XAO represents the anatomy and development of the African frogs Xenopus laevis and tropicalis. Xenopus Anatomy Ontology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ * XAO:$sequence(7,5000,9999999)$ 29:08:2022 16:30 xenopus_anatomy 1.2 eriksegerdell CARO part_of NCBITaxon:8353 CL part_of NCBITaxon:8353 GO part_of NCBITaxon:8353 UBERON part_of NCBITaxon:8353 Citation for XAO v1 by Xenbase: Segerdell E, Bowes JB, Pollet N, Vize PD; BMC Dev Biol 2008 8:92; PMID:18817563. Citation for XAO v3 by Xenbase: Segerdell E, Ponferrada VG, James-Zorn C, Burns KA, Fortriede JD, Dahdul WM, Vize PD, Zorn AM; J Biomed Semantics 2013 4(1):31; PMID:24139024. Supported by NIH R01 HD045776 and NICHD P41 HD064556. Version: 10.0 definition term replaced by PLURAL Anatomical Site slim Frequently Used Anatomy slim Organism View slim Sectional Anatomy Item slim namespace-id-rule subset_property synonym_type_property consider has_alternative_id has_broad_synonym database_cross_reference has_exact_synonym has_narrow_synonym has_obo_format_version has_obo_namespace has_related_synonym has_synonym_type in_subset shorthand treat-xrefs-as-genus-differentia BFO:0000050 xenopus_anatomy part_of part_of part of RO:0002202 xenopus_anatomy develops_from develops_from develops from Anatomical structure/expression stops being viable, obvious or of utility during this developmental stage. xenopus_anatomy end_stage ends during Anatomical structure/expression stops being viable, obvious or of utility during this developmental stage. XAO:curators xenopus_anatomy preceded_by preceded by Anatomical structure/expression begins being viable, obvious or of utility during this developmental stage. xenopus_anatomy start_stage starts during Anatomical structure/expression begins being viable, obvious or of utility during this developmental stage. XAO:curators An entity that is either an individual member of Xenopus or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of Xenopus. CARO:0000000 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000000 Xenopus anatomical entity An entity that is either an individual member of Xenopus or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of Xenopus. CARO:0000000 XAO:EJS Primary germ layer that is the outer of the embryo's germ layers and gives rise to epidermis and neural tissue. UBERON:0000924 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000001 ectoderm Primary germ layer that is the outer of the embryo's germ layers and gives rise to epidermis and neural tissue. http://dictionary.reference.com/medical/ectoderm Surface structure that has an important role in tadpole locomotion. It starts to develop along the trunk and tail of the embryo at the tail bud stage and continues to grow until the start of metamorphosis when it begins to regress. It consists of flattened epidermal cells elevated into a keel-like structure by a supporting core of mesenchyme and extracellular matrix. UBERON:0008897 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000002 fin Surface structure that has an important role in tadpole locomotion. It starts to develop along the trunk and tail of the embryo at the tail bud stage and continues to grow until the start of metamorphosis when it begins to regress. It consists of flattened epidermal cells elevated into a keel-like structure by a supporting core of mesenchyme and extracellular matrix. PMID:15188431 Part of the fin consisting of flattened epidermal cells elevated into a keel-like structure. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000003 outer fin Part of the fin consisting of flattened epidermal cells elevated into a keel-like structure. PMID:15188431 Part of the fin consisting of a supporting core of mesenchyme and extracellular matrix. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000004 inner fin Part of the fin consisting of a supporting core of mesenchyme and extracellular matrix. PMID:15188431 A thick plate of cells derived from the neural ectoderm in the head region of the embryo that develops into the olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity. UBERON:0003050 xenopus_anatomy nasal placode XAO:0000005 olfactory placode A thick plate of cells derived from the neural ectoderm in the head region of the embryo that develops into the olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/olfactory+placode The saccular invagination of ectoderm from which the vertebrate inner ear develops. XAO:0000184 ear UBERON:0003051 xenopus_anatomy ear vesicle otocyst XAO:0000006 otic vesicle The saccular invagination of ectoderm from which the vertebrate inner ear develops. UBERON:0003051 A surface structure consisting of a set of membranes that cover and protect the eye. UBERON:0001713 ventral eyelid xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000007 lower eyelid A surface structure consisting of a set of membranes that cover and protect the eye. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog Transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that, along with the cornea, helps to refract light to be focused on the retina. UBERON:0000965 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000008 lens Transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that, along with the cornea, helps to refract light to be focused on the retina. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(anatomy) Sensory membrane that lines the posterior chamber of the eye and functions as the immediate instrument of vision by receiving the image formed by the lens and converting it into chemical and nervous signals which reach the brain by way of the optic nerve. UBERON:0000966 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000009 retina Sensory membrane that lines the posterior chamber of the eye and functions as the immediate instrument of vision by receiving the image formed by the lens and converting it into chemical and nervous signals which reach the brain by way of the optic nerve. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/retina Organ that is a component of the central nervous system and is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses. It appears when the neural tube segregates in forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain at NF stage 22. The general pattern of the brain has been mainly established at NF stage 28. Yolky material is consumed and the fibre tracts and later the commissures develop. In general all of its parts are well developed at NF stage 53 and later development consists mainly of growth and some further cytological differentiation. In the period of metamorphosis only topographical changes take place. UBERON:0000955 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000010 brain Organ that is a component of the central nervous system and is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses. It appears when the neural tube segregates in forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain at NF stage 22. The general pattern of the brain has been mainly established at NF stage 28. Yolky material is consumed and the fibre tracts and later the commissures develop. In general all of its parts are well developed at NF stage 53 and later development consists mainly of growth and some further cytological differentiation. In the period of metamorphosis only topographical changes take place. ISBN:0815318960 http://dictionary.reference.com/medical/brain The part of the brain that is the anterior of its three primary divisions and that includes the telencephalon and diencephalon. UBERON:0001890 xenopus_anatomy prosencephalon XAO:0000011 forebrain The part of the brain that is the anterior of its three primary divisions and that includes the telencephalon and diencephalon. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/forebrain Part of the forebrain consisting of paired olfactory bulbs and cerebral hemispheres. UBERON:0001893 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000012 telencephalon Part of the forebrain consisting of paired olfactory bulbs and cerebral hemispheres. AAO:0010479 A division of the forebrain situated between the telencephalon and midbrain. In the developing brain it is the more posterior and ventral of two forebrain neuromeres, the other being the telencephalon; major derivatives are the eye vescile, the brain pretectal region, the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus (including the habenula and epiphysis). UBERON:0001894 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000013 diencephalon A division of the forebrain situated between the telencephalon and midbrain. In the developing brain it is the more posterior and ventral of two forebrain neuromeres, the other being the telencephalon; major derivatives are the eye vescile, the brain pretectal region, the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus (including the habenula and epiphysis). XAO:curators Middle part of the brain composed of the optic tectum and penducular region. UBERON:0001891 xenopus_anatomy mesencephalon XAO:0000014 midbrain Middle part of the brain composed of the optic tectum and penducular region. AAO:0010149 The part of the brain that is the posterior of its three primary divisions. UBERON:0002028 xenopus_anatomy rhombencephalon XAO:0000015 hindbrain The part of the brain that is the posterior of its three primary divisions. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/hindbrain The part of the brain that is the morphological boundary between the midbrain and hindbrain and that is the location of an organizing center which patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate. UBERON:0003052 MHB xenopus_anatomy isthmic organizer territory isthmus XAO:0000016 midbrain-hindbrain boundary The part of the brain that is the morphological boundary between the midbrain and hindbrain and that is the location of an organizing center which patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate. UBERON:0003052 An endocrine gland, located ventral to the diencephalon, that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands. XAO:0000161 UBERON:0000007 Hyp xenopus_anatomy pituitary pituitary gland XAO:0000017 hypophysis An endocrine gland, located ventral to the diencephalon, that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands. UBERON:0000007 Portion of tissue that is the precursor to the gonads. UBERON:0005294 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000018 genital ridge Portion of tissue that is the precursor to the gonads. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadal_ridge Elongated, approximately cylindrical part of the central nervous system that lies in the vertebral canal and from which the spinal nerves emerge. UBERON:0002240 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000020 spinal cord Elongated, approximately cylindrical part of the central nervous system that lies in the vertebral canal and from which the spinal nerves emerge. http://dictionary.reference.com/medical/spinal+cord Proliferative region that is part of the ventricular system of the brain. UBERON:0003053 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000021 ventricular zone Proliferative region that is part of the ventricular system of the brain. VHOG:0001224 Organizing center located at the dorsal midline of the neural tube that influences the development of the nervous system, controlling the specification and differentiation of dorsal neuronal cell types. UBERON:0005724 roofplate xenopus_anatomy spinal cord roof XAO:0000022 roof plate Organizing center located at the dorsal midline of the neural tube that influences the development of the nervous system, controlling the specification and differentiation of dorsal neuronal cell types. PMID:15378040 Surface structure that consists of the external membranous integument of the animal. UBERON:0002097 xenopus_anatomy integument XAO:0000023 skin Surface structure that consists of the external membranous integument of the animal. http://dictionary.reference.com/medical/skin The most anterior of the migrating cranial neural crest streams, running along the posterior edge of the eye primordium, and in later stages, below the eye and to the border of the cement gland. The mandibular stream is the first to initiate CNC cell migration. UBERON:0007098 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000024 mandibular crest The most anterior of the migrating cranial neural crest streams, running along the posterior edge of the eye primordium, and in later stages, below the eye and to the border of the cement gland. The mandibular stream is the first to initiate CNC cell migration. PMID:21490068 The second most anterior of the migrating cranial neural crests streams, it lays between the mandibular and anterior branchial crest streams. UBERON:0007099 hyoid neural crest xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000025 hyoid crest The second most anterior of the migrating cranial neural crests streams, it lays between the mandibular and anterior branchial crest streams. PMID:21490068 The most posterior segments of the population of migratory cells of the cranial neural crest, contributing to the branchial arches 3 and 4. Branchial crest cells migrate in two distinct streams referred to as the anterior and posterior branchial crest. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000026 branchial crest The most posterior segments of the population of migratory cells of the cranial neural crest, contributing to the branchial arches 3 and 4. Branchial crest cells migrate in two distinct streams referred to as the anterior and posterior branchial crest. XAO:CJZ Ganglion that is located in the head. UBERON:0001714 xenopus_anatomy cranial ganglia XAO:0000027 cranial ganglion Ganglion that is located in the head. XAO:EJS ZFA:0000013 cranial ganglia The outer epithelial layer of the external integument of the body that is derived from the primative or embryonic ectoderm. skin UBERON:0001003 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000028 epidermis The outer epithelial layer of the external integument of the body that is derived from the primative or embryonic ectoderm. AAO:0000143 The outermost layer of the epidermis, the multilayered epithelium derived from the ectoderm. UBERON:0003055 xenopus_anatomy epidermis epithelial layer periderm XAO:0000029 epidermis outer layer The outermost layer of the epidermis, the multilayered epithelium derived from the ectoderm. XAO:curators The membrane enveloping the egg or oocyte, lying immediately outside the plasmalemma. It is formed while the oocyte is in the ovary and it separates from the egg to form the fertilization membrane. UBERON:0003125 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000030 vitelline membrane The membrane enveloping the egg or oocyte, lying immediately outside the plasmalemma. It is formed while the oocyte is in the ovary and it separates from the egg to form the fertilization membrane. AAO:0010332 XAO:curators Cell type that has motile cilia and populates the skin of the embryo, arranged in the surface layer of the non-neural ectoderm in an ordered distribution. ciliated cell CL:0007018 epidermal ciliary cell xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000031 ciliated epidermal cell Cell type that has motile cilia and populates the skin of the embryo, arranged in the surface layer of the non-neural ectoderm in an ordered distribution. PMID:10518489 An anterior thickening of the sensorial layer of ectoderm, just above the cement gland. The hypophyseal layer separates from the stomodeal layer at NF stage 29 and 30, and when contacted by a protrusion of the foregut, the stomodeal layer will rupture to form the mouth opening at NF stage 39 and 40. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000032 stomodeal-hypophyseal primordium An anterior thickening of the sensorial layer of ectoderm, just above the cement gland. The hypophyseal layer separates from the stomodeal layer at NF stage 29 and 30, and when contacted by a protrusion of the foregut, the stomodeal layer will rupture to form the mouth opening at NF stage 39 and 40. XAO:curators A simple mucus-secreting structure that is positioned at the front of the embryo, attaches the newly hatched embryo to a support before the hatchling can swim well or feed, and marks the anterior-most dorsal ectoderm. UBERON:0005093 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000033 cement gland A simple mucus-secreting structure that is positioned at the front of the embryo, attaches the newly hatched embryo to a support before the hatchling can swim well or feed, and marks the anterior-most dorsal ectoderm. PMID:8787748 A Y-shaped array of unicelluar glands on the top of the head, the open end of which faces anteriorly, that secrete an enzyme that dissolves or weakens the egg jelly and facilitates hatching. Presumptive cells of the hatching gland are present by the end of gastrualtion (NF stage 12.5) and differentiated cells start to form after neurulation is complete (NF stage 21). UBERON:0002538 xenopus_anatomy frontal gland XAO:0000034 hatching gland A Y-shaped array of unicelluar glands on the top of the head, the open end of which faces anteriorly, that secrete an enzyme that dissolves or weakens the egg jelly and facilitates hatching. Presumptive cells of the hatching gland are present by the end of gastrualtion (NF stage 12.5) and differentiated cells start to form after neurulation is complete (NF stage 21). XAO:curators Cell resulting from the fusion of male and female gametes at fertilization. CL:0000365 fertilized egg xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000035 zygote Cell resulting from the fusion of male and female gametes at fertilization. http://dictionary.reference.com/medical/zygote Ectodermal roof of the blastocoel. xenopus_anatomy animal ectoderm XAO:0000036 animal cap Ectodermal roof of the blastocoel. XAO:curators Sensorial layer of blastocoel roof ectoderm. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000037 animal cap inner layer Sensorial layer of blastocoel roof ectoderm. XAO:curators Superficial layer of blastocoel roof ectoderm. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000038 animal cap outer layer Superficial layer of blastocoel roof ectoderm. XAO:curators XAO:0003186 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000039 obsolete anatomical site true The anterior-most third of the embryo, formed from the development of the head outgrowth at NF stage 21. UBERON:0001444 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000040 head region The anterior-most third of the embryo, formed from the development of the head outgrowth at NF stage 21. XAO:curators A distinct layer of the epidermal cells beneath the outermost layer of epidermis, the multilayered epithelium derived from the ectoderm. UBERON:0002025 xenopus_anatomy epidermis sensorial layer stratum germinativum XAO:0000041 epidermis inner layer A distinct layer of the epidermal cells beneath the outermost layer of epidermis, the multilayered epithelium derived from the ectoderm. XAO:curators Embryonic ectoderm that gives rise to nervous tissue. UBERON:0002346 neurectoderm xenopus_anatomy neural ectoderm presumptive central nervous system XAO:0000042 neuroectoderm Embryonic ectoderm that gives rise to nervous tissue. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/neuroectoderm Superficial neuroectoderm layer consisting of horizontally flattened, pigmented cells. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000043 neuroectoderm outer layer Superficial neuroectoderm layer consisting of horizontally flattened, pigmented cells. PMID:2642003 Deep neuroectoderm layer consisting of densely packed, cylindrical, unpigmented cells. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000044 neuroectoderm inner layer Deep neuroectoderm layer consisting of densely packed, cylindrical, unpigmented cells. PMID:2642003 The portion of neural plate anterior to the mid-hindbrain junction. UBERON:0003056 xenopus_anatomy anterior neural plate XAO:0000045 pre-chordal neural plate The portion of neural plate anterior to the mid-hindbrain junction. XAO:curators The portion of neural plate posterior to the mid-hindbrain junction. UBERON:0003057 xenopus_anatomy posterior neural plate XAO:0000046 chordal neural plate The portion of neural plate posterior to the mid-hindbrain junction. XAO:curators Region of the neural plate overlying the notochord. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000047 notoplate Region of the neural plate overlying the notochord. http://www.encyclo.co.uk/define/Notoplate A group of ectoderm cells that delaminate from the area between the neuroectoderm/non-neural ectoderm domains. They undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal tranformation (EMT) and migrate to give several different lineages of adult cells. Originating from different positions along the anterior-posterior axis, they develop into various tissues. These regions of neural crest can be divided into five main functional domains, which include the cranial, trunk, vagal and sacral neural crest, and cardiac neural crest. Neural crest cells are considered multipotent, and as they have the limited capacity for self renewal, they are regarded as stem cell-like. UBERON:0002342 NC xenopus_anatomy neural crest material XAO:0000048 neural crest A group of ectoderm cells that delaminate from the area between the neuroectoderm/non-neural ectoderm domains. They undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal tranformation (EMT) and migrate to give several different lineages of adult cells. Originating from different positions along the anterior-posterior axis, they develop into various tissues. These regions of neural crest can be divided into five main functional domains, which include the cranial, trunk, vagal and sacral neural crest, and cardiac neural crest. Neural crest cells are considered multipotent, and as they have the limited capacity for self renewal, they are regarded as stem cell-like. AAO:0010578 XAO:CJZ The thickening of the epithelial layer of the ectoderm, with corresponding dark pigmentation, on the anterior dorso-ventral surface of the embryo. cement gland adhesive organ primordium cement gland anlage xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000049 cement gland primordium The thickening of the epithelial layer of the ectoderm, with corresponding dark pigmentation, on the anterior dorso-ventral surface of the embryo. ISBN:0070179778 Primary germ layer that is the middle of the embryo's germ layers. UBERON:0000926 xenopus_anatomy mesodermal mantle XAO:0000050 mesoderm Primary germ layer that is the middle of the embryo's germ layers. http://dictionary.reference.com/medical/mesoderm Principal unpaired, median artery of the trunk, extending into the tail as the caudal artery. UBERON:0005805 aorta dorsalis xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000051 dorsal aorta Principal unpaired, median artery of the trunk, extending into the tail as the caudal artery. ISBN:0226557634 The paired main vein, departing from the sinus venous, the fused heart primordium, it runs posteriorly down length of the embryo. UBERON:0004344 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000052 cardinal vein The paired main vein, departing from the sinus venous, the fused heart primordium, it runs posteriorly down length of the embryo. XAO:curators The mesoderm of the head. UBERON:0006904 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000053 head mesoderm The mesoderm of the head. XAO:curators The anatomical region of the body posterior to the head and anterior to the tail. UBERON:0002100 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000054 trunk region The anatomical region of the body posterior to the head and anterior to the tail. XAO:EJS A longitudinal flexible rod of cells that in the embryo forms the supporting axis of the body. It degenerates, beginning anteriorly, at NF stage 46. Its posterior portion is greatly reduced by NF stage 55 and the entire structure is gone by NF stage 65. UBERON:0002328 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000055 notochord A longitudinal flexible rod of cells that in the embryo forms the supporting axis of the body. It degenerates, beginning anteriorly, at NF stage 46. Its posterior portion is greatly reduced by NF stage 55 and the entire structure is gone by NF stage 65. ISBN:0815318960 http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/notochord Transient structure that lies immediately ventral to the notochord in the embryo, likely required for the formation of the dorsal aorta. A slight depression marks the future hypochord at NF stage 20 and its segregation from the dorsal endoderm begins at NF stage 24. It progresses from anterior to posterior and is complete by NF stage 28. At NF stage 32 it is present as a dorso-laterally flattened ribbon of yolk-laden cells. It degenerates by apoptosis and by NF stage 43 is no longer detectable as a distinct structure in the trunk region of the tadpole. The most posterior hypochord persists and begins to ossify, fusing with the coccyx to form the urostyle in the pelvic girdle around NF stage 63. UBERON:0003058 ipochord xenopus_anatomy subnotochordal rod XAO:0000056 hypochord Transient structure that lies immediately ventral to the notochord in the embryo, likely required for the formation of the dorsal aorta. A slight depression marks the future hypochord at NF stage 20 and its segregation from the dorsal endoderm begins at NF stage 24. It progresses from anterior to posterior and is complete by NF stage 28. At NF stage 32 it is present as a dorso-laterally flattened ribbon of yolk-laden cells. It degenerates by apoptosis and by NF stage 43 is no longer detectable as a distinct structure in the trunk region of the tadpole. The most posterior hypochord persists and begins to ossify, fusing with the coccyx to form the urostyle in the pelvic girdle around NF stage 63. ISBN:0815318960 PMID:10648245 subnotochordal rod PMID:10648245 Unsegmented field of paraxial mesoderm present posterior to the most recently formed somite pair, from which somites will form. UBERON:0003059 xenopus_anatomy somitogenic mesoderm XAO:0000057 presomitic mesoderm Unsegmented field of paraxial mesoderm present posterior to the most recently formed somite pair, from which somites will form. UBERON:0003059 Any of the approximately 45 bilaterally paired blocks of mesoderm cells, lying on either side of the notochord and neural tube, and forming sequentially starting at the head during development of the embryo. Together they give rise to the axial skeleton (from the sclerotome), associated musculature (from the myotome), and dermis (from the dermatome). UBERON:0002329 xenopus_anatomy somites somitic mesoderm XAO:0000058 somite Any of the approximately 45 bilaterally paired blocks of mesoderm cells, lying on either side of the notochord and neural tube, and forming sequentially starting at the head during development of the embryo. Together they give rise to the axial skeleton (from the sclerotome), associated musculature (from the myotome), and dermis (from the dermatome). XAO:curators http://dictionary.reference.com/medical/somite somites XAO:0002000 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000059 obsolete pronephros true XAO:0000318 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000061 obsolete pronephric capsule true Any of the ciliated tubules that collect the glomeral filtrate, passing it through to the pronephric tubules. UBERON:0005308 nephrostome xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000062 pronephric nephrostome Any of the ciliated tubules that collect the glomeral filtrate, passing it through to the pronephric tubules. XAO:CJZ Duct that drains urine from the pronephros and connects it to the cloaca. It is thought that the pronephric duct may play a key role in the induction of the mesonephric (adult) kidney. The most anterior part of the pronephric duct shows distinct gene expression patterns and is sometimes referred to as DT2. UBERON:0003060 DT2 Wolffian duct distal tubule segment 2 nephric duct xenopus_anatomy common tubule connecting tubule XAO:0000063 pronephric duct Duct that drains urine from the pronephros and connects it to the cloaca. It is thought that the pronephric duct may play a key role in the induction of the mesonephric (adult) kidney. The most anterior part of the pronephric duct shows distinct gene expression patterns and is sometimes referred to as DT2. PMID:8365571 XAO:CJZ A myogenic muscular organ found in the cardiovascular system. It is responsible for pumping blood throughout the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. It is composed of cardiac muscle, which is an involuntary striated muscle tissue found only in this organ, and connective tissue. It is ultimately composed of three chambers (two atria and one ventricle), occupying a ventral position within the chest of the mature tadpole/frog. UBERON:0000948 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000064 heart A myogenic muscular organ found in the cardiovascular system. It is responsible for pumping blood throughout the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. It is composed of cardiac muscle, which is an involuntary striated muscle tissue found only in this organ, and connective tissue. It is ultimately composed of three chambers (two atria and one ventricle), occupying a ventral position within the chest of the mature tadpole/frog. PMID:17194606 UBERON:0000948 Cardiac muscle constituting the middle layer of the heart. UBERON:0002349 xenopus_anatomy cardiac muscle XAO:0000065 myocardium Cardiac muscle constituting the middle layer of the heart. AAO:0010410 Part of the heart composed of thin serous membrane and endothelial tissue, that lines the interior of the heart. UBERON:0002165 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000066 endocardium Part of the heart composed of thin serous membrane and endothelial tissue, that lines the interior of the heart. AAO:0010408 Region located on the ventral surface of the developing embryo that is a site of hematopoiesis and that is analogous to the yolk sac blood islands of higher vertebrates. blood island ventral lateral plate mesoderm UBERON:0003061 VBI xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000067 ventral blood island Region located on the ventral surface of the developing embryo that is a site of hematopoiesis and that is analogous to the yolk sac blood islands of higher vertebrates. PMID:9618755 Region of intermediate pigmentation between the pigmented animal hemisphere and the unpigmented vegetal hemisphere of the egg. UBERON:0004879 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000068 marginal zone Region of intermediate pigmentation between the pigmented animal hemisphere and the unpigmented vegetal hemisphere of the egg. http://worms.zoology.wisc.edu/frogs/glossary.html Embryonic tissue region that will make the ventral mesoderm. VMZ xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000069 ventral marginal zone Embryonic tissue region that will make the ventral mesoderm. XAO:EJS Region of the marginal zone extending from the ventral to lateral surface. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000070 ventro-lateral marginal zone Region of the marginal zone extending from the ventral to lateral surface. XAO:EJS Region of the marginal zone extending from the dorsal to lateral surface. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000071 dorso-lateral marginal zone Region of the marginal zone extending from the dorsal to lateral surface. XAO:EJS Marginal zone that is a key embryonic tissue region of the early gastrula stage embryo and that houses the Spemann-Mangold organizer. UBERON:0003062 DMZ xenopus_anatomy Spemann organizer organizer XAO:0000072 dorsal marginal zone Marginal zone that is a key embryonic tissue region of the early gastrula stage embryo and that houses the Spemann-Mangold organizer. PMID:17368611 DMZ PMID:17368611 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000073 obsolete deep (mesenchymal) layer true Portion of the marginal zone of the embryo that turns inside the embryo during involution. IMZ xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000074 involuting marginal zone Portion of the marginal zone of the embryo that turns inside the embryo during involution. http://worms.zoology.wisc.edu/frogs/glossary.html Deep layers of the IMZ consisting of prospective migrating mesodermal cells (which will migrate into the interior and form the leading edge of the mesodermal mantle) and prospective converging and extending mesoderm. xenopus_anatomy deep involuting marginal zone XAO:0000075 involuting marginal zone mesenchymal layer Deep layers of the IMZ consisting of prospective migrating mesodermal cells (which will migrate into the interior and form the leading edge of the mesodermal mantle) and prospective converging and extending mesoderm. ISBN:0123646200 Layer of prospective mesoderm in the IMZ that will form the roof of the archenteron. xenopus_anatomy SM involuting superfical mesdoderm superficial involuting marginal zone superficial mesoderm XAO:0000076 involuting marginal zone epithelial layer Layer of prospective mesoderm in the IMZ that will form the roof of the archenteron. XAO:curators Cell type that is first to migrate inwards at the blastopore during gastrulation. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000077 bottle cell Cell type that is first to migrate inwards at the blastopore during gastrulation. http://dictionary.reference.com/medical/bottle+cell The edge of the blastopore. Local invagination is caused by narrowing of bottle cells at the exterior edge of the blastula. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000078 blastopore lip The edge of the blastopore. Local invagination is caused by narrowing of bottle cells at the exterior edge of the blastula. ISBN:0387537406 Mesodermal structure that lies anterior to the notochord and gives rise to head mesoderm. UBERON:0003063 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000079 prechordal plate Mesodermal structure that lies anterior to the notochord and gives rise to head mesoderm. VHOG:0000086 The region from which the forelimb develops, first recognizable at NF stage 48, and distinct by NF stage 49. fore limb region xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000080 forelimb region The region from which the forelimb develops, first recognizable at NF stage 48, and distinct by NF stage 49. XAO:curators The region from which the hindlimb develops, first recognizable as a slight concentration of mesenchymal cells dorsal and lateral to the anal tube at NF stage 43. The epidermal layers thicken dramatically through to NF stage 48, and become vascularised by NF stage 49. hind limb region xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000081 hindlimb region The region from which the hindlimb develops, first recognizable as a slight concentration of mesenchymal cells dorsal and lateral to the anal tube at NF stage 43. The epidermal layers thicken dramatically through to NF stage 48, and become vascularised by NF stage 49. XAO:curators Embryonic structure that develops around the closed blastopore. xenopus_anatomy circumblastoporal region XAO:0000082 circumblastoporal collar Embryonic structure that develops around the closed blastopore. PMID:22138030 Dorsal mesoderm that has grown and curled inward during gastrulation. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000083 involuted dorsal mesoderm Dorsal mesoderm that has grown and curled inward during gastrulation. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/involution Ventral mesoderm that has grown and curled inward during gastrulation. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000084 involuted ventral mesoderm Ventral mesoderm that has grown and curled inward during gastrulation. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/involution Mesoderm layer between somite and lateral plate. All components of the pronephric kidney arise from this. UBERON:0003064 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000085 intermediate mesoderm Mesoderm layer between somite and lateral plate. All components of the pronephric kidney arise from this. AAO:0010575 XAO:CJZ The region at the periphery of the retina where retinal stem cells are located. It is spatially ordered with respect to cellular development and differentiation, with the youngest and least-determined stem cells closest to the periphery, the proliferative retinoblasts in the middle, and postmitotic cells at the central edge. UBERON:0003065 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000086 ciliary marginal zone The region at the periphery of the retina where retinal stem cells are located. It is spatially ordered with respect to cellular development and differentiation, with the youngest and least-determined stem cells closest to the periphery, the proliferative retinoblasts in the middle, and postmitotic cells at the central edge. PMID:15844194 The anatomical region of the body posterior to the tail. UBERON:0006071 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000087 tail region The anatomical region of the body posterior to the tail. XAO:EJS Dorsal part of the blastopore lip, which forms as a result of the contraction of bottle cells. Spemann organizer organizer xenopus_anatomy dorsal blastopore lip XAO:0000088 upper blastopore lip Dorsal part of the blastopore lip, which forms as a result of the contraction of bottle cells. XAO:EJS Ventral part of the blastopore lip, which forms as a result of the contraction of bottle cells. xenopus_anatomy ventral blastopore groove ventral blastopore lip XAO:0000089 lower blastopore lip Ventral part of the blastopore lip, which forms as a result of the contraction of bottle cells. XAO:EJS Primary germ layer that lies remote from the surface of the embryo and gives rise to internal tissues such as gut. UBERON:0000925 xenopus_anatomy entoderm XAO:0000090 endoderm Primary germ layer that lies remote from the surface of the embryo and gives rise to internal tissues such as gut. http://dictionary.reference.com/medical/endoderm The endoderm of the head. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000091 head endoderm The endoderm of the head. XAO:curators The cavity of the gastrula forming a primitive gut. At NF stage 20-21 its wide canal becomes dorso-ventrally compressed and narrowed in the future trunk region so that a subdivision into a foregut, a midgut and a hindgut with protruding endodermal mass becomes manifest. UBERON:0004735 xenopus_anatomy gastrocoel XAO:0000092 archenteron The cavity of the gastrula forming a primitive gut. At NF stage 20-21 its wide canal becomes dorso-ventrally compressed and narrowed in the future trunk region so that a subdivision into a foregut, a midgut and a hindgut with protruding endodermal mass becomes manifest. ISBN:0815318960 http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/archenteron The layer of cells forming the ventral surface of the archenteron space of the embryo. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000093 archenteron floor The layer of cells forming the ventral surface of the archenteron space of the embryo. PMID:17540356 A transient ciliated epithelium that arises from the involuting superficial mesoderm, forming the dorsal surface of the archenteron space of the embryo. GRP archenteron roof archenteron roof plate gastrocoel roof xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000094 gastrocoel roof plate A transient ciliated epithelium that arises from the involuting superficial mesoderm, forming the dorsal surface of the archenteron space of the embryo. PMID:17540356 XAO:EJS Sensory system that has as it parts the sense organs that detect vibrations carried through water, develops during late tailbud stage, and persists in the adult bearing elaborate dorsal and ventral components. It develops from a specialized series of dorsolateral ectodermal placodes named lateral line placodes. UBERON:0002540 xenopus_anatomy lateral line stitches lateral-line organs XAO:0000095 lateral line system Sensory system that has as it parts the sense organs that detect vibrations carried through water, develops during late tailbud stage, and persists in the adult bearing elaborate dorsal and ventral components. It develops from a specialized series of dorsolateral ectodermal placodes named lateral line placodes. AAO:0000975 ISBN:0471209627 ISBN:0815318960 One of a series of bony or cartilaginous arches that develop in the walls of the mouth cavity and pharynx of the embryo. UBERON:0002539 xenopus_anatomy pharyngeal arches visceral arch XAO:0000096 pharyngeal arch One of a series of bony or cartilaginous arches that develop in the walls of the mouth cavity and pharynx of the embryo. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/branchial+arch pharyngeal arches The first of the series of bony or cartilaginous arches that develop in the walls of the mouth cavity and pharynx of the embryo. UBERON:0004362 xenopus_anatomy first visceral arch XAO:0000097 mandibular arch The first of the series of bony or cartilaginous arches that develop in the walls of the mouth cavity and pharynx of the embryo. XAO:EJS The second of the series of bony or cartilaginous arches that develop in the walls of the mouth cavity and pharynx of the embryo. UBERON:0003066 xenopus_anatomy second visceral arch XAO:0000098 hyoid arch The second of the series of bony or cartilaginous arches that develop in the walls of the mouth cavity and pharynx of the embryo. XAO:EJS Structures that develop from the pharyngeal arches. Pharyngeal arches are anlage for a multitude of structures. Each pharyngeal arch has a cartilaginous stick, a muscle component which differentiates from the cartilaginous tissue, an artery, and a cranial nerve. Each of these is surrounded by mesenchyme. Arches do not develop simultaneously, but instead possess a staggered development. UBERON:0008896 xenopus_anatomy branchial arches XAO:0000099 branchial arch Structures that develop from the pharyngeal arches. Pharyngeal arches are anlage for a multitude of structures. Each pharyngeal arch has a cartilaginous stick, a muscle component which differentiates from the cartilaginous tissue, an artery, and a cranial nerve. Each of these is surrounded by mesenchyme. Arches do not develop simultaneously, but instead possess a staggered development. ISBN:0023771100 branchial arches Anatomical system that has as its parts the heart and blood vessels. UBERON:0004535 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000100 cardiovascular system Anatomical system that has as its parts the heart and blood vessels. BTO:0000088 An out-pocket of thickened ventral foregut epithelium adjacent to the developing heart. Its anterior portion gives rise to the liver and intrahepatic biliary tree, while the posterior portion forms the gall bladder, hepato-pancreatic duct, hepato-pancreatic progenitor cells and the bile duct. UBERON:0008835 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000101 liver diverticulum An out-pocket of thickened ventral foregut epithelium adjacent to the developing heart. Its anterior portion gives rise to the liver and intrahepatic biliary tree, while the posterior portion forms the gall bladder, hepato-pancreatic duct, hepato-pancreatic progenitor cells and the bile duct. UBERON:0008835 First of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches from which the Eustachian tube is derived; pouches 2-4 open as gill slits. UBERON:0007122 first visceral pouch xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000102 visceral pouch 1 First of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches from which the Eustachian tube is derived; pouches 2-4 open as gill slits. ISBN:0226557634 Middle subdivision of the digestive tract. The midgut is the portion of the embryo from which most of the intestines develop. After it bends around the superior mesenteric artery, it is often referred to as the "midgut loop". It comprises the portion of the alimentary canal from the end of the foregut at the opening of the bile duct to the hindgut, about two-thirds of the way through the transverse colon. UBERON:0001045 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000103 midgut Middle subdivision of the digestive tract. The midgut is the portion of the embryo from which most of the intestines develop. After it bends around the superior mesenteric artery, it is often referred to as the "midgut loop". It comprises the portion of the alimentary canal from the end of the foregut at the opening of the bile duct to the hindgut, about two-thirds of the way through the transverse colon. UBERON:0001045 XAO:curators Posterior subdivision of the digestive tract. The posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the large intestine and cloaca. UBERON:0001046 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000104 hindgut Posterior subdivision of the digestive tract. The posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the large intestine and cloaca. UBERON:0001046 XAO:curators The space enclosed by the walls of the pharynx. UBERON:0001731 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000105 pharyngeal cavity The space enclosed by the walls of the pharynx. BTO:0002097 Tissue that is a temporary extension of the embryonic gut caudal to the cloaca. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000106 post-anal gut Tissue that is a temporary extension of the embryonic gut caudal to the cloaca. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/gut Rapidly proliferating mass of cells at the caudal extremity of the embryo. Its formation is reflected in a caudal carving of the posterior portion of the archenteric canal at NF stage 22. With its further outgrowth, the postanal gut primordium becomes stretched. Its lumen is in broad communication with the hindgut at NF stage 25. UBERON:0002533 tailbud xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000107 tail bud Rapidly proliferating mass of cells at the caudal extremity of the embryo. Its formation is reflected in a caudal carving of the posterior portion of the archenteric canal at NF stage 22. With its further outgrowth, the postanal gut primordium becomes stretched. Its lumen is in broad communication with the hindgut at NF stage 25. ISBN:0815318960 http://dictionary.reference.com/medical/tail+bud The anterior limit of the neurenteric canal, which connects the post-anal gut with the central canal of the spinal chord. It is formed from a population of cells derived from the dorsal lip of the late gastrula, and has been shown to be important in tail development. UBERON:0007097 CNH chordo neural hinge xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000108 chordoneural hinge The anterior limit of the neurenteric canal, which connects the post-anal gut with the central canal of the spinal chord. It is formed from a population of cells derived from the dorsal lip of the late gastrula, and has been shown to be important in tail development. ISBN:0762302852 PMID:11404094 PMID:7916680 Structure formed by the ventral movement of the proctodeum anlage, which results in the shifting of the circumblastoral collar lateral walls to the posterior end of the embryo. posterior wall of NEC xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000109 posterior wall of neurenteric canal Structure formed by the ventral movement of the proctodeum anlage, which results in the shifting of the circumblastoral collar lateral walls to the posterior end of the embryo. PMID:7916680 Portion of tissue that consists of the precursors of the pronephric glomus or glomerulus; derived from the medial portion of the pronephric intermediate mesoderm. UBERON:0007128 xenopus_anatomy corpuscle glomerulus XAO:0000110 glomeral mesenchyme Portion of tissue that consists of the precursors of the pronephric glomus or glomerulus; derived from the medial portion of the pronephric intermediate mesoderm. ISBN:0815318960 A cell that is within the developmental lineage of gametes and is able to pass along its genetic material to offspring. CL:0000586 germ cells xenopus_anatomy germ line cell germ line cells XAO:0000111 germ cell A cell that is within the developmental lineage of gametes and is able to pass along its genetic material to offspring. XAO:curators germ cells germ line cells Anatomical entity that comprises the animal in the early stages of growth and differentiation that are characterized by cleavage, the laying down of fundamental tissues, and the formation of primitive organs and organ systems. UBERON:0000922 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000113 embryo Anatomical entity that comprises the animal in the early stages of growth and differentiation that are characterized by cleavage, the laying down of fundamental tissues, and the formation of primitive organs and organ systems. BTO:0000379 Any of the tubular branching vessels that carry blood from the heart through the body. UBERON:0001637 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000114 artery Any of the tubular branching vessels that carry blood from the heart through the body. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/artery Any of the tubular branching vessels that carry blood from the capillaries toward the heart. UBERON:0001638 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000115 vein Any of the tubular branching vessels that carry blood from the capillaries toward the heart. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/vein Any of the smallest blood vessels connecting arterioles with venules. UBERON:0001982 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000116 capillary Any of the smallest blood vessels connecting arterioles with venules. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/capillary Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs involved in breathing in respiration (breathing). UBERON:0001004 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000117 respiratory system Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs involved in breathing in respiration (breathing). http://dictionary.reference.com/medical/respiratory+apparatus An elongated tube that carries air to and from the lungs. UBERON:0003126 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000118 trachea An elongated tube that carries air to and from the lungs. AAO:0010140 Either of two organs that allow gas exchange absorbing oxygen from inhaled air and releasing carbon dioxide with exhaled air. UBERON:0002048 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000119 lung Either of two organs that allow gas exchange absorbing oxygen from inhaled air and releasing carbon dioxide with exhaled air. AAO:0010567 The primary respiration organ in some species of tadpoles, whose function is the extraction of oxygen from water and the excretion of carbon dioxide. The microscopic structure of a gill is such that it presents a very large surface area to the external environment. Gills usually consist of thin filaments of tissue, branches, or slender tufted processes which have a highly folded surface to increase surface area. A high surface area is crucial for effective gas exchange. gill UBERON:0008891 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000120 external gill The primary respiration organ in some species of tadpoles, whose function is the extraction of oxygen from water and the excretion of carbon dioxide. The microscopic structure of a gill is such that it presents a very large surface area to the external environment. Gills usually consist of thin filaments of tissue, branches, or slender tufted processes which have a highly folded surface to increase surface area. A high surface area is crucial for effective gas exchange. XAO:curators A passage of airway in the respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs. UBERON:0002185 bronchial tube xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000121 bronchus A passage of airway in the respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs. XAO:curators Anatomical system that consists of the blood and blood forming tissues. UBERON:0002390 haematological system haematopoietic system xenopus_anatomy hematopoietic system XAO:0000122 hematological system Anatomical system that consists of the blood and blood forming tissues. http://dictionary.reference.com/medical/hematologic Flexible tissue found in the hollow interior of bones. In adults, marrow in large bones produces new blood cells. UBERON:0002371 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000123 bone marrow Flexible tissue found in the hollow interior of bones. In adults, marrow in large bones produces new blood cells. UBERON:0002371 The fluid that circulates in the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins carrying nourishment and oxygen to and bringing away waste products from all parts of the animal. UBERON:0000178 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000124 blood The fluid that circulates in the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins carrying nourishment and oxygen to and bringing away waste products from all parts of the animal. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/blood Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs devoted to the ingestion, digestion, and assimilation of food and the discharge of residual wastes. UBERON:0001007 xenopus_anatomy digestive system gut XAO:0000125 alimentary system Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs devoted to the ingestion, digestion, and assimilation of food and the discharge of residual wastes. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/alimentary+system The cavity of the mouth, bounded by the jaw bones and associated structures. UBERON:0000167 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000126 oral cavity The cavity of the mouth, bounded by the jaw bones and associated structures. VHOG:0000188 XAO:EJS Tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. At NF stage 57 it is a straight tube, round in cross section, and starting from the pharynx runs backward along the dorsal side of the abdominal cavity. Its lining consists of a columnar glandular epithelium with mucus secreting cells. It is thrown into longitudinal folds. UBERON:0001043 oesophagus xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000127 esophagus Tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. At NF stage 57 it is a straight tube, round in cross section, and starting from the pharynx runs backward along the dorsal side of the abdominal cavity. Its lining consists of a columnar glandular epithelium with mucus secreting cells. It is thrown into longitudinal folds. ISBN:0815318960 http://dictionary.reference.com/medical/esophagus Internal organ that is the dilated portion of the alimentary tract situated between the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. It produces gastric juices involved in the breakdown of food. UBERON:0000945 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000128 stomach Internal organ that is the dilated portion of the alimentary tract situated between the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. It produces gastric juices involved in the breakdown of food. http://dictionary.reference.com/medical/stomach Portion of the alimentary canal bounded anteriorly by the pyloric sphincter and posteriorly by the cloacal sphincter. UBERON:0000160 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000129 intestine Portion of the alimentary canal bounded anteriorly by the pyloric sphincter and posteriorly by the cloacal sphincter. AAO:0000246 A part of the alimentary system and principal organ of digestion, comprising the duodenum and ileum and characterized by longitudinal folds. In the tadpole it is a long simple tube with a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells. UBERON:0002108 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000130 small intestine A part of the alimentary system and principal organ of digestion, comprising the duodenum and ileum and characterized by longitudinal folds. In the tadpole it is a long simple tube with a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells. PMID:15738398 A short, wide tube that is part of the alimentary system and comprises the colon and rectum and empties into the cloaca. It lacks longitudinal folds characteristic of the small intestine. It absorbs water and salts from the gut lumen. UBERON:0000059 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000131 large intestine A short, wide tube that is part of the alimentary system and comprises the colon and rectum and empties into the cloaca. It lacks longitudinal folds characteristic of the small intestine. It absorbs water and salts from the gut lumen. PMID:21471667 Anatomical system comprising the liver, gall bladder, and associated ducts. UBERON:0002423 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000132 liver and biliary system Anatomical system comprising the liver, gall bladder, and associated ducts. XAO:EJS Organ that secretes bile and participates in formation of certain blood proteins. The liver is the largest internal organ, primarily consisting of hepatocytes, and has a wider variety of functions than any other organs in the body. The hepatocyte is a polarized epithelial cell that exhibits both endocrine and exocrine properties. The biliary epithelial cells (cholangiocytes), sinusoidal endothelial cells, hepatic stellate cells (Ito cells), Kupffer cells, and pit cells (liver-specific natural killer cells) represent the majority of non-hepatocyte cell types in the liver. During embryogenesis, the liver is generated in the ventral foregut endoderm. UBERON:0002107 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000133 liver Organ that secretes bile and participates in formation of certain blood proteins. The liver is the largest internal organ, primarily consisting of hepatocytes, and has a wider variety of functions than any other organs in the body. The hepatocyte is a polarized epithelial cell that exhibits both endocrine and exocrine properties. The biliary epithelial cells (cholangiocytes), sinusoidal endothelial cells, hepatic stellate cells (Ito cells), Kupffer cells, and pit cells (liver-specific natural killer cells) represent the majority of non-hepatocyte cell types in the liver. During embryogenesis, the liver is generated in the ventral foregut endoderm. AAO:0010111 PMID:17474120 Duct that carries bile from the liver to the small intestine. UBERON:0002394 xenopus_anatomy hepatic duct XAO:0000134 bile duct Duct that carries bile from the liver to the small intestine. XAO:EJS ZFA:0001100 A small organ of the alimentary system that aids mainly in fat digestion, and concentrates bile that is produced by the liver. UBERON:0002110 gallbladder xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000135 gall bladder A small organ of the alimentary system that aids mainly in fat digestion, and concentrates bile that is produced by the liver. XAO:EJS ZFA:0000208 Internal gland organ with distinct tissues with different endocrine and exocrine functions. Its rudiment has three parts, one dorsal and two ventral primordia. The ventral can be first detected at NF stage 37/38. The dorsal is clearly segregated from the duodenal wall by NF stage 39. At NF stage 40 the right and left primordia have fused just above the gastro-duodenal vein. At NF stage 42 blood vessels penetrate into the crevices between the pancreatic acini making them more conspicuous. UBERON:0001264 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000136 pancreas Internal gland organ with distinct tissues with different endocrine and exocrine functions. Its rudiment has three parts, one dorsal and two ventral primordia. The ventral can be first detected at NF stage 37/38. The dorsal is clearly segregated from the duodenal wall by NF stage 39. At NF stage 40 the right and left primordia have fused just above the gastro-duodenal vein. At NF stage 42 blood vessels penetrate into the crevices between the pancreatic acini making them more conspicuous. ISBN:0815318960 ISBN:0881679860 Pancreatic tissue composed of acinar epithelial cells and ductal epithelium that manufacture the proteolytic enzymes and bicarbonate required for digestion. UBERON:0000017 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000137 exocrine pancreas Pancreatic tissue composed of acinar epithelial cells and ductal epithelium that manufacture the proteolytic enzymes and bicarbonate required for digestion. XAO:EJS ZFA:0001249 A double layer of tissue composed of peritoneum that attaches the visceral organs to the body wall. UBERON:0007826 xenopus_anatomy mesenterium XAO:0000138 mesentery A double layer of tissue composed of peritoneum that attaches the visceral organs to the body wall. XAO:EJS ZFA:0005129 Serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity or the coelom. It covers most of the intra-abdominal organs, supports the abdominal organs, and serves as a conduit for their blood and lymph vessels and nerves. It is composed of a layer of mesothelium. UBERON:0002358 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000139 peritoneum Serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity or the coelom. It covers most of the intra-abdominal organs, supports the abdominal organs, and serves as a conduit for their blood and lymph vessels and nerves. It is composed of a layer of mesothelium. AAO:0010814 Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with the production and excretion of urine and those concerned with reproduction. UBERON:0004122 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000140 urogenital system Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with the production and excretion of urine and those concerned with reproduction. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/genitourinary+tract A visceral organ which provides osmoregulation and waste excretion for tadpoles through adult stages in Xenopus. The mesonephros starts to develop at NF stage 39, then during feeding stage tadpoles through metamorphosis replaces the embryonic pronephros as it degenerates. UBERON:0000080 xenopus_anatomy Wolffian body adult kidney mesonephros opisthonephros urniere XAO:0000141 mesonephric kidney A visceral organ which provides osmoregulation and waste excretion for tadpoles through adult stages in Xenopus. The mesonephros starts to develop at NF stage 39, then during feeding stage tadpoles through metamorphosis replaces the embryonic pronephros as it degenerates. XAO:curators Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with reproduction. UBERON:0000990 xenopus_anatomy reproductive system XAO:0000142 genital system Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with reproduction. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/genitourinary+tract Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with the production and excretion of urine. UBERON:0001008 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000143 urinary system Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with the production and excretion of urine. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/genitourinary+tract Anatomical structure consisting of a long narrow duct that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. UBERON:0000056 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000144 ureter Anatomical structure consisting of a long narrow duct that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. AAO:0010254 A tuft of capillaries found in a Bowman's capsule in which waste products are filtered from the blood and urine formation is initiated. UBERON:0005325 xenopus_anatomy renal corpuscle XAO:0000146 glomerulus A tuft of capillaries found in a Bowman's capsule in which waste products are filtered from the blood and urine formation is initiated. AAO:0010388 XAO:curators xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000147 obsolete glomerus true Any of the excretory units of the mesonephros, which connect to the mesonephric collecting duct. UBERON:0000083 xenopus_anatomy renal tubule XAO:0000148 mesonephric tubule Any of the excretory units of the mesonephros, which connect to the mesonephric collecting duct. http://www.bionalogy.com/urinary_system.htm XAO:0000331 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000149 obsolete renal proximal convoluted tubule true xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000150 obsolete loop of Henle true Duct that connects to the mesonephric nephrons and collects filtrate. UBERON:0005319 xenopus_anatomy collecting duct XAO:0000151 mesonephric collecting duct Duct that connects to the mesonephric nephrons and collects filtrate. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collecting_duct_system XAO:0000334 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000152 obsolete renal distal convoluted tubule true Anatomical structure consisting of a tube carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. UBERON:0000057 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000153 urethra Anatomical structure consisting of a tube carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. XAO:EJS The organ that collects urine excreted by the kidneys before disposal by urination. UBERON:0001255 urinary bladder xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000154 bladder The organ that collects urine excreted by the kidneys before disposal by urination. XAO:curators Anatomical system comprising the organs of the male reproductive system. UBERON:0000079 xenopus_anatomy male genitals XAO:0000155 male genitalia Anatomical system comprising the organs of the male reproductive system. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/genitalia male genitals Anatomical system comprising the organs of the female reproductive system. UBERON:0000474 xenopus_anatomy female genitals XAO:0000156 female genitalia Anatomical system comprising the organs of the female reproductive system. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/genitalia female genitals Reproductive organ that produces and releases sperm. UBERON:0000473 xenopus_anatomy testes XAO:0000157 testis Reproductive organ that produces and releases sperm. XAO:curators testes Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce endocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. UBERON:0000949 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000158 endocrine system Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce endocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/endocrine+system Structure that is made up of islet cells that produce insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. UBERON:0000006 xenopus_anatomy endocrine pancreas XAO:0000159 islets of Langerhans Structure that is made up of islet cells that produce insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. UBERON:0000016 An unpaired glandular organ subdivision attached on the midline near the posterior and habenular commissures of the epithalamus. UBERON:0001905 xenopus_anatomy epiphysis pineal organ XAO:0000160 pineal gland An unpaired glandular organ subdivision attached on the midline near the posterior and habenular commissures of the epithalamus. UBERON:0001905 A two-lobed endocrine gland, located next to the trachea, and producing various hormones, such as triiodothyronine and calcitonin. UBERON:0002046 thyroid gland xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000162 thyroid A two-lobed endocrine gland, located next to the trachea, and producing various hormones, such as triiodothyronine and calcitonin. UBERON:0002046 Anatomical structure of largely lymphoid tissue that functions in cell-mediated immunity by being the site where T cells develop. UBERON:0002370 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000163 thymus Anatomical structure of largely lymphoid tissue that functions in cell-mediated immunity by being the site where T cells develop. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/thymus Either of a pair of complex endocrine organs near the anterior medial border of the kidney consisting of a mesodermal cortex that produces glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and androgenic hormones and an ectodermal medulla that produces epinephrine and norepinephrine. UBERON:0002369 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000164 adrenal gland Either of a pair of complex endocrine organs near the anterior medial border of the kidney consisting of a mesodermal cortex that produces glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and androgenic hormones and an ectodermal medulla that produces epinephrine and norepinephrine. UBERON:0002369 Situated along the perimeter of the adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex mediates the stress response through the production of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids, including aldosterone and cortisol respectively. It is also a secondary site of androgen synthesis. The perimeter region of the adrenal gland, the site of steroid synthesis. UBERON:0001235 xenopus_anatomy interrenal tissue XAO:0000165 adrenal cortex Situated along the perimeter of the adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex mediates the stress response through the production of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids, including aldosterone and cortisol respectively. It is also a secondary site of androgen synthesis. The perimeter region of the adrenal gland, the site of steroid synthesis. PMID:14061885 UBERON:0001235 Part of the adrenal gland, located at the center of the gland and surrounded by the adrenal cortex. It is the innermost part of the adrenal gland, consisting of cells that secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine, and a small amount of dopamine in response to stimulation by sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Composed mainly of hormone-producing chromaffin cells, it is the principal site of the conversion of the amino acid tyrosine into the catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline (norepinephrine), and dopamine. UBERON:0001236 xenopus_anatomy chromaffin cells XAO:0000166 adrenal medulla Part of the adrenal gland, located at the center of the gland and surrounded by the adrenal cortex. It is the innermost part of the adrenal gland, consisting of cells that secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine, and a small amount of dopamine in response to stimulation by sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Composed mainly of hormone-producing chromaffin cells, it is the principal site of the conversion of the amino acid tyrosine into the catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline (norepinephrine), and dopamine. UBERON:0001236 An organ specialized for secretion of parathyroid hormone. It controls the amount of calcium in the blood and within the bones. XAO:0000450 UBERON:0001132 parathyroid gland xenopus_anatomy epithelial body XAO:0000167 parathyroid An organ specialized for secretion of parathyroid hormone. It controls the amount of calcium in the blood and within the bones. UBERON:0001132 Anatomical system that provides locomotion and physical support to the organism. UBERON:0002204 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000168 musculoskeletal system Anatomical system that provides locomotion and physical support to the organism. XAO:curators The hard form of connective tissue that constitutes the majority of the skeleton. UBERON:0002481 xenopus_anatomy bone XAO:0000169 bone tissue The hard form of connective tissue that constitutes the majority of the skeleton. BTO:0000140 A type of dense connective tissue that is composed of specialized cells, chondrocytes, that produce a large amount of extracellular matrix. UBERON:0002418 xenopus_anatomy cartilage XAO:0000170 cartilage tissue A type of dense connective tissue that is composed of specialized cells, chondrocytes, that produce a large amount of extracellular matrix. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilage Anatomical cluster that consists of two or more adjacent bones or cartilages, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue. UBERON:0000982 articulation xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000171 joint Anatomical cluster that consists of two or more adjacent bones or cartilages, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue. XAO:EJS ZFA:0001596 A body tissue consisting of long cells that contract when stimulated and produce motion. UBERON:0001630 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000172 muscle A body tissue consisting of long cells that contract when stimulated and produce motion. BTO:0000887 A fibrous, strong, connective tissue that connects muscle to bone. XAO:0000400 UBERON:0000043 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000173 tendon A fibrous, strong, connective tissue that connects muscle to bone. http://dictionary.reference.com/medical/tendon A type of muscle used to create movement, by applying force to bones and joints. Usually attached to bones by tendons. UBERON:0001134 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000174 skeletal muscle A type of muscle used to create movement, by applying force to bones and joints. Usually attached to bones by tendons. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_muscle Involuntary muscle tissue consisting of uninucleate spindle-shaped fibers. Found within the walls of blood vessels, the alimentary tract, bladder, and reproductive tract. UBERON:0001135 xenopus_anatomy visceral muscle XAO:0000175 smooth muscle Involuntary muscle tissue consisting of uninucleate spindle-shaped fibers. Found within the walls of blood vessels, the alimentary tract, bladder, and reproductive tract. AAO:0010244 XAO:curators Anatomical system that consists of the skin and its appendages. UBERON:0002416 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000176 dermal system Anatomical system that consists of the skin and its appendages. http://dictionary.reference.com/medical/dermal+system Anatomical system that has as its parts the brain and spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and parts of the receptor organs and that receives and interprets stimuli and transmits impulses to the effector organs. UBERON:0001016 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000177 nervous system Anatomical system that has as its parts the brain and spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and parts of the receptor organs and that receives and interprets stimuli and transmits impulses to the effector organs. AAO:0000324 One of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Its nerves connect the central nervous system with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands. UBERON:0000010 PNS xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000178 peripheral nervous system One of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Its nerves connect the central nervous system with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands. http://dictionary.reference.com/medical/peripheral+nervous+system The organ of sight (visual apparatus), almost spherical in shape. At the end of development (NF stage 66) the eyes bulge out of their orbital capsules near the lateral edge of the dorsal side of the head. UBERON:0000019 xenopus_anatomy eyes XAO:0000179 eye The organ of sight (visual apparatus), almost spherical in shape. At the end of development (NF stage 66) the eyes bulge out of their orbital capsules near the lateral edge of the dorsal side of the head. ISBN:0815318960 XAO:curators eyes The transparent front part of the eye that, together with the lens, refracts light. UBERON:0000964 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000180 cornea The transparent front part of the eye that, together with the lens, refracts light. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornea A general term for the whole eye, or eye ball, of an organism. eye ball xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000181 globe A general term for the whole eye, or eye ball, of an organism. AAO:0010346 A clear mucous membrane consisting of cells and underlying basement membrane that covers the sclera and lines the inside of the eyelids. It is made of epithelial tissue. UBERON:0001811 conjunctivae conjunctivas xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000182 conjunctiva A clear mucous membrane consisting of cells and underlying basement membrane that covers the sclera and lines the inside of the eyelids. It is made of epithelial tissue. UBERON:0001811 conjunctivae conjunctivas The opaque, fibrous, protective, outer layer of the eye containing collagen and elastic fiber. UBERON:0001773 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000183 sclera The opaque, fibrous, protective, outer layer of the eye containing collagen and elastic fiber. UBERON:0001773 A membrane in the eye, responsible for controlling the amount of light reaching the retina. UBERON:0001769 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000185 iris A membrane in the eye, responsible for controlling the amount of light reaching the retina. UBERON:0001769 Circumferential tissue inside the eye composed of the ciliary muscle and ciliary processes. UBERON:0001775 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000186 ciliary body Circumferential tissue inside the eye composed of the ciliary muscle and ciliary processes. UBERON:0001775 Lateral neurogenic placode region positioned dorsally to the epibranchial placodes, and that includes the lateral line placodes, the otic placode and the trigeminal placode. UBERON:0003067 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000187 dorsolateral placode region Lateral neurogenic placode region positioned dorsally to the epibranchial placodes, and that includes the lateral line placodes, the otic placode and the trigeminal placode. ISBN:0878933840 ZFA:0001310 Cranial nerve that is continuous with the layer of nerve cells on the inner surface of the eye. It exits the neurocranium via the large optic foramen and is covered by a fibrous connective tissue sheath. It transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. UBERON:0000941 ON cranial nerve II opticus xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000188 optic nerve Cranial nerve that is continuous with the layer of nerve cells on the inner surface of the eye. It exits the neurocranium via the large optic foramen and is covered by a fibrous connective tissue sheath. It transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. ISBN:080184780X UBERON:0000941 The combination of structures that form the ear and function to transmit vibrations and permit hearing. ear UBERON:0001690 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000189 auditory apparatus The combination of structures that form the ear and function to transmit vibrations and permit hearing. ISBN:0070179778 A flattened, roughly circular cartilage derived from the extrastapes. This thin membrane or integument is stretched over the cartilaginous tympanic annulus in a drum-like manner, and forms the outer ear, receiving airborne vibrations and functioning in hearing. XAO:0000212 UBERON:0001691 tympanic disc xenopus_anatomy external ear tympanic membrane tympanum XAO:0000190 tympanic disk A flattened, roughly circular cartilage derived from the extrastapes. This thin membrane or integument is stretched over the cartilaginous tympanic annulus in a drum-like manner, and forms the outer ear, receiving airborne vibrations and functioning in hearing. ISBN:0070179778 PMID:20953303 The air-filled cavity within the skull that lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. UBERON:0001756 tympanic cavity xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000191 middle ear The air-filled cavity within the skull that lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. UBERON:0001756 Labyrinthine anatomical cluster that comprises sensory endorgans specialized for vestibular, auditory, and acoustico-vestibular sensation. XAO:0000194 UBERON:0001846 membranous labyrinth xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000192 inner ear Labyrinthine anatomical cluster that comprises sensory endorgans specialized for vestibular, auditory, and acoustico-vestibular sensation. PMID:16217737 Structure consisting of the vestibule, lagena, and semicircular canal, cavities that are hollowed out of the substance of the bone, and lined by periosteum. They contain a clear fluid, the perilymph, in which the membranous labyrinth is situated. UBERON:0001839 xenopus_anatomy bony labyrinth XAO:0000193 osseous labyrinth Structure consisting of the vestibule, lagena, and semicircular canal, cavities that are hollowed out of the substance of the bone, and lined by periosteum. They contain a clear fluid, the perilymph, in which the membranous labyrinth is situated. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bony_labyrinth Inner ear structure into which the semicircular ducts find their outlet. Along with the saccule, it is part of the balancing apparatus (membranous labyrinth) located within the vestibule of the osseous labyrinth. UBERON:0001853 xenopus_anatomy utricular otolith XAO:0000195 utricle Inner ear structure into which the semicircular ducts find their outlet. Along with the saccule, it is part of the balancing apparatus (membranous labyrinth) located within the vestibule of the osseous labyrinth. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utricle_(ear) A major structure of the inner ear, ventral to the utriculus. Two small pouches extend from it: the papilla basilaris, and the papilla amphibiorum. The sacculus functions in the detection of sound. UBERON:0001854 xenopus_anatomy saccule XAO:0000196 sacculus A major structure of the inner ear, ventral to the utriculus. Two small pouches extend from it: the papilla basilaris, and the papilla amphibiorum. The sacculus functions in the detection of sound. ISBN:0070179778 A vestibular structure of the inner ear consisting of a ventral diverticulum off of the sacculus. UBERON:0001844 xenopus_anatomy cochlea XAO:0000197 lagena A vestibular structure of the inner ear consisting of a ventral diverticulum off of the sacculus. ISBN:1402073755 Any of the three fluid-filled ducts that loop from the utriculus in the inner ear, and help detect movement and maintain balance. UBERON:0001840 xenopus_anatomy semicircular canals semicircular ducts XAO:0000198 semicircular canal Any of the three fluid-filled ducts that loop from the utriculus in the inner ear, and help detect movement and maintain balance. ISBN:0070179778 semicircular canals semicircular ducts The small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. UBERON:0005236 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000199 vestibule The small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. UBERON:0005236 Pigmented, smaller blastomere of the animal (upper) hemisphere of the cleaving embryo. animal hemisphere blastomere xenopus_anatomy micromere XAO:0000200 animal blastomere Pigmented, smaller blastomere of the animal (upper) hemisphere of the cleaving embryo. ISBN:0471209627 XAO:0000273 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000201 obsolete olfactory apparatus true Anatomical region that is pigmented (dark brown) and tends to have the uppermost orientation, as it contains the blastocoel and cells that contain only small amounts of yolk. The Xenopus egg is divided into two roughly equal halves: the animal and vegetal hemispheres. UBERON:0012284 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000202 animal hemisphere Anatomical region that is pigmented (dark brown) and tends to have the uppermost orientation, as it contains the blastocoel and cells that contain only small amounts of yolk. The Xenopus egg is divided into two roughly equal halves: the animal and vegetal hemispheres. XAO:curator xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000203 obsolete archencephalic region true Any nerve outside the brain or spinal cord that connects with peripheral receptors or effectors. UBERON:0002003 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000204 peripheral nerve Any nerve outside the brain or spinal cord that connects with peripheral receptors or effectors. NCIt:Peripheral_Nerve A type of mesoderm that lies along the central axis, under the neural tube, and gives rise to the notochord. UBERON:0003068 xenopus_anatomy chordamesoderm chordomesoderm XAO:0000205 axial mesoderm A type of mesoderm that lies along the central axis, under the neural tube, and gives rise to the notochord. XAO:curators The first appearance of the anatomical space that will become the blastocoel. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000206 blastocoel anlage The first appearance of the anatomical space that will become the blastocoel. XAO:curators The dorsal surface of the blastocoel, the cavity of the blastula. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000207 blastocoel roof The dorsal surface of the blastocoel, the cavity of the blastula. XAO:curators The opening of the archenteron to the exterior, marking the point of origin of the archenteron and the caudal end of the embryo. UBERON:0000100 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000208 blastopore The opening of the archenteron to the exterior, marking the point of origin of the archenteron and the caudal end of the embryo. ISBN:0023771100 A cluster of nervous tissue principally composed of neuronal cell bodies external to the central nervous system (CNS). UBERON:0000045 xenopus_anatomy ganglia XAO:0000209 ganglion A cluster of nervous tissue principally composed of neuronal cell bodies external to the central nervous system (CNS). UBERON:0000045 ganglia Type of ganglion that is a condensation of sensory neurons on the dorsal root of each spinal nerve. There is one pair of spinal ganglia per myotome, with the spinal ganglia of the trunk region larger and more distinct from each other than those of the tail region. UBERON:0000044 xenopus_anatomy dorsal root ganglion spinal ganglia XAO:0000210 spinal ganglion Type of ganglion that is a condensation of sensory neurons on the dorsal root of each spinal nerve. There is one pair of spinal ganglia per myotome, with the spinal ganglia of the trunk region larger and more distinct from each other than those of the tail region. PMID:17521450 XAO:curators spinal ganglia Either of the pair of ganglionated longitudinal cords of the sympathetic nervous system of which one is situated on each side of the spinal column. UBERON:0000407 sympathetic trunk xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000211 sympathetic chain Either of the pair of ganglionated longitudinal cords of the sympathetic nervous system of which one is situated on each side of the spinal column. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/sympathetic%20chain The narrow tube connecting the middle ear with the pharynx, through which air flows to equalize pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane. UBERON:0002393 eustachian tube pharyngotympanic tube xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000213 auditory tube The narrow tube connecting the middle ear with the pharynx, through which air flows to equalize pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane. ISBN:0070179778 Any of the three tiny bones of the inner ear (columella or stapes, the sacculus and the utriculus) suspended in the otic capsule. UBERON:0001686 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000214 auditory ossicle Any of the three tiny bones of the inner ear (columella or stapes, the sacculus and the utriculus) suspended in the otic capsule. ISBN:0070179778 The part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord, to which sensory impulses are transmitted and from which motor impulses pass out, and that supervises and coordinates the activity of the entire nervous system. UBERON:0001017 CNS xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000215 central nervous system The part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord, to which sensory impulses are transmitted and from which motor impulses pass out, and that supervises and coordinates the activity of the entire nervous system. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/central+nervous+system XAO:0004467 XAO:0004468 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000216 obsolete cortex true A layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the skin) and subcutaneous tissues, composed of two layers, the papillary and reticular dermis. UBERON:0002067 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000217 dermis A layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the skin) and subcutaneous tissues, composed of two layers, the papillary and reticular dermis. UBERON:0002067 An internal or external body part or prolongation that projects from, and is attached to, an organ or the main body of an organism. UBERON:0000026 xenopus_anatomy appendages XAO:0000218 appendage An internal or external body part or prolongation that projects from, and is attached to, an organ or the main body of an organism. XAO:curators appendages xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000219 obsolete superficial (epithelial) layer true Somitic compartment that is a precursor of dermis, the cells of which become arranged in a single layer that blankets the myotome, possibly continuously (unsegmented) across somites. UBERON:0004016 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000220 dermatome Somitic compartment that is a precursor of dermis, the cells of which become arranged in a single layer that blankets the myotome, possibly continuously (unsegmented) across somites. PMID:17313522 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000221 obsolete deuterencephalic region true XAO:0000223 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000222 obsolete ear placode true Invagination of thickened epithelium near the hindbrain that gives rise to a spherically shaped ear vesicle, including precursors of the sensory epithelia of the inner ear and neurons of cranial nerve VIII. ear UBERON:0003069 xenopus_anatomy auditory placode XAO:0000223 otic placode Invagination of thickened epithelium near the hindbrain that gives rise to a spherically shaped ear vesicle, including precursors of the sensory epithelia of the inner ear and neurons of cranial nerve VIII. PMID:16217737 Vegetal portion of the marginal zone of the embryo that turns inside the embryo during involution. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000224 vegetal part, early involuting Vegetal portion of the marginal zone of the embryo that turns inside the embryo during involution. http://worms.zoology.wisc.edu/frogs/glossary.html The ectodermal precursor of the trigeminal ganglion. The profundal and the trigeminal ganglia are separate distally but fused at their proximal end as they condense around NF stage 24. The trigeminal placode gives rise to the sensory neurons of the ophthalmic and maxillomandibular lobes of cranial nerve V. UBERON:0003070 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000225 trigeminal placode The ectodermal precursor of the trigeminal ganglion. The profundal and the trigeminal ganglia are separate distally but fused at their proximal end as they condense around NF stage 24. The trigeminal placode gives rise to the sensory neurons of the ophthalmic and maxillomandibular lobes of cranial nerve V. PMID:21452441 UBERON:0003070 Equatorial zone of the zygote with which the plane of first cleavage aligns. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000226 equatorial belt Equatorial zone of the zygote with which the plane of first cleavage aligns. XAO:EJS First trace of the future visual apparatus. The eye primordia forming antero-lateral evaginations of the closing neural tube are originally massive formations into which only a slit-shaped extension of the neural groove penetrates at NF stage 18. At NF stage 19 they clearly segregate from the anterior portion of the neural tube. eye UBERON:0003071 xenopus_anatomy eye anlage XAO:0000227 eye primordium First trace of the future visual apparatus. The eye primordia forming antero-lateral evaginations of the closing neural tube are originally massive formations into which only a slit-shaped extension of the neural groove penetrates at NF stage 18. At NF stage 19 they clearly segregate from the anterior portion of the neural tube. ISBN:0815318960 The evagination of neurectoderm, which has pinched off from the anterior neural keel, that precedes formation of the optic cup. eye UBERON:0004128 xenopus_anatomy eye vesicle optic cup XAO:0000228 optic vesicle The evagination of neurectoderm, which has pinched off from the anterior neural keel, that precedes formation of the optic cup. XAO:curators Randomly dispersed fibrils organized into criss-crossing fascicles or bundles in the coelomic envelope of oocytes. coelomic envelope xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000229 fasciculated network of fibrils Randomly dispersed fibrils organized into criss-crossing fascicles or bundles in the coelomic envelope of oocytes. PMID:2909400 Cell type that forms a layer within an ovarian follicle that surrounds the oocyte. CL:0000477 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000230 follicle cell Cell type that forms a layer within an ovarian follicle that surrounds the oocyte. http://dictionary.reference.com/medical/follicle+cell A monolayer of follicle cells surrounding the developing oocyte and forming adhesive contacts with the surrounding follicular epithelium. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000231 follicle layer A monolayer of follicle cells surrounding the developing oocyte and forming adhesive contacts with the surrounding follicular epithelium. PMID:619165 The anterior part of the alimentary system, from the mouth and esophagus to the duodenum at the entrance of the bile duct. Structures of the foregut are: esophagus, stomach, duodenum, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas. The spleen is located in the foregut region, but is not a gut organ. UBERON:0001041 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000232 foregut The anterior part of the alimentary system, from the mouth and esophagus to the duodenum at the entrance of the bile duct. Structures of the foregut are: esophagus, stomach, duodenum, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas. The spleen is located in the foregut region, but is not a gut organ. UBERON:0001041 XAO:curators A zone found in the cytoplasm of the egg cells that contains determinants that will give rise to the primordial germ cells. As the zygote undergoes mitotic divisions the germ plasm is ultimately restricted to a few cells of the embryo. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000233 germ plasm A zone found in the cytoplasm of the egg cells that contains determinants that will give rise to the primordial germ cells. As the zygote undergoes mitotic divisions the germ plasm is ultimately restricted to a few cells of the embryo. XAO:curators The nucleus of the oocyte, it is enclosed in a nuclear envelope and contains neucleoplasm, in which the chromosomes and extranucleoli are embedded. It breaks down as the oocyte matures, being no longer visible by the first meiotic metaphase. GV xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000234 germinal vesicle The nucleus of the oocyte, it is enclosed in a nuclear envelope and contains neucleoplasm, in which the chromosomes and extranucleoli are embedded. It breaks down as the oocyte matures, being no longer visible by the first meiotic metaphase. XAO:curators Two migratory heart primordia that move ventrally during the course of neurulation, and whose fusion begins at the ventral midline at NF stage 16. heart UBERON:0007005 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000235 cardiac mesoderm Two migratory heart primordia that move ventrally during the course of neurulation, and whose fusion begins at the ventral midline at NF stage 16. XAO:curators The first part of the small intestine. At the junction of the stomach and the duodenum the alimentary canal is inflected. The duodenum first goes anteriorly for a short distance, turns dorsally, and eventually caudally, thus it is a U-shaped structure with two horizontal sections (a ventral and a dorsal one). UBERON:0002114 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000236 duodenum The first part of the small intestine. At the junction of the stomach and the duodenum the alimentary canal is inflected. The duodenum first goes anteriorly for a short distance, turns dorsally, and eventually caudally, thus it is a U-shaped structure with two horizontal sections (a ventral and a dorsal one). ISBN:0815318960 The final section of the small intestine. UBERON:0002116 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000237 ileum The final section of the small intestine. UBERON:0002116 The terminal portion of the large intestine. UBERON:0001052 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000238 rectum The terminal portion of the large intestine. VHOG:0001751 The pancreatic duct and common bile duct together, which enter the descending duodenum. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000239 hepato-pancreatic duct The pancreatic duct and common bile duct together, which enter the descending duodenum. XAO:curators A thickened portion of ectoderm that serves as the precursor to the lens. UBERON:0003073 xenopus_anatomy lens primordium XAO:0000240 lens placode A thickened portion of ectoderm that serves as the precursor to the lens. UBERON:0003073 Vein that returns blood from the trunk and drains into the duct of Cuvier via the pronephric sinus. UBERON:0002065 PCV xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000241 posterior cardinal vein Vein that returns blood from the trunk and drains into the duct of Cuvier via the pronephric sinus. PMID:12606281 Duct that drains the mesonephros and connects it to the ureter. UBERON:0003074 xenopus_anatomy Wolffian duct XAO:0000242 mesonephric duct Duct that drains the mesonephros and connects it to the ureter. XAO:EJS The last portion of the digestive system, it extracts water and salt from solid wastes before they are eliminated from the body. hindgut UBERON:0001155 xenopus_anatomy posterior intestine XAO:0000243 colon The last portion of the digestive system, it extracts water and salt from solid wastes before they are eliminated from the body. UBERON:0001155 The posterior opening that serves as the common opening for the intestinal, reproductive, and urinary tracts, closed by the cloacal sphincter. UBERON:0000162 xenopus_anatomy cloacal chamber vent XAO:0000244 cloaca The posterior opening that serves as the common opening for the intestinal, reproductive, and urinary tracts, closed by the cloacal sphincter. XAO:curators A prominent mass in the cytoplasm of previtellogenic oocytes. The cloud contains both mitochondria and electron-dense granulofibrillar material (GFM) and is the source of germinal granule material. GO:0032019 Balbiani body mitochondrial aggregate xenopus_anatomy MC XAO:0000245 mitochondrial cloud A prominent mass in the cytoplasm of previtellogenic oocytes. The cloud contains both mitochondria and electron-dense granulofibrillar material (GFM) and is the source of germinal granule material. GO:0032019 Space that separates the thicker inner sheet of splanchnic mesoderm from the thinner outer somatic mesoderm. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000246 myocoelic slit Space that separates the thicker inner sheet of splanchnic mesoderm from the thinner outer somatic mesoderm. PMID:5449482 Second of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches from which the Eustachian tube is derived; pouches 2-4 open as gill slits. UBERON:0007123 second visceral pouch xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000247 visceral pouch 2 Second of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches from which the Eustachian tube is derived; pouches 2-4 open as gill slits. ISBN:0226557634 The median dorsal longitudinal groove in the neural plate, directly above the notochord, which appears after neural fold formation. UBERON:0005061 xenopus_anatomy median groove neural midline XAO:0000248 neural groove The median dorsal longitudinal groove in the neural plate, directly above the notochord, which appears after neural fold formation. XAO:curators http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/neural+groove A region of embryonic ectodermal cells that lie directly above the notochord. During neurulation, they change shape and produce an infolding of the neural plate (the neural fold) that then seals to form the neural tube. At NF stage 11.5 is the first indication of neural plate within the sensorial layer of ectoderm. It extends to near the animal pole by NF stage 12.5 and the entire plate is faintly delimited by NF stage 13. UBERON:0003075 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000249 neural plate A region of embryonic ectodermal cells that lie directly above the notochord. During neurulation, they change shape and produce an infolding of the neural plate (the neural fold) that then seals to form the neural tube. At NF stage 11.5 is the first indication of neural plate within the sensorial layer of ectoderm. It extends to near the animal pole by NF stage 12.5 and the entire plate is faintly delimited by NF stage 13. ISBN:0815318960 http://dictionary.reference.com/medical/neural+plate Posterior segment of the neural tube, which develops into the hindbrain and spinal cord. UBERON:0003076 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000250 posterior neural tube Posterior segment of the neural tube, which develops into the hindbrain and spinal cord. XAO:EJS Third of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches from which the Eustachian tube is derived; pouches 2-4 open as gill slits. UBERON:0007124 third visceral pouch xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000251 visceral pouch 3 Third of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches from which the Eustachian tube is derived; pouches 2-4 open as gill slits. ISBN:0226557634 An anatomical space that is surrounded by a neural tube. UBERON:0003842 neural tube lumen xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000252 neurocoel An anatomical space that is surrounded by a neural tube. UBERON:0003842 Animal portion of the marginal zone of the embryo that spreads in front of the animal cap but does not involute during gastrulation. NIMZ xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000253 non-involuting marginal zone Animal portion of the marginal zone of the embryo that spreads in front of the animal cap but does not involute during gastrulation. http://worms.zoology.wisc.edu/frogs/glossary.html Fourth of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches from which the Eustachian tube is derived; pouches 2-4 open as gill slits. UBERON:0007125 fourth visceral pouch xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000254 visceral pouch 4 Fourth of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches from which the Eustachian tube is derived; pouches 2-4 open as gill slits. ISBN:0226557634 Fifth of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches. UBERON:0007126 fifth visceral pouch xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000255 visceral pouch 5 Fifth of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches. ISBN:0226557634 The developing female gamete, the differentiation of which is classified into six stages: I (pre-vitellogenic), II (early vitellogenic), III (mid-vitellogenic, formation of pigment), IV (polarization along animal-vegetal axis), V (late vitellogenic), and VI (post-vitellogenic, appearance of equatorial band). CL:0000023 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000256 oocyte The developing female gamete, the differentiation of which is classified into six stages: I (pre-vitellogenic), II (early vitellogenic), III (mid-vitellogenic, formation of pigment), IV (polarization along animal-vegetal axis), V (late vitellogenic), and VI (post-vitellogenic, appearance of equatorial band). PMID:4109871 An outpocketing of the foregut ventral to the infundibulum and the hypophysis. The walls surrounding this cavity are composed of endoderm. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000257 oral evagination An outpocketing of the foregut ventral to the infundibulum and the hypophysis. The walls surrounding this cavity are composed of endoderm. http://www.uoguelph.ca/zoology/devobio/34mmfrog/db34fg1.htm Either of paired female reproductive organs involved in production of ova and female sex hormones. UBERON:0000992 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000258 ovary Either of paired female reproductive organs involved in production of ova and female sex hormones. AAO:0000371 Area of mesoderm at either side of the midline embryonic notochord that, on segmentation, forms the paired somites. UBERON:0003077 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000259 paraxial mesoderm Area of mesoderm at either side of the midline embryonic notochord that, on segmentation, forms the paired somites. http://dictionary.reference.com/medical/paraxial+mesoderm The space between the zona pellucida and the cell membrane of an oocyte or fertilized ovum. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000260 perivitelline space The space between the zona pellucida and the cell membrane of an oocyte or fertilized ovum. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perivitelline_space Outer layer of the developing optic vesicle, which contains pigmented epithelium. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000261 pigment layer Outer layer of the developing optic vesicle, which contains pigmented epithelium. XAO:EJS A small cell formed by the meiotic division of an oocyte. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000262 polar body A small cell formed by the meiotic division of an oocyte. CL:0002090 A germ cell that is a primordial oocyte in a female and that develops into secondary oogonia by mitotic division. xenopus_anatomy primary oogonia XAO:0000263 primary oogonium A germ cell that is a primordial oocyte in a female and that develops into secondary oogonia by mitotic division. XAO:EJS primary oogonia Portion of tissue that consists of the mesenchymal precursor to the pronephric kidney and that begins to separate from the intermediate mesoderm at NF stage 21 and epithelializes by NF stage 30. UBERON:0005721 xenopus_anatomy pronephric anlage pronephric bulge pronephric primordium XAO:0000264 pronephric mesenchyme Portion of tissue that consists of the mesenchymal precursor to the pronephric kidney and that begins to separate from the intermediate mesoderm at NF stage 21 and epithelializes by NF stage 30. XAO:curators Sixth of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches. UBERON:0007127 sixth visceral pouch xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000265 visceral pouch 6 Sixth of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches. ISBN:0226557634 Inner layer of the developing optic vesicle, which contains retinal nerve cells. UBERON:0001781 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000266 retinal layer Inner layer of the developing optic vesicle, which contains retinal nerve cells. XAO:EJS The hypophyseal layer that separates from the stomodeal layer of the stomodeal-hypophyseal primordium at NF stage 29 and 30. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000267 hypophyseal primordium The hypophyseal layer that separates from the stomodeal layer of the stomodeal-hypophyseal primordium at NF stage 29 and 30. XAO:EJS A type of germ cell that results from the mitotic division of a primary oogonium. xenopus_anatomy secondary oogonia XAO:0000268 secondary oogonium A type of germ cell that results from the mitotic division of a primary oogonium. XAO:EJS secondary oogonia Anterior part of the embryonic alimentary canal that is formed as an invagination of the ectoderm and is the future mouth. mouth stomodeal-hypophyseal primordium UBERON:0000930 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000269 mouth primordium Anterior part of the embryonic alimentary canal that is formed as an invagination of the ectoderm and is the future mouth. UBERON:0000930 Deep layer of the neural ectoderm, which undergoes early neuronal differentiation. xenopus_anatomy deep layer of neurectoderm XAO:0000270 sensorial layer of neurectoderm Deep layer of the neural ectoderm, which undergoes early neuronal differentiation. PMID:11832243 Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the future body wall; it underlies the ectoderm. UBERON:0004871 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000271 somatic layer of lateral plate mesoderm Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the future body wall; it underlies the ectoderm. UBERON:0004871 An auxiliary olfactory sense organ involved in the detection of pheromones. UBERON:0002255 VNO organon vomeronasale vomeronasal organ xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000272 Jacobson's organ An auxiliary olfactory sense organ involved in the detection of pheromones. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomeronasal_organ Organ comprising the specialized structures subserving the function of the sense of smell. UBERON:0002268 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000273 olfactory organ Organ comprising the specialized structures subserving the function of the sense of smell. BTO:0001772 The point on the surface of the egg at which the sperm enters the egg. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000274 sperm entry point The point on the surface of the egg at which the sperm enters the egg. XAO:EJS A depression on the head of the embryo that becomes converted into a nasal passage. XAO:0004073 UBERON:0005870 nasal pit xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000275 olfactory pit A depression on the head of the embryo that becomes converted into a nasal passage. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/olfactory%20pit Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the circulatory system and future gut wall; it overlies endoderm. XAO:0004273 UBERON:0004872 xenopus_anatomy splanchnic mesoderm visceral mesoderm XAO:0000276 splanchnic layer of lateral plate mesoderm Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the circulatory system and future gut wall; it overlies endoderm. UBERON:0004872 The internal nasal passages, aperture or cavity in the roof of the buccopharynx. UBERON:0004771 posterior nasal apperture xenopus_anatomy choanae internal nares XAO:0000277 choana The internal nasal passages, aperture or cavity in the roof of the buccopharynx. ISBN:0226557634 choanae When the marginal zone mesoderm undergoes involution, where the marginal zone contacts the vegetal base. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000278 animal part, late involuting When the marginal zone mesoderm undergoes involution, where the marginal zone contacts the vegetal base. XAO:curators Unpigmented, larger blastomere of the vegetal (lower) hemisphere of the cleaving embryo. vegetal hemisphere blastomere xenopus_anatomy macromere XAO:0000279 vegetal blastomere Unpigmented, larger blastomere of the vegetal (lower) hemisphere of the cleaving embryo. ISBN:0471209627 Anatomical region that is the lower, light-colored hemisphere of the egg, as its cells contain large amounts of dense yolk proteins. The Xenopus egg is divided into two roughly equal halves: the animal and vegetal hemispheres. UBERON:0012285 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000280 vegetal hemisphere Anatomical region that is the lower, light-colored hemisphere of the egg, as its cells contain large amounts of dense yolk proteins. The Xenopus egg is divided into two roughly equal halves: the animal and vegetal hemispheres. XAO:curator Cell mass in the vegetal region of the embryo that will contribute to endoderm. vegetal cell mass xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000281 vegetal yolk mass Cell mass in the vegetal region of the embryo that will contribute to endoderm. XAO:EJS Pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches from which the Eustachian tube is derived; pouches 2-4 open as gill slits. UBERON:0004117 xenopus_anatomy visceral pouches XAO:0000282 visceral pouch Pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches from which the Eustachian tube is derived; pouches 2-4 open as gill slits. ISBN:0226557634 visceral pouches A hole located in the center of the iris of the eye that allows light to enter the retina. UBERON:0001771 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000283 pupil A hole located in the center of the iris of the eye that allows light to enter the retina. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupil The three distinct placodal areas which develop from the posterior placodal area and lie ventral to the otic placode and dorsocaudal to the pharyngeal clefts, and contribute to the sensory ganglia for the distal portion of cranial nerves VII IX and X. The proximal neurons are derived from the neural crest. UBERON:0003078 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000284 epibranchial placode The three distinct placodal areas which develop from the posterior placodal area and lie ventral to the otic placode and dorsocaudal to the pharyngeal clefts, and contribute to the sensory ganglia for the distal portion of cranial nerves VII IX and X. The proximal neurons are derived from the neural crest. ISBN:0878933840 The structure that is the basic functional unit of the pronephros. UBERON:0005309 xenopus_anatomy pronephric tubule XAO:0000285 pronephric nephron The structure that is the basic functional unit of the pronephros. UBERON:0005309 Portion of the pronephric tubule that is immediately posterior to the early proximal tubule and anterior to the early distal tubule. PT3 late proximal segment proximal tubule 3 proximal tubule segment 3 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000286 late proximal tubule Portion of the pronephric tubule that is immediately posterior to the early proximal tubule and anterior to the early distal tubule. PMID:15223337 Portion of the pronephric tubule that is immediately posterior to the late proximal tubule and anterior to the late distal segment. UBERON:0006337 IT1 distal early tubule intermediate tubule intermediate tubule segment 1 pronephric distal early tubule pronephric early distal tubule xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000287 early distal tubule Portion of the pronephric tubule that is immediately posterior to the late proximal tubule and anterior to the late distal segment. PMID:15223337 Portion of the pronephric tubule that is immediately anterior to the late proximal tubule. PT2 proximal tubule 2 proximal tubule segment 2 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000288 early proximal tubule Portion of the pronephric tubule that is immediately anterior to the late proximal tubule. PMID:15223337 Pronephric segment immediately posterior to the early distal tubule and anterior to the pronephric duct. DT1 distal tubule segment 1 late distal segment xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000289 late distal tubule Pronephric segment immediately posterior to the early distal tubule and anterior to the pronephric duct. PMID:15223337 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000290 obsolete pronephric nephron segment S1 true The tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the mesonephros. UBERON:0005323 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000291 mesonephric mesenchyme The tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the mesonephros. UBERON:0005323 The structure that is the basic functional unit of the adult or mesonephric kidney, consisting of the vascular loop of the glomerulus, the capsule, the nephrocoel, the nephric duct, the nephrostome and the nephric tubule. XAO:0000145 UBERON:0005322 xenopus_anatomy nephron XAO:0000292 mesonephric nephron The structure that is the basic functional unit of the adult or mesonephric kidney, consisting of the vascular loop of the glomerulus, the capsule, the nephrocoel, the nephric duct, the nephrostome and the nephric tubule. ISBN:0521301521 XAO:0004087 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000293 obsolete neural fold true The cavity of the blastula, a closed space that is invaded by early mesenchyme and later obliterated by the enlarging archenteron. It forms during embryogenesis when a zygote (a fertilized ovum) divides into many cells through mitosis. UBERON:0000090 blastocele xenopus_anatomy blastocyst cavity cleavage cavity segmentation cavity XAO:0000294 blastocoel The cavity of the blastula, a closed space that is invaded by early mesenchyme and later obliterated by the enlarging archenteron. It forms during embryogenesis when a zygote (a fertilized ovum) divides into many cells through mitosis. ISBN:0023771100 ISBN:0815318960 The portion of endoderm between dorsal and ventral blastopore lips, and extending towards to the blastocoel. xenopus_anatomy endodermal yolk mass vegetal endodermal core XAO:0000295 central endoderm The portion of endoderm between dorsal and ventral blastopore lips, and extending towards to the blastocoel. XAO:curators Anatomical direction relating to the vegetal pole or hemisphere. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000296 vegetal Anatomical direction relating to the vegetal pole or hemisphere. XAO:EJS Anatomical direction relating to the animal pole or hemisphere. xenopus_anatomy animal hemisphere XAO:0000297 animal Anatomical direction relating to the animal pole or hemisphere. XAO:curators Spatial concept denoting the back or upper surface of the body. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000298 dorsal Spatial concept denoting the back or upper surface of the body. NCIt:Dorsal Spatial concept denoting the underside or lower surface of the body. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000299 ventral Spatial concept denoting the underside or lower surface of the body. NCIt:Ventral Spatial concept denoting only the surface of the body. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000300 superficial Spatial concept denoting only the surface of the body. XAO:EJS Spatial concept denoting extension relatively far inward. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000301 deep Spatial concept denoting extension relatively far inward. NCIt:Deep Spatial concept pertaining to the back of the body and to the side. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000302 dorso-lateral Spatial concept pertaining to the back of the body and to the side. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/dorsolateral Spatial concept pertaining to the part of the body opposite the back and away from the midline. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000303 ventro-lateral Spatial concept pertaining to the part of the body opposite the back and away from the midline. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ventrolateral Spatial concept pertaining to being situated at or extending to the side. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000304 lateral Spatial concept pertaining to being situated at or extending to the side. NCIt:Lateral A localized ectodermal thickening that develops by apicobasal elongation of cuboidal cells in the inner layer of the ectoderm in the head of the embryos, and is involved in formation of sense organs. UBERON:0002546 xenopus_anatomy cranial placodes XAO:0000305 cranial placode A localized ectodermal thickening that develops by apicobasal elongation of cuboidal cells in the inner layer of the ectoderm in the head of the embryos, and is involved in formation of sense organs. UBERON:0002546 cranial placodes Organizing center consisting of a small group of cells located at the ventral midline of the neural tube that influences the development of the nervous system, governing the specification of neuronal cell types and directing axonal trajectories. floorplate xenopus_anatomy spinal cord floor XAO:0000306 floor plate Organizing center consisting of a small group of cells located at the ventral midline of the neural tube that influences the development of the nervous system, governing the specification of neuronal cell types and directing axonal trajectories. PMID:15738958 Anterior segment of the neural tube, which develops into the forebrain and midbrain. UBERON:0003080 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000307 anterior neural tube Anterior segment of the neural tube, which develops into the forebrain and midbrain. XAO:EJS Region of the neural tube that will become the white matter of the nervous system. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000309 marginal zone (sensu neural) Region of the neural tube that will become the white matter of the nervous system. ISBN:0393974308 The anterior U-shaped portion of the neural folds, the two longitudinal dorsal ridges, caused by a folding up of the ectoderm, that make their appearance on either side of the middle line of the early neural embryo. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000310 anterior neural fold The anterior U-shaped portion of the neural folds, the two longitudinal dorsal ridges, caused by a folding up of the ectoderm, that make their appearance on either side of the middle line of the early neural embryo. XAO:curators Portion of the middle of the three primary germ layers of the embryo that resides on the periphery of the embryo, splits into two layers enclosing the intra-embryonic coelom, and gives rise to body wall structures. UBERON:0003081 LPM xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000311 lateral plate mesoderm Portion of the middle of the three primary germ layers of the embryo that resides on the periphery of the embryo, splits into two layers enclosing the intra-embryonic coelom, and gives rise to body wall structures. UBERON:0003081 Any of the transient, degenerating somites that form in the occipital region of the animal. UBERON:0005594 xenopus_anatomy cranial somite occipital somite XAO:0000313 head somite Any of the transient, degenerating somites that form in the occipital region of the animal. XAO:curators Any of the somites that are posterior to the head and anterior to the tail. UBERON:0005598 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000314 trunk somite Any of the somites that are posterior to the head and anterior to the tail. XAO:EJS Somitic compartment that is a precursor of muscle. UBERON:0003082 xenopus_anatomy myotomes XAO:0000315 myotome Somitic compartment that is a precursor of muscle. PMID:17313522 myotomes The inner layer of the pericardium that is in contact with the surface of the heart. During cardiac development, it is the source of multipotent mesenchymal cells, which give rise to endothelial and smooth muscle cells in coronary vessels and also, possibly, to cardiomyocytes. UBERON:0002348 heart epicardium xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000316 epicardium The inner layer of the pericardium that is in contact with the surface of the heart. During cardiac development, it is the source of multipotent mesenchymal cells, which give rise to endothelial and smooth muscle cells in coronary vessels and also, possibly, to cardiomyocytes. AAO:0010409 XAO:curators Multi-tissue structure that is the filtration unit of the pronephric kidney. A glomus is a glomerulus that spans more than one body segment. It is the vascularized filter of the pronephric kidney. Blood is filtered through the glomus and the filtrate deposited into the coelom early in development, or the nephrocoel later in development. The glomus contains podocytes with well developed foot processes that are anatomically indistinguishable from the podocytes of adult glomeruli. The two glomera are linked via a narrow bridge called the glomeral nexus. UBERON:0004739 xenopus_anatomy corpuscle glomera glomerulus renal corpuscle XAO:0000318 Properly called a glomus as it extends over multiple body segments. glomus Multi-tissue structure that is the filtration unit of the pronephric kidney. A glomus is a glomerulus that spans more than one body segment. It is the vascularized filter of the pronephric kidney. Blood is filtered through the glomus and the filtrate deposited into the coelom early in development, or the nephrocoel later in development. The glomus contains podocytes with well developed foot processes that are anatomically indistinguishable from the podocytes of adult glomeruli. The two glomera are linked via a narrow bridge called the glomeral nexus. PMID:9268568 XAO:curators glomera Neural crest cells that migrate along two major pathways: through the somites, to populate the skin where they give rise to pigment cells; cells migrating along the lateral pathway generate sensory and sympathetic ganglia and adrenal chromaffin cells, among others. UBERON:0003083 TNC xenopus_anatomy trunk crest XAO:0000319 trunk neural crest Neural crest cells that migrate along two major pathways: through the somites, to populate the skin where they give rise to pigment cells; cells migrating along the lateral pathway generate sensory and sympathetic ganglia and adrenal chromaffin cells, among others. ISBN:0878933840 The inner layer of ectoderm. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000320 sensorial layer The inner layer of ectoderm. XAO:curators Type of ganglion that is separate distally from the trigeminal ganglia; they become fused at their proximal end as they condense. xenopus_anatomy cranial ganglion profundus ganglia XAO:0000323 profundus ganglion Type of ganglion that is separate distally from the trigeminal ganglia; they become fused at their proximal end as they condense. PMID:21452441 profundus ganglia A unique type of neurogenic placode, located ventral and caudal to the 2nd and 3rd pharyngeal pouches, which gives rise to small hypobranchial ganglia of yet unknown function. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000324 hypobranchial placode A unique type of neurogenic placode, located ventral and caudal to the 2nd and 3rd pharyngeal pouches, which gives rise to small hypobranchial ganglia of yet unknown function. PMID:12712315 Primordium of the spleen, which goes on to form the spleen proper, while the right splenic promordium degenerates. spleen UBERON:0006293 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000326 left spleen primordium Primordium of the spleen, which goes on to form the spleen proper, while the right splenic promordium degenerates. XAO:curators Transient splenic primordia that degenerates by NF stage 40. spleen xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000327 right spleen primordium Transient splenic primordia that degenerates by NF stage 40. XAO:curators Internal lymphoid organ the primary function of which is to filter blood. UBERON:0002106 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000328 spleen Internal lymphoid organ the primary function of which is to filter blood. XAO:EJS The epithelial lining of the coelom. UBERON:0005891 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000329 coelomic epithelium The epithelial lining of the coelom. XAO:curators Transient developmental organ that gives rise to oviducts in females (and is documented to persist in some male frogs). UBERON:0003890 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000330 Mullerian duct Transient developmental organ that gives rise to oviducts in females (and is documented to persist in some male frogs). AAO:0010141 Structure that is equivalent to the convoluted proximal tubule of metanephric nephrons. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000331 mesonephric early proximal tubule Structure that is equivalent to the convoluted proximal tubule of metanephric nephrons. XAO:curators Structure that is the mesonephros nephron's equivalent to the straight proximal segment of a metanephric nephron. xenopus_anatomy opisthonephros proximal straight segment XAO:0000332 mesonephric late proximal tubule Structure that is the mesonephros nephron's equivalent to the straight proximal segment of a metanephric nephron. XAO:curators The mesonephric equivalent of the ascending limb, or straight distal segment, of metanephric nephrons. UBERON:0005892 xenopus_anatomy ascending limb straight distal segment XAO:0000333 mesonephric early distal tubule The mesonephric equivalent of the ascending limb, or straight distal segment, of metanephric nephrons. XAO:curators The site of bicarbonate resorption in the adult kidney. It is equivalent to the convoluted distal segment of metanephric nephrons. mesonephric late distal segment xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000334 mesonephric late distal tubule The site of bicarbonate resorption in the adult kidney. It is equivalent to the convoluted distal segment of metanephric nephrons. XAO:curators The fused aspects of ventral mesoderm, which have migrated from either side of the prechordal plate, and fused ventrally, just behind the cement gland. They give rise to the endocardium at NF stage 27/28. heart UBERON:0003084 xenopus_anatomy fused heart primordium XAO:0000336 heart primordium The fused aspects of ventral mesoderm, which have migrated from either side of the prechordal plate, and fused ventrally, just behind the cement gland. They give rise to the endocardium at NF stage 27/28. XAO:curators Region in the embryo that consists of precursor cells for the development of the embryonic heart. UBERON:0004141 xenopus_anatomy heart tube XAO:0000337 endocardial tube Region in the embryo that consists of precursor cells for the development of the embryonic heart. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocardial_heart_tubes The outlet of the embryonic heart; lies in the floor of the pharynx and conducts blood from the bulbus arteriosis to the aortic arches (1-6). UBERON:0003085 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000338 ventral aorta The outlet of the embryonic heart; lies in the floor of the pharynx and conducts blood from the bulbus arteriosis to the aortic arches (1-6). ISBN:0023771100 Of the paired ventral aortas in the tadpole, the one that branches into the left aortic arches. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000339 left channel of ventral aorta Of the paired ventral aortas in the tadpole, the one that branches into the left aortic arches. PMID:8928932 Of the paired ventral aortas in the tadpole, the one that branches into the right aortic arches. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000340 right channel of ventral aorta Of the paired ventral aortas in the tadpole, the one that branches into the right aortic arches. PMID:8928932 One of a series of six paired embryological vascular structures that give rise to several major arteries. UBERON:0004363 xenopus_anatomy aortic arches XAO:0000341 aortic arch One of a series of six paired embryological vascular structures that give rise to several major arteries. UBERON:0004363 aortic arches The anterior member of a series of six paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae. Aortic arch that is part of mandibular arch. UBERON:0003118 first aortic arch xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000342 aortic arch 1 The anterior member of a series of six paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae. Aortic arch that is part of mandibular arch. XAO:curators The second in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae. Aortic arch that is part of hyoid arch. UBERON:0003119 second aortic arch xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000343 aortic arch 2 The second in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae. Aortic arch that is part of hyoid arch. ISBN:0023771100 The third in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae. Aortic arch 3 lies within the 3rd branchial arch and branches directly from the ventral aorta to the lateral dorsal aorta, and are retained as the branchial arteries providing circulation through the gills in the adult. UBERON:0003120 third aortic arch xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000344 aortic arch 3 The third in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae. Aortic arch 3 lies within the 3rd branchial arch and branches directly from the ventral aorta to the lateral dorsal aorta, and are retained as the branchial arteries providing circulation through the gills in the adult. ISBN:0023771100 Artery that arises from the ventral aorta and delivers blood to the filter apparatus. It is visible as a bilateral pair of vessels on the ventral surface of the head, running between the heart and the tip of the jaw. UBERON:0001070 ECA xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000345 external carotid artery Artery that arises from the ventral aorta and delivers blood to the filter apparatus. It is visible as a bilateral pair of vessels on the ventral surface of the head, running between the heart and the tip of the jaw. ISBN:0073524239 PMID:12606281 The aorta of a postembryonic, hatched or immature tadpole, prior to metamorphosis. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000349 larval aorta The aorta of a postembryonic, hatched or immature tadpole, prior to metamorphosis. XAO:curators xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000351 obsolete secondary vessel true The fifth in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae. Aortic arch 5 artery is paired and has a common trunk with aortic arch 6 from the ventral aorta, and drains via a separate branch of the lateral dorsal aorta. Aortic arches 5 and 6 supply the trunk and tail with oxygenated blood. UBERON:0003122 fifth aortic arch xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000352 aortic arch 5 The fifth in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae. Aortic arch 5 artery is paired and has a common trunk with aortic arch 6 from the ventral aorta, and drains via a separate branch of the lateral dorsal aorta. Aortic arches 5 and 6 supply the trunk and tail with oxygenated blood. ISBN:0023771100 The sixth in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae. Aortic arch 6 artery is paired and has a common trunk with aortic arch 5 from the ventral aorta, and drains via a separate branch of the lateral dorsal aorta. It forms part of the pulmonary arteries, and in the later embryo, the ductus arteriosis. Aortic arches 5 and 6 together supply the trunk and tail with oxygenated blood. UBERON:0003123 sixth aortic arch xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000353 aortic arch 6 The sixth in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae. Aortic arch 6 artery is paired and has a common trunk with aortic arch 5 from the ventral aorta, and drains via a separate branch of the lateral dorsal aorta. It forms part of the pulmonary arteries, and in the later embryo, the ductus arteriosis. Aortic arches 5 and 6 together supply the trunk and tail with oxygenated blood. ISBN:0023771100 One of three branches of the internal carotid artery, the palatine artery supplies the mouth region. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000354 posterior palatine artery One of three branches of the internal carotid artery, the palatine artery supplies the mouth region. PMID:12606281 The fourth in a series of paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae, it lies within the 4th branchial arch. The paired aortic arch 4 arteries branch directly from the ventral aorta to the lateral dorsal aorta, and are retained as the branchial arteries providing circulation through the gills in the adult. UBERON:0003121 fourth aortic arch xenopus_anatomy systemic arch XAO:0000355 aortic arch 4 The fourth in a series of paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae, it lies within the 4th branchial arch. The paired aortic arch 4 arteries branch directly from the ventral aorta to the lateral dorsal aorta, and are retained as the branchial arteries providing circulation through the gills in the adult. ISBN:0023771100 Simple squamous epithelium that lines blood and lymphatic vessels and the heart. UBERON:0004852 xenopus_anatomy vascular endothelia XAO:0000356 vascular endothelium Simple squamous epithelium that lines blood and lymphatic vessels and the heart. XAO:EJS ZFA:0001639 vascular endothelia The thin layer of cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. UBERON:0001917 xenopus_anatomy endothelium of artery XAO:0000357 arterial endothelium The thin layer of cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. XAO:curators Simple squamous epithelium that lines the veins. UBERON:0001919 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000358 venous endothelium Simple squamous epithelium that lines the veins. XAO:EJS The blood vessel that bifurcates from the aorta, and supplies the abdominal and pelvic regions. UBERON:0005609 common iliac artery xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000361 arteria iliaca communis The blood vessel that bifurcates from the aorta, and supplies the abdominal and pelvic regions. ISBN:0070179778 Artery consisting of many branches which supply blood to various organs in the viscus. One of the major blood vessels, branching off the dorsal aorta and supplying the embryonic foregut organs: liver, stomach, intestine, spleen and pancreas. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000362 coeliaco-mesenteric artery Artery consisting of many branches which supply blood to various organs in the viscus. One of the major blood vessels, branching off the dorsal aorta and supplying the embryonic foregut organs: liver, stomach, intestine, spleen and pancreas. AAO:0010499 ISBN:0070179778 One of paired arteries that extends dorsally from the systemic arch to supply the muscles of the jaw and back. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000363 occipitovertebral artery One of paired arteries that extends dorsally from the systemic arch to supply the muscles of the jaw and back. ISBN:0801836018 The posterior extension of the dorsal aorta to the tail region, which degenerates at metamorphosis. UBERON:0003086 CA xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000364 caudal artery The posterior extension of the dorsal aorta to the tail region, which degenerates at metamorphosis. ISBN:0226557634 Artery that branches from either side of the dorsal aorta and delivers blood to the musculature of the shoulder region. UBERON:0001533 subclavian artery xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000365 arteria subclavia Artery that branches from either side of the dorsal aorta and delivers blood to the musculature of the shoulder region. ISBN:0070179778 One of the major arteries of the head, it is the cranial continuation of the aortic arches and the dorsal aorta. It curves ventrally before resuming a dorsal course as it enters the head proper, and it lies ventral to the internal jugular vein. The internal carotid artery gives off palatine, ophthalmic, and cerebral branches by NF stage 41. UBERON:0001532 ICA xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000366 internal carotid artery One of the major arteries of the head, it is the cranial continuation of the aortic arches and the dorsal aorta. It curves ventrally before resuming a dorsal course as it enters the head proper, and it lies ventral to the internal jugular vein. The internal carotid artery gives off palatine, ophthalmic, and cerebral branches by NF stage 41. PMID:12606281 The anterior continuation of the internal carotid artery, which gives off the nasociliary artery anterior to the eye. UBERON:0004449 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000367 cerebral artery The anterior continuation of the internal carotid artery, which gives off the nasociliary artery anterior to the eye. PMID:12606281 A branch of the internal carotid artery that delivers blood to the eye. Together with the opthalmic vein, it forms a double ring encircling the eye and retina. It enters the eye obliquely by crossing over the ophthalmic vein and the internal jugular vein. UBERON:0001619 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000368 ophthalmic artery A branch of the internal carotid artery that delivers blood to the eye. Together with the opthalmic vein, it forms a double ring encircling the eye and retina. It enters the eye obliquely by crossing over the ophthalmic vein and the internal jugular vein. PMID:12606281 One of three branches of the internal carotid artery, it supplies the mouth region. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000369 anterior palatine artery One of three branches of the internal carotid artery, it supplies the mouth region. PMID:12606281 The artery that supplies the network of blood vessels (the mesentry) to the large intestine. UBERON:0005616 posterior mesenteric artery xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000370 arteria mesenterica posterior The artery that supplies the network of blood vessels (the mesentry) to the large intestine. ISBN:0070179778 The rightmost of the two bilaterally symmetrical lymph hearts that can be seen adjacent to somites 3 and 4 by NF stage 40, and can be seen beating by NF stage 43. Lymph hearts are pulsatile organs, present in lower vertebrates, that function to propel lymph into the venous system. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000371 right lymph heart The rightmost of the two bilaterally symmetrical lymph hearts that can be seen adjacent to somites 3 and 4 by NF stage 40, and can be seen beating by NF stage 43. Lymph hearts are pulsatile organs, present in lower vertebrates, that function to propel lymph into the venous system. PMID:12606281 PMID:20067786 The leftmost of the two lymph hearts, pulsatile organs that are present in lower vertebrates and function to propel lymph into the venous system. Two bilaterally symmetrical lymph hearts can be seen adjacent to the somites 3 and 4 by NF stage 40, and can be seen beating by NF stage 43. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000372 left lymph heart The leftmost of the two lymph hearts, pulsatile organs that are present in lower vertebrates and function to propel lymph into the venous system. Two bilaterally symmetrical lymph hearts can be seen adjacent to the somites 3 and 4 by NF stage 40, and can be seen beating by NF stage 43. PMID:12606281 PMID:20067786 Bilaterally paired longitudinal vein; the anterior cardinal returns blood from the head, and the posterior cardinal returns it from the trunk; these two vessels join together on each side as the common cardinal vein, also known as the duct of Cuvier that leads to the heart's sinus venosus. UBERON:0002064 xenopus_anatomy common cardinal vein XAO:0000373 duct of Cuvier Bilaterally paired longitudinal vein; the anterior cardinal returns blood from the head, and the posterior cardinal returns it from the trunk; these two vessels join together on each side as the common cardinal vein, also known as the duct of Cuvier that leads to the heart's sinus venosus. XAO:EJS ZFA:0000186 Large subdermal lymph-containing space located dorsally near the last vertebrae. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000374 dorsal lymph space Large subdermal lymph-containing space located dorsally near the last vertebrae. XAO:EJS A vessel that contains or conveys lymph. UBERON:0001473 xenopus_anatomy lymphatic vessel XAO:0000375 lymph vessel A vessel that contains or conveys lymph. AAO:0011005 Any of the veins in the embryo that return blood from the yolk sac to the heart or later to the portal vein. UBERON:0005487 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000376 omphalomesenteric vein Any of the veins in the embryo that return blood from the yolk sac to the heart or later to the portal vein. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/omphalomesenteric%20vein The smallest of the blood vessels, parts of the microcirculation, of the liver. liver capillary xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000377 capillary system of liver The smallest of the blood vessels, parts of the microcirculation, of the liver. XAO:curators Ventrolateral component of the external jugular vein. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000378 musculoabdominal vein Ventrolateral component of the external jugular vein. PMID:12606281 One of the bilateral pairs of vessels clearly seen on the ventral surface of the head, running between the heart and the tip of the jaw, and draining the filter apparatus. This vein is more developed by NF stage 45, when it crosses the head dorsolaterally to drain into the Duct of Cuvier and pronephric sinus. UBERON:0001101 external jugular xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000379 external jugular vein One of the bilateral pairs of vessels clearly seen on the ventral surface of the head, running between the heart and the tip of the jaw, and draining the filter apparatus. This vein is more developed by NF stage 45, when it crosses the head dorsolaterally to drain into the Duct of Cuvier and pronephric sinus. PMID:12606281 Vein that first appears as disconnected portions lateral to the Wolffian ducts at NF stage 44, gradually becoming continuous. They come into communication with the medial postcardinals at the kidney sinus. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000380 lateral postcardinal vein Vein that first appears as disconnected portions lateral to the Wolffian ducts at NF stage 44, gradually becoming continuous. They come into communication with the medial postcardinals at the kidney sinus. ISBN:0815318960 Sinus that surrounds the mesonephric tubules and puts lateral and medial postcardinal veins into communication with each other. UBERON:0006196 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000381 mesonephric sinus Sinus that surrounds the mesonephric tubules and puts lateral and medial postcardinal veins into communication with each other. ISBN:0815318960 The main dorsal head vein, it drains into the Duct of Cuvier, and collects blood from the dorsal jaw region, cerebral veins, the ophthalmic vein and the short pharyngeal vein. It forms loop around the olfactory bulb by NF stage 43. UBERON:0001586 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000382 internal jugular vein The main dorsal head vein, it drains into the Duct of Cuvier, and collects blood from the dorsal jaw region, cerebral veins, the ophthalmic vein and the short pharyngeal vein. It forms loop around the olfactory bulb by NF stage 43. PMID:12606281 Vein that returns blood from the dorsal head and drains into the duct of Cuvier via the pronephric sinus. UBERON:0003087 ACV xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000383 anterior cardinal vein Vein that returns blood from the dorsal head and drains into the duct of Cuvier via the pronephric sinus. PMID:12606281 Vein that gives rise to the interrenal vein and pronephric sinus. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000384 medial cardinal vein Vein that gives rise to the interrenal vein and pronephric sinus. XAO:EJS A system of vessels that initially swell from where the anterior and posterior cardinal veins meet before draining into the heart via the duct of Cuvier at NF stage 33 and 34, and then continue to narrow and fold into a characteristic S-shape by NF stage 37 and 38. It continues to loop on itself, at first a loose, then a dense knot of many vessels by NF stage 45. UBERON:0006174 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000385 pronephric sinus A system of vessels that initially swell from where the anterior and posterior cardinal veins meet before draining into the heart via the duct of Cuvier at NF stage 33 and 34, and then continue to narrow and fold into a characteristic S-shape by NF stage 37 and 38. It continues to loop on itself, at first a loose, then a dense knot of many vessels by NF stage 45. PMID:12606281 Vein formed from fusion of the posterior cardinal veins and that extends caudally. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000386 interrenal vein Vein formed from fusion of the posterior cardinal veins and that extends caudally. ISBN:0226557626 Vein that carries blood away from the liver. UBERON:0001143 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000387 hepatic vein Vein that carries blood away from the liver. XAO:EJS ZFA:0000670 Vein that carries de-oxygenated blood from the posterior part of the body to the sinus venosus. UBERON:0001072 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000388 posterior vena cava Vein that carries de-oxygenated blood from the posterior part of the body to the sinus venosus. XAO:EJS One of the veins of the alimentary system. The subintestinal vein is on the right side of the gut and drains the gastric vein on its right side by NF stage 43. The gastric veins carry blood low in oxygen from the surface of the stomach, draining into the left omphalomesenteric vein. UBERON:0004450 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000389 gastric vein One of the veins of the alimentary system. The subintestinal vein is on the right side of the gut and drains the gastric vein on its right side by NF stage 43. The gastric veins carry blood low in oxygen from the surface of the stomach, draining into the left omphalomesenteric vein. ISBN:0226557634 PMID:12606281 Vein in the tail returning blood from the trunk and tail to the heart, leading directly into the posterior cardinal vein in the posterior trunk. UBERON:0003088 CV xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000390 caudal vein Vein in the tail returning blood from the trunk and tail to the heart, leading directly into the posterior cardinal vein in the posterior trunk. XAO:curators Vein that carries away fluid in the interstitial spaces. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000391 subinterstitial vein Vein that carries away fluid in the interstitial spaces. XAO:curators Vein that starts in capillaries of the alimentary canal and ends in capillaries of the liver. UBERON:0002017 xenopus_anatomy portal vein XAO:0000392 hepatic portal vein Vein that starts in capillaries of the alimentary canal and ends in capillaries of the liver. XAO:EJS Vein in the tail returning blood from the tail to the heart. UBERON:0003481 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000393 tail vein Vein in the tail returning blood from the tail to the heart. XAO:EJS ZFA:0000180 Any of the veins that collect blood from the lungs and some small vesicles received from the esophagus. UBERON:0002016 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000394 pulmonary vein Any of the veins that collect blood from the lungs and some small vesicles received from the esophagus. AAO:0010521 Vein in the posterior region that drains the ventral abdominal wall. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000395 medial abdominal vein Vein in the posterior region that drains the ventral abdominal wall. ISBN:0815318960 Transient occipital somite that exists from NF stages 17 to 26 only. somite W xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000396 head somite 1 Transient occipital somite that exists from NF stages 17 to 26 only. XAO:curators somite W PMID:2769206 Somitic compartment that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. UBERON:0003089 xenopus_anatomy sclerotomes XAO:0000397 sclerotome Somitic compartment that is a precursor of the axial skeleton. XAO:curators sclerotomes An elongated fibroblast type cell, the cytoplasm of which is stretched between the collagen fibres of the tendon. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000399 tendon fibroblast An elongated fibroblast type cell, the cytoplasm of which is stretched between the collagen fibres of the tendon. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendon_cell Sclerotome cells of the cartilage fate. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000401 sclerotomal cartilage Sclerotome cells of the cartilage fate. XAO:EJS Transient occipital somite that exists from NF stages 18 to 29 only. somite X xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000403 head somite 2 Transient occipital somite that exists from NF stages 18 to 29 only. XAO:curators somite X PMID:2769206 Transient occipital somite that exists from NF stages 18 to 29/30 only. somite Y xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000404 head somite 3 Transient occipital somite that exists from NF stages 18 to 29/30 only. XAO:curators somite Y PMID:2769206 Transient occipital somite that exists from NF stages 19 to late 30's. somite Z xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000405 head somite 4 Transient occipital somite that exists from NF stages 19 to late 30's. XAO:curators somite Z PMID:2769206 Trunk somite that is initially the fifth somite, first forming around NF stage 19 and becoming more anteriorly positioned as the head somites degenerate. It is the most anterior somite by NF stage 45 and is adjacent to the otic vesicle. somite 1 xenopus_anatomy fifth somite XAO:0000406 trunk somite 1 Trunk somite that is initially the fifth somite, first forming around NF stage 19 and becoming more anteriorly positioned as the head somites degenerate. It is the most anterior somite by NF stage 45 and is adjacent to the otic vesicle. ISBN:0815318960 Trunk somite that is initially the sixth somite and later becomes the secondmost anterior somite. somite 2 xenopus_anatomy sixth somite XAO:0000407 trunk somite 2 Trunk somite that is initially the sixth somite and later becomes the secondmost anterior somite. ISBN:0815318960 The 1st somite located posterior to the head. somite 3 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000408 trunk somite 3 The 1st somite located posterior to the head. XAO:EJS The 2nd somite located posterior to the head. somite 4 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000409 trunk somite 4 The 2nd somite located posterior to the head. XAO:EJS The 3rd somite located posterior to the head. somite 5 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000410 trunk somite 5 The 3rd somite located posterior to the head. XAO:EJS The 4th somite located posterior to the head. somite 6 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000411 trunk somite 6 The 4th somite located posterior to the head. XAO:EJS The 5th somite located posterior to the head. somite 7 xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000412 trunk somite 7 The 5th somite located posterior to the head. XAO:EJS Mesenchymal cells that break from the sclerotome. Such cells migrate from the somite to surround the notochord. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000414 sclerotomal mesenchyme Mesenchymal cells that break from the sclerotome. Such cells migrate from the somite to surround the notochord. ISBN:0123190606 Mesenchymal covering surrounding the notochord, derived from sclerotomal mesenchyme. xenopus_anatomy XAO:0000415 notochordal sheath Mesenchymal covering surrounding the notochord, derived from sclerotomal mesenchyme. XAO:EJS