Java - Decision Making

The if Statement:

An if statement consists of a Boolean expression followed by one or more statements.

Syntax:

The syntax of an if statement is:

if(Boolean_expression)
{
   //Statements will execute if the Boolean expression is true
}

If the Boolean expression evaluates to true then the block of code inside the if statement will be executed. If not the first set of code after the end of the if statement (after the closing curly brace) will be executed.

Example:

public class Test {

   public static void main(String args[]){
      int x = 10;

      if( x < 20 ){
         System.out.print("This is if statement");
      }
   }
}

This would produce the following result:

This is if statement

The if...else Statement:

An if statement can be followed by an optional else statement, which executes when the Boolean expression is false.

Syntax:

The syntax of an if...else is:

if(Boolean_expression){
   //Executes when the Boolean expression is true
}else{
   //Executes when the Boolean expression is false
}

Example:

public class Test {

   public static void main(String args[]){
      int x = 30;

      if( x < 20 ){
         System.out.print("This is if statement");
      }else{
         System.out.print("This is else statement");
      }
   }
}

This would produce the following result:

This is else statement

The if...else if...else Statement:

An if statement can be followed by an optional else if...else statement, which is very useful to test various conditions using single if...else if statement.

When using if , else if , else statements there are few points to keep in mind.

An if can have zero or one else's and it must come after any else if's.
An if can have zero to many else if's and they must come before the else.
Once an else if succeeds, none of the remaining else if's or else's will be tested.

Syntax:

The syntax of an if...else is:

if(Boolean_expression 1){
   //Executes when the Boolean expression 1 is true
}else if(Boolean_expression 2){
   //Executes when the Boolean expression 2 is true
}else if(Boolean_expression 3){
   //Executes when the Boolean expression 3 is true
}else {
   //Executes when the none of the above condition is true.
}

Example:

public class Test {

   public static void main(String args[]){
      int x = 30;

      if( x == 10 ){
         System.out.print("Value of X is 10");
      }else if( x == 20 ){
         System.out.print("Value of X is 20");
      }else if( x == 30 ){
         System.out.print("Value of X is 30");
      }else{
         System.out.print("This is else statement");
      }
   }
}

This would produce the following result:

Value of X is 30

Nested if...else Statement:

It is always legal to nest if-else statements which means you can use one if or else if statement inside another if or else if statement.

Syntax:

The syntax for a nested if...else is as follows:

if(Boolean_expression 1){
   //Executes when the Boolean expression 1 is true
   if(Boolean_expression 2){
      //Executes when the Boolean expression 2 is true
   }
}

You can nest else if...else in the similar way as we have nested if statement.

Example:

public class Test {

   public static void main(String args[]){
      int x = 30;
      int y = 10;

      if( x == 30 ){
         if( y == 10 ){
             System.out.print("X = 30 and Y = 10");
          }
       }
    }
}

This would produce the following result:

X = 30 and Y = 10

The switch Statement:

A switch statement allows a variable to be tested for equality against a list of values. Each value is called a case, and the variable being switched on is checked for each case.

Syntax:

The syntax of enhanced for loop is:

switch(expression){
    case value :
       //Statements
       break; //optional
    case value :
       //Statements
       break; //optional
    //You can have any number of case statements.
    default : //Optional
       //Statements
}

The following rules apply to a switch statement:

The variable used in a switch statement can only be a byte, short, int, or char.
You can have any number of case statements within a switch. Each case is followed by the value to be compared to and a colon.
The value for a case must be the same data type as the variable in the switch and it must be a constant or a literal.
When the variable being switched on is equal to a case, the statements following that case will execute until a break statement is reached.
When a break statement is reached, the switch terminates, and the flow of control jumps to the next line following the switch statement.
Not every case needs to contain a break. If no break appears, the flow of control will fall through to subsequent cases until a break is reached.
A switch statement can have an optional default case, which must appear at the end of the switch. The default case can be used for performing a task when none of the cases is true. No break is needed in the default case.

Example:

public class Test {

   public static void main(String args[]){
      //char grade = args[0].charAt(0);
      char grade = 'C';

      switch(grade)
      {
         case 'A' :
            System.out.println("Excellent!"); 
            break;
         case 'B' :
         case 'C' :
            System.out.println("Well done");
            break;
         case 'D' :
            System.out.println("You passed");
         case 'F' :
            System.out.println("Better try again");
            break;
         default :
            System.out.println("Invalid grade");
      }
      System.out.println("Your grade is " + grade);
   }
}

Compile and run above program using various command line arguments. This would produce the following result:

$ java Test
Well done
Your grade is a C
$

What is Next?

Next chapter discuses about the Number class (in the java.lang package) and its subclasses in Java Language.

We will be looking into some of the situations where you would use instantiations of these classes rather than the primitive data types, as well as classes such as formatting, mathematical functions that you need to know about when working with Numbers.

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