This section is very short in this chapter because we really do not use any “models” in this Chapter. There are some complicated statistical models that can be employed in these situations, but they are beyond the scope of this book. What we do have in this situation is our original data summary in the form of a contingency table, graphs of the results like those seen above, a hypothesis test and p-value (presented below), and some post-test plots that we can use to understand the “source” of any evidence we found in the test.