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<div class="sphx-glr-download-link-note admonition note">
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<p><a class="reference internal" href="#sphx-glr-download-gallery-gloo-display-lines-py"><span class="std std-ref">Go to the end</span></a>
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<section class="sphx-glr-example-title" id="draw-a-bunch-of-lines">
<span id="sphx-glr-gallery-gloo-display-lines-py"></span><h1>Draw a bunch of lines<a class="headerlink" href="#draw-a-bunch-of-lines" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h1>
<p>This example demonstrates how multiple line-pieces can be drawn
using one call, by discarding some fragments.</p>
<p>Note that this example uses canvas.context.X() to call gloo functions.
These functions are also available as vispy.gloo.X(), but apply
explicitly to the canvas.</p>
<p>Mouse wheel allows zooming in on the lines. Spacebar controls a timer
that triggers rotation of the lines in 3D space.</p>
<img src="../../_images/sphx_glr_display_lines_001.gif" srcset="../../_images/sphx_glr_display_lines_001.gif" alt="display lines" class = "sphx-glr-single-img"/><div class="highlight-Python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">numpy</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">as</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">np</span>
<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">vispy</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">gloo</span>
<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">vispy</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">app</span>
<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">vispy.util.transforms</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">perspective</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">translate</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">rotate</span>
<a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#int" title="builtins.int" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">W</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#int" title="builtins.int" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">H</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">400</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">400</span>
<span class="c1"># Create vertices</span>
<a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#int" title="builtins.int" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">n</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">100</span>
<a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">a_position</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/random/generated/numpy.random.uniform.html#numpy.random.uniform" title="numpy.random.uniform" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy-random sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">uniform</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#int" title="builtins.int" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">n</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">astype</span><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/arrays.scalars.html#numpy.float32" title="numpy.float32" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-attribute"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">float32</span></a><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">a_id</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/random/generated/numpy.random.randint.html#numpy.random.randint" title="numpy.random.randint" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy-random sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randint</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#int" title="builtins.int" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">n</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">))</span>
<a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">a_id</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.sort.html#numpy.sort" title="numpy.sort" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sort</span></a><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">a_id</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">astype</span><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/arrays.scalars.html#numpy.float32" title="numpy.float32" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-attribute"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">float32</span></a><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="builtins.str" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">VERT_SHADER</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"""</span>
<span class="s2">uniform mat4 u_model;</span>
<span class="s2">uniform mat4 u_view;</span>
<span class="s2">uniform mat4 u_projection;</span>
<span class="s2">attribute vec3 a_position;</span>
<span class="s2">attribute float a_id;</span>
<span class="s2">varying float v_id;</span>
<span class="s2">void main (void) {</span>
<span class="s2"> v_id = a_id;</span>
<span class="s2"> gl_Position = u_projection * u_view * u_model * vec4(a_position,1.0);</span>
<span class="s2">}</span>
<span class="s2">"""</span>
<a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="builtins.str" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">FRAG_SHADER</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"""</span>
<span class="s2">varying float v_id;</span>
<span class="s2">void main()</span>
<span class="s2">{</span>
<span class="s2"> float f = fract(v_id);</span>
<span class="s2"> // The second useless test is needed on OSX 10.8</span>
<span class="s2"> if( (f > 0.0001) && (f < .9999) )</span>
<span class="s2"> discard;</span>
<span class="s2"> else</span>
<span class="s2"> gl_FragColor = vec4(0,0,0,1);</span>
<span class="s2">}</span>
<span class="s2">"""</span>
<span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Canvas</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Canvas</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="c1"># ---------------------------------</span>
<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Canvas</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">keys</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'interactive'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#int" title="builtins.int" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">W</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#int" title="builtins.int" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">H</span></a><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">program</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">gloo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Program</span><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="builtins.str" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">VERT_SHADER</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="builtins.str" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">FRAG_SHADER</span></a><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Set uniform and attribute</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">program</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'a_id'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">gloo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">VertexBuffer</span><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">a_id</span></a><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">program</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'a_position'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">gloo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">VertexBuffer</span><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">a_position</span></a><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">translate</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">5</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">view</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">translate</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">translate</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">dtype</span><span class="o">=</span><a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/arrays.scalars.html#numpy.float32" title="numpy.float32" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-attribute"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">float32</span></a><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">model</span> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.eye.html#numpy.eye" title="numpy.eye" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">eye</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dtype</span><span class="o">=</span><a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/arrays.scalars.html#numpy.float32" title="numpy.float32" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-attribute"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">float32</span></a><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">gloo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_viewport</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">physical_size</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">physical_size</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">projection</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">perspective</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">45.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">/</span>
<span class="nb">float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]),</span> <span class="mf">1.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">1000.0</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">program</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'u_projection'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">projection</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">program</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'u_model'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">model</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">program</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'u_view'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">view</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">theta</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">phi</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_clear_color</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'white'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_state</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'translucent'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">timer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Timer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'auto'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">connect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">on_timer</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">start</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c1"># ---------------------------------</span>
<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">on_key_press</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">event</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">event</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">' '</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">timer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">running</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">timer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">timer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c1"># ---------------------------------</span>
<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">on_timer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">event</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">theta</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mf">.5</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">phi</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mf">.5</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">model</span> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.dot.html#numpy.dot" title="numpy.dot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rotate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">theta</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="n">rotate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">phi</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)))</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">program</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'u_model'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">model</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">update</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c1"># ---------------------------------</span>
<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">on_resize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">event</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">gloo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_viewport</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">event</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">physical_size</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">event</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">physical_size</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">projection</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">perspective</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">45.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">event</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">/</span>
<span class="nb">float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">event</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]),</span> <span class="mf">1.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">1000.0</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">program</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'u_projection'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">projection</span>
<span class="c1"># ---------------------------------</span>
<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">on_mouse_wheel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">event</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">translate</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">event</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">delta</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">translate</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">translate</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">view</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">translate</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">translate</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">program</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'u_view'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">view</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">update</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c1"># ---------------------------------</span>
<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">on_draw</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">event</span><span class="p">):</span>
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<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">program</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">draw</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'line_strip'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="vm">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">'__main__'</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">canvas</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Canvas</span><span class="p">()</span>
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