Geometric unary operations on simple feature geometry sets

Geometric unary operations on simple feature geometries. These are all generics, with methods for sfg, sfc and sf objects, returning an object of the same class. All operations work on a per-feature basis, ignoring all other features.

st_buffer(
  x,
  dist,
  nQuadSegs = 30,
  endCapStyle = "ROUND",
  joinStyle = "ROUND",
  mitreLimit = 1,
  singleSide = FALSE
)

st_boundary(x)

st_convex_hull(x)

st_simplify(x, preserveTopology = FALSE, dTolerance = 0)

st_triangulate(x, dTolerance = 0, bOnlyEdges = FALSE)

st_voronoi(x, envelope, dTolerance = 0, bOnlyEdges = FALSE)

st_polygonize(x)

st_line_merge(x)

st_centroid(x, ..., of_largest_polygon = FALSE)

st_point_on_surface(x)

st_reverse(x)

st_node(x)

st_segmentize(x, dfMaxLength, ...)

Arguments

x	object of class `sfg`, `sfg` or `sf`
dist	numeric; buffer distance for all, or for each of the elements in `x`; in case `dist` is a `units` object, it should be convertible to `arc_degree` if `x` has geographic coordinates, and to `st_crs(x)$units` otherwise
nQuadSegs	integer; number of segments per quadrant (fourth of a circle), for all or per-feature
endCapStyle	character; style of line ends, one of 'ROUND', 'FLAT', 'SQUARE'
joinStyle	character; style of line joins, one of 'ROUND', 'MITRE', 'BEVEL'
mitreLimit	numeric; limit of extension for a join if `joinStyle` 'MITRE' is used (default 1.0, minimum 0.0)
singleSide	logical; if `TRUE`, single-sided buffers are returned for linear geometries, in which case negative `dist` values give buffers on the right-hand side, positive on the left.
preserveTopology	logical; carry out topology preserving simplification? May be specified for each, or for all feature geometries. Note that topology is preserved only for single feature geometries, not for sets of them.
dTolerance	numeric; tolerance parameter, specified for all or for each feature geometry.
bOnlyEdges	logical; if TRUE, return lines, else return polygons
envelope	object of class `sfc` or `sfg` containing a `POLYGON` with the envelope for a voronoi diagram; this only takes effect when it is larger than the default envelope, chosen when `envelope` is an empty polygon
...	ignored
of_largest_polygon	logical; for `st_centroid`: if `TRUE`, return centroid of the largest (sub)polygon of a `MULTIPOLYGON` rather than of the whole `MULTIPOLYGON`
dfMaxLength	maximum length of a line segment. If `x` has geographical coordinates (long/lat), `dfMaxLength` is either a numeric expressed in meter, or an object of class `units` with length units `rad` or `degree`; segmentation in the long/lat case takes place along the great circle, using st_geod_segmentize.

Value

an object of the same class of x, with manipulated geometry.

Details

st_buffer computes a buffer around this geometry/each geometry. If any of endCapStyle, joinStyle, or mitreLimit are set to non-default values ('ROUND', 'ROUND', 1.0 respectively) then the underlying 'buffer with style' GEOS function is used. See postgis.net/docs/ST_Buffer.html for details.

st_boundary returns the boundary of a geometry

st_convex_hull creates the convex hull of a set of points

st_simplify simplifies lines by removing vertices

st_triangulate triangulates set of points (not constrained). st_triangulate requires GEOS version 3.4 or above

st_voronoi creates voronoi tesselation. st_voronoi requires GEOS version 3.5 or above

st_polygonize creates polygon from lines that form a closed ring. In case of st_polygonize, x must be an object of class LINESTRING or MULTILINESTRING, or an sfc geometry list-column object containing these

st_line_merge merges lines. In case of st_line_merge, x must be an object of class MULTILINESTRING, or an sfc geometry list-column object containing these

st_centroid gives the centroid of a geometry

st_point_on_surface returns a point guaranteed to be on the (multi)surface.

st_reverse reverses the nodes in a line

st_node adds nodes to linear geometries at intersections without a node, and only works on individual linear geometries

st_segmentize adds points to straight lines

Examples


## st_buffer, style options (taken from rgeos gBuffer)
l1 = st_as_sfc("LINESTRING(0 0,1 5,4 5,5 2,8 2,9 4,4 6.5)")
op = par(mfrow=c(2,3))
plot(st_buffer(l1, dist = 1, endCapStyle="ROUND"), reset = FALSE, main = "endCapStyle: ROUND")
plot(l1,col='blue',add=TRUE)
plot(st_buffer(l1, dist = 1, endCapStyle="FLAT"), reset = FALSE, main = "endCapStyle: FLAT")
plot(l1,col='blue',add=TRUE)
plot(st_buffer(l1, dist = 1, endCapStyle="SQUARE"), reset = FALSE, main = "endCapStyle: SQUARE")
plot(l1,col='blue',add=TRUE)
plot(st_buffer(l1, dist = 1, nQuadSegs=1), reset = FALSE, main = "nQuadSegs: 1")
plot(l1,col='blue',add=TRUE)
plot(st_buffer(l1, dist = 1, nQuadSegs=2), reset = FALSE, main = "nQuadSegs: 2")
plot(l1,col='blue',add=TRUE)
plot(st_buffer(l1, dist = 1, nQuadSegs= 5), reset = FALSE, main = "nQuadSegs: 5")
plot(l1,col='blue',add=TRUE)
par(op)


l2 = st_as_sfc("LINESTRING(0 0,1 5,3 2)")
op = par(mfrow = c(2, 3))
plot(st_buffer(l2, dist = 1, joinStyle="ROUND"), reset = FALSE, main = "joinStyle: ROUND")
plot(l2, col = 'blue', add = TRUE)
plot(st_buffer(l2, dist = 1, joinStyle="MITRE"), reset = FALSE, main = "joinStyle: MITRE")
plot(l2, col= 'blue', add = TRUE)
plot(st_buffer(l2, dist = 1, joinStyle="BEVEL"), reset = FALSE, main = "joinStyle: BEVEL")
plot(l2, col= 'blue', add=TRUE)
plot(st_buffer(l2, dist = 1, joinStyle="MITRE" , mitreLimit=0.5), reset = FALSE,
   main = "mitreLimit: 0.5")
plot(l2, col = 'blue', add = TRUE)
plot(st_buffer(l2, dist = 1, joinStyle="MITRE",mitreLimit=1), reset = FALSE,
   main = "mitreLimit: 1")
plot(l2, col = 'blue', add = TRUE)
plot(st_buffer(l2, dist = 1, joinStyle="MITRE",mitreLimit=3), reset = FALSE,
   main = "mitreLimit: 3")
plot(l2, col = 'blue', add = TRUE)
par(op)
nc = st_read(system.file("shape/nc.shp", package="sf"))
#> Reading layer `nc' from data source `/tmp/RtmpCdQsky/temp_libpath64f92385e079/sf/shape/nc.shp' using driver `ESRI Shapefile'
#> Simple feature collection with 100 features and 14 fields
#> geometry type:  MULTIPOLYGON
#> dimension:      XY
#> bbox:           xmin: -84.32385 ymin: 33.88199 xmax: -75.45698 ymax: 36.58965
#> CRS:            4267
plot(st_convex_hull(nc))
#> Warning: plotting the first 10 out of 14 attributes; use max.plot = 14 to plot all
plot(nc, border = grey(.5))
#> Warning: plotting the first 10 out of 14 attributes; use max.plot = 14 to plot all
set.seed(1)
x = st_multipoint(matrix(runif(10),,2))
box = st_polygon(list(rbind(c(0,0),c(1,0),c(1,1),c(0,1),c(0,0))))
if (sf_extSoftVersion()["GEOS"] >= "3.5.0") {
 v = st_sfc(st_voronoi(x, st_sfc(box)))
 plot(v, col = 0, border = 1, axes = TRUE)
 plot(box, add = TRUE, col = 0, border = 1) # a larger box is returned, as documented
 plot(x, add = TRUE, col = 'red', cex=2, pch=16)
 plot(st_intersection(st_cast(v), box)) # clip to smaller box
 plot(x, add = TRUE, col = 'red', cex=2, pch=16)
 # matching Voronoi polygons to data points:
 # https://github.com/r-spatial/sf/issues/1030
 # generate 50 random unif points:
 n = 100
 pts = st_as_sf(data.frame(matrix(runif(n), , 2), id = 1:(n/2)), coords = c("X1", "X2"))
 # compute Voronoi polygons:
 pols = st_collection_extract(st_voronoi(do.call(c, st_geometry(pts))))
 # match them to points:
 pts$pols = pols[unlist(st_intersects(pts, pols))]
 plot(pts["id"], pch = 16) # ID is color
 plot(st_set_geometry(pts, "pols")["id"], xlim = c(0,1), ylim = c(0,1), reset = FALSE)
 plot(st_geometry(pts), add = TRUE)
}
mls = st_multilinestring(list(matrix(c(0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0),,2,byrow=TRUE)))
st_polygonize(st_sfc(mls))
#> Geometry set for 1 feature 
#> geometry type:  GEOMETRYCOLLECTION
#> dimension:      XY
#> bbox:           xmin: 0 ymin: 0 xmax: 1 ymax: 1
#> CRS:            NA
#> GEOMETRYCOLLECTION (POLYGON ((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 0 ...
mls = st_multilinestring(list(rbind(c(0,0), c(1,1)), rbind(c(2,0), c(1,1))))
st_line_merge(st_sfc(mls))
#> Geometry set for 1 feature 
#> geometry type:  LINESTRING
#> dimension:      XY
#> bbox:           xmin: 0 ymin: 0 xmax: 2 ymax: 1
#> CRS:            NA
#> LINESTRING (0 0, 1 1, 2 0)
plot(nc, axes = TRUE)
#> Warning: plotting the first 10 out of 14 attributes; use max.plot = 14 to plot all
plot(st_centroid(nc), add = TRUE, pch = 3)
#> Warning: st_centroid assumes attributes are constant over geometries of x
#> Warning: st_centroid does not give correct centroids for longitude/latitude data
#> Warning: ignoring all but the first attribute
mp = st_combine(st_buffer(st_sfc(lapply(1:3, function(x) st_point(c(x,x)))), 0.2 * 1:3))
plot(mp)
plot(st_centroid(mp), add = TRUE, col = 'red') # centroid of combined geometry
plot(st_centroid(mp, of_largest_polygon = TRUE), add = TRUE, col = 'blue', pch = 3)
plot(nc, axes = TRUE)
#> Warning: plotting the first 10 out of 14 attributes; use max.plot = 14 to plot all
plot(st_point_on_surface(nc), add = TRUE, pch = 3)
#> Warning: st_point_on_surface assumes attributes are constant over geometries of x
#> Warning: st_point_on_surface may not give correct results for longitude/latitude data
#> Warning: ignoring all but the first attribute
if (sf_extSoftVersion()["GEOS"] >= "3.7.0") {
  st_reverse(st_linestring(rbind(c(1,1), c(2,2), c(3,3))))
}
(l = st_linestring(rbind(c(0,0), c(1,1), c(0,1), c(1,0), c(0,0))))
#> LINESTRING (0 0, 1 1, 0 1, 1 0, 0 0)
st_polygonize(st_node(l))
#> GEOMETRYCOLLECTION (POLYGON ((0 0, 0.5 0.5, 1 0, 0 0)), POLYGON ((0.5 0.5, 0 1, 1 1, 0.5 0.5)))
st_node(st_multilinestring(list(rbind(c(0,0), c(1,1), c(0,1), c(1,0), c(0,0)))))
#> MULTILINESTRING ((0 0, 0.5 0.5), (0.5 0.5, 1 1, 0 1, 0.5 0.5), (0.5 0.5, 1 0, 0 0))
sf = st_sf(a=1, geom=st_sfc(st_linestring(rbind(c(0,0),c(1,1)))), crs = 4326)
seg = st_segmentize(sf, units::set_units(100, km))
seg = st_segmentize(sf, units::set_units(0.01, rad))
nrow(seg$geom[[1]])
#> [1] 5