbrain tegmentum. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004581 posterodorsal tegmental nucleus Nucleus located posterodorsally in the midbrain tegmentum. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Nucleus located posteroventrally in the midbrain tegmentum. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004582 posteroventral tegmental nucleus Nucleus located posteroventrally in the midbrain tegmentum. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Area of the forebrain anterior to the posterior tuberculum and the hypothalamus and ventral to the ventral thalamus. UBERON:0001928 PO xenopus_anatomy anterior preoptic area preoptic nuclei preoptic region XAO:0004583 preoptic area Area of the forebrain anterior to the posterior tuberculum and the hypothalamus and ventral to the ventral thalamus. UBERON:0001928 A cluster of nuclei found in the brain stem, the main function of which is to release serotonin to the rest of the brain. UBERON:0004684 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004584 raphe nucleus A cluster of nuclei found in the brain stem, the main function of which is to release serotonin to the rest of the brain. Wikipedia:Raphe_nuclei Gray matter structure located on the midline of the forebrain consisting of the septum pellucidum and the septal nuclei. septum UBERON:0000446 septum of telencephalon xenopus_anatomy Se XAO:0004585 telencephalon septum Gray matter structure located on the midline of the forebrain consisting of the septum pellucidum and the septal nuclei. UBERON:0000446 A compact fiber bundle that extends longitudinally through the posterolateral region of the medulla and is surrounded by the nucleus of the solitary tract, and descends to the upper cervical segments of the spinal cord. UBERON:0002718 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004586 solitary tract A compact fiber bundle that extends longitudinally through the posterolateral region of the medulla and is surrounded by the nucleus of the solitary tract, and descends to the upper cervical segments of the spinal cord. UBERON:0002718 A region of the forebrain consisting of the caudate nucleus, putamen and fundus striati. UBERON:0002435 Str xenopus_anatomy neostriatum striatal nuclei striate nucleus XAO:0004587 striatum A region of the forebrain consisting of the caudate nucleus, putamen and fundus striati. UBERON:0002435 A small ependymal gland of the circumventricular system, located in the dorsocaudal region of the third ventricle. UBERON:0002139 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004588 subcommissural organ A small ependymal gland of the circumventricular system, located in the dorsocaudal region of the third ventricle. Xenbase:KAB The lens-shaped nucleus located in the ventral part of the subthalamus on the inner aspect of the internal capsule that is concerned with the integration of somatic motor function. UBERON:0001906 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004589 subthalamic nucleus The lens-shaped nucleus located in the ventral part of the subthalamus on the inner aspect of the internal capsule that is concerned with the integration of somatic motor function. UBERON:0001906 Multi-tissue structure that is part of the midbrain and develops from the alar plate. It is located dorsal to the lateral tegmentum where it extends into the medial tectal ventricle and receives ascending sensory octavolateralis input. UBERON:2000599 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004590 torus semicircularis Multi-tissue structure that is part of the midbrain and develops from the alar plate. It is located dorsal to the lateral tegmentum where it extends into the medial tectal ventricle and receives ascending sensory octavolateralis input. ZFA:0000599 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Cell mass in the caudal and ventral aspect of the dorsal thalamus adjoining the pineal gland. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004591 ventral habenular nucleus Cell mass in the caudal and ventral aspect of the dorsal thalamus adjoining the pineal gland. Xenbase:KAB Nucleus that is located ventrally in the hypothalamus. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004592 ventral hypothalamic nucleus Nucleus that is located ventrally in the hypothalamus. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Part of the globus pallidus consisting of the more medial of the two segments. UBERON:0002778 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004593 ventral pallidum Part of the globus pallidus consisting of the more medial of the two segments. UBERON:0002778 The pallial region located next to the pallium-subpallium boundary. UBERON:0014913 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004594 ventral pallium The pallial region located next to the pallium-subpallium boundary. UBERON:0014913 Nucleus situated in the thalamus that receives inputs from the basal nuclei and the function of which is to help coordinate and plan movement. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004595 ventrolateral thalamic nucleus Nucleus situated in the thalamus that receives inputs from the basal nuclei and the function of which is to help coordinate and plan movement. Wikipedia:Ventral_lateral_nucleus Nucleus situated in the thalamus to which somatosensory input is predominantly directed. UBERON:2000459 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004596 ventromedial thalamic nucleus Nucleus situated in the thalamus to which somatosensory input is predominantly directed. ISBN:3540560130 A metameric segment of the central nervous system. UBERON:0004731 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004597 neuromere A metameric segment of the central nervous system. ZFA:0001328 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A neuromere that is part of the presumptive forebrain. UBERON:0014775 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004598 prosomere A neuromere that is part of the presumptive forebrain. UBERON:0014775 The 4th segment of the developing forebrain. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004599 prosomere 4 The 4th segment of the developing forebrain. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The 5th segment of the developing forebrain. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004600 prosomere 5 The 5th segment of the developing forebrain. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The 6th segment of the developing forebrain. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004601 prosomere 6 The 6th segment of the developing forebrain. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 One of the system of communicating cavities in the brain that are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord, that are lined with an epithelial ependyma, and that contain cerebral-spinal fluid. The system comprises four ventricles, the right and left lateral ventricles (one for each hemisphere), third ventricle, and fourth ventricle. ventricle UBERON:0004086 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004602 brain ventricle One of the system of communicating cavities in the brain that are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord, that are lined with an epithelial ependyma, and that contain cerebral-spinal fluid. The system comprises four ventricles, the right and left lateral ventricles (one for each hemisphere), third ventricle, and fourth ventricle. UBERON:0004086 Wikipedia:Ventricular_system A protrusion at the posterior end of the hypothalamus that contains hypothalamic nuclei. UBERON:0002206 MA corpus mamillare xenopus_anatomy mammillar area XAO:0004605 mammilary region A protrusion at the posterior end of the hypothalamus that contains hypothalamic nuclei. UBERON:0002206 Structure that lies rostral to the area of the tegmentum and that is a site of dopamine-containing cells. UBERON:2000633 Tub xenopus_anatomy caudal tuberculum posterior tuberculum XAO:0004606 tuberal region Structure that lies rostral to the area of the tegmentum and that is a site of dopamine-containing cells. ISBN:0471733830 Either of the two brain ventricles that are bilateral (left and right, one for each hemisphere). xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004607 lateral ventricle Either of the two brain ventricles that are bilateral (left and right, one for each hemisphere). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Brain ventricle formed by a median cleft in the diencephalon between the two thalami. UBERON:0002286 3rd ventricle xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004608 third ventricle Brain ventricle formed by a median cleft in the diencephalon between the two thalami. Wikipedia:Third_ventricle A spatially aggregated collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS, consisting of one or more subpopulations that share cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections, and including nearby cells that share the same cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections. nucleus UBERON:0000125 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004609 neural nucleus A spatially aggregated collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS, consisting of one or more subpopulations that share cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections, and including nearby cells that share the same cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections. UBERON:0000125 The lateral ventricle that is located in the left hemisphere of the brain. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004610 left ventricle The lateral ventricle that is located in the left hemisphere of the brain. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The lateral ventricle that is located in the right hemisphere of the brain. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004611 right ventricle The lateral ventricle that is located in the right hemisphere of the brain. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Type of epithelial cell that secretes a macromolecule or ion product. In many epithelia, occasional specialized secretory cells are scattered among other, non-secretory cells. xenopus_anatomy scattered secretory epithelial cell XAO:0004612 secretory epithelial cell Type of epithelial cell that secretes a macromolecule or ion product. In many epithelia, occasional specialized secretory cells are scattered among other, non-secretory cells. ISBN:0323036635 Epidermal cell that lacks cilia. xenopus_anatomy non-ciliated epidermal cells XAO:0004613 non-cililated epidermal cell Epidermal cell that lacks cilia. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 non-ciliated epidermal cells The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia and is responsible for their movements. GO:0005930 axoneme xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004614 ciliary axoneme The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia and is responsible for their movements. GO:0005930 A membrane-tethered, short cylindrical array of microtubules and associated proteins found at the base of a cilium that is similar in structure to a centriole and derives from it. The cilium basal body is the site of assembly and remodelling of the cilium and serves as a nucleation site for axoneme growth. GO:0005932 xenopus_anatomy ciliary basal body XAO:0004615 basal body A membrane-tethered, short cylindrical array of microtubules and associated proteins found at the base of a cilium that is similar in structure to a centriole and derives from it. The cilium basal body is the site of assembly and remodelling of the cilium and serves as a nucleation site for axoneme growth. GO:0005932 The ventrolateral regions of the neural tube, above to the floor plate region and encompassing structurally distinct interneurons (in lateral positions) and the more ventral motor neurons. ventricular zone xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004616 ventrolateral neural tube The ventrolateral regions of the neural tube, above to the floor plate region and encompassing structurally distinct interneurons (in lateral positions) and the more ventral motor neurons. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 The dorsolateral regions of the neural tube, ventral to the roof plate region and encompassing structurally distinct sensory neurons (more dorsally) and interneurons (in lateral positions). xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004617 dorsolateral neural tube The dorsolateral regions of the neural tube, ventral to the roof plate region and encompassing structurally distinct sensory neurons (more dorsally) and interneurons (in lateral positions). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 The region of presomitic mesoderm that lays immediately adjacent and posterior to the last formed somite. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004618 rostral presomitic mesoderm The region of presomitic mesoderm that lays immediately adjacent and posterior to the last formed somite. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 The most posterior region of presomitic mesoderm where somitomeres have yet to be fated. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004619 caudal presomitic mesoderm The most posterior region of presomitic mesoderm where somitomeres have yet to be fated. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 Cranial placode with neurogenic potential. UBERON:0009955 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004620 neurogenic placode Cranial placode with neurogenic potential. UBERON:0009955 An epithelial cell that is part of the epidermis. CL:1000396 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004621 epidermal cell An epithelial cell that is part of the epidermis. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of tail somite 18 that is a precursor of muscle. myotome of trunk somite 18 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004622 myotome of tail somite 18 Compartment of tail somite 18 that is a precursor of muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Compartment of tail somite 18 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. sclerotome of somite 18 sclerotome of trunk somite 18 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004623 sclerotome of tail somite 18 Compartment of tail somite 18 that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Blood vessel that is part of the fin. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004624 fin vasculature Blood vessel that is part of the fin. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Blood vessel that is part of the dorsal fin. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004625 dorsal fin vasculature Blood vessel that is part of the dorsal fin. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Blood vessel that is part of the ventral fin. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004626 ventral fin vasculature Blood vessel that is part of the ventral fin. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Blood vessel that is part of the ventral blood island. vbib xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004627 ventral blood island border Blood vessel that is part of the ventral blood island. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The erythroid-forming compartment of the ventral blood island. pvbi xenopus_anatomy XAO:0004628 posterior ventral blood island The erythroid-forming compartment of the ventral blood island. PMID:18594023 A tissue whose predominant feature is extracellular matrix that may or may not be highly hydrated or calcified. eriksegerdell 2015-04-15T18:09:42Z UBERON:0007475 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005000 matrix-based tissue A tissue whose predominant feature is extracellular matrix that may or may not be highly hydrated or calcified. UBERON:0007475 Mineralized bone tissue that has terminally differentiated osteoblasts but lacks osteocytes. eriksegerdell 2015-04-20T17:49:35Z UBERON:4000122 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005001 acellular bone tissue Mineralized bone tissue that has terminally differentiated osteoblasts but lacks osteocytes. UBERON:4000122 An anatomical structure that has more than one cell as a part. eriksegerdell 2015-05-12T17:50:30Z CARO:0010000 UBERON:0010000 multicellular structure xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005002 multicellular anatomical structure An anatomical structure that has more than one cell as a part. CARO:0010000 Epithelium that covers the small and large intestine in the larval frog. eriksegerdell 2015-05-14T17:36:26Z larval gut epithelium xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005003 larval intestinal epithelium Epithelium that covers the small and large intestine in the larval frog. Wikipedia:Intestinal_epithelium https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Epithelium that covers the small and large intestine in the adult frog. eriksegerdell 2015-05-14T17:38:16Z adult gut epithelium xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005004 adult intestinal epithelium Epithelium that covers the small and large intestine in the adult frog. Wikipedia:Intestinal_epithelium https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Spatial concept pertaining to being located on or directed toward the side of the body to the west when facing north. eriksegerdell 2015-05-14T17:39:42Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005005 left Spatial concept pertaining to being located on or directed toward the side of the body to the west when facing north. NCIt:Left Spatial concept pertaining to being located on or directed toward the side of the body to the east when facing north. eriksegerdell 2015-05-14T17:41:09Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005006 right Spatial concept pertaining to being located on or directed toward the side of the body to the east when facing north. NCIt:Right Astrocyte-like radial glial cell that extends vertically throughout the retina, with the nucleus usually in the middle of the inner nuclear layer. eriksegerdell 2015-05-14T17:43:09Z CL:0000636 Muller cell Müller cell xenopus_anatomy Müller glia XAO:0005007 Mueller cell Astrocyte-like radial glial cell that extends vertically throughout the retina, with the nucleus usually in the middle of the inner nuclear layer. CL:0000636 Müller glia Specialized protrusion of a cell composed of microtubules and serving a role in intercellular signaling. eriksegerdell 2015-05-14T17:45:51Z GO:0005929 xenopus_anatomy cilia XAO:0005008 cilium Specialized protrusion of a cell composed of microtubules and serving a role in intercellular signaling. Xenbase:KAB cilia Array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a cell during mitosis or meiosis and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart. eriksegerdell 2015-05-14T17:48:54Z GO:0005819 spindle xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005009 mitotic spindle Array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a cell during mitosis or meiosis and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart. GO:0005819 Migrating motile tip of a growing nerve cell axon or dendrite. eriksegerdell 2015-05-14T17:50:17Z GO:0030426 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005010 growth cone Migrating motile tip of a growing nerve cell axon or dendrite. GO:0030426 A cellular organelle, found close to the nucleus in many cells, consisting of a small cylinder with microtubular walls, 300-500 nm long and 150-250 nm in diameter. It contains nine short, parallel, peripheral microtubular fibrils, each fibril consisting of one complete microtubule fused to two incomplete microtubules. Cells usually have two centrioles, lying at right angles to each other. At division, each pair of centrioles generates another pair and the twin pairs form the pole of the mitotic spindle. eriksegerdell 2015-05-14T17:51:38Z GO:0005814 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005011 centriole A cellular organelle, found close to the nucleus in many cells, consisting of a small cylinder with microtubular walls, 300-500 nm long and 150-250 nm in diameter. It contains nine short, parallel, peripheral microtubular fibrils, each fibril consisting of one complete microtubule fused to two incomplete microtubules. Cells usually have two centrioles, lying at right angles to each other. At division, each pair of centrioles generates another pair and the twin pairs form the pole of the mitotic spindle. GO:0005814 A multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules. eriksegerdell 2015-05-14T17:53:24Z GO:0000776 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005012 kinetochore A multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules. GO:0000776 The region of a chromosome that is attached to the spindle during nuclear division. It is defined genetically as the region of the chromosome that always segregates at the first division of meiosis; the region of the chromosome in which no crossing over occurs. At the start of M phase, each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids with a constriction at a point which forms the centromere. During late prophase two kinetochores assemble on each centromere, one kinetochore on each sister chromatid. eriksegerdell 2015-05-14T17:55:01Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005013 centromere The region of a chromosome that is attached to the spindle during nuclear division. It is defined genetically as the region of the chromosome that always segregates at the first division of meiosis; the region of the chromosome in which no crossing over occurs. At the start of M phase, each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids with a constriction at a point which forms the centromere. During late prophase two kinetochores assemble on each centromere, one kinetochore on each sister chromatid. ISBN:0198506732 A structure comprising a core structure and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many cells, though it changes continually during the cell-division cycle. eriksegerdell 2015-05-14T17:56:06Z GO:0005813 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005014 centrosome A structure comprising a core structure and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many cells, though it changes continually during the cell-division cycle. GO:0005813 The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter. eriksegerdell 2015-05-14T19:09:57Z GO:0030424 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005015 axon The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter. GO:0030424 A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, often branched, morphology, receives and integrates signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conducts a nerve impulse towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body. eriksegerdell 2015-05-14T19:12:27Z GO:0030425 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005016 dendrite A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, often branched, morphology, receives and integrates signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conducts a nerve impulse towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body. GO:0030425 A cell that has a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. eriksegerdell 2015-05-14T19:18:22Z CL:0000064 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005017 ciliated cell A cell that has a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. CL:0000064 A neuron of the spinal cord. eriksegerdell 2015-05-16T14:08:54Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005018 spinal neuron A neuron of the spinal cord. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The embryonic right and left aortas that develop in parallel with the heart and gain access to it via the aortic arches. Later the paired dorsal aortic anlagen unite and finally form the unpaired descending aorta of the adult. eriksegerdell 2015-05-16T14:25:29Z left dorsal aorta right dorsal aorta xenopus_anatomy paired dorsal aortae XAO:0005019 paired dorsal aorta The embryonic right and left aortas that develop in parallel with the heart and gain access to it via the aortic arches. Later the paired dorsal aortic anlagen unite and finally form the unpaired descending aorta of the adult. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 paired dorsal aortae A connective tissue cell of any organ. eriksegerdell 2015-05-16T14:43:13Z CL:0000499 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005020 stromal cell A connective tissue cell of any organ. Wikipedia:Stromal_cell A cell that is located in the interstitial space between the seminiferous tubules and produces male androgens. eriksegerdell 2015-05-16T14:57:42Z interstitial cell xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005021 interstitial cell of Leydig A cell that is located in the interstitial space between the seminiferous tubules and produces male androgens. ISBN:9781461348764 A type of cell comprising the main structural component of the liver. eriksegerdell 2015-05-16T15:02:39Z CL:0000182 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005022 hepatocyte A type of cell comprising the main structural component of the liver. CL:0000182 A surface structure principally responsible for the production of noxious or toxic secretion with an effect on numerous species of vertebrates. The glands are almost uniformly distributed, on both ventral and dorsal skin. eriksegerdell 2015-05-16T15:11:53Z poison gland UBERON:3010602 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005023 granular gland A surface structure principally responsible for the production of noxious or toxic secretion with an effect on numerous species of vertebrates. The glands are almost uniformly distributed, on both ventral and dorsal skin. DOI:10.1016/0300-9629(95)98515-I A sensory epithelium inside the nasal cavity that is responsible for detecting odors. eriksegerdell 2015-05-16T15:26:20Z UBERON:0001997 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005024 olfactory epithelium A sensory epithelium inside the nasal cavity that is responsible for detecting odors. UBERON:0001997 A mononuclear phagocyte present in a variety of tissues, typically differentiated from monocytes, capable of phagocytosing a variety of extracellular particulate material, including immune complexes, microorganisms, and dead cells. eriksegerdell 2015-05-16T15:34:19Z CL:0000235 histiocyte xenopus_anatomy M-phi XAO:0005025 macrophage A mononuclear phagocyte present in a variety of tissues, typically differentiated from monocytes, capable of phagocytosing a variety of extracellular particulate material, including immune complexes, microorganisms, and dead cells. CL:0000235 Embryonic structure that gives rise to a rhombomere. eriksegerdell 2015-05-18T17:38:18Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005026 presumptive rhombomere Embryonic structure that gives rise to a rhombomere. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The part of the brain that is the morphological boundary between the forebrain and midbrain. eriksegerdell 2015-05-18T17:39:40Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005027 forebrain-midbrain boundary The part of the brain that is the morphological boundary between the forebrain and midbrain. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Layer of the optic tectum that contains radial glial and other non-neuronal cells. eriksegerdell 2015-05-18T17:40:54Z ventricular layer xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005028 ventricular layer of the optic tectum Layer of the optic tectum that contains radial glial and other non-neuronal cells. PMID:23531884 Layer of the optic tectum that mainly consists of ascending sensory axons and tectal dendrites. eriksegerdell 2015-05-18T17:42:02Z neuropil UBERON:0002606 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005029 neuropil of the optic tectum Layer of the optic tectum that mainly consists of ascending sensory axons and tectal dendrites. PMID:23531884 Layer of the optic tectum that consists of tectal somata. eriksegerdell 2015-05-18T17:43:13Z cell body layer xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005030 cell body layer of the optic tectum Layer of the optic tectum that consists of tectal somata. PMID:23531884 A cell present in the developing central nervous system. It functions as both a precursor cell and as a scaffold to support neuronal migration. Some have a multipotent ability, as they can differentiate into neurons and radial glial cells by asymmetric divisions during the period of embryonic neurogenesis. They occur mainly in the ventricular layer of the tectum and decrease in number as the brain matures. eriksegerdell 2015-05-18T17:46:16Z CL:0000681 RG xenopus_anatomy radial glia XAO:0005031 radial glial cell A cell present in the developing central nervous system. It functions as both a precursor cell and as a scaffold to support neuronal migration. Some have a multipotent ability, as they can differentiate into neurons and radial glial cells by asymmetric divisions during the period of embryonic neurogenesis. They occur mainly in the ventricular layer of the tectum and decrease in number as the brain matures. CL:0000681 Xenbase:Staff radial glia A cell that, in the early stages of the brain, are generated from the ectoderm-derived neural epithelium and commit to differentiate into either neurons or radial glial cells. It is well known that radial glial cells have distinctive morphological characteristics and can act as neural progenitor cells (NPCs) or neural stem cells (NSCs), in addition to guiding the migration of differentiating neurons in the central nervous system. eriksegerdell 2015-05-18T17:55:47Z CL:0000047 NSC neuronal stem cell xenopus_anatomy neural stem cells XAO:0005032 neural stem cell A cell that, in the early stages of the brain, are generated from the ectoderm-derived neural epithelium and commit to differentiate into either neurons or radial glial cells. It is well known that radial glial cells have distinctive morphological characteristics and can act as neural progenitor cells (NPCs) or neural stem cells (NSCs), in addition to guiding the migration of differentiating neurons in the central nervous system. Xenbase:Staff neural stem cells A cell that, like a stem cell, has a tendency to differentiate into a specific type of cell, but is already more specific than a stem cell and is pushed to differentiate into its target cell. eriksegerdell 2015-05-18T18:02:10Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005033 progenitor cell A cell that, like a stem cell, has a tendency to differentiate into a specific type of cell, but is already more specific than a stem cell and is pushed to differentiate into its target cell. Wikipedia:Progenitor_cell A progenitor cell of the nervous system. eriksegerdell 2015-05-18T18:03:47Z NPC neuronal progenitor cell xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005034 neural progenitor cell A progenitor cell of the nervous system. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Any of a pair of large, easily identifiable, reticulospinal neurons at the level of the ear in the hindbrain. Importantly, they enable the escape reflex. Inner ear vestibular and auditory neurons form synapses on the lateral dendrite of the ipsilateral Mauthner cell, which in turn form synapses on contralateral spinal motor neurons to activate the C-start escape response. eriksegerdell 2015-05-18T18:07:10Z CL:0000246 Mauthner neuron xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005035 Mauthner cell Any of a pair of large, easily identifiable, reticulospinal neurons at the level of the ear in the hindbrain. Importantly, they enable the escape reflex. Inner ear vestibular and auditory neurons form synapses on the lateral dendrite of the ipsilateral Mauthner cell, which in turn form synapses on contralateral spinal motor neurons to activate the C-start escape response. Xenbase:Staff A calcified dermal layer that is found between the stratum spongiosum and the stratum compactum of the skin. eriksegerdell 2015-05-18T18:11:23Z calcified dermal layer EK layer xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005036 Eberth-Kastschenko layer A calcified dermal layer that is found between the stratum spongiosum and the stratum compactum of the skin. PMID:23480373 Any of the hematopoietic stem cell derived phagocytic cells that are first observed in the ventral blood island at NF stages 17-18 and at stage 20 begin to migrate over the whole embryo between the epidermis and the mesoderm, completing their migration by stage 25. eriksegerdell 2015-05-18T18:14:55Z embryonic macrophage xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005037 migrating macrophage Any of the hematopoietic stem cell derived phagocytic cells that are first observed in the ventral blood island at NF stages 17-18 and at stage 20 begin to migrate over the whole embryo between the epidermis and the mesoderm, completing their migration by stage 25. PMID:12204257 PMID:15305302 PMID:18684398 A membrane-bounded organelle of in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, it contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. eriksegerdell 2015-05-18T18:18:55Z GO:0005634 cell nucleus xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005038 nucleus A membrane-bounded organelle of in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, it contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. GO:0005634 All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. eriksegerdell 2015-05-18T18:25:53Z GO:0005737 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005039 cytoplasm All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. GO:0005737 The anterior (superior) of the two vertically oriented semicircular canals, which are situated at right angles to each other. eriksegerdell 2015-05-19T21:03:02Z UBERON:0001841 superior semicircular canal xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005040 anterior semicircular canal The anterior (superior) of the two vertically oriented semicircular canals, which are situated at right angles to each other. Wikipedia:Semicircular_canal The laterally, or horizontally, oriented of the three semicircular canals. eriksegerdell 2015-05-19T21:03:23Z UBERON:0001843 horizontal semicircular canal xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005041 lateral semicircular canal The laterally, or horizontally, oriented of the three semicircular canals. Wikipedia:Semicircular_canal The posterior of the two vertically oriented semicircular canals, which are situated at right angles to each other. eriksegerdell 2015-05-19T21:03:33Z UBERON:0001842 inferior semicircular canal xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005042 posterior semicircular canal The posterior of the two vertically oriented semicircular canals, which are situated at right angles to each other. Wikipedia:Semicircular_canal An elongated, spindle-shaped cell that is located between the basal lamina and the plasmalemma of a muscle fiber. These cells are mostly quiescent, but upon activation they divide to produce cells that generate new muscle fibers. eriksegerdell 2015-05-19T21:14:01Z satellite cell CL:0000594 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005043 skeletal muscle satellite cell An elongated, spindle-shaped cell that is located between the basal lamina and the plasmalemma of a muscle fiber. These cells are mostly quiescent, but upon activation they divide to produce cells that generate new muscle fibers. CL:0000594 A glial cell that ensheaths axons of neurons in the peripheral nervous system and is necessary for their maintainance and function. Multiple Schwann cells wrap each axon. eriksegerdell 2015-05-19T21:17:00Z CL:0002573 neurilemmal cell xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005044 Schwann cell A glial cell that ensheaths axons of neurons in the peripheral nervous system and is necessary for their maintainance and function. Multiple Schwann cells wrap each axon. CL:0002573 Xenbase:Staff Dorsal endoderm that is adjacent to the notochord. eriksegerdell 2015-05-19T21:19:33Z dorsal crest xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005045 dorsal crest of the endoderm Dorsal endoderm that is adjacent to the notochord. PMID:14745962 The caudal zone of the tuberal region of the hypothalamus. eriksegerdell 2015-05-20T18:39:56Z CT xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005046 caudal tuberal region The caudal zone of the tuberal region of the hypothalamus. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The rostral zone of the tuberal region of the hypothalamus. eriksegerdell 2015-05-20T18:40:59Z RT xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005047 rostral tuberal region The rostral zone of the tuberal region of the hypothalamus. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A series of nuclei forming a column of grey matter embedded in the medulla, through the center of which runs the solitary tract. The solitary tract and nucleus are structures that carry and receive visceral sensation and taste from the facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X) cranial nerves. eriksegerdell 2015-05-20T18:42:06Z UBERON:0009050 Nsol nucleus of solitary tract solitary nucleus xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005048 nucleus of the solitary tract A series of nuclei forming a column of grey matter embedded in the medulla, through the center of which runs the solitary tract. The solitary tract and nucleus are structures that carry and receive visceral sensation and taste from the facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X) cranial nerves. Wikipedia:Solitary_nucleus The ventral half of the developing neural tube that is the prethalamus. eriksegerdell 2015-05-20T18:45:52Z basal plate of prosomere 3 p3b xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005049 prethalamus basal plate The ventral half of the developing neural tube that is the prethalamus. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Cell area that receives signals from the solitary nucleus and transmits signals to the medulla oblongata, spinal cord, amygdala, and hypothalamus. eriksegerdell 2015-05-20T19:01:25Z UBERON:0007634 PB parabrachial nucleus xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005050 parabrachial area Cell area that receives signals from the solitary nucleus and transmits signals to the medulla oblongata, spinal cord, amygdala, and hypothalamus. ISBN:9783642621277 Wikipedia:Parabrachial_area Hypothalamic region that with the mammillary nuclei forms the mammillary complex. eriksegerdell 2015-05-20T19:04:47Z RM xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005051 retromammillary area Hypothalamic region that with the mammillary nuclei forms the mammillary complex. PMID:18597750 Medial nucleus of the reticular nucleus of the brain stem. eriksegerdell 2015-05-20T19:07:47Z Rm xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005052 nucleus reticularis medialis Medial nucleus of the reticular nucleus of the brain stem. ISBN:9783642621277 Superior nucleus of the reticular nucleus of the brain stem. eriksegerdell 2015-05-20T19:07:51Z Rs xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005053 nucleus reticularis superior Superior nucleus of the reticular nucleus of the brain stem. ISBN:9783642621277 Inferior nucleus of the reticular nucleus of the brain stem. eriksegerdell 2015-05-20T19:07:57Z Ri xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005054 nucleus reticularis inferior Inferior nucleus of the reticular nucleus of the brain stem. ISBN:9783642621277 A set of septal nuclei comprising the ventral aspect of the forebrain septum. eriksegerdell 2015-05-20T19:13:25Z Sv septum ventralis xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005055 ventral septum A set of septal nuclei comprising the ventral aspect of the forebrain septum. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The dorsal region of the alar hypothalamus. eriksegerdell 2015-05-20T19:17:57Z SPV xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005056 supraoptoparaventricular region The dorsal region of the alar hypothalamus. PMID:24122702 A structure in the brain consisting of a band of fibers running along the lateral margin of the ventricular surface of the thalamus. Serving as a major output pathway of the amygdala, it runs from its centromedial division to the ventral medial nucleus of the hypothalamus. eriksegerdell 2015-05-20T19:19:50Z UBERON:0003029 st xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005057 stria terminalis A structure in the brain consisting of a band of fibers running along the lateral margin of the ventricular surface of the thalamus. Serving as a major output pathway of the amygdala, it runs from its centromedial division to the ventral medial nucleus of the hypothalamus. Wikipedia:Stria_terminalis Dermal layer containing loose connective tissue and several types of glands. eriksegerdell 2015-05-21T21:38:10Z UBERON:3010599 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005058 stratum spongiosum Dermal layer containing loose connective tissue and several types of glands. PMID:7723046 Dermal layer composed of alternating sheets of parallel fibers. eriksegerdell 2015-05-21T21:39:20Z UBERON:0007377 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005059 stratum compactum Dermal layer composed of alternating sheets of parallel fibers. PMID:7723046 A type of smooth muscle-like pericyte that abuts and surrounds the filtration capillaries within the glomerulus. eriksegerdell 2015-05-21T21:40:28Z mesangial cell mesangial-like cell CL:1000742 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005060 glomerular mesangial cell A type of smooth muscle-like pericyte that abuts and surrounds the filtration capillaries within the glomerulus. PMID:9674692 An epithelial cell that is part of the glomus. eriksegerdell 2015-05-21T21:42:24Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005061 glomerular epithelial cell An epithelial cell that is part of the glomus. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 An embryonic progenitor cell type that comprises a population that provides the epicardium, the majority of the cardiac interstitium, the coronary vasculature, and possibly some cardiomyocytes. eriksegerdell 2015-05-21T21:43:43Z PE xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005062 proepicardium An embryonic progenitor cell type that comprises a population that provides the epicardium, the majority of the cardiac interstitium, the coronary vasculature, and possibly some cardiomyocytes. Xenbase:Staff Part of the double coil of the small intestine, consisting of anti-clockwise loops of intestine proximal to the internal coil. eriksegerdell 2015-05-21T21:46:18Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005063 external coil of the small intestine Part of the double coil of the small intestine, consisting of anti-clockwise loops of intestine proximal to the internal coil. PMID:10603354 Part of the double coil of the small intestine, consisting of clockwise loops of intestine distal to the external coil. eriksegerdell 2015-05-21T21:47:31Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005064 internal coil of the small intestine Part of the double coil of the small intestine, consisting of clockwise loops of intestine distal to the external coil. PMID:10603354 Nerve that provides the connection to the nervous system for nearly the whole of the skin of the leg, the muscles of the back of the thigh, and those of the leg and foot. eriksegerdell 2015-05-24T12:22:58Z UBERON:0001322 ischiadic nerve xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005065 sciatic nerve Nerve that provides the connection to the nervous system for nearly the whole of the skin of the leg, the muscles of the back of the thigh, and those of the leg and foot. Wikipedia:Sciatic_nerve The location where ganglion cell axons exit the eye to form the optic nerve. eriksegerdell 2015-05-24T12:24:26Z UBERON:0001783 optic nerve head xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005066 optic disc The location where ganglion cell axons exit the eye to form the optic nerve. UBERON:0001783 A longitudinal fold of the wall projecting into the cavity of the intestine. eriksegerdell 2015-05-24T12:26:06Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005067 typhlosole A longitudinal fold of the wall projecting into the cavity of the intestine. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/typhlosole An axon that is part of a motor neuron and which projects outside the spinal cord to directly or indirectly control muscles. eriksegerdell 2015-05-24T12:26:56Z xenopus_anatomy motor axons XAO:0005068 motor axon An axon that is part of a motor neuron and which projects outside the spinal cord to directly or indirectly control muscles. Wikipedia:Motor_neuron motor axons A hindlimb muscle that is used in locomotion and which contains a population of slow or tonic fibers, as well as twitch fibers. eriksegerdell 2015-05-24T12:28:16Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005069 iliofibularis A hindlimb muscle that is used in locomotion and which contains a population of slow or tonic fibers, as well as twitch fibers. PMID:434137 A shallow, longitudinal groove separating the developing gray matter into a basal and alar plates along the length of the neural tube. eriksegerdell 2015-05-24T12:29:59Z sulcus limitans UBERON:0005478 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005070 sulcus limitans of neural tube A shallow, longitudinal groove separating the developing gray matter into a basal and alar plates along the length of the neural tube. Wikipedia:Sulcus_limitans_(neural_tube) A gland that is part of the skin. eriksegerdell 2015-05-24T12:36:00Z UBERON:0002419 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005071 skin gland A gland that is part of the skin. UBERON:0002419 A mucous gland that is part of the skin. eriksegerdell 2015-05-24T12:39:09Z mucous gland UBERON:0004790 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005072 skin mucous gland A mucous gland that is part of the skin. UBERON:0004790 A gland in which the principal secretory cells are mucus secreting cells. eriksegerdell 2015-05-24T12:44:20Z UBERON:0000414 mucus gland xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005073 mucous gland A gland in which the principal secretory cells are mucus secreting cells. UBERON:0000414 A gland of the skin in which some secretory cells are serous and some mucous. eriksegerdell 2015-05-24T12:48:54Z seromucous gland xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005074 skin seromucous gland A gland of the skin in which some secretory cells are serous and some mucous. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Any of the branched tubuloalveolar glands situated in the mucous membrane of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity that produce mucus to moisten the olfactory epithelium and dissolve odor-containing gases. eriksegerdell 2015-05-24T12:53:34Z UBERON:0002232 olfactory gland olfactory gland of Bowman xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005075 Bowman's gland Any of the branched tubuloalveolar glands situated in the mucous membrane of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity that produce mucus to moisten the olfactory epithelium and dissolve odor-containing gases. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/olfactory+gland A defined region within the ventral telencephalon that gives rise to GABAergic and cholinergic cortical interneurons and is also a source of early-born oligodendrocytes in the telencephalon. eriksegerdell 2015-05-24T12:57:36Z AEP xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005076 anterior entopeduncular region A defined region within the ventral telencephalon that gives rise to GABAergic and cholinergic cortical interneurons and is also a source of early-born oligodendrocytes in the telencephalon. http://discovery.lifemapsc.com/in-vivo-development/neural-tube/anterior-entopeduncular-area Multinucleate cell formed by later myoblasts that cling by pseudopodia pushed into the surfaces of existing myotubes, and that instead of fusing with the myotube fuse with each other. eriksegerdell 2015-05-24T13:08:46Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005077 secondary myofiber Multinucleate cell formed by later myoblasts that cling by pseudopodia pushed into the surfaces of existing myotubes, and that instead of fusing with the myotube fuse with each other. ISBN:9780123847317 Muscle-forming part of each myotome that splits from the ventrolateral edge and gives rise to the epaxial musculature. eriksegerdell 2015-05-24T13:15:22Z dorsomedial edge xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005078 dorsomedial edge of myotome Muscle-forming part of each myotome that splits from the ventrolateral edge and gives rise to the epaxial musculature. ISBN:9780470654538 Muscle-forming part of each myotome that splits from the dorsomedial edge and gives rise to the hypaxial musculature. eriksegerdell 2015-05-24T13:21:29Z ventrolateral edge xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005079 ventrolateral edge of myotome Muscle-forming part of each myotome that splits from the dorsomedial edge and gives rise to the hypaxial musculature. ISBN:9780470654538 The bilaminar epithelium formed from the myotome and dermatome. eriksegerdell 2015-05-24T13:29:14Z UBERON:0004290 dermamyotome xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005080 dermomyotome The bilaminar epithelium formed from the myotome and dermatome. UBERON:0004290 A gelatinous layer that surrounds the oocyte and releases chemoattractants that activate and guide sperm to the oocyte. eriksegerdell 2015-05-24T13:34:37Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005081 egg jelly A gelatinous layer that surrounds the oocyte and releases chemoattractants that activate and guide sperm to the oocyte. Wikipedia:Egg_jelly A special form of chromosome found in growing oocytes, transforming into the lampbrush form because of an active transcription of many genes, and organized into a series of chromomeres with large chromatin loops extended laterally. eriksegerdell 2015-05-24T13:38:12Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005082 lampbrush chromosome A special form of chromosome found in growing oocytes, transforming into the lampbrush form because of an active transcription of many genes, and organized into a series of chromomeres with large chromatin loops extended laterally. Wikipedia:Lampbrush_chromosome A cell-free extract obtained from oocytes. eriksegerdell 2015-05-24T13:44:37Z xenopus_anatomy_in_vitro XAO:0005083 egg cell-free extract A cell-free extract obtained from oocytes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Blastomere which lies adjacent to the prospective dorsal midline of the animal hemisphere at the eight-cell stage. eriksegerdell 2016-08-16T20:28:11Z xenopus_anatomy D1 XAO:0005084 blastomere D1 Blastomere which lies adjacent to the prospective dorsal midline of the animal hemisphere at the eight-cell stage. PMID:3596014 Blastomere which lies adjacent to the prospective dorsal midline of the vegetal hemisphere at the eight-cell stage. eriksegerdell 2016-08-16T20:28:11Z xenopus_anatomy D2 XAO:0005085 blastomere D2 Blastomere which lies adjacent to the prospective dorsal midline of the vegetal hemisphere at the eight-cell stage. PMID:3596014 Blastomere which lies adjacent to the prospective ventral midline of the animal hemisphere at the eight-cell stage. eriksegerdell 2016-08-16T20:28:11Z xenopus_anatomy V1 XAO:0005086 blastomere V1 Blastomere which lies adjacent to the prospective ventral midline of the animal hemisphere at the eight-cell stage. PMID:3596014 Blastomere which lies adjacent to the prospective ventral midline of the vegetal hemisphere at the eight-cell stage. eriksegerdell 2016-08-16T20:28:11Z xenopus_anatomy V2 XAO:0005087 blastomere V2 Blastomere which lies adjacent to the prospective ventral midline of the vegetal hemisphere at the eight-cell stage. PMID:3596014 Blastomere which lies adjacent to the prospective dorsal midline of the animal hemisphere at the 16-cell stage. eriksegerdell 2016-08-16T20:28:11Z xenopus_anatomy D1.1 XAO:0005088 blastomere D1.1 Blastomere which lies adjacent to the prospective dorsal midline of the animal hemisphere at the 16-cell stage. PMID:3596014 Blastomere which lies in the animal hemisphere lateral to blastomere D1.1 at the 16-cell stage. eriksegerdell 2016-08-16T20:28:11Z xenopus_anatomy D1.2 XAO:0005089 blastomere D1.2 Blastomere which lies in the animal hemisphere lateral to blastomere D1.1 at the 16-cell stage. PMID:3596014 Blastomere which lies adjacent to the prospective dorsal midline of the vegetal hemisphere at the 16-cell stage. eriksegerdell 2016-08-16T20:28:11Z xenopus_anatomy D2.1 XAO:0005090 blastomere D2.1 Blastomere which lies adjacent to the prospective dorsal midline of the vegetal hemisphere at the 16-cell stage. PMID:3596014 Blastomere which lies in the vegetal hemisphere lateral to blastomere D2.1 at the 16-cell stage. eriksegerdell 2016-08-16T20:28:11Z xenopus_anatomy D2.2 XAO:0005091 blastomere D2.2 Blastomere which lies in the vegetal hemisphere lateral to blastomere D2.1 at the 16-cell stage. PMID:3596014 Blastomere which lies adjacent to the prospective ventral midline of the animal hemisphere at the 16-cell stage. eriksegerdell 2016-08-16T20:28:11Z xenopus_anatomy V1.1 XAO:0005092 blastomere V1.1 Blastomere which lies adjacent to the prospective ventral midline of the animal hemisphere at the 16-cell stage. PMID:3596014 Blastomere which lies in the animal hemisphere lateral to V1.1 at the 16-cell stage. eriksegerdell 2016-08-16T20:28:11Z xenopus_anatomy V1.2 XAO:0005093 blastomere V1.2 Blastomere which lies in the animal hemisphere lateral to V1.1 at the 16-cell stage. PMID:3596014 Blastomere which lies adjacent to the prospective ventral midline of the vegetal hemisphere at the 16-cell stage. eriksegerdell 2016-08-16T20:28:11Z xenopus_anatomy V2.1 XAO:0005094 blastomere V2.1 Blastomere which lies adjacent to the prospective ventral midline of the vegetal hemisphere at the 16-cell stage. PMID:3596014 Blastomere which lies in the vegetal hemisphere lateral to V2.1 at the 16-cell stage. eriksegerdell 2016-08-16T20:28:11Z xenopus_anatomy V2.2 XAO:0005095 blastomere V2.2 Blastomere which lies in the vegetal hemisphere lateral to V2.1 at the 16-cell stage. PMID:3596014 Blastomere which lies adjacent to the prospective dorsal midline in the first tier of blastomeres. It contributes to a variety of tissues and organs, including the cement gland, brain, retina, lens, cranial ganglia, otic vesicle, neural crest, spinal cord, somites, liver, gut and pharynx. eriksegerdell 2016-08-16T20:28:11Z xenopus_anatomy A1 D1.1.1 XAO:0005096 blastomere D1.1.1 Blastomere which lies adjacent to the prospective dorsal midline in the first tier of blastomeres. It contributes to a variety of tissues and organs, including the cement gland, brain, retina, lens, cranial ganglia, otic vesicle, neural crest, spinal cord, somites, liver, gut and pharynx. PMID:3596014 Blastomere which lies adjacent to the prospective dorsal midline, posterior to its sister cell, blastomere D1.1.1, in the second tier of blastomeres. It contributes cells to a variety of tissues and organs, including the stomodeum, retina, epidermis, lens, cranial ganglia, epibranchial placodes, neural crest, brain, spinal cord, gut, liver, pharynx, somites, and archenteron roof. eriksegerdell 2016-08-16T20:28:11Z xenopus_anatomy B1 D1.1.2 XAO:0005097 blastomere D1.1.2 Blastomere which lies adjacent to the prospective dorsal midline, posterior to its sister cell, blastomere D1.1.1, in the second tier of blastomeres. It contributes cells to a variety of tissues and organs, including the stomodeum, retina, epidermis, lens, cranial ganglia, epibranchial placodes, neural crest, brain, spinal cord, gut, liver, pharynx, somites, and archenteron roof. PMID:3596014 Blastomere which lies lateral to blastomere D1.1.1 and is in the first tier of blastomeres. It contributes to a variety of tissues and organs, including the cement gland, head epidermis, olfactory epithelium, lens, cranial ganglia, otic vesicle, epidermis, tail fin, neural crest, retina, hindbrain, spinal cord, pharyngeal arches, caudal notochord and hindgut. eriksegerdell 2016-08-16T20:28:11Z xenopus_anatomy A2 D1.2.1 XAO:0005098 blastomere D1.2.1 Blastomere which lies lateral to blastomere D1.1.1 and is in the first tier of blastomeres. It contributes to a variety of tissues and organs, including the cement gland, head epidermis, olfactory epithelium, lens, cranial ganglia, otic vesicle, epidermis, tail fin, neural crest, retina, hindbrain, spinal cord, pharyngeal arches, caudal notochord and hindgut. PMID:3596014 Blastomere which lies lateral to blastomere D1.1.2, posterior to its sister cell, blastomere D1.2.1, in the second tier of blastomeres. It contributes to a variety of tissues and organs including fin, epidermis, cement gland, olfactory epithelium, neural crest, lens, cranial ganglia, retina, brain, notochord, somites, pronephric kidney, lateral plate mesoderm, pharynx, foregut, hindgut and archenteron roof. eriksegerdell 2016-08-16T20:28:11Z xenopus_anatomy B2 D1.2.2 XAO:0005099 blastomere D1.2.2 Blastomere which lies lateral to blastomere D1.1.2, posterior to its sister cell, blastomere D1.2.1, in the second tier of blastomeres. It contributes to a variety of tissues and organs including fin, epidermis, cement gland, olfactory epithelium, neural crest, lens, cranial ganglia, retina, brain, notochord, somites, pronephric kidney, lateral plate mesoderm, pharynx, foregut, hindgut and archenteron roof. PMID:3596014 Blastomere which lies adjacent to the prospective dorsal midline in the fourth tier of blastomeres. It contributes largely to endodermal and mesodermal structures including the branchial and lateral plate mesoderm, foregut, liver, hindgut, some of the trunk, and a small number of cells contributing to neural crest of ectodermal origin. eriksegerdell 2016-08-16T20:28:11Z xenopus_anatomy D1 D2.1.1 XAO:0005100 blastomere D2.1.1 Blastomere which lies adjacent to the prospective dorsal midline in the fourth tier of blastomeres. It contributes largely to endodermal and mesodermal structures including the branchial and lateral plate mesoderm, foregut, liver, hindgut, some of the trunk, and a small number of cells contributing to neural crest of ectodermal origin. PMID:3596014 Blastomere which lies adjacent to the prospective dorsal midline, anterior to its sister cell, blastomere D2.1.1, in the third tier of blastomeres. It contributes to mostly endodermal and mesodermal structures including the heart, head mesenchyme, notochord, somites, lateral plate mesoderm, foregut, hindgut, and a few cells of ectodermal origin (in cranial ganglia and neural crest). eriksegerdell 2016-08-16T20:28:11Z xenopus_anatomy C1 D2.1.2 XAO:0005101 blastomere D2.1.2 Blastomere which lies adjacent to the prospective dorsal midline, anterior to its sister cell, blastomere D2.1.1, in the third tier of blastomeres. It contributes to mostly endodermal and mesodermal structures including the heart, head mesenchyme, notochord, somites, lateral plate mesoderm, foregut, hindgut, and a few cells of ectodermal origin (in cranial ganglia and neural crest). PMID:3596014 Blastomere which lies lateral to blastomere D2.1.1 in the fourth tier of blastomeres. It contributes cells to the cranial ganglia, neural crest, spinal cord, fin epidermis, branchial mesoderm, heart, somites, pharynx, foregut, liver, and hindgut. eriksegerdell 2016-08-16T20:28:11Z xenopus_anatomy D2 D2.2.1 XAO:0005102 blastomere D2.2.1 Blastomere which lies lateral to blastomere D2.1.1 in the fourth tier of blastomeres. It contributes cells to the cranial ganglia, neural crest, spinal cord, fin epidermis, branchial mesoderm, heart, somites, pharynx, foregut, liver, and hindgut. PMID:3596014 Blastomere which lies lateral to blastomere D2.1.2, anterior to its sister cell, blastomere D2.2.1, in the third tier of blastomeres. It contributes cells to the epidermis, neural crest, brain, spinal cord, head mesoderm, somites, pronephric kidney, lateral plate mesoderm, tail fin mesenchyme, foregut, hindgut, with occasional cells in the liver and proctodeum observed. eriksegerdell 2016-08-16T20:28:11Z xenopus_anatomy C2 D2.2.2 XAO:0005103 blastomere D2.2.2 Blastomere which lies lateral to blastomere D2.1.2, anterior to its sister cell, blastomere D2.2.1, in the third tier of blastomeres. It contributes cells to the epidermis, neural crest, brain, spinal cord, head mesoderm, somites, pronephric kidney, lateral plate mesoderm, tail fin mesenchyme, foregut, hindgut, with occasional cells in the liver and proctodeum observed. PMID:3596014 Blastomere which lies adjacent to the prospective ventral midline in the first tier of blastomeres. It contributes to epidermal and placodal derivatives including the epidermis, lens, cement gland, cranial ganglia, otic vesicle, neural crest, Rohon-Beard neurons, and spinal cord (but no other CNS structures). It also contributes to the pharyngeal mesoderm, heart, somites, pronephric kidney, lateral plate mesoderm and tail fin mesenchymes, and a few cells in the gut. eriksegerdell 2016-08-16T20:28:11Z xenopus_anatomy A4 V1.1.1 XAO:0005104 blastomere V1.1.1 Blastomere which lies adjacent to the prospective ventral midline in the first tier of blastomeres. It contributes to epidermal and placodal derivatives including the epidermis, lens, cement gland, cranial ganglia, otic vesicle, neural crest, Rohon-Beard neurons, and spinal cord (but no other CNS structures). It also contributes to the pharyngeal mesoderm, heart, somites, pronephric kidney, lateral plate mesoderm and tail fin mesenchymes, and a few cells in the gut. PMID:3596014 Blastomere which lies adjacent to the prospective ventral midline, posterior to its sister cell, blastomere V1.1.1, in the second tier of blastomeres. It contributes to trunk epidermis and neural crest cells, Rohon-Beard neurons, somites, the pronephric kidney, lateral plate mesoderm, tail fin mesenchyme, hindgut and proctodeum. eriksegerdell 2016-08-16T20:28:11Z xenopus_anatomy B4 V1.1.2 XAO:0005105 blastomere V1.1.2 Blastomere which lies adjacent to the prospective ventral midline, posterior to its sister cell, blastomere V1.1.1, in the second tier of blastomeres. It contributes to trunk epidermis and neural crest cells, Rohon-Beard neurons, somites, the pronephric kidney, lateral plate mesoderm, tail fin mesenchyme, hindgut and proctodeum. PMID:3596014 Blastomere which lies lateral to blastomere V1.1.1 and is in the first tier of blastomeres. It contributes to many ectodermal structures including the epidermis, lens, cranial ganglia, otic vesicle, neural crest, olfactory placode, cement gland, retina, brain, and spinal cord. It also contributes cells to the pharyngeal mesoderm, head mesenchyme, heart, somites, pronephric kidney, lateral plate mesoderm and tail fin mesenchyme, archenteron roof, with occasional cells in the foregut, liver, hindgut and proctodeum. eriksegerdell 2016-08-16T20:28:11Z xenopus_anatomy A3 V1.2.1 XAO:0005106 blastomere V1.2.1 Blastomere which lies lateral to blastomere V1.1.1 and is in the first tier of blastomeres. It contributes to many ectodermal structures including the epidermis, lens, cranial ganglia, otic vesicle, neural crest, olfactory placode, cement gland, retina, brain, and spinal cord. It also contributes cells to the pharyngeal mesoderm, head mesenchyme, heart, somites, pronephric kidney, lateral plate mesoderm and tail fin mesenchyme, archenteron roof, with occasional cells in the foregut, liver, hindgut and proctodeum. PMID:3596014 Blastomere which lies lateral to blastomere V1.1.2, posterior to its sister cell, blastomere V1.2.1, in the second tier of blastomeres. It contributes to the epidermis, fins, cranial ganglia, otic vesicle, central nervous system, neural crest, and somites, with occasional cells in the pharyngeal mesoderm, head mesenchyme, hindgut, and proctodeum. eriksegerdell 2016-08-16T20:28:11Z xenopus_anatomy B3 V1.2.2 XAO:0005107 blastomere V1.2.2 Blastomere which lies lateral to blastomere V1.1.2, posterior to its sister cell, blastomere V1.2.1, in the second tier of blastomeres. It contributes to the epidermis, fins, cranial ganglia, otic vesicle, central nervous system, neural crest, and somites, with occasional cells in the pharyngeal mesoderm, head mesenchyme, hindgut, and proctodeum. PMID:3596014 Blastomere which lies adjacent to the prospective, ventral midline in the fourth tier of blastomeres. It contributes a few cells to the epidermis, neural crest and spinal cord, and a large number of cells to the somites, pronephric kidney, lateral plate mesoderm, tail fin mesenchyme, hindgut, and proctodeum. eriksegerdell 2016-08-16T20:28:11Z xenopus_anatomy D4 V2.1.1 XAO:0005108 blastomere V2.1.1 Blastomere which lies adjacent to the prospective, ventral midline in the fourth tier of blastomeres. It contributes a few cells to the epidermis, neural crest and spinal cord, and a large number of cells to the somites, pronephric kidney, lateral plate mesoderm, tail fin mesenchyme, hindgut, and proctodeum. PMID:3596014 Blastomere which lies adjacent to the prospective ventral midline, anterior to its sister cell, blastomere V2.1.1, in the third tier of blastomeres. It contributes cells to the epidermis, neural crest, spinal cord, somites, tail, hindgut and proctodeum. eriksegerdell 2016-08-16T20:28:11Z xenopus_anatomy C4 V2.1.2 XAO:0005109 blastomere V2.1.2 Blastomere which lies adjacent to the prospective ventral midline, anterior to its sister cell, blastomere V2.1.1, in the third tier of blastomeres. It contributes cells to the epidermis, neural crest, spinal cord, somites, tail, hindgut and proctodeum. PMID:3596014 Blastomere which lies lateral to blastomere V2.1.1, in the fourth tier of blastomeres. It contributes cells to the epidermis and neural crest, spinal cord, somites, foregut, hindgut, and fewer cells to the head, pharyngeal mesoderm and proctodeum. eriksegerdell 2016-08-16T20:28:11Z xenopus_anatomy D3 V2.2.1 XAO:0005110 blastomere V2.2.1 Blastomere which lies lateral to blastomere V2.1.1, in the fourth tier of blastomeres. It contributes cells to the epidermis and neural crest, spinal cord, somites, foregut, hindgut, and fewer cells to the head, pharyngeal mesoderm and proctodeum. PMID:3596014 Blastomere which lies lateral to blastomere V2.1.2, anterior to its sister cell, blastomere V2.2.1, in the third tier of blastomeres. It contributes cells to the epidermis, tail fin, cranial ganglia, neural crest, hindbrain, spinal cord, otic vesicle, pharyngeal mesoderm, somites, foregut, hindgut, archenteron roof, and proctodeum. eriksegerdell 2016-08-16T20:28:11Z xenopus_anatomy C3 V2.2.2 XAO:0005111 blastomere V2.2.2 Blastomere which lies lateral to blastomere V2.1.2, anterior to its sister cell, blastomere V2.2.1, in the third tier of blastomeres. It contributes cells to the epidermis, tail fin, cranial ganglia, neural crest, hindbrain, spinal cord, otic vesicle, pharyngeal mesoderm, somites, foregut, hindgut, archenteron roof, and proctodeum. PMID:3596014 Blastomere that is any of blastomeres D2.1 and D2.2 and their children cells after division, D2.1.1, D2.1.2, D2.2.1 and D2.2.2, on the left and right sides of embryo. eriksegerdell 2016-08-16T20:28:11Z DVHB xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005112 dorsal vegetal hemisphere blastomere Blastomere that is any of blastomeres D2.1 and D2.2 and their children cells after division, D2.1.1, D2.1.2, D2.2.1 and D2.2.2, on the left and right sides of embryo. PMID:3596014 Blastomere that is any of blastomeres D1.1 and D1.2 and their children cells after division, D1.1.1, D1.1.2, D1.2.1 and D1.2.2, on the left and right sides of embryo. eriksegerdell 2016-08-16T20:28:11Z DAHB xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005113 dorsal animal hemisphere blastomere Blastomere that is any of blastomeres D1.1 and D1.2 and their children cells after division, D1.1.1, D1.1.2, D1.2.1 and D1.2.2, on the left and right sides of embryo. PMID:3596014 Blastomere that is any of blastomeres V2.1 and V2.2 and their children cells after division, V2.1.1, V2.1.2, V2.2.1 and V2.2.2, on the left and right sides of embryo. eriksegerdell 2016-08-16T20:28:11Z VVHB xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005114 ventral vegetal hemisphere blastomere Blastomere that is any of blastomeres V2.1 and V2.2 and their children cells after division, V2.1.1, V2.1.2, V2.2.1 and V2.2.2, on the left and right sides of embryo. PMID:3596014 Blastomere that is any of blastomeres V1.1 and V1.2 and their children cells after division, V1.1.1, V1.1.2, V1.2.1 and V1.2.2, on the left and right sides of embryo. eriksegerdell 2016-08-16T20:28:11Z VAHB xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005115 ventral animal hemisphere blastomere Blastomere that is any of blastomeres V1.1 and V1.2 and their children cells after division, V1.1.1, V1.1.2, V1.2.1 and V1.2.2, on the left and right sides of embryo. PMID:3596014 A cell in the pituitary gland (hypophysis) that generates melanocyte-stimulating hormone from its precursor polypeptide, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z CL:0000440 melanocyte stimulating hormone secreting cell melanotrope cell melanotroph xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005116 melanotrope A cell in the pituitary gland (hypophysis) that generates melanocyte-stimulating hormone from its precursor polypeptide, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). http:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanotroph A characteristic, electrondense germ plasm organelle encapsulating the cytoplasmic face of the nuclear envelope of the cells destined to the germline fate. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005117 germinal granule A characteristic, electrondense germ plasm organelle encapsulating the cytoplasmic face of the nuclear envelope of the cells destined to the germline fate. Wikipedia:Granule_(cell_biology) The cytoplasm of the oocyte. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005118 ooplasm The cytoplasm of the oocyte. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ooplasm Cell component comprising the outer layers of the oocyte. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005119 oocyte cortex Cell component comprising the outer layers of the oocyte. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z GO:0005783 ER xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005120 endoplasmic reticulum The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). GO:0005783 Embryonic region which is specified to form the head of the embryo. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005121 prime meridian Embryonic region which is specified to form the head of the embryo. Xenbase:Staff Any of the long, generally straight, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation, e.g. in the spindle. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z GO:0005874 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005122 microtubule Any of the long, generally straight, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation, e.g. in the spindle. GO:0005874 Cell component comprising the outer layers of the vegetal region of the oocyte. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005123 vegetal cortex Cell component comprising the outer layers of the vegetal region of the oocyte. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The epithelial layer of the lung. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z UBERON:0000115 xenopus_anatomy epithelial tissue of lung epithelium of lung lung epithelial tissue lung epithelium XAO:0005124 pulmonary epithelium The epithelial layer of the lung. UBERON:0000115 The ventral part of the foregut. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005125 ventral foregut The ventral part of the foregut. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The dorsal part of the foregut. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005126 dorsal foregut The dorsal part of the foregut. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Embryonic structure that consists of the anterior part of the foregut and develops into the esophagus and trachea. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005127 anterior foregut Embryonic structure that consists of the anterior part of the foregut and develops into the esophagus and trachea. Xenbase:Staff The posterior part of the foregut. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005128 posterior foregut The posterior part of the foregut. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The section of the stomach comprising the cardia, fundus, and stomach body. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005129 proximal stomach The section of the stomach comprising the cardia, fundus, and stomach body. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The section of the stomach comprising the antrum and pylorus. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005130 distal stomach The section of the stomach comprising the antrum and pylorus. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A characteristically star-shaped type of glial cell found in the optic nerve, brain and spinal cord. They have many processes, giving them their star shape, which terminate in structures called end-feet. They are the most numerous glial cell in the central nervous system and can behave like phagocytes in the CNS during metamorphosis. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z CL:0000127 astrocytic glia xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005131 astrocyte A characteristically star-shaped type of glial cell found in the optic nerve, brain and spinal cord. They have many processes, giving them their star shape, which terminate in structures called end-feet. They are the most numerous glial cell in the central nervous system and can behave like phagocytes in the CNS during metamorphosis. CL:0000127 Xenbase:Staff The terminal process of an astrocyte. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z GO:0097450 astrocyte endfoot xenopus_anatomy astrocyte end-feet astrocyte endfeet XAO:0005132 astrocyte end-foot The terminal process of an astrocyte. GO:0097450 astrocyte end-feet astrocyte endfeet A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system that form the insulating myelin sheath of axons. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z CL:0000128 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005133 oligodendrocyte A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system that form the insulating myelin sheath of axons. CL:0000128 The smallest glial cell type in the central nervous system, cells of this type actively detect inflammatory responses/infection. They transform to a phagocytotic form, actively removing infective agents, and thus can present antigens to immune system cells. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z CL:0000129 microglia xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005134 microglial cell The smallest glial cell type in the central nervous system, cells of this type actively detect inflammatory responses/infection. They transform to a phagocytotic form, actively removing infective agents, and thus can present antigens to immune system cells. Xenbase:Staff An endocrine cell that is located in the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract or in the pancreas. eriksegerdell 2016-12-06T18:00:00Z CL:0000164 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005135 enteroendocrine cell An endocrine cell that is located in the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract or in the pancreas. CL:0000164 Tissue which during gastrulation involutes into the interior of the embryo, where its deep mesenchymal cells form the notochordal and somitic mesoderm and its superficial epithelial cells form the endodermal roof of the archenteron. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z DIMZ dorsal IMZ xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005136 dorsal involuting marginal zone Tissue which during gastrulation involutes into the interior of the embryo, where its deep mesenchymal cells form the notochordal and somitic mesoderm and its superficial epithelial cells form the endodermal roof of the archenteron. PMID:7588048 A ciliated cell that has a single cilium. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005137 monociliated cell A ciliated cell that has a single cilium. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The cytoplasm beneath the outer layers of the oocyte. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z sub-cortical cytoplasm xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005138 subcortical cytoplasm The cytoplasm beneath the outer layers of the oocyte. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A ciliated cell that has more than one cilium. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005139 multiciliated cell A ciliated cell that has more than one cilium. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A structure derived from the foregut that becomes a lung. eriksegerdell 2016-12-09T17:00:00Z UBERON:0000118 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005140 lung bud A structure derived from the foregut that becomes a lung. UBERON:0000118 A cartilaginous extension of the stapes that expands into a cartilaginous tympanic disk. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z pars externa extracolumella extrastapes xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005141 pars externa of the stapes A cartilaginous extension of the stapes that expands into a cartilaginous tympanic disk. PMID:20953303 The bony part of the stapes which forms the shaft. It is shaped like a bent rod: its distal half is firmly embedded within the tympanic disk, extending from the disk center caudally and dorsally, turning inwards, until it reaches the oval window at a shallow angle. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z pars media xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005142 pars media of the stapes The bony part of the stapes which forms the shaft. It is shaped like a bent rod: its distal half is firmly embedded within the tympanic disk, extending from the disk center caudally and dorsally, turning inwards, until it reaches the oval window at a shallow angle. PMID:20953303 A cartilaginous component of the stapes that is firmly attached to the proximal end of the pars media. It lies within the oval window and forms the stapes footplate. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z pars interna xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005143 pars interna of the stapes A cartilaginous component of the stapes that is firmly attached to the proximal end of the pars media. It lies within the oval window and forms the stapes footplate. PMID:20953303 That part of the stapes lying within the oval window, formed from the stapes pars interna. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z footplate xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005144 footplate of the stapes That part of the stapes lying within the oval window, formed from the stapes pars interna. PMID:20953303 The section of the stomach which lies between the cardia and the stomach body, and contains the fundic glands. eriksegerdell 2016-12-09T17:00:00Z UBERON:0001160 fundic stomach fundus of stomach gastric fundus xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005145 fundus The section of the stomach which lies between the cardia and the stomach body, and contains the fundic glands. UBERON:0001160 Wikipedia:Stomach Entrance to the inner ear in the lateral wall of the otic capsule, which contains the footplate of the stapes. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z UBERON:0002501 xenopus_anatomy foramen ovale XAO:0005146 oval window Entrance to the inner ear in the lateral wall of the otic capsule, which contains the footplate of the stapes. PMID:20953303 Cartilaginous extension of the prootic bone which overlies the middle ear region. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005147 parotic crest Cartilaginous extension of the prootic bone which overlies the middle ear region. PMID:20953303 A muscle acting to open the lower jaw, which runs from the caudal otic region downwards, passing over the stapes. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005148 m. depressor mandibulae A muscle acting to open the lower jaw, which runs from the caudal otic region downwards, passing over the stapes. PMID:20953303 Superior aspect of the cranial muscle that passes between the otic capsule and the scapula. It originates on the otic capsule just caudal to the oval window. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005149 m. levator scapulae superior Superior aspect of the cranial muscle that passes between the otic capsule and the scapula. It originates on the otic capsule just caudal to the oval window. PMID:20953303 Inferior aspect of the cranial muscle that passes between the otic capsule and the scapula. It originates on the otic capsule just caudal to the oval window. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005150 m. levator scapulae inferior Inferior aspect of the cranial muscle that passes between the otic capsule and the scapula. It originates on the otic capsule just caudal to the oval window. PMID:20953303 A long, strap-like muscle that originates mainly from the parotic crest, passes over the stapes and ultimately inserts on the ventral surface of the larynx. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005151 m. petrohyoideus A long, strap-like muscle that originates mainly from the parotic crest, passes over the stapes and ultimately inserts on the ventral surface of the larynx. PMID:20953303 A muscle that originates on the otic capsule and adjacent tympanic annulus, and inserts on the pectoral girdle. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005152 m. cucullaris A muscle that originates on the otic capsule and adjacent tympanic annulus, and inserts on the pectoral girdle. PMID:20953303 The oval shaped cartilaginous ring that supports the cartilaginous tympanic disk. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005153 tympanic annulus The oval shaped cartilaginous ring that supports the cartilaginous tympanic disk. PMID:20953303 The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. eriksegerdell 2017-03-20T17:24:29Z GO:0005886 cell membrane cellular membrane cytoplasmic membrane plasmalemma xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005154 plasma membrane The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. GO:0005886 Anatomical line that divides the archenteron roof into right and left halves. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005155 archenteron roof midline Anatomical line that divides the archenteron roof into right and left halves. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The section of the stomach which lies between the fundus and the pyloric antrum. eriksegerdell 2016-12-09T17:00:00Z UBERON:0001161 body of stomach gastric body xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005156 stomach body The section of the stomach which lies between the fundus and the pyloric antrum. UBERON:0001161 The section of the stomach which lies between the stomach body and pylorus, and that contains gastrin-producing G cells, which stimulate acid production, and the luminal pH-sensitive population of somatostatin-producing D cells. eriksegerdell 2016-12-09T17:00:00Z UBERON:0001165 antrum of stomach pyloric antrum xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005157 antrum The section of the stomach which lies between the stomach body and pylorus, and that contains gastrin-producing G cells, which stimulate acid production, and the luminal pH-sensitive population of somatostatin-producing D cells. UBERON:0001165 The stomach tissue region which surrounds and controls the distal outlet of the stomach, which opens into the duodenum, and contains the pyloric glands. eriksegerdell 2016-12-09T17:00:00Z UBERON:0001166 pyloric stomach xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005158 pylorus The stomach tissue region which surrounds and controls the distal outlet of the stomach, which opens into the duodenum, and contains the pyloric glands. ISBN:9781461348764 UBERON:0001166 The section of the stomach which is attached to the esophagus and contains the cardiac glands. eriksegerdell 2016-12-09T17:00:00Z UBERON:0001162 cardia of stomach cardiac stomach gastric cardia xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005159 cardia The section of the stomach which is attached to the esophagus and contains the cardiac glands. ISBN:9781461348764 UBERON:0001162 A tiny skeletal element adjacent to the anterior-most digit in the autopod in the developing forelimb, possibly representing a vestigal digit. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005160 prepollex A tiny skeletal element adjacent to the anterior-most digit in the autopod in the developing forelimb, possibly representing a vestigal digit. Xenbase:Staff A tiny skeletal element adjacent to the anterior-most digit in the autopod in the developing hindlimb (i.e., hindlimb digit 5), possibly representing a vestigal 6th digit in Xenopus. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005161 prehallux A tiny skeletal element adjacent to the anterior-most digit in the autopod in the developing hindlimb (i.e., hindlimb digit 5), possibly representing a vestigal 6th digit in Xenopus. Xenbase:Staff Skeletal subdivision comprising the skeletal elements of the mandibular arch. eriksegerdell 2016-09-03T19:21:41Z UBERON:0001708 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005162 mandibular arch skeleton Skeletal subdivision comprising the skeletal elements of the mandibular arch. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A region of the embryo that is located broadly around the heart, but ventral to the pharyngeal region, posterior to the cement gland, and anterior to the endoderm or organs of endodermal origin (foregut, liver and lung primordia). eriksegerdell 2016-11-16T18:07:16Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005163 thoracic region A region of the embryo that is located broadly around the heart, but ventral to the pharyngeal region, posterior to the cement gland, and anterior to the endoderm or organs of endodermal origin (foregut, liver and lung primordia). Xenbase:Staff A type of endocrine cell in the pancreatic islets of the pancreas. They make up some of the islet cells synthesizing and secreting the peptide hormone glucagon, which elevates the glucose levels in the blood. eriksegerdell 2016-11-16T18:07:16Z CL:0000171 alpha-cell xenopus_anatomy alpha cells alpha-cells pancreatic A cell XAO:0005164 alpha cell A type of endocrine cell in the pancreatic islets of the pancreas. They make up some of the islet cells synthesizing and secreting the peptide hormone glucagon, which elevates the glucose levels in the blood. Xenbase:Staff alpha cells alpha-cells A type of cell that is found in the pancreatic islets of the pancreas and secretes insulin. eriksegerdell 2016-11-16T18:07:16Z CL:0000169 beta-cell xenopus_anatomy beta cells beta-cells type B pancreatic cell XAO:0005165 beta cell A type of cell that is found in the pancreatic islets of the pancreas and secretes insulin. Xenbase:Staff beta cells beta-cells Somatostatin-producing cell that is found in the stomach, intestine and the pancreatic islets. eriksegerdell 2016-11-16T18:07:16Z CL:0000502 delta-cell xenopus_anatomy D cell D-cell delta cells delta-cells type D enteroendocrine cell XAO:0005166 delta cell Somatostatin-producing cell that is found in the stomach, intestine and the pancreatic islets. Xenbase:Staff delta cells delta-cells A type of endocrine cell that is found in the islets of Langerhans and produces the hormone ghrelin. eriksegerdell 2016-11-16T18:07:16Z epsilon-cell xenopus_anatomy epsilon cells epsilon-cells XAO:0005167 epsilon cell A type of endocrine cell that is found in the islets of Langerhans and produces the hormone ghrelin. Xenbase:Staff epsilon cells epsilon-cells A type of cell that produces pancreatic polypeptides in the pancreatic islets (the islets of Langerhans) of the pancreas. eriksegerdell 2016-11-16T18:07:16Z xenopus_anatomy PP cell pp-cell XAO:0005168 gamma cell A type of cell that produces pancreatic polypeptides in the pancreatic islets (the islets of Langerhans) of the pancreas. Xenbase:Staff The presumptive cells of the organizing region which is formed by the posterior layer of the gastrocoel roof plate during early neurulation. eriksegerdell 2017-03-30T16:43:56Z left-right organiser primordium xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005169 left-right organizer primordium The presumptive cells of the organizing region which is formed by the posterior layer of the gastrocoel roof plate during early neurulation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Region which is formed by the posterior layer of the gastrocoel roof plate during neurulation and has functionality in determining organ and axis symmetry. eriksegerdell 2017-03-30T16:45:24Z LRO left-right organiser xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005170 left-right organizer Region which is formed by the posterior layer of the gastrocoel roof plate during neurulation and has functionality in determining organ and axis symmetry. Xenbase:Staff The outermost extent of a fin, comprising a region of high cell replication during anterior-posterior axis extension throughout the tadpole stages. eriksegerdell 2017-04-11T16:34:29Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005171 fin margin The outermost extent of a fin, comprising a region of high cell replication during anterior-posterior axis extension throughout the tadpole stages. Xenbase:Staff The blastomere of the future left side of the embryo at the 2-cell stage. eriksegerdell 2017-04-13T17:00:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005172 left blastomere The blastomere of the future left side of the embryo at the 2-cell stage. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The blastomere of the future right side of the embryo at the 2-cell stage. eriksegerdell 2017-04-13T17:00:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005173 right blastomere The blastomere of the future right side of the embryo at the 2-cell stage. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The blastomere of the future left-dorsal portion of the embryo at the 4-cell stage. eriksegerdell 2017-04-13T17:00:00Z xenopus_anatomy LD XAO:0005174 left-dorsal blastomere The blastomere of the future left-dorsal portion of the embryo at the 4-cell stage. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The blastomere of the future right-dorsal portion of the embryo at the 4-cell stage. eriksegerdell 2017-04-13T17:00:00Z xenopus_anatomy RD XAO:0005175 right-dorsal blastomere The blastomere of the future right-dorsal portion of the embryo at the 4-cell stage. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The blastomere of the future left-ventral portion of the embryo at the 4-cell stage. eriksegerdell 2017-04-13T17:00:00Z xenopus_anatomy LV XAO:0005176 left-ventral blastomere The blastomere of the future left-ventral portion of the embryo at the 4-cell stage. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The blastomere of the future right-ventral portion of the embryo at the 4-cell stage. eriksegerdell 2017-04-13T17:00:00Z xenopus_anatomy RV XAO:0005177 right-ventral blastomere The blastomere of the future right-ventral portion of the embryo at the 4-cell stage. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A ciliated epidermal cell that has a single cilium. eriksegerdell 2017-04-14T17:17:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005178 monociliated epidermal cell A ciliated epidermal cell that has a single cilium. Xenbase:Staff A ciliated epidermal cell that has more than one cilium. eriksegerdell 2017-04-14T17:17:00Z xenopus_anatomy MCC XAO:0005179 multiciliated epidermal cell A ciliated epidermal cell that has more than one cilium. Xenbase:Staff Cell type that gives rise to multiciliated cells. eriksegerdell 2017-04-14T17:17:00Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005180 multiciliated cell precursor Cell type that gives rise to multiciliated cells. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 An interneuron which grows from the soma in an ascending (from tail to head) direction. eriksegerdell 2017-11-10T17:00:00Z aIN xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005181 ascending interneuron An interneuron which grows from the soma in an ascending (from tail to head) direction. PMID:29051550 An interneuron which grows from the soma in a descending (from head to tail) direction. eriksegerdell 2017-11-10T17:00:00Z dIN xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005182 descending interneuron An interneuron which grows from the soma in a descending (from head to tail) direction. PMID:29051550 An interneuron which starts to grow on one side of the body and navigates in the ventral direction. eriksegerdell 2017-11-10T17:00:00Z cIN xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005183 commissural interneuron An interneuron which starts to grow on one side of the body and navigates in the ventral direction. PMID:29051550 An ascending neuron, originating in the spinal cord, that is involved in the touch sensory pathway and lies adjacent to the Rohon-Beard neurons and close to the roof plate of the spinal cord. eriksegerdell 2017-11-15T17:00:00Z xenopus_anatomy dla XAO:0005184 dorsolateral ascending neuron An ascending neuron, originating in the spinal cord, that is involved in the touch sensory pathway and lies adjacent to the Rohon-Beard neurons and close to the roof plate of the spinal cord. PMID:29051550 A commissural neuron, originating in the spinal cord, that is involved in the touch sensory pathway and lies adjacent to the Rohon-Beard neurons and close to the roof plate of the spinal cord. eriksegerdell 2017-11-15T17:00:00Z xenopus_anatomy dlc XAO:0005185 dorsolateral commissural neuron A commissural neuron, originating in the spinal cord, that is involved in the touch sensory pathway and lies adjacent to the Rohon-Beard neurons and close to the roof plate of the spinal cord. PMID:29051550 The glandular, anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (hypophysis). It regulates several physiological processes including stress, growth, and reproduction. eriksegerdell 2017-11-17T16:49:43Z UBERON:0002196 anterior hypophysis anterior lobe of pituitary gland anterior pituitary xenopus_anatomy pars anterior XAO:0005186 adenohypophysis The glandular, anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (hypophysis). It regulates several physiological processes including stress, growth, and reproduction. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_pituitary The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (hypophysis). It is largely a collection of axonal projections from the hypothalamus that terminate behind the anterior pituitary, and serve as a site for the secretion of neurohypophysial hormones (oxytocin and vasopressin) directly into the blood. It is not glandular as is the anterior pituitary. eriksegerdell 2017-11-17T16:49:56Z UBERON:0002198 posterior hypophysis posterior lobe of pituitary gland posterior pituitary xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005187 neurohypophysis The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (hypophysis). It is largely a collection of axonal projections from the hypothalamus that terminate behind the anterior pituitary, and serve as a site for the secretion of neurohypophysial hormones (oxytocin and vasopressin) directly into the blood. It is not glandular as is the anterior pituitary. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_pituitary Structure which comprises the majority of the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) and where the bulk of pituitary hormone production occurs. eriksegerdell 2017-11-17T16:49:59Z UBERON:0006964 pars distalis of adenohypophysis xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005188 pars distalis Structure which comprises the majority of the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) and where the bulk of pituitary hormone production occurs. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_pituitary Structure which constitutes the majority of the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) and that is the storage site of oxytocin and vasopressin. eriksegerdell 2017-11-17T16:50:21Z UBERON:0003217 neural lobe of neurohypophysis posterior lobe of neurohypophysis xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005189 pars nervosa Structure which constitutes the majority of the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) and that is the storage site of oxytocin and vasopressin. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_pituitary The boundary between the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary (hypophysis). It contains three types of cells: basophils, chromophobes, and colloid-filled cysts. The cysts are the remainder of Rathke's pouch. eriksegerdell 2017-11-17T16:51:54Z UBERON:0002432 pars intermedia of adenohypophysis pars intermedis xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005190 pars intermedia The boundary between the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary (hypophysis). It contains three types of cells: basophils, chromophobes, and colloid-filled cysts. The cysts are the remainder of Rathke's pouch. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pars_intermedia An unpaired bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. It is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits. eriksegerdell 2018-01-16T17:00:00Z ethmoid UBERON:0001679 ethmoidal bone os ethmoidale xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005191 ethmoid bone An unpaired bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. It is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethmoid_bone Anatomical cluster comprising the most anterior region of the braincase and providing structural support for the peripheral olfactory organ. eriksegerdell 2018-01-17T17:00:00Z UBERON:0011241 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005192 ethmoid region Anatomical cluster comprising the most anterior region of the braincase and providing structural support for the peripheral olfactory organ. UBERON:0011241 The lateral area of the two branches of a horseshoe-shaped mesenchymal swelling in the future nasal region of the embryo. It separates the olfactory pit from the developing eye. eriksegerdell 2018-01-17T17:00:00Z UBERON:0004067 prominentia nasalis lateralis xenopus_anatomy lateral nasal swelling XAO:0005193 lateral nasal prominence The lateral area of the two branches of a horseshoe-shaped mesenchymal swelling in the future nasal region of the embryo. It separates the olfactory pit from the developing eye. UBERON:0004067 The central area of the two limbs of a horseshoe-shaped mesenchymal swelling that lie medial to the olfactory placode or pit in the future nasal region of the embryo. eriksegerdell 2018-01-17T17:00:00Z UBERON:0004068 xenopus_anatomy medial nasal swelling nasomedial prominence XAO:0005194 medial nasal prominence The central area of the two limbs of a horseshoe-shaped mesenchymal swelling that lie medial to the olfactory placode or pit in the future nasal region of the embryo. UBERON:0004068 The mesh-like system of enteric neurons that innervate the gastrointestinal tract, with neurons embedded in the lining of the gastrointestinal system, beginning at the esophagus and extending down to the cloaca. The ENS can and does operate independently of the brain and the spinal cord. UBERON:0002005 ENS xenopus_anatomy intrinsic nervous system XAO:0005195 enteric nervous system The mesh-like system of enteric neurons that innervate the gastrointestinal tract, with neurons embedded in the lining of the gastrointestinal system, beginning at the esophagus and extending down to the cloaca. The ENS can and does operate independently of the brain and the spinal cord. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteric_nervous_system A type of blood cell which is part of the innate immune system and is quickly recruited to sites of injury. CL:0000775 xenopus_anatomy neutrocyte XAO:0005196 neutrophil A type of blood cell which is part of the innate immune system and is quickly recruited to sites of injury. Xenbase:Staff One of the 3 domains of the U-shaped preplacodal ectoderm, lying between the anterior PPE and posterior PPE domains. LPPE lateral PPE xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005197 lateral preplacodal ectoderm One of the 3 domains of the U-shaped preplacodal ectoderm, lying between the anterior PPE and posterior PPE domains. Xenbase:Staff Cardiac chamber in which blood enters the heart. UBERON:0002081 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005198 cardiac atrium Cardiac chamber in which blood enters the heart. UBERON:0002081 Type of ganglia in the trunk region that connect the central nervous system with organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands, and are exclusively derived from trunk neural crest cells. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005199 peripheral ganglion Type of ganglia in the trunk region that connect the central nervous system with organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands, and are exclusively derived from trunk neural crest cells. PMID:11254347 A straight line through space, intersecting an anatomical entity. Axis directions are defined in terms of axes. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005200 anatomical axis A straight line through space, intersecting an anatomical entity. Axis directions are defined in terms of axes. BSPO:0000010 An axis that extends from the animal end of an egg or early embryo to the opposite, vegetal end. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005201 animal-vegetal axis An axis that extends from the animal end of an egg or early embryo to the opposite, vegetal end. BSPO:0000199 An axis that extends through an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005202 anterior-posterior axis An axis that extends through an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail. BSPO:0000013 An axis that is approximately perpendicular to the anterior-posterior axis and that extends through the horizontal plane of the body. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005203 dorsal-ventral axis An axis that is approximately perpendicular to the anterior-posterior axis and that extends through the horizontal plane of the body. BSPO:0000016 An axis that bisects an organism from left to right sides of body, through a sagittal plane. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005204 left-right axis An axis that bisects an organism from left to right sides of body, through a sagittal plane. BSPO:0000017 An anatomical region bounded by a plane perpendicular to an axis through the middle. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005205 anatomical side An anatomical region bounded by a plane perpendicular to an axis through the middle. BSPO:0000054 An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure anterior to a transverse plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005206 anterior side An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure anterior to a transverse plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane. BSPO:0000055 An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure posterior to a transverse plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005207 posterior side An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure posterior to a transverse plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane. BSPO:0000056 An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure dorsal to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same horizontal plane. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005208 dorsal side An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure dorsal to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same horizontal plane. BSPO:0000063 An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure ventral to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same horizontal plane. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005209 ventral side An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure ventral to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same horizontal plane. BSPO:0000068 The side of an organism that is left of the sagittal plane. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005210 left side The side of an organism that is left of the sagittal plane. BSPO:0000000 The side of an organism that is right of the sagittal plane. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005211 right side The side of an organism that is right of the sagittal plane. BSPO:0000007 An axis that extends from the point of attachment of a structure (proximal) to the point furthest away from the plane of attachment (distal). xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005212 proximal-distal axis An axis that extends from the point of attachment of a structure (proximal) to the point furthest away from the plane of attachment (distal). BSPO:0000015 Anatomical region located on the apical end on the body or body part. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005213 apical region Anatomical region located on the apical end on the body or body part. BSPO:0000073 Anatomical region that runs down the center (axis) of the body, encompassing everything exept the limbs. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005214 axial region Anatomical region that runs down the center (axis) of the body, encompassing everything exept the limbs. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Anatomical region located basally on the body or body part. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005215 basal region Anatomical region located basally on the body or body part. BSPO:0000074 Anatomical region anteriorly located on the body or body part. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005216 anterior region Anatomical region anteriorly located on the body or body part. BSPO:0000071 Anatomical region posteriorly located on the body or body part. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005217 posterior region Anatomical region posteriorly located on the body or body part. BSPO:0000072 Anatomical region dorsally located on the body or body part. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005218 dorsal region Anatomical region dorsally located on the body or body part. BSPO:0000079 Anatomical region ventrally located on the body or body part. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005219 ventral region Anatomical region ventrally located on the body or body part. BSPO:0000084 Anatomical region medially located on the body or body part. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005220 medial region Anatomical region medially located on the body or body part. BSPO:0000083 Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and dorsal regions of a body or body part. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005221 antero-dorsal region Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and dorsal regions of a body or body part. BSPO:0000026 Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and ventral regions of a body or body part. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005222 antero-ventral region Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and ventral regions of a body or body part. BSPO:0000027 Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and dorsal regions of the body or body part. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005223 postero-dorsal region Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and dorsal regions of the body or body part. BSPO:0000030 Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and ventral regions of a body or body part. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005224 postero-ventral region Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and ventral regions of a body or body part. BSPO:0000035 The capsule surrounding the inner ear components. UBERON:0004637 xenopus_anatomy ear capsule XAO:0005225 otic capsule The capsule surrounding the inner ear components. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1074-8103 Any of the muscle precursor cells which emerge from the lower margin of the trunk somites, appear in a segmented pattern, and move through the lateral regions of the embryo to form the hypaxial muscle. xenopus_anatomy migratory somitic cell XAO:0005226 migrating myoblast Any of the muscle precursor cells which emerge from the lower margin of the trunk somites, appear in a segmented pattern, and move through the lateral regions of the embryo to form the hypaxial muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 Tissue that is the most anterior portion of the notochord and secretes Reissner's fiber-related proteins, including F-spondin. FO xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005227 flexural organ Tissue that is the most anterior portion of the notochord and secretes Reissner's fiber-related proteins, including F-spondin. PMID:9482230 A neuron that transmits nerve impulses away from the central nervous system to the muscles or glands. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005228 efferent neuron A neuron that transmits nerve impulses away from the central nervous system to the muscles or glands. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A neuron that transmits nerve impulses to the central nervous system from sensory stimuli. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005229 afferent neuron A neuron that transmits nerve impulses to the central nervous system from sensory stimuli. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The alimentary system of a postembryonic, hatched or immature tadpole, prior to metamorphosis. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005230 larval alimentary system The alimentary system of a postembryonic, hatched or immature tadpole, prior to metamorphosis. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The developing muscle surrounding the caudal end of the cloaca. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005231 cloacal sphincter The developing muscle surrounding the caudal end of the cloaca. https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cloacal+sphincter One of the two types of proton-secreteing cells (PSC) in amphibian skin, which play an important role in ion transport, alpha-PSCs are characterised by expression of slc4a1 (ae1) and localization of H+v-ATPases at the apical plasma membrane. ICa alpha ionocyte alpha-PSC xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005232 ionocyte, alpha subtype One of the two types of proton-secreteing cells (PSC) in amphibian skin, which play an important role in ion transport, alpha-PSCs are characterised by expression of slc4a1 (ae1) and localization of H+v-ATPases at the apical plasma membrane. PMID:21266406 One of the two types of proton-secreteing cells (PSC) in amphibian skin, which play an important role in ion transport, beta-PSCs are characterised by expression of pendrin and localization of the H+v-ATPase cytosolically or basolaterally in the plasma membrane. ICb beta ionocyte beta-PSC xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005233 ionocyte, beta subtype One of the two types of proton-secreteing cells (PSC) in amphibian skin, which play an important role in ion transport, beta-PSCs are characterised by expression of pendrin and localization of the H+v-ATPase cytosolically or basolaterally in the plasma membrane. PMID:21266406 One of the four cell types that are found in bilayered epithlium of the larval epidermis (the others being goblet cells, multicilliated cells, and ionocytes) and have an abundance of large apical secretory vesicles and secrete a glyocoprotein with antimicrobial properties. SCC xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005234 small secretory cell One of the four cell types that are found in bilayered epithlium of the larval epidermis (the others being goblet cells, multicilliated cells, and ionocytes) and have an abundance of large apical secretory vesicles and secrete a glyocoprotein with antimicrobial properties. PMID:24598166 The dorsal part of the telencephalon. dt xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005235 dorsal telencephalon The dorsal part of the telencephalon. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Type of adult stem cells that are induced by thyroid hormone (TH) and, during intestinal remodeling during metamorphosis, newly generate the absorptive epithelium. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005236 intestinal stem cell Type of adult stem cells that are induced by thyroid hormone (TH) and, during intestinal remodeling during metamorphosis, newly generate the absorptive epithelium. PMID:30430240 XAO:0005423 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005238 obsolete rostral notochord true XAO:0005424 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005239 obsolete caudal notochord true Tissue of the lens that is re-growing after damage or amputation. lens xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005240 regenerating lens Tissue of the lens that is re-growing after damage or amputation. Xenbase:Staff Layer of neurectoderm that develops into the roof plate of the spinal cord. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005241 superficial layer of neurectoderm Layer of neurectoderm that develops into the roof plate of the spinal cord. Xenbase:Staff The posterior portions of the U-shaped neural folds, the two longitudinal dorsal ridges caused by a folding up of the ectoderm, which appear on either side of the middle line of the early neurula embryo. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005242 posterior neural fold The posterior portions of the U-shaped neural folds, the two longitudinal dorsal ridges caused by a folding up of the ectoderm, which appear on either side of the middle line of the early neurula embryo. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 A transient kidney that functions in embryos of amphibians (and fish) while the mesonephros (which continue to grow into adult kidneys) are developing and before they are fully functional. xenopus_anatomy pronephros XAO:0005243 embryonic kidney A transient kidney that functions in embryos of amphibians (and fish) while the mesonephros (which continue to grow into adult kidneys) are developing and before they are fully functional. Xenbase:Staff Either of the pair of structures lying on either side of the dorsal aorta in which fluid balance is regulated and waste is excreted out in the form of urine. xenopus_anatomy mesonephros XAO:0005244 adult kidney Either of the pair of structures lying on either side of the dorsal aorta in which fluid balance is regulated and waste is excreted out in the form of urine. Xenbase:Staff The most posterior zone of the neural tube, first evident at NF stage 17, which develops where the neural tube passes into the archenteron roof around the dorsal blastoporal lip, becoming deeper during late neurula stages. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005245 neurenteric canal The most posterior zone of the neural tube, first evident at NF stage 17, which develops where the neural tube passes into the archenteron roof around the dorsal blastoporal lip, becoming deeper during late neurula stages. Xenbase:Staff Migratory neural crest cell that is part of the trunk neural crest. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005246 migratory trunk neural crest cell Migratory neural crest cell that is part of the trunk neural crest. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Endoderm that is part of the hindgut. UBERON:0003260 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005247 hindgut endoderm Endoderm that is part of the hindgut. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Dorsal part of the posterior hindgut endoderm. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005248 dorsal posterior hindgut endoderm Dorsal part of the posterior hindgut endoderm. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Ventral part of the posterior hindgut endoderm. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005249 ventral posterior hindgut endoderm Ventral part of the posterior hindgut endoderm. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Posterior part of the hindgut endoderm. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005250 posterior hindgut endoderm Posterior part of the hindgut endoderm. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Anterior part of the hindgut endoderm. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005251 anterior hindgut endoderm Anterior part of the hindgut endoderm. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 XAO:0000275 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005252 obsolete left olfactory pit true XAO:0000275 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005253 obsolete right olfactory pit true A functional unit located near the cell apex at the points of contact between epithelial cells, which in vertebrates is composed of the tight junction, the zonula adherens, and desmosomes. Functions in the regulation of cell polarity, tissue integrity and intercellular adhesion and permeability. GO:0043296 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005254 apical junction complex A functional unit located near the cell apex at the points of contact between epithelial cells, which in vertebrates is composed of the tight junction, the zonula adherens, and desmosomes. Functions in the regulation of cell polarity, tissue integrity and intercellular adhesion and permeability. GO:0043296 Thin, stiff, actin-based protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast, an axonal or dendritic growth cone, or a dendritic shaft. GO:0030175 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005255 filopodium Thin, stiff, actin-based protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast, an axonal or dendritic growth cone, or a dendritic shaft. GO:0030175 XAO:0000179 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005256 obsolete left eye true XAO:0000179 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005257 obsolete right eye true XAO:0000192 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005258 obsolete left inner ear true XAO:0000192 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005259 obsolete right inner ear true Part of the trunk located on the ventral side of the organism. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005260 ventral trunk Part of the trunk located on the ventral side of the organism. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The posterior part of the tail. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005261 posterior tail The posterior part of the tail. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The anterior part of the dorsal fin. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005262 anterior dorsal fin The anterior part of the dorsal fin. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Neuroectoderm that is located on the anterior side of the organism. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005263 anterior neuroectoderm Neuroectoderm that is located on the anterior side of the organism. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Part of the tail located on the dorsal side of the organism. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005264 dorsal tail Part of the tail located on the dorsal side of the organism. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Part of the trunk located on the dorsal side of the organism. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005265 dorsal trunk Part of the trunk located on the dorsal side of the organism. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A cell type that produces platelets and coagulating factors that react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping, thereby initiating a blood clot. In amphibians, embryonic and adult thrombocytes have different origins and potentially different gene expression markers. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005266 thrombocyte A cell type that produces platelets and coagulating factors that react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping, thereby initiating a blood clot. In amphibians, embryonic and adult thrombocytes have different origins and potentially different gene expression markers. Xenbase:Staff https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet A cell type that produces platelets and coagulating factors that react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping, thereby initiating a blood clot; and that, in embryos, emerge from the ventral mesoderm, just anterior to the ventral blood island. Embryonic thrombocytes are identified by cd41/itga2b.1 gene expression. Additional waves of emergence during development may occur but have not yet been described. thrombocyte, embryonic xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005267 embryonic thrombocyte A cell type that produces platelets and coagulating factors that react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping, thereby initiating a blood clot; and that, in embryos, emerge from the ventral mesoderm, just anterior to the ventral blood island. Embryonic thrombocytes are identified by cd41/itga2b.1 gene expression. Additional waves of emergence during development may occur but have not yet been described. Xenbase:Staff https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet A cell type that produces platelets and coagulating factors that react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping, thereby initiating a blood clot; and that, in adults, develop from hematopoietic stem cells. thrombocyte, adult xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005268 adult thrombocyte A cell type that produces platelets and coagulating factors that react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping, thereby initiating a blood clot; and that, in adults, develop from hematopoietic stem cells. Xenbase:Staff https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet Pelvic girdle tissue that is re-growing after damage or amputation. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005269 regenerating pelvic girdle Pelvic girdle tissue that is re-growing after damage or amputation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 XAO:0003180 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005270 obsolete left part of branchial arch skeleton true XAO:0003180 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005271 obsolete right part of branchial arch skeleton true XAO:0003030 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005272 obsolete left forelimb true XAO:0003030 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005273 obsolete right forelimb true XAO:0003031 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005274 obsolete left hindlimb true XAO:0003031 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005275 obsolete right hindlimb true XAO:0000228 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005276 obsolete left optic vesicle true XAO:0000228 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005277 obsolete right optic vesicle true XAO:0000010 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005278 obsolete left part of brain true XAO:0000010 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005279 obsolete right part of brain true Anatomical region that overlaps the ventral and lateral regions of a body or body part. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005280 ventro-lateral region Anatomical region that overlaps the ventral and lateral regions of a body or body part. BSPO:0000085 Anatomical region that overlaps the dorsal and lateral regions of a body or body part. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005281 dorso-lateral region Anatomical region that overlaps the dorsal and lateral regions of a body or body part. BSPO:0000080 An organelle that contains yolk for consumption during embryogenesis. YP xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005282 yolk platelet An organelle that contains yolk for consumption during embryogenesis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1074-8103 Ectodermal placode that does not develop into a component of the nervous system. UBERON:0011814 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005283 non-neurogenic ectodermal placode Ectodermal placode that does not develop into a component of the nervous system. UBERON:0011814 The repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs. GO:0030017 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005284 sarcomere The repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs. GO:0030017 Any microtubule that is part of a mitotic or meiotic spindle; anchored at one spindle pole. GO:0005876 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005285 spindle microtubule Any microtubule that is part of a mitotic or meiotic spindle; anchored at one spindle pole. GO:0005876 Any of the spindle microtubules that radiate in all directions from the spindle poles and are thought to contribute to the forces that separate the poles and position them in relation to the rest of the cell. GO:0000235 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005286 astral microtubule Any of the spindle microtubules that radiate in all directions from the spindle poles and are thought to contribute to the forces that separate the poles and position them in relation to the rest of the cell. GO:0000235 The presumptive cells of the jaw muscle. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005287 jaw muscle primordium The presumptive cells of the jaw muscle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A cell of the pia mater, the delicate fibrous meningeal coverings of the CNS. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005288 pial cell A cell of the pia mater, the delicate fibrous meningeal coverings of the CNS. PMID:30993182 The innermost delicate fibrous meningeal coverings of the CNS. It is closely adherent to the brain tissue and is composed of one to several layers of flattened, modified fibroblasts and the ECM (collagen and elastic fibers, etc.) they produce. UBERON:0002361 pia matter xenopus_anatomy pia XAO:0005289 pia mater The innermost delicate fibrous meningeal coverings of the CNS. It is closely adherent to the brain tissue and is composed of one to several layers of flattened, modified fibroblasts and the ECM (collagen and elastic fibers, etc.) they produce. PMID:30993182 The unpigmented maturation spot which indicates germinal vesicle breakdown and thus maturation of an oocyte. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005290 Roux spot The unpigmented maturation spot which indicates germinal vesicle breakdown and thus maturation of an oocyte. PMID:30046 PMID:6540084 A 1-2 cell layer membrane comprising cells from the stomodeum and underlying endodermal layer. Perforation of this structure creates an opening connecting the external and the digestive tube which is essential for oral cavity formation. UBERON:0006211 oral plate membrane xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005291 buccopharyngeal membrane A 1-2 cell layer membrane comprising cells from the stomodeum and underlying endodermal layer. Perforation of this structure creates an opening connecting the external and the digestive tube which is essential for oral cavity formation. PMID:16678148 PMID:28032936 Cephalic nerve that innervates the nasal cavity and the eye. UBERON:0022300 nervus nasociliaris xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005292 nasociliary nerve Cephalic nerve that innervates the nasal cavity and the eye. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Cephalic nerve that innervates the maxillary sinus. UBERON:0000377 nervus maxillare xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005293 maxillary nerve Cephalic nerve that innervates the maxillary sinus. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Cephalic nerve that innervates the lower jaw. UBERON:0000375 nervus mandibulare xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005294 mandibular nerve Cephalic nerve that innervates the lower jaw. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Cephalic nerve that is the largest branch of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. UBERON:0000942 nervus frontalis xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005295 frontal nerve Cephalic nerve that is the largest branch of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A cell junction at which anchoring proteins (cadherins or integrins) extend through the plasma membrane and are attached to actin filaments. GO:0005912 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005296 adherens junction A cell junction at which anchoring proteins (cadherins or integrins) extend through the plasma membrane and are attached to actin filaments. GO:0005912 The epithelium of the foregut. UBERON:0015833 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005297 foregut epithelium The epithelium of the foregut. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1074-8103 The epithelium of the trachea. UBERON:0001901 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005298 tracheal epithelium The epithelium of the trachea. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1074-8103 The epithelium of the esophagus. UBERON:0001976 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005299 esophageal epithelium The epithelium of the esophagus. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1074-8103 The epithelium of the stomach. UBERON:0001276 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005300 stomach epithelium The epithelium of the stomach. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1074-8103 Ventral region of early embryonic endoderm. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005301 ventral endoderm Ventral region of early embryonic endoderm. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1074-8103 Posterior region of the developing endoderm. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005302 posterior endoderm Posterior region of the developing endoderm. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1074-8103 Anterior region of the developing endoderm. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005303 anterior endoderm Anterior region of the developing endoderm. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1074-8103 Dorsal region of early embryonic endomesoderm. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005304 dorsal endomesoderm Dorsal region of early embryonic endomesoderm. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1074-8103 Ventral region of early embryonic endomesoderm. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005305 ventral endomesoderm Ventral region of early embryonic endomesoderm. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1074-8103 Anterior region of the developing endomesoderm. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005306 anterior endomesoderm Anterior region of the developing endomesoderm. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1074-8103 Posterior region of the developing endomesoderm. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005307 posterior endomesoderm Posterior region of the developing endomesoderm. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1074-8103 A cardial valve in the atrioventricular region that separates the atrium from the ventricle and prevents backflow from the ventricles into the atria during systole. UBERON:0002133 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005308 atrioventricular valve A cardial valve in the atrioventricular region that separates the atrium from the ventricle and prevents backflow from the ventricles into the atria during systole. UBERON:0002133 A nerve that is part of the head. UBERON:0011779 xenopus_anatomy head nerve nerve of head region XAO:0005309 cephalic nerve A nerve that is part of the head. UBERON:0011779 The contractile element of skeletal and cardiac muscle; a long, highly organized bundle of actin, myosin, and other proteins that contracts by a sliding filament mechanism. GO:0030016 xenopus_anatomy striated muscle fibre XAO:0005311 myofibril The contractile element of skeletal and cardiac muscle; a long, highly organized bundle of actin, myosin, and other proteins that contracts by a sliding filament mechanism. GO:0030016 The midline of aligned thick filaments in a sarcomere; location of specific proteins that link thick filaments. Depending on muscle type the M band consists of different numbers of M lines. GO:0031430 M line xenopus_anatomy mesophragma XAO:0005312 M band The midline of aligned thick filaments in a sarcomere; location of specific proteins that link thick filaments. Depending on muscle type the M band consists of different numbers of M lines. GO:0031430 The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of actin and associated proteins. Includes actin cytoskeleton-associated complexes. GO:0015629 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005313 actin cytoskeleton The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of actin and associated proteins. Includes actin cytoskeleton-associated complexes. GO:0015629 Either of the paired endochondral bones forming the anterior and lateral walls of the otic capsules. UBERON:0004746 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005314 prootic bone Either of the paired endochondral bones forming the anterior and lateral walls of the otic capsules. UBERON:0004746 Vein that is part of the periocular region. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005315 retinal vein Vein that is part of the periocular region. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Head mesenchyme that is part of the periocular region. POM xenopus_anatomy ventronasal periocular mesenchyme XAO:0005316 periocular mesenchyme Head mesenchyme that is part of the periocular region. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell. neuron process neuron protrusion neuronal cell projection neurite xenopus_anatomy nerve fiber XAO:0005317 neuron projection A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell. GO:0043005 The portion of the actin cytoskeleton, comprising filamentous actin and associated proteins, that lies just beneath the plasma membrane. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005318 cortical actin cytoskeleton The portion of the actin cytoskeleton, comprising filamentous actin and associated proteins, that lies just beneath the plasma membrane. GO:0030864 A filamentous structure formed of a two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin and associated proteins. Actin filaments are a major component of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle and the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. microfilament xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005319 actin filament A filamentous structure formed of a two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin and associated proteins. Actin filaments are a major component of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle and the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. GO:0005884 A multi-tissue structure consisting of bone and soft tissue that forms a part of the roof of the oral cavity. UBERON:0007375 xenopus_anatomy palate palatum primary palate XAO:0005320 roof of mouth A multi-tissue structure consisting of bone and soft tissue that forms a part of the roof of the oral cavity. UBERON:0007375 Region of the face between the two inner (medial) canthi of the eye. xenopus_anatomy inter-canthal line XAO:0005321 intercanthal region Region of the face between the two inner (medial) canthi of the eye. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1074-8103 An organism at the tadpole stage. UBERON:0002547 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005322 tadpole An organism at the tadpole stage. UBERON:0002547 An immature cell which typically differentiates to form a mature lymphocyte. CL:0017005 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005323 lymphoblast An immature cell which typically differentiates to form a mature lymphocyte. Xenbase:Staff Ganglion that develops from a cranial ectodermal placode and contains sensory neurons that innervate the anterior lateral line system. xenopus_anatomy anterior lateral line ganglia XAO:0005324 anterior lateral line ganglion Ganglion that develops from a cranial ectodermal placode and contains sensory neurons that innervate the anterior lateral line system. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 anterior lateral line ganglia Subdomain that occupies the dorso-lateral portion of a somite and comprises tendon progenitor cells. It is located between the neighboring sclerotome and myotome, at the future site of connection between bone and muscle, and gives rise to the axial tendons of the body. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005325 syndetome Subdomain that occupies the dorso-lateral portion of a somite and comprises tendon progenitor cells. It is located between the neighboring sclerotome and myotome, at the future site of connection between bone and muscle, and gives rise to the axial tendons of the body. https://discovery.lifemapsc.com/in-vivo-development/somite/syndetome An arrangement of closely apposed microtubules running parallel to each other in the axon hillock and initial segment. GO:1901589 axon microtubule fascicle microtubule bundle of axon microtubule fascicle of axon xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005326 axon microtubule bundle An arrangement of closely apposed microtubules running parallel to each other in the axon hillock and initial segment. GO:1901589 Neural crest comprising sacral, vagal, and trunk neural crest. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005327 chordal neural crest Neural crest comprising sacral, vagal, and trunk neural crest. Xenbase:Staff A wall, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones. UBERON:0003037 xenopus_anatomy septa XAO:0005422 septum A wall, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones. UBERON:0003037 septa The anterior portion of the notochord. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005423 anterior notochord The anterior portion of the notochord. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The posterior portion of the notochord. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005424 posterior notochord The posterior portion of the notochord. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Temporary septum formed from epithelial tissue dividing the esophagus from the trachea. After mesenchymal invasion this gives rise to the permanent tissue separating the esophagus from the trachea. transient TES xenopus_anatomy esophagotracheal septum tracheoesophageal septum XAO:0005425 transient tracheoesophageal septum Temporary septum formed from epithelial tissue dividing the esophagus from the trachea. After mesenchymal invasion this gives rise to the permanent tissue separating the esophagus from the trachea. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1074-8103 Any of the longitudinal folds in the respiratory diverticulum that fuse to form the tracheoesophageal septum, which separates the esophagus from the trachea. xenopus_anatomy tracheoesophageal crest tracheoesophageal folds tracheoesophageal ridge XAO:0005426 tracheoesophageal fold Any of the longitudinal folds in the respiratory diverticulum that fuse to form the tracheoesophageal septum, which separates the esophagus from the trachea. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1074-8103 tracheoesophageal folds A cell-cell junction in which: on the cytoplasmic surface of each interacting plasma membrane is a dense plaque composed of a mixture of intracellular anchor proteins; a bundle of keratin intermediate filaments is attached to the surface of each plaque; transmembrane adhesion proteins of the cadherin family bind to the plaques and interact through their extracellular domains to hold the adjacent membranes together by a Ca2+-dependent mechanism. GO:0030057 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005500 desmosome A cell-cell junction in which: on the cytoplasmic surface of each interacting plasma membrane is a dense plaque composed of a mixture of intracellular anchor proteins; a bundle of keratin intermediate filaments is attached to the surface of each plaque; transmembrane adhesion proteins of the cadherin family bind to the plaques and interact through their extracellular domains to hold the adjacent membranes together by a Ca2+-dependent mechanism. GO:0030057 A tube extending from the mouth to the cloacal sphincter. UBERON:0001555 xenopus_anatomy GI tract digestive tube enteric tract gastrointestinal tract XAO:0005501 digestive tract A tube extending from the mouth to the cloacal sphincter. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1074-8103 A principle subdivision of the organism that includes all structures along the primary axis, typically the anterior-posterior axis, from head to tail, including structures of the body proper where present (for example, ribs), but excluding appendages. UBERON:0013701 xenopus_anatomy primary axis XAO:0005502 main body axis A principle subdivision of the organism that includes all structures along the primary axis, typically the anterior-posterior axis, from head to tail, including structures of the body proper where present (for example, ribs), but excluding appendages. UBERON:0013701 Septum dividing the esophagus from the trachea. UBERON:0036070 xenopus_anatomy esophagotracheal septum XAO:0005503 tracheoesophageal septum Septum dividing the esophagus from the trachea. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1074-8103 Structure comprising the tissues that surround the organs that are present within the abdominal cavity. The abdominal wall tissue is composed of layers of fat, parietal peritoneum, fascia, and muscles. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005504 abdominal wall Structure comprising the tissues that surround the organs that are present within the abdominal cavity. The abdominal wall tissue is composed of layers of fat, parietal peritoneum, fascia, and muscles. NCIt:Abdominal_Wall Head region including the nostrils and surrounding tissue. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0005505 nasal region Head region including the nostrils and surrounding tissue. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1074-8103 A clear, colorless bodily fluid that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain and spinal cord. XAO:0005506 cerebrospinal fluid A clear, colorless bodily fluid that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain and spinal cord. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1074-8103 A cell of the inner layer of the epidermis. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0006000 basal cell A cell of the inner layer of the epidermis. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 Lateral plate mesoderm that is located on the left side of the body. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0006001 lateral plate mesoderm, left side Lateral plate mesoderm that is located on the left side of the body. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 Lateral plate mesoderm that is located on the right side of the body. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0006002 lateral plate mesoderm, right side Lateral plate mesoderm that is located on the right side of the body. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 The portion of a cell bearing surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections. GO:0044297 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0006003 cell body The portion of a cell bearing surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections. GO:0044297 The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites. GO:0043025 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0006004 neuronal cell body The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites. GO:0043025 The portion of a neuronal cell body (cell soma) that excludes the nucleus. GO:0043204 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0006005 perikaryon The portion of a neuronal cell body (cell soma) that excludes the nucleus. GO:0043204 A thin cytoplasmic process/physical structure that bridges two cells (e.g., photoreceptor cells or retinal ganglion cells). xenopus_anatomy XAO:0006006 cytoplasmic bridge A thin cytoplasmic process/physical structure that bridges two cells (e.g., photoreceptor cells or retinal ganglion cells). PMID:2795157 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 An expansion of the terminal end of Müller cells, where the projection contacts a retinal ganglionic cell. Glial endfeet make a continuous layer directly beneath the basement membrane of retinal growth cones. xenopus_anatomy glial endfeet XAO:0006007 glial endfoot An expansion of the terminal end of Müller cells, where the projection contacts a retinal ganglionic cell. Glial endfeet make a continuous layer directly beneath the basement membrane of retinal growth cones. PMID:2795157 glial endfeet Type of retinal rod cell which has a cylindrical outer segment, an incisure, and likely has predominantly sealed disks. xenopus_anatomy green rods XAO:0006008 green rod cell Type of retinal rod cell which has a cylindrical outer segment, an incisure, and likely has predominantly sealed disks. Xenbase:Staff green rods A modified non-motile cilium which functions as a light-detecting organelle in the retina. OS cilia have an extended membrane system which consists of arrayed membranous disks resembling a stack of coins. In rods/rod cells, these disks are discontinuous, being divided into lobules or "incisures", and are surrounded by a plasma membrane. In cones/cone cells, the disks and plasma membrane remain joined as one continuous membrane system and incisures are not present. OS xenopus_anatomy outer segment cilia XAO:0006009 outer segment cilium A modified non-motile cilium which functions as a light-detecting organelle in the retina. OS cilia have an extended membrane system which consists of arrayed membranous disks resembling a stack of coins. In rods/rod cells, these disks are discontinuous, being divided into lobules or "incisures", and are surrounded by a plasma membrane. In cones/cone cells, the disks and plasma membrane remain joined as one continuous membrane system and incisures are not present. PMID:25616687 outer segment cilia One of an array of membranous disks projecting from outer segment cilia. In rods/rod cells, these disks are discontinuous, being divided into lobules or "incisures", and are surrounded by a plasma membrane. outer segment disc xenopus_anatomy OS disc OS disk photoreceptor disc photoreceptor disk XAO:0006010 outer segment disk One of an array of membranous disks projecting from outer segment cilia. In rods/rod cells, these disks are discontinuous, being divided into lobules or "incisures", and are surrounded by a plasma membrane. PMID:25616687 The subcellular component of iridophores with give these pigment cells their iridescent qualities. GO:0043698 xenopus_anatomy reflecting platelet XAO:0006011 iridosome The subcellular component of iridophores with give these pigment cells their iridescent qualities. GO:0043698 A non-terminally differentiated cell which originates from the neural crest and differentiates into an iridophore. CL:0005001 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0006012 iridoblast A non-terminally differentiated cell which originates from the neural crest and differentiates into an iridophore. CL:0005001 Pteridine-containing subcellular compartment of xanthophores. GO:0043700 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0006013 pterinosome Pteridine-containing subcellular compartment of xanthophores. GO:0043700 A raised callus of cornified epidermis used by the male frog to hold the female during mating. UBERON:0012243 xenopus_anatomy thumb pad XAO:0006014 nuptial pad A raised callus of cornified epidermis used by the male frog to hold the female during mating. UBERON:0012243 A modified mucous gland that is part of the nuptial pad and aids the male frog in maintaining amplexus during mating. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0006015 breeding gland A modified mucous gland that is part of the nuptial pad and aids the male frog in maintaining amplexus during mating. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1074-8103 Region of liver parenchyma immediately below the capsule. This region is frequently specified in pathology diagnoses. It is thought to be the principal hematopoietic site of Xenopodinae species from early development and, in case of certain species, into adulthood. UBERON:8400024 xenopus_anatomy peripheral liver XAO:0006016 subcapsular liver Region of liver parenchyma immediately below the capsule. This region is frequently specified in pathology diagnoses. It is thought to be the principal hematopoietic site of Xenopodinae species from early development and, in case of certain species, into adulthood. PMID:30151774 UBERON:8400024 A non-terminally differentiated cell that differentiates into a xanthophore. CL:0005002 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0006017 xanthoblast A non-terminally differentiated cell that differentiates into a xanthophore. CL:0005002 A light gray region on the dorsal surface of a fertilized oocyte. It is fully formed by the beginning of the first cleavage, and forms as a result of cortical rotation of the intermal cytoplasm and occurs opposite the sperm entry point. It is later the site where the Spemann organizer will form at the gastrula stage. xenopus_anatomy dorsal crescent XAO:0006018 gray crescent A light gray region on the dorsal surface of a fertilized oocyte. It is fully formed by the beginning of the first cleavage, and forms as a result of cortical rotation of the intermal cytoplasm and occurs opposite the sperm entry point. It is later the site where the Spemann organizer will form at the gastrula stage. Xenbase:Staff A type of endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles; membrane proteins that enter the internal vesicles are sequestered from the cytoplasm. In oocytes, multivesicular bodies are abundant on the dorsal side of the NF stage 7 (64-cell) embryos (as a result of cortical rotation) are are frequently surrounded by clouds of smaller, darker cytoplasmic membranes that may represent cytoplasmic determinants. GO:0005771 xenopus_anatomy MVB XAO:0006019 multivesicular body A type of endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles; membrane proteins that enter the internal vesicles are sequestered from the cytoplasm. In oocytes, multivesicular bodies are abundant on the dorsal side of the NF stage 7 (64-cell) embryos (as a result of cortical rotation) are are frequently surrounded by clouds of smaller, darker cytoplasmic membranes that may represent cytoplasmic determinants. GO:0005771 PMID:37983969 A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways. GO:0005769 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0006020 early endosome A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways. GO:0005769 A red blood cell that is produced in the liver. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0006021 hepatic erythrocyte A red blood cell that is produced in the liver. PMID:37305914 Myeloid mononuclear recirculating lymphocyte (a.k.a. a leukocyte) that can act as a precursor of tissue macrophages, osteoclasts, and some populations of tissue dendritic cells. CL:0000576 xenopus_anatomy dendritic cell precursor XAO:0006022 monocyte Myeloid mononuclear recirculating lymphocyte (a.k.a. a leukocyte) that can act as a precursor of tissue macrophages, osteoclasts, and some populations of tissue dendritic cells. CL:0000576 A hematopoietic progenitor cell which gives rise to dendritic cells. CL:0001029 xenopus_anatomy CDP common dendritic cell precursor XAO:0006023 common dendritic progenitor A hematopoietic progenitor cell which gives rise to dendritic cells. CL:0001029 PMID:37305914 A cell of hematopoietic origin, typically resident in particular tissues, specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation. CL:0000451 xenopus_anatomy DC interdigitating cell veiled cell XAO:0006024 dendritic cell A cell of hematopoietic origin, typically resident in particular tissues, specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation. CL:0000451 PMID:37305914 A cell with extensive dendritic processes found in the B cell areas (primary follicles and germinal centers) of lymphoid tissue. CL:0000442 xenopus_anatomy FDC XAO:0006025 follicular dendritic cell A cell with extensive dendritic processes found in the B cell areas (primary follicles and germinal centers) of lymphoid tissue. CL:0000442 An oligopotent progenitor cell committed to the lymphoid lineage. CL:0000051 xenopus_anatomy CLP common lymphoid progenitor lymphoid stem cell XAO:0006026 common lymphocyte progenitor An oligopotent progenitor cell committed to the lymphoid lineage. CL:0000051 PMID:37305914 A progenitor cell that is part of the immune system, develops from the common myeloid progenitor, and develops into a granulocyte, macrophage, dendritic cell, basophil, eosinophil, or neutrophil. xenopus_anatomy GMP XAO:0006027 granulocyte/macrophage precursor A progenitor cell that is part of the immune system, develops from the common myeloid progenitor, and develops into a granulocyte, macrophage, dendritic cell, basophil, eosinophil, or neutrophil. PMID:37305914 A progenitor cell that is part of the immune system and develops into a macrophage. cMoP xenopus_anatomy XAO:0006028 common monocyte/macrophage precursor A progenitor cell that is part of the immune system and develops into a macrophage. PMID:37305914 A progenitor cell that is part of the hematological system and develops into a megakaryocyte or erythrocyte. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0006029 megakaryocyte/erythrocyte precursor A progenitor cell that is part of the hematological system and develops into a megakaryocyte or erythrocyte. PMID:37305914 A large hematopoietic cell (50 to 100 microns) with a lobed nucleus. Once mature, it undergoes multiple rounds of endomitosis and cytoplasmic restructuring to allow platelet formation and release. CL:0000556 xenopus_anatomy megacaryocyte megalokaryocyte XAO:0006030 megakaryocyte A large hematopoietic cell (50 to 100 microns) with a lobed nucleus. Once mature, it undergoes multiple rounds of endomitosis and cytoplasmic restructuring to allow platelet formation and release. CL:0000556 A tissue-resident macrophage of the reticuloendothelial system found on the luminal surface of the hepatic sinusoids (liver), involved in erythrocyte clearance. CL:0000091 xenopus_anatomy hepatic macrophage XAO:0006031 Kupffer cell A tissue-resident macrophage of the reticuloendothelial system found on the luminal surface of the hepatic sinusoids (liver), involved in erythrocyte clearance. CL:0000091 A myeloid progenitor cell committed to the monocyte lineage. monopoietic cell CL:0000040 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0006034 monoblast A myeloid progenitor cell committed to the monocyte lineage. CL:0000040 A giioblast cell that develops from a migratory neural crest cell. It is embedded among neurons (axons) with minimal extracellular spaces separating them from nerve cell membranes and has no basal lamina. CL:0002375 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0006035 Schwann cell precursor A giioblast cell that develops from a migratory neural crest cell. It is embedded among neurons (axons) with minimal extracellular spaces separating them from nerve cell membranes and has no basal lamina. CL:0002375 A glial cell that develops from a Schwann cell precursor. CL:0002377 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0006036 immature Schwann cell A glial cell that develops from a Schwann cell precursor. CL:0002377 PMID:37305914 A neuroglial cell of the peripheral nervous system which forms the insulating myelin sheaths of peripheral axons. CL:0000218 xenopus_anatomy neurilemmal cell peripheral neuroglial cell XAO:0006037 myelinating Schwann cell A neuroglial cell of the peripheral nervous system which forms the insulating myelin sheaths of peripheral axons. CL:0000218 PMID:37305914 A glial cell that ensheaths multiple small diameter axons in the peripheral nervous system. It is embedded among neurons (axons) with minimal extracellular spaces separating them from nerve cell membranes and has a basal lamina. CL:0002376 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0006038 non-myelinating Schwann cell A glial cell that ensheaths multiple small diameter axons in the peripheral nervous system. It is embedded among neurons (axons) with minimal extracellular spaces separating them from nerve cell membranes and has a basal lamina. CL:0002376 PMID:37305914 A mature osteoblast that has become embedded in the bone matrix. These cells occupy a small cavity, called lacuna, in the matrix and are connected to adjacent osteocytes via protoplasmic projections called canaliculi. CL:0000137 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0006040 osteocyte A mature osteoblast that has become embedded in the bone matrix. These cells occupy a small cavity, called lacuna, in the matrix and are connected to adjacent osteocytes via protoplasmic projections called canaliculi. CL:0000137 Cell type that primarily composes adipose tissue, specialized in storing energy as fat. CL:0000136 xenopus_anatomy adipose cell fat cell XAO:0006041 adipocyte Cell type that primarily composes adipose tissue, specialized in storing energy as fat. Wikipedia:Adipocyte A cell found in the bone marrow. This can include fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, endothelial cells and hematopoietic cells. CL:0002092 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0006042 bone marrow cell A cell found in the bone marrow. This can include fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, endothelial cells and hematopoietic cells. CL:0002092 A progenitor cell committed to a myeloid lineage, including the megakaryocyte and erythroid lineages. xenopus_anatomy CMP common myeloid precursor multipotential myeloid stem cell myeloid stem cell XAO:0006043 common myeloid progenitor A progenitor cell committed to a myeloid lineage, including the megakaryocyte and erythroid lineages. PMID:37305914 A leukocyte with abundant cytoplasmic granules. CL:0000094 xenopus_anatomy Gran XAO:0006044 granulocyte A leukocyte with abundant cytoplasmic granules. CL:0000094 PMID:38439531 A type of granulocyte responsible for inflammatory reactions during immune response. CL:0000767 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0006045 basophil A type of granulocyte responsible for inflammatory reactions during immune response. Wikipedia:Basophil Any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by one or more slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size. CL:0000771 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0006046 eosinophil Any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by one or more slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size. CL:0000771 A neuron-like cell, often with atypical dentric knobs, seen in the olfactory epithelium of the olfactory bulb, and which are S100Z-positive, the axons of which extend/push into the olfactory nerve. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0006047 bipolar cell A neuron-like cell, often with atypical dentric knobs, seen in the olfactory epithelium of the olfactory bulb, and which are S100Z-positive, the axons of which extend/push into the olfactory nerve. PMID:38439531 Xenbase:Staff A major cell type which expresses cytokeratin type II, seen in the olfactory epithelium. The typical morphology has an apical cell soma (cell body) position and thin processes connecting to the basal lamina of the main olfcatory epithelium. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0006048 supporting cell A major cell type which expresses cytokeratin type II, seen in the olfactory epithelium. The typical morphology has an apical cell soma (cell body) position and thin processes connecting to the basal lamina of the main olfcatory epithelium. PMID:38439531 Xenbase:Staff A type of cell that has microvilli-like structures and is situated in the olfactory epithelium. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0006049 microvillous-like cell A type of cell that has microvilli-like structures and is situated in the olfactory epithelium. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 A stem cell that is located in the crypt of Liberkuhn, the tubular intestinal glands found in the mucosal membranes. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0006050 crypt cell A stem cell that is located in the crypt of Liberkuhn, the tubular intestinal glands found in the mucosal membranes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Immune system that responds broadly and fast (e.g., within hours) upon infection or injury, producing and secreting various compounds (antimicrobial peptides, interferon) and activating cellular defense such as cell-mediated cytotoxicity by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages. Innate immunity generally refers to any type of host responses elicited by receptor-encoded genes/gene families. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0006051 innate immune system Immune system that responds broadly and fast (e.g., within hours) upon infection or injury, producing and secreting various compounds (antimicrobial peptides, interferon) and activating cellular defense such as cell-mediated cytotoxicity by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages. Innate immunity generally refers to any type of host responses elicited by receptor-encoded genes/gene families. PMID:37305914 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-4588 Subsystem of the immune system that is composed of specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate pathogens or prevent their growth. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0006052 adaptive immune system Subsystem of the immune system that is composed of specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate pathogens or prevent their growth. Wikipedia:Adaptive_immune_system A cluster of lobe-like projections of glomeruli within the glomerular layer of the ofactory bulb, each cluster being referred to by their directionality (e.g. medial vs. lateral, and/or relative size, e.g. small vs. intermediate). Olfactory receptor neuron axons (ORNs, yellow) incoming from the olfactory nerve (ON) form distinct medial (MC), intermediate (IC), and lateral (LC) clusters in the glomerular layer. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0006053 glomerular cluster A cluster of lobe-like projections of glomeruli within the glomerular layer of the ofactory bulb, each cluster being referred to by their directionality (e.g. medial vs. lateral, and/or relative size, e.g. small vs. intermediate). Olfactory receptor neuron axons (ORNs, yellow) incoming from the olfactory nerve (ON) form distinct medial (MC), intermediate (IC), and lateral (LC) clusters in the glomerular layer. PMID:38439531 Xenbase:Staff The larger, laterally projecting, lobe-like cluster of glomeruli within the glomerular layer of the ofactory bulb. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0006054 intermediate cluster The larger, laterally projecting, lobe-like cluster of glomeruli within the glomerular layer of the ofactory bulb. PMID:38439531 Xenbase:Staff The medially projecting, lobe-like cluster of glomeruli within the glomerular layer of the ofactory bulb. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0006055 medial cluster The medially projecting, lobe-like cluster of glomeruli within the glomerular layer of the ofactory bulb. PMID:38439531 Xenbase:Staff The smaller of two lobe-like clusters of glomeruli within the glomerular layer of the ofactory bulb. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0006056 lateral cluster The smaller of two lobe-like clusters of glomeruli within the glomerular layer of the ofactory bulb. PMID:38439531 Xenbase:Staff XAO:0003260 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0006057 obsolete erythrocyte true A temporal interval that defines Xenopus life from unfertilized egg to adult and death stages. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000000 Xenopus developmental stage A temporal interval that defines Xenopus life from unfertilized egg to adult and death stages. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 1, corresponding to an embryo of age 0 hr and having the following external morphological criteria: One cell stage, shortly after fertilization. Pigmentation darker ventrally than dorsally. Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm. UBERON:0000106 xenopus_developmental_stage zygote XAO:1000001 NF stage 1 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 1, corresponding to an embryo of age 0 hr and having the following external morphological criteria: One cell stage, shortly after fertilization. Pigmentation darker ventrally than dorsally. Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Tailbud stage that refers to the earlier events associated with this stage, comprising Nieuwkoop and Faber stages 22 to 28. early tailbud xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000002 early tailbud stage Tailbud stage that refers to the earlier events associated with this stage, comprising Nieuwkoop and Faber stages 22 to 28. Bgee:curator ISBN:0815318960 Embryonic stage during which the solid morula acquires an internal cavity, comprising Nieuwkoop and Faber stages 7 to 9. UBERON:0000108 blastula xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000003 blastula stage Embryonic stage during which the solid morula acquires an internal cavity, comprising Nieuwkoop and Faber stages 7 to 9. ISBN:0471209627 ISBN:0815318960 Embryonic stage during which the zygote undergoes synchronous divisions into 2, 4, 8, 16, etc. blastomeres, comprising Nieuwkoop and Faber stages 2 to 6.5. UBERON:0000107 cleavage xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000004 cleavage stage Embryonic stage during which the zygote undergoes synchronous divisions into 2, 4, 8, 16, etc. blastomeres, comprising Nieuwkoop and Faber stages 2 to 6.5. ISBN:0471209627 ISBN:0815318960 Embryonic stage during which gastrulation takes place, with a proportion of cells migrating below the surface of the embryo to form two inner layers (endoderm and mesoderm) and the cells which remain outside spreading over the whole surface of the embryo to form the ectoderm; comprising Nieuwkoop and Faber stages 10 to 12.5. UBERON:0000109 gastrula xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000005 gastrula stage Embryonic stage during which gastrulation takes place, with a proportion of cells migrating below the surface of the embryo to form two inner layers (endoderm and mesoderm) and the cells which remain outside spreading over the whole surface of the embryo to form the ectoderm; comprising Nieuwkoop and Faber stages 10 to 12.5. ISBN:0471209627 ISBN:0815318960 Embryonic stage during which the future nervous system appears as a thickened plate in dorsal ectoderm, the plate then rolling up at its sides to form a tube; comprising Nieuwkoop and Faber stages 13 to 21. UBERON:0000110 neurula xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000006 neurula stage Embryonic stage during which the future nervous system appears as a thickened plate in dorsal ectoderm, the plate then rolling up at its sides to form a tube; comprising Nieuwkoop and Faber stages 13 to 21. ISBN:0471209627 ISBN:0815318960 Embryonic stage during which neurulation is completed and tail formation begins, visible by an emerging tail primordium; comprising Nieuwkoop and Faber stages 22 to 44 (feeding), including the beginning of hatching (NF stage 35/36). UBERON:0009741 xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000007 tailbud stage Embryonic stage during which neurulation is completed and tail formation begins, visible by an emerging tail primordium; comprising Nieuwkoop and Faber stages 22 to 44 (feeding), including the beginning of hatching (NF stage 35/36). DOI:10.1038/nrg1347 ISBN:0815318960 The post-embryonic Xenopus developmental stage from feeding to the end of metamorphosis, encompassing Weisz's first-form tadpole (equivalent to Nieuwkoop and Faber 45 to 49), second-form tadpole (NF 49 to 56) and third-form tadpole (NF 56 to 60-plus) stages. UBERON:0009849 tadpole xenopus_developmental_stage larva larval stage XAO:1000008 tadpole stage The post-embryonic Xenopus developmental stage from feeding to the end of metamorphosis, encompassing Weisz's first-form tadpole (equivalent to Nieuwkoop and Faber 45 to 49), second-form tadpole (NF 49 to 56) and third-form tadpole (NF 56 to 60-plus) stages. ISBN:0471209627 ISSN:0003-276X XAO:1000093 xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000009 obsolete frog true Xenopus developmental stage that corresponds to a sexually immature post-tadpole animal. UBERON:0000112 juvenile frog xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000010 juvenile frog stage Xenopus developmental stage that corresponds to a sexually immature post-tadpole animal. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 2, corresponding to an embryo of age 1 hr 30 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Advanced two cell stage. First cleavage groove has reached vegetal pole. Ventral side of blastomeres darker than dorsal side. Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm. UBERON:0007232 2-cell stage xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000011 NF stage 2 (2-cell) Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 2, corresponding to an embryo of age 1 hr 30 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Advanced two cell stage. First cleavage groove has reached vegetal pole. Ventral side of blastomeres darker than dorsal side. Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Xenopus developmental stage that starts with fertilization and ends with the formed feeding larva. UBERON:0000068 xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000012 embryonic stage Xenopus developmental stage that starts with fertilization and ends with the formed feeding larva. Bgee:curator https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 3, corresponding to an embryo of age 2 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Advanced four-cell stage. Second cleavage groove has reached vegetal pole. In animal view dorsal blastomeres usually smaller than ventral ones; the latter darker than the former. Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm. UBERON:0007233 4-cell stage xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000013 NF stage 3 (4-cell) Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 3, corresponding to an embryo of age 2 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Advanced four-cell stage. Second cleavage groove has reached vegetal pole. In animal view dorsal blastomeres usually smaller than ventral ones; the latter darker than the former. Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 4, corresponding to an embryo of age 2 hr 15 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Advanced eight cell stage. Dorsal micro- and macromeres usually smaller than ventral ones; dorsal micromeres less pigmented than ventral ones. Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm. UBERON:0007236 8-cell stage xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000014 NF stage 4 (8-cell) Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 4, corresponding to an embryo of age 2 hr 15 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Advanced eight cell stage. Dorsal micro- and macromeres usually smaller than ventral ones; dorsal micromeres less pigmented than ventral ones. Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 5, corresponding to an embryo of age 2 hr 45 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Advanced sixteen cell stage. Dorsal micromeres distinctly smaller and less pigmented than ventral ones. Macromeres entirely separated by cleavage grooves. Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm. 16-cell stage xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000015 NF stage 5 (16-cell) Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 5, corresponding to an embryo of age 2 hr 45 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Advanced sixteen cell stage. Dorsal micromeres distinctly smaller and less pigmented than ventral ones. Macromeres entirely separated by cleavage grooves. Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 6, corresponding to an embryo of age 3 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Advanced thirty-two cell stage. Distinction between dorsal and ventral micromeres as in preceding stage. Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm. 32-cell stage xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000016 NF stage 6 (32-cell) Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 6, corresponding to an embryo of age 3 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Advanced thirty-two cell stage. Distinction between dorsal and ventral micromeres as in preceding stage. Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 7 (64-cell stage), corresponding to an embryo of age 4 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Large-cell blastula stage. In animal view about 10 micromeres along meridian. Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm. 64-cell stage xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000017 NF stage 7 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 7 (64-cell stage), corresponding to an embryo of age 4 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Large-cell blastula stage. In animal view about 10 micromeres along meridian. Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 8 (128-cell stage), corresponding to an embryo of age 5 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Medium-cell blastula stage. Surface not yet entirely smooth. Border of animal pigment cap more diffuse at dorsal than at lateral and ventral sides. Gradual transition in cell size from animal to vegetative pole. Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm. 128-cell stage xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000018 NF stage 8 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 8 (128-cell stage), corresponding to an embryo of age 5 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Medium-cell blastula stage. Surface not yet entirely smooth. Border of animal pigment cap more diffuse at dorsal than at lateral and ventral sides. Gradual transition in cell size from animal to vegetative pole. Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 9, corresponding to an embryo of age 7 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Fine-cell blastula stage. Animal cells smaller at dorsal than at ventral side. Border between marginal zone and vegetative field distinct, particularly dorsally, owing to difference in cell size. Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000019 NF stage 9 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 9, corresponding to an embryo of age 7 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Fine-cell blastula stage. Animal cells smaller at dorsal than at ventral side. Border between marginal zone and vegetative field distinct, particularly dorsally, owing to difference in cell size. Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 10, corresponding to an embryo of age 9 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Initial gastrula stage. First indication of blastopore only by pigment concentration. No formation of groove. Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000020 NF stage 10 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 10, corresponding to an embryo of age 9 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Initial gastrula stage. First indication of blastopore only by pigment concentration. No formation of groove. Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 11, corresponding to an embryo of age 11 hr 45 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Horse-shoe-shaped blastopore stage. Blastopore groove surrounding about half of future yolk plug and indicated at its ventral side; future yolk plug often rounded rectangular, slightly elongated in dorso-ventral direction, diameter more than two-fifths of diameter of egg (plus or minus 50 degrees of circumference). Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000021 NF stage 11 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 11, corresponding to an embryo of age 11 hr 45 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Horse-shoe-shaped blastopore stage. Blastopore groove surrounding about half of future yolk plug and indicated at its ventral side; future yolk plug often rounded rectangular, slightly elongated in dorso-ventral direction, diameter more than two-fifths of diameter of egg (plus or minus 50 degrees of circumference). Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 12, corresponding to an embryo of age 13 hr 15 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Medium yolk plug stage. Yolk plug circular; diameter somewhat less than one fourth of diameter of egg (plus or minus 25 degrees). More and less pigmented fields radiating from yolk plug. Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000022 NF stage 12 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 12, corresponding to an embryo of age 13 hr 15 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Medium yolk plug stage. Yolk plug circular; diameter somewhat less than one fourth of diameter of egg (plus or minus 25 degrees). More and less pigmented fields radiating from yolk plug. Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 13, corresponding to an embryo of age 14 hr 45 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Slit-blastopore stage. Neural plate faintly delimited; slight elevation of its rostral part and slight flattening of its caudal part. Caudal part of median groove formed. Length: 1.5 - 1.6 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000023 NF stage 13 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 13, corresponding to an embryo of age 14 hr 45 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Slit-blastopore stage. Neural plate faintly delimited; slight elevation of its rostral part and slight flattening of its caudal part. Caudal part of median groove formed. Length: 1.5 - 1.6 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 14, corresponding to an embryo of age 16 hr 15 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Neural plate stage. Cerebral part of neural plate bent downwards, with median elevation at rostral end of median groove. Initial elevation of neural folds, most pronounced in future nucal region. Blastopore always slit-shaped. Length: 1.5 - 1.6 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000024 NF stage 14 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 14, corresponding to an embryo of age 16 hr 15 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Neural plate stage. Cerebral part of neural plate bent downwards, with median elevation at rostral end of median groove. Initial elevation of neural folds, most pronounced in future nucal region. Blastopore always slit-shaped. Length: 1.5 - 1.6 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 15, corresponding to an embryo of age 17 hr 30 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Early neural fold stage. Presumptive cement gland faintly circumscribed. Anterior part of neural plate roundish. Neural folds distinct, except medio-rostrally; initial formation of sharp inner ridges on neural folds in rhombencephalic region. Length: 1.5 - 1.6 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000025 NF stage 15 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 15, corresponding to an embryo of age 17 hr 30 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Early neural fold stage. Presumptive cement gland faintly circumscribed. Anterior part of neural plate roundish. Neural folds distinct, except medio-rostrally; initial formation of sharp inner ridges on neural folds in rhombencephalic region. Length: 1.5 - 1.6 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 16, corresponding to an embryo of age 18 hr 15 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Mid neural fold stage. Anterior part of neural plate rectangular; darkly pigmented eye anlagen present; neural plate sharply constricted in the middle. Inner ridges on neural folds forming angle of about 90 degrees with neural plate in rhombencephalic region. Length: 1.5 - 1.6 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000026 NF stage 16 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 16, corresponding to an embryo of age 18 hr 15 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Mid neural fold stage. Anterior part of neural plate rectangular; darkly pigmented eye anlagen present; neural plate sharply constricted in the middle. Inner ridges on neural folds forming angle of about 90 degrees with neural plate in rhombencephalic region. Length: 1.5 - 1.6 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 17, corresponding to an embryo of age 18 hr 45 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Late neural fold stage. Anterior part of neural plate oblong triangular, angles formed by eye anlagen. Neural folds approaching each other from blastopore up to anterior trunk region. Length: 1.5 - 1.6 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000027 NF stage 17 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 17, corresponding to an embryo of age 18 hr 45 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Late neural fold stage. Anterior part of neural plate oblong triangular, angles formed by eye anlagen. Neural folds approaching each other from blastopore up to anterior trunk region. Length: 1.5 - 1.6 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 2-, corresponding to an embryo of age 1 hr 15 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Beginning of first cleavage. First cleavage groove has not yet reached vegetal pole. Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000028 NF stage 2- Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 2-, corresponding to an embryo of age 1 hr 15 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Beginning of first cleavage. First cleavage groove has not yet reached vegetal pole. Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 6.5, corresponding to an embryo of age 3 hr 30 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Morula stage. About 48 blastomeres. In animal view about 6 micromeres along meridian. Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm. UBERON:0000085 xenopus_developmental_stage morula XAO:1000029 NF stage 6.5 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 6.5, corresponding to an embryo of age 3 hr 30 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Morula stage. About 48 blastomeres. In animal view about 6 micromeres along meridian. Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm. ISBN:0815318960 morula ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 10.25, corresponding to an embryo of age 10 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Early gastrula stage. First formation of dorsal blastopore groove; the groove is still straight. Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm. NF stage 10+ xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000030 NF stage 10.25 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 10.25, corresponding to an embryo of age 10 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Early gastrula stage. First formation of dorsal blastopore groove; the groove is still straight. Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 10.5, corresponding to an embryo of age 11 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Crescent-shaped blastopore stage. Blastopore groove angular. Vegetal field slightly decreased in size, ventral border of future yolk plug indicated by pigment contraction. Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000031 NF stage 10.5 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 10.5, corresponding to an embryo of age 11 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Crescent-shaped blastopore stage. Blastopore groove angular. Vegetal field slightly decreased in size, ventral border of future yolk plug indicated by pigment contraction. Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 11.5, corresponding to an embryo of age 12 hr 30 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Large yolk plug stage. Blastopore groove closed ventrally; yolk plug not yet quite circular. At ventral side concentrated superficial pigment still visible. Diameter of yolk plug about a third of diameter of egg (plus or minus 40 degrees). Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000032 NF stage 11.5 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 11.5, corresponding to an embryo of age 12 hr 30 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Large yolk plug stage. Blastopore groove closed ventrally; yolk plug not yet quite circular. At ventral side concentrated superficial pigment still visible. Diameter of yolk plug about a third of diameter of egg (plus or minus 40 degrees). Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 12.5, corresponding to an embryo of age 14 hr 15 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Small yolk plug stage. Future position of neural plate and median groove indicated by darker pigment lines. Yolk plug usually ovoid, variable in size. Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000033 NF stage 12.5 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 12.5, corresponding to an embryo of age 14 hr 15 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Small yolk plug stage. Future position of neural plate and median groove indicated by darker pigment lines. Yolk plug usually ovoid, variable in size. Length: 1.4 - 1.5 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 18, corresponding to an embryo of age 19 hr 45 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Neural groove stage. Anterior part of neural plate narrow, more or less club-shaped, often narrower towards rostral end. Parallel neural folds in trunk region very close to each other, not yet touching. Length: 1.5 - 1.6 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000034 NF stage 18 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 18, corresponding to an embryo of age 19 hr 45 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Neural groove stage. Anterior part of neural plate narrow, more or less club-shaped, often narrower towards rostral end. Parallel neural folds in trunk region very close to each other, not yet touching. Length: 1.5 - 1.6 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 19, corresponding to an embryo of age 20 hr 45 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Initial neural tube stage. Neural folds touching each other, except for inconstant openings at anterior and posterior end and behind nucal region. Considerable lateral extension of brain. Lateral outline of embryo still convex. Length: 1.5 - 1.6 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000035 NF stage 19 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 19, corresponding to an embryo of age 20 hr 45 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Initial neural tube stage. Neural folds touching each other, except for inconstant openings at anterior and posterior end and behind nucal region. Considerable lateral extension of brain. Lateral outline of embryo still convex. Length: 1.5 - 1.6 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 20, corresponding to an embryo of age 21 hr 45 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Neural folds fused, suture still present. The two eye anlagen showing through dumb-bell-shaped, eyes hardly protruding. Beginning of stretching of embryos. Lateral outline flat. Length: 1.7 - 1.8 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000036 NF stage 20 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 20, corresponding to an embryo of age 21 hr 45 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Neural folds fused, suture still present. The two eye anlagen showing through dumb-bell-shaped, eyes hardly protruding. Beginning of stretching of embryos. Lateral outline flat. Length: 1.7 - 1.8 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 21, corresponding to an embryo of age 22 hr 30 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Suture of neural tube completely closed. Delimitation of frontal field by pigment lines. Primary eye vesicles showing through in the form of two separate, obliquely placed oval spots; beginning of protrusion of eyes. Lateral outline of embryo just becoming concave, ventral outline flat. Length: 1.9 - 2.0 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000037 NF stage 21 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 21, corresponding to an embryo of age 22 hr 30 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Suture of neural tube completely closed. Delimitation of frontal field by pigment lines. Primary eye vesicles showing through in the form of two separate, obliquely placed oval spots; beginning of protrusion of eyes. Lateral outline of embryo just becoming concave, ventral outline flat. Length: 1.9 - 2.0 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 22, corresponding to an embryo of age 24 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Distinct protrusion of eyes. Initial groove between jaw- and gill-areas only at latero-dorsal side. Lateral and ventral outlines of embryo slightly concave. Anal opening displaced to ventral side. Vitelline membrane becoming wider. Length: 2.0 - 2.2 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000038 NF stage 22 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 22, corresponding to an embryo of age 24 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Distinct protrusion of eyes. Initial groove between jaw- and gill-areas only at latero-dorsal side. Lateral and ventral outlines of embryo slightly concave. Anal opening displaced to ventral side. Vitelline membrane becoming wider. Length: 2.0 - 2.2 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 23, corresponding to an embryo of age 1 day, 45 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Jaw- and gill-areas completely separated by groove. Ventral outline of embryo more concave. Length: 2.2 - 2.4 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000039 NF stage 23 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 23, corresponding to an embryo of age 1 day, 45 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Jaw- and gill-areas completely separated by groove. Ventral outline of embryo more concave. Length: 2.2 - 2.4 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 24, corresponding to an embryo of age 1 day, 2 hr 15 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Eyes protruding less far laterally than gill-area. Gill-area more prominent than jaw-area, gill-area not yet grooved. Ventral outline of embryo nicked. Tail bud discernible. Initial motor reactions to external stimulation. Length: 2.5 - 2.7 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000040 NF stage 24 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 24, corresponding to an embryo of age 1 day, 2 hr 15 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Eyes protruding less far laterally than gill-area. Gill-area more prominent than jaw-area, gill-area not yet grooved. Ventral outline of embryo nicked. Tail bud discernible. Initial motor reactions to external stimulation. Length: 2.5 - 2.7 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 25, corresponding to an embryo of age 1 day, 3 hr 30 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Eyes protruding equally far or further laterally than gill-area. Gill-area grooved. Invagination of otic vesicle indicated by pigment spot. Beginning of fin formation. Length: 2.8 - 3.0 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000041 NF stage 25 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 25, corresponding to an embryo of age 1 day, 3 hr 30 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Eyes protruding equally far or further laterally than gill-area. Gill-area grooved. Invagination of otic vesicle indicated by pigment spot. Beginning of fin formation. Length: 2.8 - 3.0 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 26, corresponding to an embryo of age 1 day, 5 hr 30 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Otic vesicle protruding. Pronephros distinctly visible. Myotomes showing through for the first time. Fin somewhat broadened at dorso-caudal end of body. Beginning of spontaneous movements. Length: 3.0 - 3.3 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000042 NF stage 26 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 26, corresponding to an embryo of age 1 day, 5 hr 30 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Otic vesicle protruding. Pronephros distinctly visible. Myotomes showing through for the first time. Fin somewhat broadened at dorso-caudal end of body. Beginning of spontaneous movements. Length: 3.0 - 3.3 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 27, corresponding to an embryo of age 1 day, 7 hr 15 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Lateral flattening of eyes. Fin transluscent, except for region behind anus. Tail bud formation accentuated in lateral outline. Length: 3.4 - 3.7 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000043 NF stage 27 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 27, corresponding to an embryo of age 1 day, 7 hr 15 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Lateral flattening of eyes. Fin transluscent, except for region behind anus. Tail bud formation accentuated in lateral outline. Length: 3.4 - 3.7 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 28, corresponding to an embryo of age 1 day, 8 hr 30 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Fin extending up to anus. Fin broadened and distinctly divided into outer transparent and inner translucent band. Length: 3.8 - 4.0 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000044 NF stage 28 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 28, corresponding to an embryo of age 1 day, 8 hr 30 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Fin extending up to anus. Fin broadened and distinctly divided into outer transparent and inner translucent band. Length: 3.8 - 4.0 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 29/30, corresponding to an embryo of age 1 day, 11 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Gray eye cup showing through for the first time. Fin transparent up to the base over its whole length. Tail bud distinct. Length: 4.0 - 4.5 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000045 NF stage 29 and 30 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 29/30, corresponding to an embryo of age 1 day, 11 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Gray eye cup showing through for the first time. Fin transparent up to the base over its whole length. Tail bud distinct. Length: 4.0 - 4.5 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 31, corresponding to an embryo of age 1 day, 13 hr 30 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Tail bud equally long as broad. Length: 4.2 - 4.8 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000046 NF stage 31 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 31, corresponding to an embryo of age 1 day, 13 hr 30 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Tail bud equally long as broad. Length: 4.2 - 4.8 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 32, corresponding to an embryo of age 1 day, 16 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Eye cup horse-shoe-shaped, standing out distinctly. Length of tail bud about 1.5 times its breadth. Length: 4.5 - 5.1 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000047 NF stage 32 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 32, corresponding to an embryo of age 1 day, 16 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Eye cup horse-shoe-shaped, standing out distinctly. Length of tail bud about 1.5 times its breadth. Length: 4.5 - 5.1 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 33/34, corresponding to an embryo of age 1 day, 20 hr 30 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Stomodeal invagination a shallow vertical groove. Dorsal part of eye more pigmented than ventral part; distinct melanophores in dorsal part. Melanophores appearing dorsally on the head and laterally in a row extending from just below the pronephros backwards. Length of tail bud about twice its breadth. Beginning of heart beat. Length: 4.7 - 5.3 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000048 NF stage 33 and 34 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 33/34, corresponding to an embryo of age 1 day, 20 hr 30 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Stomodeal invagination a shallow vertical groove. Dorsal part of eye more pigmented than ventral part; distinct melanophores in dorsal part. Melanophores appearing dorsally on the head and laterally in a row extending from just below the pronephros backwards. Length of tail bud about twice its breadth. Beginning of heart beat. Length: 4.7 - 5.3 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 35/36, corresponding to an embryo of age 2 days, 2 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Stomodeal invagination roundish. Eye entirely black, choroid fissure nearly closed. Formation of two gill rudiments, anterior one nipple-shaped. Melanophores appearing on back. Posterior outline of proctodeum still curved. Length of tail bud about three times its breadth. Beginning of hatching. Length: 5.3 - 6.0 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000049 NF stage 35 and 36 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 35/36, corresponding to an embryo of age 2 days, 2 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Stomodeal invagination roundish. Eye entirely black, choroid fissure nearly closed. Formation of two gill rudiments, anterior one nipple-shaped. Melanophores appearing on back. Posterior outline of proctodeum still curved. Length of tail bud about three times its breadth. Beginning of hatching. Length: 5.3 - 6.0 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 37/38, corresponding to an embryo of age 2 days, 5 hr 30 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Stomodeal invagination much deeper, opening round. Both gill rudiments nipple-shaped, a branch of the anterior one indicated. Posterior outline of proctodeum straight, forming very obtuse angle with ventral border of tail myotomes. Melanophores spreading over tail. Length: 5.6 - 6.2 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000050 NF stage 37 and 38 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 37/38, corresponding to an embryo of age 2 days, 5 hr 30 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Stomodeal invagination much deeper, opening round. Both gill rudiments nipple-shaped, a branch of the anterior one indicated. Posterior outline of proctodeum straight, forming very obtuse angle with ventral border of tail myotomes. Melanophores spreading over tail. Length: 5.6 - 6.2 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 39, corresponding to an embryo of age 2 days, 8 hr 30 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Melanophores appearing around nasal pits. Opening of stomodeal invagination transversely elongated. Melanophores on back arranged in a superficial and a deeper layer. Outlines of proctodeum and tail myotomes forming angle of about 135 degrees. Melanophores appearing along ventral edge of tail musculature. Length: 5.9 - 6.5 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000051 NF stage 39 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 39, corresponding to an embryo of age 2 days, 8 hr 30 min at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Melanophores appearing around nasal pits. Opening of stomodeal invagination transversely elongated. Melanophores on back arranged in a superficial and a deeper layer. Outlines of proctodeum and tail myotomes forming angle of about 135 degrees. Melanophores appearing along ventral edge of tail musculature. Length: 5.9 - 6.5 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 40, corresponding to an embryo of age 2 days, 18 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Mouth broken through. Length of gills about twice their breadth, posterior one sometimes also showing a branch. Outlines of proctodeum and tail myotomes forming angles of 90 degrees. Beginning of blood circulation in gills. Length: 6.3 - 6.8 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000052 NF stage 40 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 40, corresponding to an embryo of age 2 days, 18 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Mouth broken through. Length of gills about twice their breadth, posterior one sometimes also showing a branch. Outlines of proctodeum and tail myotomes forming angles of 90 degrees. Beginning of blood circulation in gills. Length: 6.3 - 6.8 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 41, corresponding to an embryo of age 3 days, 4 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Gills broader and flatter, more laterally directed. Formation of a left-rostral and a right-caudal furrow in yolk mass; torsion of interjacent part about 45 degrees; formation of conical proctodeum, forming angle of about 60 degrees with tail myotomes. Formation of fin rostral to proctodeum; ventral outline of yolk mass and proctodeum a smooth concave line. Length: 6.7 - 7.5 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000053 NF stage 41 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 41, corresponding to an embryo of age 3 days, 4 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Gills broader and flatter, more laterally directed. Formation of a left-rostral and a right-caudal furrow in yolk mass; torsion of interjacent part about 45 degrees; formation of conical proctodeum, forming angle of about 60 degrees with tail myotomes. Formation of fin rostral to proctodeum; ventral outline of yolk mass and proctodeum a smooth concave line. Length: 6.7 - 7.5 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 42, corresponding to an embryo of age 3 days, 8 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Beginning of formation of opercular folds. Torsion of intestine about 90 degrees; proctodeum connected with yolk mass by short horizontal intestinal tube. Length: 7.0 - 7.7 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000054 NF stage 42 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 42, corresponding to an embryo of age 3 days, 8 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Beginning of formation of opercular folds. Torsion of intestine about 90 degrees; proctodeum connected with yolk mass by short horizontal intestinal tube. Length: 7.0 - 7.7 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 43, corresponding to an embryo of age 3 days, 15 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Lateral line system becoming visible externally. Cement gland losing its pigment. Torsion of intestine about 180 degrees; proctodeum narrower, arched or S-shaped. Length: 7.5 - 8.3 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000055 NF stage 43 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 43, corresponding to an embryo of age 3 days, 15 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Lateral line system becoming visible externally. Cement gland losing its pigment. Torsion of intestine about 180 degrees; proctodeum narrower, arched or S-shaped. Length: 7.5 - 8.3 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 44, corresponding to an embryo of age 3 days, 20 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Appearance of tentacle rudiments. Opercular folds protruding further. Coiling part of intestine showing S-shaped loop; torsion about 360 degrees. Blood-circulation in gills usually ceased (gills smaller). Length: 7.8 - 8.5 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000056 NF stage 44 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 44, corresponding to an embryo of age 3 days, 20 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Appearance of tentacle rudiments. Opercular folds protruding further. Coiling part of intestine showing S-shaped loop; torsion about 360 degrees. Blood-circulation in gills usually ceased (gills smaller). Length: 7.8 - 8.5 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 45, corresponding to a tadpole of age 4 days, 2 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Operculum partly covering gills, edge still straight. Intestine spiralized in ventral aspects, showing 1.5 revolutions. Beginning of feeding. Length: 8 - 10 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000057 NF stage 45 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 45, corresponding to a tadpole of age 4 days, 2 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Operculum partly covering gills, edge still straight. Intestine spiralized in ventral aspects, showing 1.5 revolutions. Beginning of feeding. Length: 8 - 10 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 46, corresponding to a tadpole of age 4 days, 10 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Edge of operculum becoming convex. Xantophores appearing on eye and abdomen. Intestine showing 2 to 2.5 revolutions. Hindlimb bud visible for the first time. Length: 9 - 12 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000058 NF stage 46 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 46, corresponding to a tadpole of age 4 days, 10 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Edge of operculum becoming convex. Xantophores appearing on eye and abdomen. Intestine showing 2 to 2.5 revolutions. Hindlimb bud visible for the first time. Length: 9 - 12 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 47, corresponding to a tadpole of age 5 days, 12 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Tentacles larger. Edge of operculum forming quarter of a circle. Xantophores forming opaque layer on abdomen. Intestine showing 2.5 to 3.5 revolutions. Hindlimb bud more distinct. Length: 12 - 15 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000059 NF stage 47 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 47, corresponding to a tadpole of age 5 days, 12 hr at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Tentacles larger. Edge of operculum forming quarter of a circle. Xantophores forming opaque layer on abdomen. Intestine showing 2.5 to 3.5 revolutions. Hindlimb bud more distinct. Length: 12 - 15 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 48, corresponding to a tadpole of age 7.5 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Beginning of pigmentation around n. acusticus. Forelimb bud visible for the first time. Shining gold-coloured abdomen. Hindlimb bud semicircular in lateral aspect. Length: 14 - 17 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000060 NF stage 48 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 48, corresponding to a tadpole of age 7.5 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Beginning of pigmentation around n. acusticus. Forelimb bud visible for the first time. Shining gold-coloured abdomen. Hindlimb bud semicircular in lateral aspect. Length: 14 - 17 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 49, corresponding to a tadpole of age about 12 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Melanophores usually appearing around thymus gland and nerves and blood vessels of head; xantophores appearing on pericard. Forelimb bud distinct. Hindlimb bud somewhat longer, distal outline still circular, no constrictions at base. Melanophores appearing on dorsal and ventral fin. Length: 17 - 23 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000061 NF stage 49 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 49, corresponding to a tadpole of age about 12 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Melanophores usually appearing around thymus gland and nerves and blood vessels of head; xantophores appearing on pericard. Forelimb bud distinct. Hindlimb bud somewhat longer, distal outline still circular, no constrictions at base. Melanophores appearing on dorsal and ventral fin. Length: 17 - 23 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 50, corresponding to a tadpole of age about 15 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Forelimb bud somewhat oval-shaped in dorsal aspect. Hindlimb bud longer than broad, constricted at base, distal outline somewhat conical. Length: 20 - 27 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000062 NF stage 50 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 50, corresponding to a tadpole of age about 15 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Forelimb bud somewhat oval-shaped in dorsal aspect. Hindlimb bud longer than broad, constricted at base, distal outline somewhat conical. Length: 20 - 27 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 51, corresponding to a tadpole of age about 17 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Tentacles much longer. Forelimb bud oval-shaped in lateral aspect. Hindlimb bud conical in shape, its length about 1.5 times its breadth; melanophores appearing on it. Length: 28 - 36 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000063 NF stage 51 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 51, corresponding to a tadpole of age about 17 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Tentacles much longer. Forelimb bud oval-shaped in lateral aspect. Hindlimb bud conical in shape, its length about 1.5 times its breadth; melanophores appearing on it. Length: 28 - 36 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 52, corresponding to a tadpole of age about 21 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Forelimb bud irregularly conical. Hindlimb bud showing first indication of ankle constriction and first sign of flattening of foot. Length: 42 - 56 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000064 NF stage 52 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 52, corresponding to a tadpole of age about 21 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Forelimb bud irregularly conical. Hindlimb bud showing first indication of ankle constriction and first sign of flattening of foot. Length: 42 - 56 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 53, corresponding to a tadpole of age about 24 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Fore- and hindlimbs in paddle stage. Hindlimb whithout foot somewhat longer than broad; 4th and 5th toe indicated. Length: 50 - 60 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000065 NF stage 53 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 53, corresponding to a tadpole of age about 24 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Fore- and hindlimbs in paddle stage. Hindlimb whithout foot somewhat longer than broad; 4th and 5th toe indicated. Length: 50 - 60 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 54, corresponding to a tadpole of age about 26 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: All four fingers indicated; edge of hand slightly scalloped between fingers; melanophores appearing on forelimb. Length of hindlimb without foot nearly twice its breadth; all five toes indicated, the second only very slightly. Length: 58 - 65 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000066 NF stage 54 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 54, corresponding to a tadpole of age about 26 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: All four fingers indicated; edge of hand slightly scalloped between fingers; melanophores appearing on forelimb. Length of hindlimb without foot nearly twice its breadth; all five toes indicated, the second only very slightly. Length: 58 - 65 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 55, corresponding to a tadpole of age about 32 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Hand pronated about 90 degrees; free parts of fingers about equally long as broad. Length of hindlimb without foot about 3 times its breadth; length of cartilages of 4th and 5th toe about 4 times their breadth. Length: 70 - 80 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000067 NF stage 55 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 55, corresponding to a tadpole of age about 32 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Hand pronated about 90 degrees; free parts of fingers about equally long as broad. Length of hindlimb without foot about 3 times its breadth; length of cartilages of 4th and 5th toe about 4 times their breadth. Length: 70 - 80 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 56, corresponding to a tadpole of age about 38 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Elbow and wrist clearly indicated; length of free parts of fingers 3 to 4 times their breadth. Length of cartilages of 4th and 5th toe about 6 times their breadth. Length: 70 - 100 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000068 NF stage 56 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 56, corresponding to a tadpole of age about 38 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Elbow and wrist clearly indicated; length of free parts of fingers 3 to 4 times their breadth. Length of cartilages of 4th and 5th toe about 6 times their breadth. Length: 70 - 100 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 57, corresponding to a tadpole of age about 41 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Pigment-free spot appearing above "Stirnorgan". Angle of elbow more than 90 degrees; fingers stretched out in forelimb atrium, their length about 7 times their breadth. Length: 75 - 105 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000069 NF stage 57 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 57, corresponding to a tadpole of age about 41 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Pigment-free spot appearing above "Stirnorgan". Angle of elbow more than 90 degrees; fingers stretched out in forelimb atrium, their length about 7 times their breadth. Length: 75 - 105 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 58, corresponding to a tadpole of age about 44 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Forelimbs broken through. Guanophores appearing on abdomen and thighs (adult skin areas). All three claws present on hindlimbs. Length: 80 - 110 mm. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000070 NF stage 58 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 58, corresponding to a tadpole of age about 44 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Forelimbs broken through. Guanophores appearing on abdomen and thighs (adult skin areas). All three claws present on hindlimbs. Length: 80 - 110 mm. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 59, corresponding to a tadpole of age about 45 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Tentacles beginning to shrivel up. Stretched forelimb reaching down to base of hindlimb. Guanophores appearing near base of forelimb (adult skin area); anterior border of adult skin area on abdomen not yet sharp; appearance of irregular dark spots on back. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000071 NF stage 59 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 59, corresponding to a tadpole of age about 45 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Tentacles beginning to shrivel up. Stretched forelimb reaching down to base of hindlimb. Guanophores appearing near base of forelimb (adult skin area); anterior border of adult skin area on abdomen not yet sharp; appearance of irregular dark spots on back. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 60, corresponding to a tadpole of age about 46 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: N. olfactorius still longer than bulbus olfactorius. Guanophores appearing on lower jaw (adult skin area). Openings of gill chambers still wide. Distal half of fingers of stretched forelimb extending beyond base of hindlimb; forelimb still situated behind level of heart. Adult skin area of base of forelimb covered with guanophores; anterior border of adult skin area on abdomen sharper, reaching up to heart. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000072 NF stage 60 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 60, corresponding to a tadpole of age about 46 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: N. olfactorius still longer than bulbus olfactorius. Guanophores appearing on lower jaw (adult skin area). Openings of gill chambers still wide. Distal half of fingers of stretched forelimb extending beyond base of hindlimb; forelimb still situated behind level of heart. Adult skin area of base of forelimb covered with guanophores; anterior border of adult skin area on abdomen sharper, reaching up to heart. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 61, corresponding to a tadpole of age about 48 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Head narrower. Tentacles considerably shortened, mostly curved backwards. Length of n. olfactorius equal to diameter of bulbus olfactorius. 4th arterial arch seen just in front of adult skin area of forelimb. Openings of gill chambers considerably narrowed. Forelimb at level of posterior half of heart. Adult skin area on abdomen covering posterior half of heart. Fins considerably reduced. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000073 NF stage 61 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 61, corresponding to a tadpole of age about 48 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Head narrower. Tentacles considerably shortened, mostly curved backwards. Length of n. olfactorius equal to diameter of bulbus olfactorius. 4th arterial arch seen just in front of adult skin area of forelimb. Openings of gill chambers considerably narrowed. Forelimb at level of posterior half of heart. Adult skin area on abdomen covering posterior half of heart. Fins considerably reduced. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 62, corresponding to a tadpole of age about 49 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Head still somewhat broader than cranial part of trunk. Tentacles short, straight. N. olfactorius shorter than diameter of bulbus olfactorius. Corner of mouth still in front of eye. Thymus gland somewhat protruding. 3rd arterial arch ("larval aorta") seen at distance of its own diameter in front of adult skin area of forelimb. Opening of operculum reduced to curved slit. Forelimb at level of middle of heart. Anterior border of adult skin area on abdomen entirely sharp, mostly nicked medially. Ventral fin disappeared from abdomen. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000074 NF stage 62 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 62, corresponding to a tadpole of age about 49 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Head still somewhat broader than cranial part of trunk. Tentacles short, straight. N. olfactorius shorter than diameter of bulbus olfactorius. Corner of mouth still in front of eye. Thymus gland somewhat protruding. 3rd arterial arch ("larval aorta") seen at distance of its own diameter in front of adult skin area of forelimb. Opening of operculum reduced to curved slit. Forelimb at level of middle of heart. Anterior border of adult skin area on abdomen entirely sharp, mostly nicked medially. Ventral fin disappeared from abdomen. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 63, corresponding to a tadpole of age about 51 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Head narrower than trunk. Tentacles mostly disappeared. Corner of mouth at level of caudal border of eye. "Larval aorta" and thymus gland no longer externally visible. Operculum closed. Adult skin areas on abdomen and lower jaw separated by narrow band of larval skin. Forelimb at level of anterior half of heart. Fin mostly perforated near anus. Tail still slightly longer than body. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000075 NF stage 63 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 63, corresponding to a tadpole of age about 51 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Head narrower than trunk. Tentacles mostly disappeared. Corner of mouth at level of caudal border of eye. "Larval aorta" and thymus gland no longer externally visible. Operculum closed. Adult skin areas on abdomen and lower jaw separated by narrow band of larval skin. Forelimb at level of anterior half of heart. Fin mostly perforated near anus. Tail still slightly longer than body. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 64, corresponding to a tadpole of age about 53 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Corner of mouth well behind eye. Various adult skin areas joined almost everywhere, borderlines still clearly visible. Length of tail (from anus) is a third of body length. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000076 NF stage 64 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 64, corresponding to a tadpole of age about 53 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Corner of mouth well behind eye. Various adult skin areas joined almost everywhere, borderlines still clearly visible. Length of tail (from anus) is a third of body length. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 65, corresponding to a tadpole of age about 54 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Borderlines between adult skin areas partly disappeared. Tail oblong triangular in dorsal aspect, length abouth one tenth of body length. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000077 NF stage 65 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 65, corresponding to a tadpole of age about 54 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Borderlines between adult skin areas partly disappeared. Tail oblong triangular in dorsal aspect, length abouth one tenth of body length. ISBN:0815318960 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 66, corresponding to a tadpole of age about 58 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Border lines between adult skin areas disappeared. Tail only a very small triangle, no longer visible from ventral side. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000078 NF stage 66 Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 66, corresponding to a tadpole of age about 58 days at 22-24 Celsius and having the following external morphological criteria: Border lines between adult skin areas disappeared. Tail only a very small triangle, no longer visible from ventral side. ISBN:0815318960 Tadpole stage during which toe differentiation and rapid hindlimb growth continue, followed by tail resorption; comprising Nieuwkoop and Faber stages 54 to 66. metamorphosing tadpole xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000079 metamorphosing tadpole stage Tadpole stage during which toe differentiation and rapid hindlimb growth continue, followed by tail resorption; comprising Nieuwkoop and Faber stages 54 to 66. Bgee:curator ISBN:0815318960 Tailbud stage that refers to the later events associated with this stage, comprising Nieuwkoop and Faber stages 29/30 to 44. late tailbud xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000080 late tailbud stage Tailbud stage that refers to the later events associated with this stage, comprising Nieuwkoop and Faber stages 29/30 to 44. Bgee:curator ISBN:0815318960 Unspecified Xenopus developmental stage. xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000081 unspecified stage Unspecified Xenopus developmental stage. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Any of the stages of the developing or mature Xenopus female gamete. unfertilized egg xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000082 unfertilized egg stage Any of the stages of the developing or mature Xenopus female gamete. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The pre-vitellogenic stage of the developing female gamete. lab 2011-09-09T02:23:46Z xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000083 oocyte stage I The pre-vitellogenic stage of the developing female gamete. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The early vitellogenic stage of the developing female gamete. lab 2011-09-09T02:24:37Z xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000084 oocyte stage II The early vitellogenic stage of the developing female gamete. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The mid-vitellogenic stage of the developing female gamete. lab 2011-09-09T02:24:56Z xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000085 oocyte stage III The mid-vitellogenic stage of the developing female gamete. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The stage of the developing female gamete that corresponds to the establishment of polarization along the animal-vegetal axis of the gamete. lab 2011-09-09T02:25:13Z xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000086 oocyte stage IV The stage of the developing female gamete that corresponds to the establishment of polarization along the animal-vegetal axis of the gamete. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The late-vitellogenic stage of the developing female gamete. lab 2011-09-09T02:25:43Z xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000087 oocyte stage V The late-vitellogenic stage of the developing female gamete. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 The developmental stage of the female gamete at which the gamete is fully grown. lab 2011-09-09T02:26:43Z xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000088 oocyte stage VI The developmental stage of the female gamete at which the gamete is fully grown. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Tadpole stage during which limb bud growth occurs, comprising Nieuwkoop and Faber stages 45 to 54. premetamorphosis xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000089 premetamorphosis stage Tadpole stage during which limb bud growth occurs, comprising Nieuwkoop and Faber stages 45 to 54. ISBN:0124554032 Metamorphosing tadpole stage during which toe differentiation and rapid hindlimb growth continue, comprising Nieuwkoop and Faber stages 55 to 57. prometamorphosis xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000090 prometamorphosis stage Metamorphosing tadpole stage during which toe differentiation and rapid hindlimb growth continue, comprising Nieuwkoop and Faber stages 55 to 57. ISBN:0124554032 Metamorphosing tadpole stage during which tail resorption occurs, comprising Nieuwkoop and Faber stages 58 to 66. climax xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000091 climax stage Metamorphosing tadpole stage during which tail resorption occurs, comprising Nieuwkoop and Faber stages 58 to 66. ISBN:0124554032 The developmental stage of the female gamete at which the gamete has reached maturity. lab 2011-09-09T02:32:08Z xenopus_developmental_stage mature egg XAO:1000092 mature egg stage The developmental stage of the female gamete at which the gamete has reached maturity. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Xenopus developmental stage that corresponds to a fully formed, mature animal. lab 2011-09-19T01:53:23Z adult frog xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000093 adult frog stage Xenopus developmental stage that corresponds to a fully formed, mature animal. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Xenopus developmental stage that is one of the 66 standard chronological embryonic and tadpole stages originally described by Nieuwkoop and Faber in the Normal Table of Xenopus laevis (Daudin). eriksegerdell 2013-02-09T18:40:27Z Nieuwkoop and Faber stage Nieuwkoop-Faber stage xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000094 NF stage Xenopus developmental stage that is one of the 66 standard chronological embryonic and tadpole stages originally described by Nieuwkoop and Faber in the Normal Table of Xenopus laevis (Daudin). ISBN:0815318960 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279 Xenopus developmental stage that succeeds the embryonic stage. UBERON:0000092 xenopus_developmental_stage XAO:1000095 post-embryonic stage Xenopus developmental stage that succeeds the embryonic stage. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-1279