Overview

Messages are redelivered to a client when any of the following occurs:

1. A transacted session is used and rollback() is called.
2. A transacted session is closed before commit() is called.
3. A session is using CLIENT_ACKNOWLEDGE and Session.recover() is called.
4. A client connection times out (perhaps the code being executed takes longer than the configured time-out period).

The broker transmits the default delivery policy that he prefers to a client connection in his BrokerInfo command packet. But the client can override the policy settings by using the ActiveMQConnection.getRedeliveryPolicy() method:

RedeliveryPolicy policy = connection.getRedeliveryPolicy();
policy.setInitialRedeliveryDelay(500);
policy.setBackOffMultiplier(2);
policy.setUseExponentialBackOff(true);
policy.setMaximumRedeliveries(2);

Once a message's redelivery attempts exceeds the maximumRedeliveries configured for the Redelivery Policy, a "Poison ACK" is sent back to the broker letting him know that the message was considered a poison pill. The Broker then takes the message and sends it to a Dead Letter Queue so that it can be analyzed later on.

The default Dead Letter Queue in ActiveMQ is called ActiveMQ.DLQ; all un-deliverable messages will get sent to this queue and this can be difficult to manage. So, you can set an individualDeadLetterStrategy in the destination policy map of the activemq.xml configuration file, which allows you to specify a specific dead letter queue prefix for a given queue or topic. You can apply this strategy using wild card if you like so that all queues get their own dead-letter queue, as is shown in the example below.

<broker>
  
  <destinationPolicy>
    <policyMap>
      <policyEntries>
        <!-- Set the following policy on all queues using the '>' wildcard -->
        <policyEntry queue=">">
          <deadLetterStrategy>
            <!--
              Use the prefix 'DLQ.' for the destination name, and make
              the DLQ a queue rather than a topic
            -->
            <individualDeadLetterStrategy queuePrefix="DLQ." useQueueForQueueMessages="true"/>
          </deadLetterStrategy>
        </policyEntry>
      </policyEntries>
    </policyMap>
  </destinationPolicy>
  
</broker>

See the Redelivery Policy section for some more detail on the policy options.

Automatically Discard Expired Messages

Some folks simply need expired messages to be discarded instead of sent to the DLQ i.e., skip the DLQ entirely. This simplifies the management of the DLQ so that you're not sifting through loads of expired messages to find messages with real problems. To tell ActiveMQ to just discard expired messages, configure the processExpired property to false on a dead letter strategy:

<broker>
  
  <destinationPolicy>
   <policyMap>
     <policyEntries>
       <!-- Set the following policy on all queues using the '>' wildcard -->
       <policyEntry queue=">">
         <!-- 
           Tell the dead letter strategy not to process expired messages
           so that they will just be discarded instead of being sent to
           the DLQ 
         -->
         <deadLetterStrategy>
           <sharedDeadLetterStrategy processExpired="false" />
         </deadLetterStrategy>
       </policyEntry>
     </policyEntries>
   </policyMap>
  </destinationPolicy>
  
</broker>

Place Non-Persistent Messages Onto The Dead-Letter Queue

By default, ActiveMQ will not place undeliverable non-persistent messages on the dead-letter queue. The rationale for this behavior is that if the application doesn't care enough to make the message persistent, then there is little or no value in recording that the message was undeliverable. If you do want to place non-persistent messages on the dead-letter queue, then you should set processNonPersistent="true" on the dead-letter strategy.

<broker>
  
  <destinationPolicy>
   <policyMap>
     <policyEntries>
       <!-- Set the following policy on all queues using the '>' wildcard -->
       <policyEntry queue=">">
         <!-- 
           Tell the dead letter strategy to also place non-persisted messages 
           onto the dead-letter queue if they can't be delivered.
         -->
         <deadLetterStrategy>
           <sharedDeadLetterStrategy processNonPersistent="true" />
         </deadLetterStrategy>
       </policyEntry>
     </policyEntries>
   </policyMap>
  </destinationPolicy>
  
</broker>

Setting Expiration on Messages in the DLQ

By default, ActiveMQ will never expire messages sent to the DLQ. However, from ActiveMQ 5.12 the deadLetterStrategy supports an expiration attribute whose value is given in milliseconds.

<broker>
  
  <destinationPolicy>
   <policyMap>
     <policyEntries>
       <policyEntry queue="QueueWhereItIsOkToExpireDLQEntries">
         <deadLetterStrategy>
           <.... expiration="300000"/>
         </deadLetterStrategy>
       </policyEntry>
     </policyEntries>
   </policyMap>
  </destinationPolicy>
  
</broker>

Message audit

The dead letter strategy has an message audit that is enabled by default. This prevents duplicate messages from being added to the configured DLQ. From 5.15.0, the limits of the audit can configured via the

maxProducersToAudit and maxAuditDepth attributes. The audit can be disabled using enableAudit="false"

The Discarding DLQ Plugin

<deadLetterStrategy>
    <discarding/>
</deadLetterStrategy>

A very simple yet very useful plugin to the broker. This plugin allows the configuration of queues and topics, all or matched based on Java SE regular expressions, to drop messages that have been sent to the DLQ. This is extremely useful when using constant pending message limit strategy or the other eviction rules, but you don't want to incur the overhead of yet another consumer to clear the DLQ.

Below is an example of a basic configuration to drop everything:

<beans> 
  <broker>
    <plugins>
      <discardingDLQBrokerPlugin dropAll="true" dropTemporaryTopics="true" dropTemporaryQueues="true"/>
    </plugins>
  </broker>
</beans>

Below is a slightly more complex example:

<beans> 
  <broker>
    <plugins>
      <discardingDLQBrokerPlugin dropOnly="MY.EXAMPLE.TOPIC.29 MY.EXAMPLE.QUEUE.87" reportInterval="1000"/>
    </plugins>
  </broker>
</beans>

• Notice that destination names are space delimited.
• The reportInterval property is used to denote how frequently do we output how many messages we have dropped - use 0 to disable.

Below is an even more complex example:

<beans> 
  <broker>
    <plugins>
      <discardingDLQBrokerPlugin dropOnly="MY.EXAMPLE.TOPIC.[0-9]{3} MY.EXAMPLE.QUEUE.[0-9]{3}" reportInterval="3000"/>
    </plugins>
  </broker>
</beans>

• Notice that the destination names use regular expressions. These match the number 000..999 at the end of each destination name.

For more information, see the source code for the DiscardingDLQBrokerPlugin and the DiscardingDLQBroker

Broker Redelivery (v5.7)

Typically a consumer handles redelivery so that it can maintain message order while a message appears as inflight on the broker. This means that redelivery is limited to a single consumer unless that consumer terminates. In this way the broker is unaware of redelivery. With broker redelivery, it is possible to have the broker redeliver a message after a delay using a resend. This is implemented by a broker plugin that handles dead letter processing by redelivery via the scheduler. This is useful when total message order is not important and where through put and load distribution among consumers is. With broker redelivery, messages that fail delivery to a given consumer can get immediately re-dispatched.

The feature is enabled via XML configuration as follows:

<broker schedulerSupport="true">
        
        <plugins>
            <redeliveryPlugin fallbackToDeadLetter="true" 
                              sendToDlqIfMaxRetriesExceeded="true">
                <redeliveryPolicyMap>
                    <redeliveryPolicyMap>
                        <redeliveryPolicyEntries>
                            <!-- a destination specific policy -->
                            <redeliveryPolicy queue="SpecialQueue" 
                                              maximumRedeliveries="4" 
                                              redeliveryDelay="10000"/>
                        </redeliveryPolicyEntries>
                        
                        <defaultEntry>
                            <!-- the fallback policy for all other destinations -->
                            <redeliveryPolicy maximumRedeliveries="4" 
                                              initialRedeliveryDelay="5000"
                                              redeliveryDelay="10000"/>
                        </defaultEntry>
                    </redeliveryPolicyMap>
                </redeliveryPolicyMap>
            </redeliveryPlugin>
        </plugins>
        
</broker> 

The familiar Redelivery Policy has been extended to take a matching destination. fallbackToDeadLettercontrols the action when there is no matching redeliver policy for a destination. Defaults to true so regular DLQ processing ensues. sendToDlqIfMaxRetriesExceeded controls the action when the retry limit is exceeded. Defaults to true so regular DLQ processing ensues. When false, the message is dropped.