mnist_hierarchical_rnn.RmdThis is an example of using Hierarchical RNN (HRNN) to classify MNIST digits.
HRNNs can learn across multiple levels of temporal hiearchy over a complex sequence. Usually, the first recurrent layer of an HRNN encodes a sentence (e.g. of word vectors) into a sentence vector. The second recurrent layer then encodes a sequence of such vectors (encoded by the first layer) into a document vector. This document vector is considered to preserve both the word-level and sentence-level structure of the context.
References: - A Hierarchical Neural Autoencoder for Paragraphs and Documents Encodes paragraphs and documents with HRNN. Results have shown that HRNN outperforms standard RNNs and may play some role in more sophisticated generation tasks like summarization or question answering. - Hierarchical recurrent neural network for skeleton based action recognition Achieved state-of-the-art results on skeleton based action recognition with 3 levels of bidirectional HRNN combined with fully connected layers.
In the below MNIST example the first LSTM layer first encodes every column of pixels of shape (28, 1) to a column vector of shape (128,). The second LSTM layer encodes then these 28 column vectors of shape (28, 128) to a image vector representing the whole image. A final dense layer is added for prediction.
After 5 epochs: train acc: 0.9858, val acc: 0.9864
library(keras)
# Data Preparation -----------------------------------------------------------------
# Training parameters.
batch_size <- 32
num_classes <- 10
epochs <- 5
# Embedding dimensions.
row_hidden <- 128
col_hidden <- 128
# The data, shuffled and split between train and test sets
mnist <- dataset_mnist()
x_train <- mnist$train$x
y_train <- mnist$train$y
x_test <- mnist$test$x
y_test <- mnist$test$y
# Reshapes data to 4D for Hierarchical RNN.
x_train <- array_reshape(x_train, c(nrow(x_train), 28, 28, 1))
x_test <- array_reshape(x_test, c(nrow(x_test), 28, 28, 1))
x_train <- x_train / 255
x_test <- x_test / 255
dim_x_train <- dim(x_train)
cat('x_train_shape:', dim_x_train)
cat(nrow(x_train), 'train samples')
cat(nrow(x_test), 'test samples')
# Converts class vectors to binary class matrices
y_train <- to_categorical(y_train, num_classes)
y_test <- to_categorical(y_test, num_classes)
# Define input dimensions
row <- dim_x_train[[2]]
col <- dim_x_train[[3]]
pixel <- dim_x_train[[4]]
# Model input (4D)
input <- layer_input(shape = c(row, col, pixel))
# Encodes a row of pixels using TimeDistributed Wrapper
encoded_rows <- input %>% time_distributed(layer_lstm(units = row_hidden))
# Encodes columns of encoded rows
encoded_columns <- encoded_rows %>% layer_lstm(units = col_hidden)
# Model output
prediction <- encoded_columns %>%
layer_dense(units = num_classes, activation = 'softmax')
# Define Model ------------------------------------------------------------------------
model <- keras_model(input, prediction)
model %>% compile(
loss = 'categorical_crossentropy',
optimizer = 'rmsprop',
metrics = c('accuracy')
)
# Training
model %>% fit(
x_train, y_train,
batch_size = batch_size,
epochs = epochs,
verbose = 1,
validation_data = list(x_test, y_test)
)
# Evaluation
scores <- model %>% evaluate(x_test, y_test, verbose = 0)
cat('Test loss:', scores[[1]], '\n')
cat('Test accuracy:', scores[[2]], '\n')