In this lesson we will learn about Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). XGBoost has recently been dominating applied machine learning and Kaggle competitions for structured or tabular data . XGBoost is an implementation of gradient boosted decision trees, which are designed for speed and performance. Technically it is one kind of Gradient boosting for regression and classification problems by ensemble of weak prediction models sequentially , with each new model attempting to correct for the deficiencies in the previous model.

Before training, you will need to install “xgboost” in R

#install.packages("xgboost")

Load R packages

library(rgdal)        # spatial data processing
library(raster)       # raster processing
library(plyr)         # data manipulation 
library(dplyr)        # data manipulation 
library(RStoolbox)    # plotting spatial data 
library(RColorBrewer) # color
library(ggplot2)      # plotting
library(sp)           # spatial data
library(caret)        # machine laerning
library(doParallel)   # Parallel processing

The data could be available for download from here.

# Define data folder
dataFolder<-"F://Spatial_Data_Processing_and_Analysis_R//Data//DATA_09//"

Load data

train.df<-read.csv(paste0(dataFolder,".\\Sentinel_2\\train_data.csv"), header = T)
test.df<-read.csv(paste0(dataFolder,".\\Sentinel_2\\test_data.csv"), header = T)

Start foreach to parallelize for model fitting

mc <- makeCluster(detectCores())
registerDoParallel(mc)

Tunning prameters

myControl <- trainControl(method="repeatedcv", 
                          number=3, 
                          repeats=2,
                          returnResamp='all', 
                          allowParallel=TRUE)

Parameter for Tree Booster

In the grid, each algorithm parameter can be specified as a vector of possible values . These vectors combine to define all the possible combinations to try.

tune_grid <- expand.grid(nrounds = 200,           # the max number of iterations
                        max_depth = 5,            # depth of a tree 
                        eta = 0.05,               # control the learning rate
                        gamma = 0.01,             # minimum loss reduction required
                        colsample_bytree = 0.75,  # subsample ratio of columns when constructing each tree
                        min_child_weight = 0,     # minimum sum of instance weight (hessian) needed in a child 
                        subsample = 0.5)          # subsample ratio of the training instance

Train xgbTree model

We will use the train() function from the of caret package with the “method” parameter “xgbTree” wrapped from the XGBoost package.

set.seed(849)
fit.xgb<- train(as.factor(Landuse)~B2+B3+B4+B4+B6+B7+B8+B8A+B11+B12, 
                data=train.df,
                method = "xgbTree",
                metric= "Accuracy",
                preProc = c("center", "scale"), 
                trControl = myControl,
                tuneGrid = tune_grid,
                tuneLength = 10
                )
fit.xgb
## eXtreme Gradient Boosting 
## 
## 16764 samples
##     9 predictor
##     5 classes: 'Building', 'Grass', 'Parking/road/pavement', 'Tree/bushes', 'Water' 
## 
## Pre-processing: centered (9), scaled (9) 
## Resampling: Cross-Validated (3 fold, repeated 2 times) 
## Summary of sample sizes: 11176, 11175, 11177, 11175, 11175, 11178, ... 
## Resampling results:
## 
##   Accuracy   Kappa    
##   0.9963613  0.9951697
## 
## Tuning parameter 'nrounds' was held constant at a value of 200
##  0.75
## Tuning parameter 'min_child_weight' was held constant at a value
##  of 0
## Tuning parameter 'subsample' was held constant at a value of 0.5

Stop cluster

stopCluster(mc)

Confusion Matrix - train data

p1<-predict(fit.xgb, train.df, type = "raw")
confusionMatrix(p1, train.df$Landuse)
## Confusion Matrix and Statistics
## 
##                        Reference
## Prediction              Building Grass Parking/road/pavement Tree/bushes
##   Building                  3086     0                     2           1
##   Grass                        0  3481                     1           0
##   Parking/road/pavement       13     0                  3871           0
##   Tree/bushes                  2     1                     0        5667
##   Water                        0     0                     0           0
##                        Reference
## Prediction              Water
##   Building                  0
##   Grass                     0
##   Parking/road/pavement     0
##   Tree/bushes               0
##   Water                   639
## 
## Overall Statistics
##                                           
##                Accuracy : 0.9988          
##                  95% CI : (0.9982, 0.9993)
##     No Information Rate : 0.3381          
##     P-Value [Acc > NIR] : < 2.2e-16       
##                                           
##                   Kappa : 0.9984          
##  Mcnemar's Test P-Value : NA              
## 
## Statistics by Class:
## 
##                      Class: Building Class: Grass
## Sensitivity                   0.9952       0.9997
## Specificity                   0.9998       0.9999
## Pos Pred Value                0.9990       0.9997
## Neg Pred Value                0.9989       0.9999
## Prevalence                    0.1850       0.2077
## Detection Rate                0.1841       0.2076
## Detection Prevalence          0.1843       0.2077
## Balanced Accuracy             0.9975       0.9998
##                      Class: Parking/road/pavement Class: Tree/bushes
## Sensitivity                                0.9992             0.9998
## Specificity                                0.9990             0.9997
## Pos Pred Value                             0.9967             0.9995
## Neg Pred Value                             0.9998             0.9999
## Prevalence                                 0.2311             0.3381
## Detection Rate                             0.2309             0.3380
## Detection Prevalence                       0.2317             0.3382
## Balanced Accuracy                          0.9991             0.9998
##                      Class: Water
## Sensitivity               1.00000
## Specificity               1.00000
## Pos Pred Value            1.00000
## Neg Pred Value            1.00000
## Prevalence                0.03812
## Detection Rate            0.03812
## Detection Prevalence      0.03812
## Balanced Accuracy         1.00000

Confusion Matrix - test data

p2<-predict(fit.xgb, test.df, type = "raw")
confusionMatrix(p2, test.df$Landuse)
## Confusion Matrix and Statistics
## 
##                        Reference
## Prediction              Building Grass Parking/road/pavement Tree/bushes
##   Building                  1313     0                     2           2
##   Grass                        0  1490                     0           1
##   Parking/road/pavement       13     0                  1658           0
##   Tree/bushes                  2     1                     0        2426
##   Water                        0     0                     0           0
##                        Reference
## Prediction              Water
##   Building                  0
##   Grass                     0
##   Parking/road/pavement     0
##   Tree/bushes               0
##   Water                   273
## 
## Overall Statistics
##                                           
##                Accuracy : 0.9971          
##                  95% CI : (0.9955, 0.9982)
##     No Information Rate : 0.3383          
##     P-Value [Acc > NIR] : < 2.2e-16       
##                                           
##                   Kappa : 0.9961          
##  Mcnemar's Test P-Value : NA              
## 
## Statistics by Class:
## 
##                      Class: Building Class: Grass
## Sensitivity                   0.9887       0.9993
## Specificity                   0.9993       0.9998
## Pos Pred Value                0.9970       0.9993
## Neg Pred Value                0.9974       0.9998
## Prevalence                    0.1849       0.2076
## Detection Rate                0.1828       0.2075
## Detection Prevalence          0.1834       0.2076
## Balanced Accuracy             0.9940       0.9996
##                      Class: Parking/road/pavement Class: Tree/bushes
## Sensitivity                                0.9988             0.9988
## Specificity                                0.9976             0.9994
## Pos Pred Value                             0.9922             0.9988
## Neg Pred Value                             0.9996             0.9994
## Prevalence                                 0.2312             0.3383
## Detection Rate                             0.2309             0.3378
## Detection Prevalence                       0.2327             0.3383
## Balanced Accuracy                          0.9982             0.9991
##                      Class: Water
## Sensitivity               1.00000
## Specificity               1.00000
## Pos Pred Value            1.00000
## Neg Pred Value            1.00000
## Prevalence                0.03802
## Detection Rate            0.03802
## Detection Prevalence      0.03802
## Balanced Accuracy         1.00000

Predition at grid location

# read grid CSV file
grid.df<-read.csv(paste0(dataFolder,".\\Sentinel_2\\prediction_grid_data.csv"), header = T) 
# Preddict at grid location
p3<-as.data.frame(predict(fit.xgb, grid.df, type = "raw"))
# Extract predicted landuse class
grid.df$Landuse<-p3$predict  
# Import lnaduse ID file 
ID<-read.csv(paste0(dataFolder,".\\Sentinel_2\\Landuse_ID.csv"), header=T)
# Join landuse ID
grid.new<-join(grid.df, ID, by="Landuse", type="inner") 
# Omit missing values
grid.new.na<-na.omit(grid.new)                                                            

Convert to raster

x<-SpatialPointsDataFrame(as.data.frame(grid.new.na)[, c("x", "y")], data = grid.new.na)
r <- rasterFromXYZ(as.data.frame(x)[, c("x", "y", "Class_ID")])

Plot Landuse Map:

# Color Palette
myPalette <- colorRampPalette(c("light grey","burlywood4", "forestgreen","light green", "dodgerblue"))
# Plot Map
LU<-spplot(r,"Class_ID", main="Supervised Image Classification: eXtreme Gradient Boosting" , 
      colorkey = list(space="right",tick.number=1,height=1, width=1.5,
              labels = list(at = seq(1,4.8,length=5),cex=1.0,
              lab = c("Road/parking/pavement" ,"Building", "Tree/buses", "Grass", "Water"))),
              col.regions=myPalette,cut=4)
LU

Write raster

# writeRaster(r, filename = paste0(dataFolder,".\\Sentinel_2\\XGB_Landuse.tiff"), "GTiff", overwrite=T)
rm(list = ls())